Half a century of land use changes in Andalusia. Sealing soils. Analysis of urban expansion and...
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HALF A CENTURY OF LAND USE CHANGES IN ANDALUSIA.Sealing soils. Analysis of urban expansion and perspective for future monitoring. Sealing soils. Analysis of urban expansion and perspective for future monitoring.
REGIONAL MINISTRY FOR ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING. Junta de Andalucia.
Red de Información Ambiental de Andalucía (REDIAM).
1. Andalusian Region. Geographical localization.
2. Land Management.
3. Land Administration Systems (LAS). Fundamental Experiences in Andalucia.
4. Program of monitoring changes in Andalusian land use. “Fit For Purpose”.
5. SENTINELS. New sources of information.
6. Forecasts for mapping land uses (urban ...) and indicators of evolution.
7. SIOSE Andalusia (Urban). Information Sources for production.
1. Andalusian Region. Geographical localization
Andalusia= 87.200 Km2
772 municipalities.
8.440.000 inhabitants
2. Land Management.
A global land management perspective (Williamson et al, 2010)
The global agenda has changed over the recent decades:
� 1990s, the focus was on sustainable development. (UN Agenda 21. A global action plan for
sustainable development into the 21st century);
� 2000s the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were adopted as the overarching agenda;
� 2010s: increasing focus on climate change and related challenges (natural disasters, food shortage
and environmental degradation.)
� Finally, rapid urbanization has appeared as a general topic that in itself has a significant impact on
climate change and sustainability.
IMAGE & CORINE LAND COVER. Pan European Land Use Data Base.
3. Land Administration Systems (LAS). Fundamental Experiences in Andalusia.
Andalusia, pilot area in 1987
CLC1990 and update in 2000.
� 1:100.000.
� DataModel: 44 class hierarchical nomenclature, polygon minimum
size of 25 ha.
� Land Use Change Data Bases between versions according to reference
year:
�CORINE Land Cover 1990 (CLC90)
�Image & CORINE Land Cover 2000 (I&CLC2000)
�CORINE Land Cover 2006 (CLC2006)
LAND USE AND VEGETATION COVER INFORMATION PRODUCTION PROGRAMME. ANDALUCIA.
� Versions: 1991-1995-1999 (1:50.000)
� Versions: 2003-2007 (1:25.000)
� Versions: 1956-1977-1984 (1:25.000)
� In project: 2011 (1:25.000)
3. Land Administration Systems (LAS). Fundamental Experiences in Andalusia.
� In project: 2011 (1:25.000)
� Reference: CLC 1999.
� Data Model:
112 hierarchical classes
+ taxonomy
� 4 great classes:
� Altered and Built Surfaces
� Agricultural Surfaces
� Natural and Forest Surfaces
� Wetlands and Water bodies
• 1: 25.000
• 2005-2009-2011
• Update in process up to 2013
SIOSE: Sistema Información de Ocupación del suelo e n España
3. Land Administration Systems (LAS). Fundamental Experiences in Andalusia.
• Update in process up to 2013
• Minimum Surface Unit:
� Urban Areas and Water Bodies: 1 ha
� Crops, Wetlands, Beaches, Riparian vegetation: 0,5 ha
� Resto of classes: 2 ha
• ETRS 89 (CSG ���� INSPIRE)
� Modelo de datos: 56 simple clases and 58 predefined composite
classes
SIOSE ANDALUSIA
� 1:10.000
� 2005-2009-2011.
� Update in process up to 2013
3. Land Administration Systems (LAS). Fundamental Experiences in Andalusia.
Update in process up to 2013
� Integrated approach to territorial initiatives
� Land Use Information System of the Regional
Government
� Useful for project management and future
updates
� References MUCVA 1:25.000 y SIOSE 1:25.000
� More extense Classification.
� Compatible with the National SIOSE
Land Monitoring Projects: GSE Land, GeolandecLand Monitoring Services
Otros proyectos de interés a tomados en consideración.
GUS. GMES Urban Services
4.1. Important Milestones:
� 1956. Approval the first Law concerning Land Use in Spain: primera Ley del Suelo Española.
� 1975. New political era in Spain, National Constitution and great natiowide social and economical
changes.
� 1977. Economical expansive cycle due to tourism… worldwide crisis period.
� 1989. Natural Protected Areas Law Ley de Espacios Naturales Protegidos (EENNPP)
� 1989. Andalusian Forest Management Plan Plan Forestal de Andalucía (updated in 1997-2001; 2003-
2007).
4. MONITORING LAND USE CHANGES IN ANDALUSIA.
2007).
� 1984. Spain joins the European Union. Great investments in public infrastructures and applicationon
the Common Agricultural Policy.
� 1999. National economical crisis, moment from when a new economical expansion period arises
based on real estate speculation.
� 2006. Social, Economical, Financial and political Crisis.
The Regional Government establishes
ANDALUSIAN LAND USE CHANGE MONITORING PROGRAMME 1:25.000.
ORTOPHOT OS: 1998, 04, 07.
ORTOPHOTOS: 1956, 77, 84 Historical sources of information
(satellite images and aerial photos)
that have been transformed by the
use of new technologies in geographic
information to obtain the land use
distribution covering the whole
territory.
4.2. Satellite images/orthophoto and tools to produce land use mapping
SPOT: 2005, 2009, 2011, 2013.
LANDSAT: 1999, 2003, 2007
4.3. Updating Cartographic DataBases to produce Land Use Mapping.
1:10.000
2009
SPOT 5
2005SIOSE
2011
2013
2009
2009
2011
2013
4.5. IMPACT OF URBAN EXPANSION over the last 10 years…
� Intense territorial occupation surrounding urban areas.
�Reduction of periurban agricultural areas
�Failure in the centric commerce system
�Lack on behalf of citizens of identifying themselves with daily areas
�Rise in the needs regarding mobility due to the dispersion of the urban tissue. Greater
rate of traffic.
�Rise in energetic costs: fuel, public lighting on roadways, residential areas, etc…�Rise in energetic costs: fuel, public lighting on roadways, residential areas, etc…
�Rise in the consumption of water resources (driking water, public and private gardens,
swimming pools…).
� Rise in waste generation.
� Rupture of the traditional Urban / Rural model
These consequences observed in Andalusia match those of the OSE 2010 (SPANISH
SUSTAINABILITY REPORT )
IMPORTANT CONCLUSION: Urban Expansion Issues cannot be assesed simply
by the Urban Planning approach. It requires a Territorial Planning approach
4.4. Indices and indicators developed for the analysis of urban expansion.
INDICES AND INDICATORS DEVELOPED:
1. Index on altered land during year x.
2. Constructed Municipal Surface
3. Constructed Surface per inhabitant and year
� 18 Indices and indicators on different levels (AOI):
1. Agricultural Territoies.
2. Wetlands and Water Bodies.
3. Natural and Forest Areas.
4. Infrastructures and Built Surfaces.
� The Monitoring Programme
covers 4 categories:
AOI:�Regional
�Provincial 3. Constructed Surface per inhabitant and year
4. Constructive Expansion Index.
5. Sealed Soil Index m2/inhab/year.
6. Rise in Urban Surface between periods.
7. Third Sector Index.
8. Residencial Areas Surface.
9. Urban Dispersion Index.
10. Constructed Urban Surface on Coastal Zone.
11. Altered Coastal Zone Land Index.
12. Sealed Coastal Zone Land Index.
13. Urban Surface within and without NPAs.
14. Evolution Usage Construction Models.
15. Urban Shape Evolution Index
16. Distance between City Central Areas to the rest of Urban uses.
17. Evolution of Distances according to the time employed for traveling.
18. Evolution of Distances according to the time employed to reach other Cities.
A few
examples.
�Provincial
�Municipal
�Local:
�Capitals
�Cities
�NPAs
�Coastal Zone
I. SEALED SOILS. Altered Land Index.
Purpose: Analize the territorial impact of the space altered by human activity over the
years (mining, reservoirs, constructed areas…).
Conclusions: The amount of soil consumed per inhabitant in Andalusia has increased four times over,
going from 87 m2 (1956) to over 337 (2007).
0,00
50,00
100,00
150,00
200,00
250,00
300,00
350,00
400,00
450,00
500,00
Ind_Sell_56 Ind_Sel l_77 Ind_Sel l_84 Ind_Sel l_99 Ind_Sell_03 Ind_Sell_07
Almería
Córdoba
Cádiz
Granada
Huelva
Jaén
Málaga
Sevil la
AOI:�Regional
�Provincial
�Municipal.
1956 1977 1984
1999 2003 2007
II. Constructed Surface Analize the territorial impact of the land specifically altered by construction.
200,00
250,00
300,00
350,00
Almería
Cádiz
Córdoba
Representation of the Constructed land Index per province
(Surface year X/(nº inhabitants year X)Constructed Surface per Provinces between 2003 y 2007.
0,00
50,00
100,00
150,00
Ind.
Sellado
1956
Ind.
Sellado
1977
Ind.
Sellado
1984
Ind.
Sellado
1999
Ind.
Sellado
2003
Ind.
Sellado
2007
Granada
Huelva
Jaén
Málaga
Sevilla
Begining in 1977, the rise of this Index is common to the whole region, duplicating and even triplicating its value. It shows there
has been a massive migration to major cities and the coastal zone, favoured by the important communication and transport
infrastructures which cross through the region, causing the loss of population in less favoured areas.
200,00
250,00
300,00
Representation of the Contructed Surface Index per year in Andalusia
(Surface year X/(nº inhabitants year X)European Situation in 2000
AOI:�Regional
�Provincial
�Municipal.
II. Constructed Surface
0,00
50,00
100,00
150,00
Ind. Sellado
1956
Ind. Sellado
1977
Ind. Sellado
1984
Ind. Sellado
1999
Ind. Sellado
2003
Ind. Sellado
2007
Andalucía
Change in Spain’s situation in the year2007
The average percentage of Urban Soil Occupation in Andalusia is 1,9%; while Europe has 4% and Spain 2,1%. There are
Municipalities who have reached a total of 90% of soil sealing!!.
1956 1977 1984
1999 2003 2007
III. Third Sector. Analysis of the distribution and functional segmentation between areas: commerce,
transportations, communications, industry, leisure, culture,…
1999 2003 2007
1977 marks the begining with little changes until 1984. But 1999 shows us a generalized increase in the amount of
municipalites affected and the index values. Only remote mountanous areas escape from the trend.
Cities have lost their degree of compactiveness, specializaing in third sector services making it necessary for
citizens to seek services away from the city centers. This entails a loss in the proximity of services, rise in the
consumption of energy resources and most probably environmental ones as well. In Province capitals, the Index
value has increased over four times.
AOI:�Regional
�Provincial
�Municipal.
IV. COASTAL URBAN AREA
An enrmous change has affected the Coastal Zone Urban Model. In 1956 7% of the zone was constructed. In 2007 up
to 38% is affected.
During the past years, while the drive of the residential-tourism sector continued to cover the first
line of the coastal zone, the expansive influence of the real estate sector ept on penetrating to the
more proximate areas to the Coastal Zone. Butit seems that protected natural areas helped slow
down this process, although in a lower manner than expected.
AOI:�Local
� Littoral
100,00
200,00
300,00
400,00
500,00
600,00
Aumento superficie
construida dentro de los
EENNPP
Aumento superficie
construida fuera de los
EENNPP
V. BUILT URBAN SURFACE IN NATURAL PROTECTED AREAS
This figure has increased
but in a more moderate
fashion, meaning that
even though speclative
drives have been present,
it has been in a much
more controlled manner.
AOI:�Local
� NPAs
0,00
1956 1977 1984 1999 2003 2007
Evolución de la superficie urbana en EENNPP, Andalu cía
Año 1956 1977 1984 1999 2003 2007Superf_ha 2.959,41 4.715,76 5.391,70 6.974,97 7.789,89 8.889,16
% aumento superf desde 1956 100,00 159,35 182,19 235,69 263,22 300,37
Evolución de la superficie urbana fuera del los EEN NPP, Andalucía
Año 1956 1977 1984 1999 2003 2007Superf_ha 41.297,78 99.449,04 119.630,93 159.804,65 177.705,75 212.454,42
% aumento superf desde 1956 100,00 240,81 289,68 386,96 430,30 514,45
more controlled manner.
The intense rise in the amount
of dispersed residential areas is
slowly cut short during the 90s
(at the same time that most of
the legislation for the
protection of natural areas
comes into force).
VI: URBAN DISPERION AND TRAVEL DISTANCES
The rise in the amount of residential areas all over the territory has has also caused for the change in the distances existing.
The growth in urban areas has shortened
the distances to residential areas, making
them into dormitory towns.
Media en Andalucía de las distancias del casco urba no principal a las URBANIZACIONES RESIDENCIALES
4.400,00
4.600,00
4.800,00
5.000,00
5.200,00
5.400,00
Dis
tanc
ia (
m)
URBANIZACIONESRESIDENCIALES
5.100,00
5.200,00
5.300,00
5.400,00
5.500,00
5.600,00
5.700,00
5.800,00
5.900,00
Dis
tanc
ia e
n m
etro
s
Años de la serie
Media en Andalucía de las distancias del casco urb ano principal al resto de tejido urbano
TEJIDO URBANO
The new disperse urban model is
evidenced when observing the growth of
the distances in reaching or accessing the
different areas within the municipalities
4.000,00
4.200,00
4.400,00
1 2 3 4 5 6
Años de la serie
1956 2007
SEVILLA
RESULTS:
� QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERIZATION.
� Detailed knowledge of the Territory.
� Understanding of the occured changes and the evolution
Sentinel-1. SAR data are not always the primary source for basic land-cover classification
(forest, agricultural crops, urban areas, etc.) if multi-channel optical imagery with high
spatial resolution is available. However, SAR is commonly used as a complementary or
alternative data source under adverse atmospheric conditions such as cloud cover.
Sentinel 1. Launched on 3 April
2014
Sentinel 2A on 2015
5. SENTINELS. New Sources of Information.
Sentinel-2 combines a large swath, frequent revisit, and systematic acquisition of all land surfaces at high-spatial
resolution and with a large number of spectral bands, all of which makes a unique mission to serve Copernicus. In
order to support operational services for at least 15 years from the launch of the first satellites, a series of four
satellites is planned, with two operating in orbit and a third in ground storage as backup. The key mission objectives
for Sentinel-2 are:
(1) To provide systematic global acquisitions of high-resolution multi-spectral imagery with a high revisit frequency
(2) To provide enhanced continuity of multi-spectral imagery provided by the SPOT (Satellite Pour l'Observation de la
Terre) and LANDSAT series of satellites, and
(3) To provide observations for the next generation of operational products such as land-cover maps, land change
detection maps, and geophysical variables.
Sentinel 2A on 2015
Sentinel 2B on 2016
6. Forecasts for mapping land uses (urban ...) and indicators of evolution:
Analyzing Territorial Changes based on Mapping Data Bases from:
Pan-European
Component
COPERNICUS: CORINE LAND COVER + HRL (imperviousness)
CLC: 1999-2003-2006 (1:100.000)
Updated: 2012,...
HRL (Imperviosness): 2006, 2009, 2012.
Updated : 2015, 2018, (anual).
Source: LANDSAT, SPOT, IRS, Rapid Eye. Possibly 2015…: Sentinel 2
Mapa de Usos y Coberturas Vegetales de Andalucía (MUCVA) 1:25.000.
Available: 1999-2003
Update: 2011, 2015
Source: LANDSAT,…
Possibly 2015: Sentinel 2
Regional
Component
SIOSE. Urban Coverage. 1:25.000
Available: 2005-2009-2011
Updated: 2013, 2016,…
Source: SPOT, Orthophotographs PNOA. Possibly 2016: Sentinel 2
National
Component
Local Component
COPERNICUS Land Monitoring Services. URBAN ATLAS.
Available: 2006-2012
2006. Cities with > 100.000 hab.
2012. Cities with > 50.000 hab.
17 urban classes with MMU 0.25 ha; nomenclature changes
10 Rural Classes with MMU 1ha
6. Forecasts for mapping land uses (urban ...) and indicators of evolution.
SIOSE ANDALUCIA Urban Scope.Available: 2005-2009-2011
Update: 2013 (in process), 2016…
Source: SPOT 5, Orthophotographs PNOA,…
Possibly 2016: Sentinel-2
10 Rural Classes with MMU 1ha
Update: 2015, 2018, yearly frequency…
Source: Rapid Eye, SPOT,… Possibly 2015: Sentinels-2
Local Component
6. Forecasts for mapping land uses (urban ...) and indicators of evolution.
Source: Geospatial World 2014. Data are referenced over a total of 70
national agencies responsible for cadastral maps and land registry of
the world.
Importance of detailed information for
monitoring land use changes (urban expasion)
6. Forecasts for mapping land uses (urban ...) and indicators of evolution.
Availability of Maps (scale).
Frequency of re-surveyFeatures on cadastre maps
o Geometry: Urban Cadastral Mapping (D.G. Cadastral, PropertyRegistry, IECA. Andalusia): Street limits and main axis, polygongeneration
Geometry: Andalusia Topographical Map (MTA) 1:10.000 (IECA).
SIOSE ANDALUCIA URBANO.
Information Sources:
6. SIOSE Andalusia (Urban). Information Sources for production.
o Geometry: Andalusia Topographical Map (MTA) 1:10.000 (IECA).
% surface of buidings, blocks, water layers.
o Thematic: Orthophotographs 1:5.000. Photointerpretation of
Uses and Urban Coverages (future tri-annual updates).
o Chage Maps: Analysis of Sattelite images (SPOT / SENTINEL 2)
Monthly frequency.
o Other referential information (NDVI…). (SPOT / SENTINEL 2)…
HALF A CENTURY OF LAND USE CHANGES IN ANDALUSIA.Sealing soils. Analyses of urban expansion and perspective for future monitoring.
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Clint Garcia Alibrandi
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Thank you for your attention
Merci pour votre attention
Gracias por su atención.