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Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum. 27 (1): 729 - 745 (2019)

ISSN: 0128-7702 e-ISSN 2231-8534

SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIESJournal homepage: http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/

Article history:Received: 10 November 2017Accepted: 02 August 2018Published: 25 March 2019

ARTICLE INFO

E-mail addresses:[email protected] (Nur Sa’adah Muhamad)[email protected] (Syahnaz Sulaiman)[email protected] (Khairul Akmaliah Adham)[email protected] (Mohd Fuaad Said)* Corresponding author

© Universiti Putra Malaysia Press

Review Article

Halal Tourism: Literature Synthesis and Direction for Future Research

Nur Sa’adah Muhamad1, Syahnaz Sulaiman2, Khairul Akmaliah Adham2 and Mohd Fuaad Said3*1Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia2Faculty of Economics and Muamalat, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan 71800, Malaysia3Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia

ABSTRACT

Halal tourism, which arises from the growth in the number of Muslim travellers world-wide and the rapid development of halal industry, is defined as the engagement of any object or action by Muslim travellers that conforms to the Islamic teachings and facilitates the practice of the religion. As such, the application of halal concept in tourism, including in its development and marketing, must be guided by the Islamic principles. With the purpose to understand the current state of knowledge and practice, we reviewed the literature on halal tourism that has been published in high-tier academic journals. Based on the review, we identified the emergent themes and the knowledge gaps for future research. Among others, we found that the industry is booming with increased participations from Muslim-minority countries. However, there seems to be variations in the practice, perhaps due to the complexity of the market needs. The implementation of halal tourism by Muslim-minority countries is the most pressing issue due to the need to ensure that the process and the service offered strictly comply with the requirements of Islamic teachings, while at the same time, to ensure that the countries are able to develop their halal sectors into competitive industries. Understanding the implementation of halal tourism is an important

agenda for future research to ensure that the service provided addresses the fundamental issue of Muslims’ obligations to adhere to the Islamic teachings in all aspects of their lives including while travelling.

Keywords: Halal, halal implementation, halal tourism,

Islam, Muslim, tourism, tourist, traveller

Nur Sa’adah Muhamad, Syahnaz Sulaiman, Khairul Akmaliah Adham and Mohd Fuaad Said

730 Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum. 27 (1): 729 - 745 (2019)

INTRODUCTION

Halal tourism is one of the latest trends that arises from the growth in the number of Muslim travellers world-wide and the rapid development of halal industry. Halal tourism is dubbed as ‘the new billion dollar travel trend’. Its market worldwide is recorded to increase at the annual rate of 5%, which is more than the normal tourism industry growth of 4% (Context Consulting, 2016). In a report on the state of the global Islamic Economy of 2014/2015, which was produced by Thomson Reuters and Dinar Standard, it had been indicated that Muslim tourists worldwide spent 140 billion US dollars in 2013, and this figure excluded the spending on the same year on Hajj and Umrah, which were valued at 16 billion US dollars. Moreover, the amounts spent by the Muslims constitute 11.5 per cent of global expenditure. Halal tourism segment is expected to be valued at 239 billion US dollars by 2019, which represent 13 per cent of global spending. These impressive figures influence more hotels and other service providers to announce new plans and strategies to draw interest of the Muslim tourists to their Sharia-compliant hotels, restaurants, spas and travel packages. In term of travel destinations for halal tourism, Turkey tops the list in the latest Global Muslim Travel Index, with Malaysia and the UAE in second and third places, respectively (Pillai, 2015).

As halal themes begin to influence tourism industry, both Muslim-majority and Muslim-minority countries are seeking to capture the Muslim tourist market by

providing halal foods, halal accommodation and relevant logistics to cater to the requirements of Muslim travellers. Lately, several Muslim-minority economies, such as Japan and New Zealand, have started to promote their own brand of halal tourism (Henderson, 2016b; Razzaq et al., 2016).

Halal tourism, in this study, is defined as the use or engagement of any object or action by Muslim travellers that conforms to the Islamic teachings and facilitate the practice of the religion (based on Battour & Ismail, 2016; Davids, 2014). Halbase (2017) described halal tourism as the providing of services in term of tour packages and travel destinations that met Muslims’ requirements and preferences. These can include a) halal food served in hotels or in-flight while traveling, b) halal accommodation in regard to food and drinks served during the stay at the hotels, c) halal logistics, which means foods that are properly prepared, stored and delivered, d) halal spa, especially, in regard to having separated rooms or facilities for male and female clients and being served by the same gender, as well as e) Islamic finance, in which traveling is funded by halal or Sharia-compliant means.

Therefore, the development and marketing of halal tourism services must be guided by the Islamic teachings and principles, covering all aspects of tourism activities. This study addresses the fundamental issue of Muslims’ obligations to follow the Islamic teachings in all aspects of their lives including while they are travelling. The concept of halal tourism has also attracts the interest of scholars,


731Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum. 27 (1): 729 - 745 (2019)

particularly from mid-2000s onward. In the last 10 years the field continued to develop more rapidly. However, to date, there is still a lack of comprehensive evaluation on the literature in the field. This study intends to fulfil this gap.

The objective of this study is to analyse the current state of knowledge and practice of halal tourism. In achieving this objective, we reviewed the extant literature on halal tourism that has been published in high-tier academic publications. We conducted the literature search on the SCOPUS database using keyword “halal tourism”. The database generated 44 articles on the topic. Specifically, we analysed these articles based on the dimensions of type of article, contexts and subjects of study, field of discipline, and major findings and themes. This information serves as the basis of assessing the main focus of the studies and their overall position and contribution to the field of knowledge in halal tourism. Based on this analysis, the emergent themes on halal concept as they relate to tourism are discussed and the knowledge gap for future research is identified.

ANALYSIS OF PUBLISHED ARTICLES ON HALAL TOURISM

Our search on the SCOPUS database yielded a total return of 44 articles. We excluded 15 articles from the original list that are not relevant to our topic of interest, as well as those that are works-in-progress and publications of proceedings. From the list of 29 articles included in our analysis, 16 are conceptual or review papers while the

remaining 13 are empirical. Table 1 shows the summary of all the articles included in this review.

The number of empirical articles that utilised qualitative methodology is eight, exceeding that of five articles that used quantitative approach. Seven of the empirical articles in our analysis dealt with consumer issues (of which the unit of analysis is the tourist), including those in the USA, Malaysia, Turkey, India and Indonesia. These studies are consumer behaviour studies, which can be categorised under the field of marketing. Six articles that examined the issues of halal tourism from the providers or related agencies perspective were conducted in Morocco, Tunisia, New Zealand, Italy and Thailand. Four of these articles utilised marketing management as the framework, while two articles on Thailand and New Zealand utilised geography and tourism as the framework, respectively. As a whole, the topic of halal tourism is mostly studied from the marketing perspective.

Halal Tourism over the Years

The rise in the number of published articles on halal tourism can be seen toward the late 2000s. The main focus of discussion at that time was the Shariah perspective on tourism (e.g. Battour et al., 2010; Bon & Hussain, 2010). Battour et al. (2010) defined halal tourism and emphasized the importance of awareness and observance of Shariah rules in halal tourism implementation, while Bon and Hussain (2010) highlighted that availability of halal food determined



the choice of destination for Muslim tourists. These two studies are followed by qualitative inquiries by Battour et al. (2011) who studied Muslim foreign tourists in Malaysia, Kurokawa (2013) who studied the branding of Chiang Mai for serving Muslim tourists, and Halkias et al. (2014) who studied family firms that provided halal food in Italy. While Battour et al. (2010) was concerned with Muslim providers serving Muslim tourists, Kurokawa’s (2013) and Halkias et al.’s (2014) studies focused on non-Muslims providers serving Muslim tourists in Muslim-minority countries. Specifically Battour et al. (2010) generated a number of ‘halal’ attributes of destination that were valued by Muslim tourists, which included halal food and permissible entertainment, prayer areas and related facilities, and gender segregation.

In 2014, Stephenson suggested the need to consider non-Muslims’ perception and experiences in halal services, including halal tourism, due to the reason that halal services were not being developed exclusively for or being consumed only by Muslim customers. This understanding is also important in order to address the prejudice or sentiments that are still existing among some non-Muslims against Islam. In similar vein, Haq and Medhekar (2014) proposed Pakistan (a Muslim-majority country) and India (a Muslim-minority country) to collaborate in order to leverage on the opportunities provided by halal tourism, due to their geographical and cultural proximities. Davids (2014) further discussed the potential for Islamic tourism to flourish in South

Africa, which is a Muslim-minority country. Backed by the long history of the presence of Islam and the Muslim community in South Africa, the author concluded that the Islamic culture in South Africa has evolved and shaped by the country’s internal and external circumstances and regarded as a valuable national culture and heritage. In the same year, Medhekar and Haq (2014) reported their findings of a case study conducted on Muslim patients seeking for Shariah-compliant treatment in India. The study found that the choice of halal-certified medical care by Muslim patients, including foreign patients who travelled from abroad to seek health treatment (termed as medical tourists), was based on their rational and emotional attitudes as well as affective and cognitive feelings.

In 2015, Shakona et al. studied the travelling behaviour of Muslims in the US and made a suggestion to providers to consider the influence of religion on Muslim tourists. Henderson (2016a, 2016b) highlighted the complexity of serving different segments of tourisms, the Muslims and non-Muslims. In Russia for example, Gabdrakhmanov et al. (2016b) concluded that the implementation of halal tourism had high potential to grow and sustain, while in another study, Gabdrakhmanov et al. (2016a) highlighted the need for proper infrastructure that would help to enable or facilitate the delivery of halal services as a requisite to promoting the growth of halal tourism in Russia, a Muslim-minority country. While at the beginning of their study, Razzaq et al. (2016) assumed that



halal tourism would take up in New Zealand because of their readied supply of halal meat, their study eventually suggested that provision of halal tourism was much more complex because of the need to understand Muslim consumer behaviour, as well as the comprehensive Shariah requirements related to preparing halal food.

Izberk-Bilgin and Nakata (2016) established a number of fundamentals o r p r i n c i p l e s o f h a l a l m a r k e t i n g implementation that should be embraced by businesses providing halal services, including halal tourism. The principles included understanding and embracing the true meaning and requirements of halal as well as the regulatory rules and practices. Ryan (2016) in his editorial, acknowledged the increased attention on the topic of halal tourism in the academia and in practice. He further highlighted the need for advancing the knowledge of halal tourism through conducting more empirical research. In their review of literature, Battour and Ismail (2016) highlighted the increased number of Muslim tourists to both Muslim-majority and Muslim-minority countries and that there were many factors influencing this trend, including political conditions of the tourists’ countries of origin as well as the destination countries, and the level of tourism promotions and programs. Whereas in a study on homestay host families in Morocco, Carboni and Janati (2016) found that these local hosts did not consider halal certification as a necessity to serve Muslim tourists, as being Muslims, the hosts believed that their services conformed to

Islamic requirements. While they did not object to being halal certified, the local hosts also believed that it was important to ensure such certification would not hinder their offerings to be appealing to those of other faiths.

According to Mohsin et al. (2016), the current and potential financial lucrativeness of the market is the main reason for many countries including Australia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and Turkey are interested to tap into the high-growth halal tourism market. They defined Muslim-friendly hotel ambience, food and hospitality as fundamentals in serving this segment. Henderson (2016a), in comparing between Malaysia, a Muslim-majority country, and Singapore, a Muslim-minority country, suggested that both countries had their own advantage in marketing in halal tourism as long as they had proper control and certification mechanisms in place. In particular, both of the countries are considered as congenial destinations for inbound Muslim tourists due to their positive socio-political and religious conditions.

By 2016, the lack of studies and understanding on religious versus general travel requirements were still prevalent, as noted by El-Gohary (2016). El-Gohary (2016) established halal tourism as a form of religious tourism. Oktadiana et al. (2016) questioned the lack of studies of halal tourism in Indonesia, despite the country being the largest Muslim country in the world. They attributed various reasons for this research gap. Based on their review,



Tabl

e 1

Sum

mar

y of

SC

OPU

S ar

ticle

revi

ew

No.

Aut

hor

(Yea

r)Ti

tleSo

urce

title

Arti

cle

Type

(M

etho

dolo

gy,

if re

leva

nt)

Con

text

/Su

bjec

t of

Stud

y

Fiel

d of

Stu

dy

/ Dis

cipl

ine

Sum

mar

y of

Maj

or F

indi

ngs/

Them

es

1Sh

afae

i (2

017)

The

rela

tions

hip

betw

een

invo

lvem

ent w

ith

trave

lling

to Is

lam

ic

dest

inat

ions

and

Isla

mic

br

and

equi

ty: a

cas

e of

Mus

lim to

uris

ts in

M

alay

sia

Asi

a Pa

cific

Jo

urna

l of

Tour

ism

R

esea

rch

Empi

rical

(Q

uant

itativ

e)M

iddl

e Ea

ster

n to

uris

ts

trave

lling

to

Mal

aysi

a

Mar

ketin

g (b

rand

equ

ity)

This

stud

y of

Mus

lim to

uris

ts’ p

erce

ptio

n of

Mal

aysi

a’s

Isla

mic

bra

nd e

quity

exa

min

ed s

ix v

aria

bles

, nam

ely

awar

enes

s, q

ualit

y, i

mag

e, v

alue

, lo

yalty

and

the

y re

late

to

tour

ists

’ in

volv

emen

t w

ith

trav

elli

ng t

o Is

lam

ic d

estin

atio

ns. T

he st

udy

foun

d th

at th

e st

rong

est

pred

icto

r of t

he in

volv

emen

t of t

rave

llers

trav

ellin

g to

Is

lam

ic d

estin

atio

ns is

aw

aren

ess.

2El

aziz

&

Kur

t (20

17)

Rel

igio

sity

, con

sum

eris

m

and

hala

l tou

rism

: A

stud

y of

sea

side

tour

ism

or

gani

zatio

ns in

Tur

key

Tour

ism

Empi

rical

(Q

ualit

ativ

e)M

uslim

tour

ist

perc

eptio

n on

ha

lal t

ouris

m in

Tu

rkey

Mar

ketin

gTh

e st

udy

sugg

ests

that

relig

ious

vac

atio

ners

per

ceiv

e ho

liday

as

one

of t

he b

asic

nee

ds.

This

cho

ice

of

lifes

tyle

mig

ht b

e infl

uenc

ed b

y th

e cap

italis

t con

sum

er/

tour

ism

cul

ture

, thu

s po

ssib

ly in

dica

tes

that

rel

igio

us

tour

ists

are

no

diff

eren

t fro

m o

rdin

ary

tour

ists

.3

Car

boni

et

al. (

2017

)D

evel

opin

g to

uris

m

prod

ucts

in li

ne w

ith

Isla

mic

bel

iefs

: som

e in

sigh

ts fr

om N

abeu

l–H

amm

amet

Jour

nal o

f N

orth

Afr

ican

St

udie

s

Empi

rical

(Q

ualit

ativ

e)Se

rvic

e pr

ovid

ers

in

Tuni

sia

Man

agem

ent

and

Mar

ketin

gM

ore

serv

ice

prov

ider

s ar

e be

com

ing

fam

iliar

with

gl

obal

pro

duct

s des

igne

d fo

r Mus

lim c

onsu

mer

s. Th

ese

serv

ice

prov

ider

s co

nsid

er to

uris

m a

s a

diff

eren

tiatio

n to

ol fo

r the

ir bu

sine

sses

.

4O

ktad

iana

et

al.

(201

6)

Mus

lim tr

avel

lers

’ nee

ds:

Wha

t don

't w

e kn

ow?

Tour

ism

M

anag

emen

t Pe

rspe

ctiv

es

Con

cept

ual

-M

anag

emen

tIn

this

conc

eptu

al st

udy,

the a

utho

rs re

view

ed a

num

ber

of p

ublis

hed

artic

les a

nd o

ther

onl

ine s

ourc

es o

n th

e key

cu

ltura

l fac

ets o

f int

erac

tion

and

com

mun

icat

ion

of h

alal

to

uris

m. T

he p

roce

ss is

bas

ed o

n th

e th

emes

der

ived

fr

om C

oord

inat

ed M

anag

emen

t of

Mea

ning

(C

MM

) th

eory

. The

ir re

view

hig

hlig

hts

that

ext

ant l

itera

ture

te

nds t

o of

fer a

one

-sid

ed em

phas

is o

n th

e nee

d fo

r hal

al

serv

ice

prov

ider

s to

und

erst

and

and

beco

me

sens

itive

to

thei

r pro

spec

tive

cust

omer

s’ n

eeds

. On

the

cont

rary

, th

e au

thor

s sug

gest

that

the

inbo

und

tour

ists

, too

, mus

t be

sen

sitiv

e to

the

loca

l sen

sitiv

ity a

nd c

ultu

res

of th

e de

stin

atio

ns o

f tra

vel.

5Sa

msi

et a

l. (2

016)

Info

rmat

ion

qual

ity,

usef

ulne

ss a

nd

info

rmat

ion

satis

fact

ion

in Is

lam

ic e

-Tou

rism

w

ebsi

tes

Jour

nal o

f Th

eore

tical

an

d A

pplie

d In

form

atio

n Te

chno

logy

Empi

rical

(Q

uant

itativ

e)M

uslim

to

uris

ts’

expe

ctat

ion

of

trave

l web

site

s th

at c

ater

for

thei

r nee

ds.

Mar

ketin

gIn

this

stu

dy, r

elev

ancy

, Isl

amic

des

ign,

sec

urity

and

pr

ivac

y ar

e am

ong

sign

ifica

nt fe

atur

es o

f Mus

lim-

frie

ndly

trav

el w

ebsi

tes

that

Mus

lim to

uris

ts fi

nd

usef

ul. O

vera

ll, th

is s

tudy

illu

stra

tes

how

tech

nolo

gy

can

influ

ence

the

beha

viou

r and

cho

ices

mad

e by

M

uslim

tour

ists

.



Tabl

e 1

(con

tinue

)

No.

Aut

hor

(Yea

r)Ti

tleSo

urce

title

Arti

cle

Type

(M

etho

dolo

gy,

if re

leva

nt)

Con

text

/Su

bjec

t of

Stud

y

Fiel

d of

Stu

dy

/ Dis

cipl

ine

Sum

mar

y of

Maj

or F

indi

ngs/

Them

es

6Sa

mor

i et

al. (

2016

)C

urre

nt tr

ends

on

Hal

al

tour

ism

: Cas

es o

n se

lect

ed A

sian

cou

ntrie

s

Tour

ism

M

anag

emen

t Pe

rspe

ctiv

es

Con

cept

ual

-M

anag

emen

tD

evel

opm

ent o

f hal

al to

uris

m is

revi

ewed

by

the

auth

ors

and

illus

trate

d by

two

case

exa

mpl

es:

Mal

aysi

a as

a p

redo

min

antly

Mus

lim c

ount

ry, a

nd

Japa

n as

a M

uslim

-min

ority

cou

ntry

. The

sce

ne o

f ha

lal t

ouris

m in

bot

h th

e ca

ses

is p

rom

isin

g du

e to

in

crea

se in

the

wor

ldw

ide

tour

ism

tren

d. In

Mal

aysi

a,

mos

t of t

he fa

cilit

ies

and

serv

ices

nee

ded

by M

uslim

to

uris

ts a

re in

pla

ce, h

owev

er, i

mpr

ovem

ents

to th

e qu

ality

are

stil

l nee

ded

in o

rder

to e

nsur

e su

stai

ned

visi

ts. W

here

as fo

r Jap

an, a

lthou

gh re

cept

ive

to th

e ne

eds

of M

uslim

s to

uris

ts, t

he a

vaila

bilit

y of

hal

al

serv

ices

are

stil

l lac

king

esp

ecia

lly in

sm

all c

ities

, due

to

lack

of e

xpos

ure

on Is

lam

as

wel

l as

the

lang

uage

ba

rrie

r. 7

El-G

ohar

y (2

016)

Hal

al to

uris

m, i

s it

real

ly

Hal

al?

Tour

ism

M

anag

emen

t Pe

rspe

ctiv

es

Con

cept

ual

-M

arke

ting

(tour

ism

)H

alal

tour

ism

is c

onsi

dere

d a

subc

ateg

ory

of

relig

ious

tour

ism

that

is ro

oted

with

in th

e ru

les

Shar

iah

(Isl

amic

law

), w

hich

mus

t be

obse

rved

by

all

Mus

lims.

Acc

ordi

ng to

the

auth

or, r

elig

ious

tour

ism

, pa

rticu

larly

that

focu

s on

the

actu

al li

nkag

e be

twee

n re

ligio

n an

d to

uris

m, i

s st

ill u

nder

rese

arch

ed.

8H

ende

rson

(2

016a

)H

alal

food

, cer

tifica

tion

and

hala

l tou

rism

: In

sigh

ts fr

om M

alay

sia

and

Sing

apor

e

Tour

ism

M

anag

emen

t Pe

rspe

ctiv

es

Con

cept

ual

(incl

ude

anec

dota

l ca

se s

tudy

ba

sed

on

publ

ishe

d so

urce

s)

Focu

s on

M

alay

sia

and

Sing

apor

e w

hich

hav

e m

ajor

ity a

nd

min

ority

M

uslim

po

pula

tions

re

spec

tivel

y.

Mar

ketin

g (h

ospi

talit

y)D

estin

atio

ns w

ith e

ither

maj

ority

, or s

izea

ble

min

ority

M

uslim

com

mun

ities

, hav

e co

mpe

titiv

e ad

vant

ages

in

rega

rd to

off

erin

g se

rvic

es to

Mus

lim to

uris

ts,

parti

cula

rly re

late

d to

hal

al fo

od. T

his

is d

ue to

the

reas

on th

at h

alal

food

is a

nec

essi

ty a

nd th

us re

adily

av

aila

ble

for a

nd o

ffer

ed b

y th

e lo

cal M

uslim

s. Sp

ecifi

cally

, the

agr

eeab

le s

ocia

l, cu

ltura

l and

re

ligio

us c

ondi

tions

in M

alay

sia

and

Sing

apor

e re

nder

th

e co

untri

es a

s fr

iend

ly to

inbo

und

Mus

lim to

uris

ts.

9

Moh

sin

et

al. (

2016

)H

alal

tour

ism

: Em

ergi

ng

oppo

rtuni

ties

Tour

ism

M

anag

emen

t Pe

rspe

ctiv

es

Con

cept

ual

-M

arke

ting

Cou

ntrie

s su

ch a

s Aus

tralia

, Ind

ia, I

ndon

esia

, M

alay

sia,

Sin

gapo

re, T

aiw

an, T

haila

nd a

nd T

urke

y ar

e in

tere

sted

in a

ttrac

ting

the

grow

ing

num

ber

of M

uslim

tour

ists

due

to lu

crat

ive

busi

ness

op

portu

nitie

s. M

uslim

-frie

ndly

hot

el a

mbi

ence

, foo

d an

d ho

spita

lity

are

amon

g th

e fu

ndam

enta

l nee

ds o

f th

is s

egm

ent.



Tabl

e 1

(con

tinue

)

No.

Aut

hor

(Yea

r)Ti

tleSo

urce

title

Arti

cle

Type

(M

etho

dolo

gy,

if re

leva

nt)

Con

text

/Su

bjec

t of

Stud

y

Fiel

d of

St

udy

/ D

isci

plin

e

Sum

mar

y of

Maj

or F

indi

ngs/

Them

es

10C

arbo

ni

and

Jana

ti (2

016)

Hal

al to

uris

m d

e fa

cto:

A c

ase

from

Fe

z

Tour

ism

M

anag

emen

t Pe

rspe

ctiv

es

Empi

rical

(Q

ualit

ativ

e)Pe

rcep

tion

of

loca

l hos

t in

Fez

Mor

occo

to

mar

ket

hala

l/spi

ritua

l to

uris

m a

s cu

ltura

l ex

chan

ge.

Mar

ketin

gLo

cal h

osts

, who

are

Mus

lims,

con

side

r the

ir se

rvic

es a

s al

read

y ha

lal a

nd a

s su

ch b

elie

ve th

at th

e ad

optio

n of

a h

alal

la

bel a

s re

dund

ant o

r doe

s no

t mak

e th

em ‘m

ore

resp

ectfu

l of

Isla

m’.

How

ever

, the

y do

not

obj

ect t

o su

ch c

ertifi

catio

n,

prov

ided

that

non

-Isl

amic

tour

ists

are

not

dis

crim

inat

ed

with

or e

xclu

ded

by it

. In

othe

r wor

ds, i

t is

impo

rtant

to

ensu

re th

at th

e se

rvic

es c

an b

e en

joye

d by

bot

h M

uslim

s an

d no

n-M

uslim

s an

d no

t to

the

excl

usio

n of

oth

ers

due

to h

alal

la

belli

ng.

11

Bat

tour

an

d Is

mai

l (2

016)

Hal

al to

uris

m:

Con

cept

s, p

ract

ises

, ch

alle

nges

and

futu

re

Tour

ism

M

anag

emen

t Pe

rspe

ctiv

es

Rev

iew

-M

arke

ting

Ten

year

s af

ter t

he c

once

pt o

f hal

al to

uris

m w

as fi

rst c

oine

d,

this

arti

cle

atte

mpt

s to

revi

ew th

e co

ncep

t of h

alal

tour

ism

, its

cha

lleng

es a

nd th

e fu

ture

out

look

. The

ir re

view

hig

hlig

hts

incr

ease

d nu

mbe

r of M

uslim

tour

ists

to b

oth

Mus

lim a

nd

non-

Mus

lim c

ount

ries

due

to p

oliti

cal s

ituat

ion

(for

inst

ance

, po

litic

al in

stab

ility

in s

ome

Mid

dle

East

cou

ntrie

s ha

d ca

used

th

e in

crea

se o

f out

boun

d to

uris

ts fr

om th

ose

coun

tries

), an

d th

e le

vel o

f tou

rism

pro

mot

ions

and

pro

gram

s (f

or in

stan

ce,

how

the

info

rmat

ion

abou

t a d

estin

atio

n ar

e be

ing

spre

ad).

The

auth

ors

note

the

lack

of e

ngag

emen

t of s

ocia

l net

wor

k an

d pr

oper

geo

grap

hica

l mar

ketin

g th

at w

ould

hav

e th

e pr

ospe

ct to

dis

sem

inat

e in

form

atio

n ab

out M

uslim

-frie

ndly

de

stin

atio

ns.

12Ry

an

(201

6)H

alal

tour

ism

Tour

ism

M

anag

emen

t Pe

rspe

ctiv

es

Edito

rial /

R

evie

w-

Mar

ketin

g (to

uris

m) /

M

anag

emen

t

Com

pare

d to

oth

er fo

rms

of to

uris

m, h

alal

tour

ism

is

cons

ider

ed in

its

embr

yoni

c st

ate

as a

sub

ject

for r

esea

rch.

It

is n

ow, h

owev

er, g

ettin

g in

crea

sed

atte

ntio

n fr

om th

e ac

adem

ia a

s w

ell a

s th

e co

mm

erci

al w

orld

, evi

denc

ed w

ith

man

y re

late

d co

nven

tions

and

con

fere

nces

bei

ng s

pons

ored

by

the

indu

stry

. 13

Izbe

rk-

Bilg

in a

nd

Nak

ata

(201

6)

A n

ew lo

ok a

t fai

th-

base

d m

arke

ting:

Th

e gl

obal

hal

al

mar

ket

Bus

ines

s H

oriz

ons

Con

cept

ual

Mal

aysi

aM

arke

ting

This

arti

cle

give

s in

sigh

t on

the

oppo

rtuni

ties

of g

loba

l hal

al

mar

ket a

nd s

ugge

sts

five

key-

poin

ts to

war

ds s

ucce

ssfu

l ha

lal m

arke

ting

stra

tegi

es to

be

used

in o

rder

to ta

p in

to

the

Mus

lim s

egm

ent,

nam

ely:

the

need

s fo

r bus

ines

ses

to

subs

crib

e to

a h

olis

tic d

efini

tion

of h

alal

, to

fully

und

erst

and

abou

t the

rule

s an

d re

gula

tions

of h

alal

, to

have

a g

ood

rapp

ort w

ith th

e po

licy

mak

ers,

to a

ddre

ss th

e co

ncer

ns o

f the

co

nsum

ers

effe

ctiv

ely

and

to h

ave

stra

tegi

c an

d in

tegr

ated

vi

ew o

f hal

al.



Tabl

e 1

(con

tinue

)

No.

Aut

hor (

Year

)Ti

tleSo

urce

title

Arti

cle

Type

(M

etho

dolo

gy,

if re

leva

nt)

Con

text

/Su

bjec

t of

Stud

y

Fiel

d of

St

udy

/ D

isci

plin

e

Sum

mar

y of

Maj

or F

indi

ngs/

Them

es

14R

azza

q et

al.

(201

6)Th

e ca

paci

ty o

f N

ew Z

eala

nd to

ac

com

mod

ate

the

hala

l tou

rism

m

arke

t - O

r not

Tour

ism

M

anag

emen

t Pe

rspe

ctiv

es

Empi

rical

(Q

uant

itativ

e)St

udy

of

acco

mm

odat

ion

prov

ider

w

ebsi

tes

in

New

Zea

land

Mar

ketin

g /

man

agem

ent

Whi

le N

ew Z

eala

nd h

as v

ast e

xper

ienc

e as

glo

bal

supp

lier o

f hal

al m

eat,

prov

isio

n of

hal

al to

uris

m, a

nd

hosp

italit

y is

a m

uch

mor

e co

mpl

icat

ed p

roce

ss th

at

requ

ires

a fin

er u

nder

stan

ding

of t

heir

Mus

lim c

lient

s.

15G

abdr

akhm

anov

et

al.

(201

6a)

Prob

lem

s of

de

velo

pmen

t of

hala

l tou

rism

in

Rus

sia

Jour

nal o

f O

rgan

izat

iona

l C

ultu

re,

Com

mun

icat

ions

an

d C

onfli

ct

Con

cept

ual

Min

ority

M

uslim

regi

on

in R

ussi

a (e

.g.,

Tata

rsta

n an

d K

azan

).

Mar

ketin

gG

ood

infr

astru

ctur

e, p

artic

ular

ly th

at fa

cilit

ates

M

uslim

or h

alal

-frie

ndly

ser

vice

s, a

re c

ruci

al to

pr

omot

e th

e de

velo

pmen

t of h

alal

tour

ism

in R

ussi

a.

16G

abdr

akhm

anov

et

al.

(201

6b)

Feat

ures

of

Isla

mic

tour

ism

Aca

dem

y of

M

arke

ting

Stud

ies

Jour

nal

Con

cept

ual

-M

arke

ting

Hal

al fo

od in

dust

ry is

exp

andi

ng in

the

Rus

sian

Fe

dera

tion

as h

alal

exh

ibiti

ons

have

bee

n he

ld

regu

larly

in R

ussi

a. T

he re

cent

dev

elop

men

t ind

icat

es

that

the

hala

l tou

rism

has

a p

oten

tial t

o gr

ow in

R

ussi

a in

the

near

futu

re.

17H

ende

rson

(2

016b

)M

uslim

trav

elle

rs,

tour

ism

indu

stry

re

spon

ses

and

the

case

of J

apan

Tour

ism

R

ecre

atio

n R

esea

rch

Con

cept

ual

Japa

nM

arke

ting

Japa

n, a

Mus

lim m

inor

ity c

ount

ry is

see

n to

hav

e so

me

succ

ess

in a

ttrac

ting

Mus

lim v

isito

rs, a

lthou

gh

not w

ithou

t cha

lleng

es. A

mon

g ot

hers

, ser

vice

pr

ovid

ers

find

the

conc

ept d

ifficu

lt to

und

erst

and.

In

par

ticul

ar, l

ocal

ser

vice

pro

vide

rs a

re lo

okin

g to

avo

id p

ossi

ble

confl

icts

bet

wee

n th

e lo

cals

, and

fo

reig

n M

uslim

tour

ists

. 18

Shak

ona

et a

l. (2

015)

Und

erst

andi

ng th

e tra

velin

g be

havi

or

of M

uslim

s in

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es

Inte

rnat

iona

l Jo

urna

l of

Cul

ture

, Tou

rism

, an

d H

ospi

talit

y R

esea

rch

Empi

rical

(Q

ualit

ativ

e)In

terv

iew

of

12 M

uslim

s of

diff

eren

t na

tiona

litie

s in

th

e U

SA

Con

sum

er

Beh

avio

ur /

Mar

ketin

g

Tour

ism

mar

kete

rs n

eed

to p

ay m

ore

atte

ntio

n to

th

e in

fluen

ce o

f rel

igio

n on

the

leis

ure

and

trave

l be

havi

ours

of M

uslim

trav

elle

rs.

19M

edhe

kar a

nd

Haq

(201

4)H

alal

bra

ndin

g fo

r m

edic

al to

uris

m:

Cas

e of

Indi

an

hosp

itals

Emer

ging

R

esea

rch

on

Isla

mic

Mar

ketin

g an

d To

uris

m in

the

Glo

bal E

cono

my

Empi

rical

(Q

ualit

ativ

e)C

ase

stud

y of

the

first

ha

lal c

ertifi

ed

hosp

ital i

n C

henn

ai, I

ndia

Mar

ketin

g(H

alal

br

andi

ng

for m

edic

al

tour

ism

)

The

stud

y fo

und

that

Mus

lim p

atie

nts,

incl

udin

g fo

reig

n pa

tient

s w

ho tr

avel

led

from

abr

oad

to s

eek

heal

th tr

eatm

ent a

t the

hos

pita

l (m

edic

al to

uris

ts),

show

ed a

ttitu

des

of ra

tiona

l, em

otio

nal a

s w

ell a

s el

emen

ts o

f aff

ectiv

e an

d co

gniti

ve fe

elin

gs w

hen

it co

mes

to th

e re

ason

why

they

cho

se a

hal

al-c

ertifi

ed

med

ical

car

e.



Tabl

e 1

(con

tinue

)

No.

Aut

hor

(Yea

r)Ti

tleSo

urce

title

Arti

cle

Type

(M

etho

dolo

gy,

if re

leva

nt)

Con

text

/Su

bjec

t of

Stud

y

Fiel

d of

St

udy

/ D

isci

plin

e

Sum

mar

y of

Maj

or F

indi

ngs/

Them

es

20D

avid

s (2

014)

Isla

mic

tour

ism

in S

outh

A

fric

a: A

n em

ergi

ng

mar

ket a

ppro

ach

Emer

ging

R

esea

rch

on Is

lam

ic

Mar

ketin

g an

d To

uris

m in

the

Glo

bal E

cono

my

Con

cept

ual

-M

arke

ting

In th

is b

ook

chap

ter,

the

auth

or d

escr

ibes

how

hal

al

tour

ism

in S

outh

Afr

ica

begi

ns to

bec

ome

a si

gnifi

cant

pa

rt of

tour

ism

in th

e co

untry

. The

Isla

mic

cul

ture

in

Sou

th A

fric

a is

a fu

sion

of r

elig

ious

and

cul

tura

l nu

ance

s an

d ha

s hi

gh p

oten

tial f

or th

e to

uris

m s

ecto

r as

it is

priz

ed a

s a

natio

nal h

erita

ge.

21H

aq a

nd

Med

heka

r (2

014)

Isla

mic

tour

ism

in

Indi

a an

d Pa

kist

an:

Opp

ortu

nitie

s an

d ch

alle

nges

Emer

ging

R

esea

rch

on Is

lam

ic

Mar

ketin

g an

d To

uris

m in

the

Glo

bal E

cono

my

Con

cept

ual

Indi

a an

d Pa

kist

anM

arke

ting

(hal

al

bran

ding

)

Bas

ed o

n a

revi

ew o

f the

lite

ratu

re, t

his

book

cha

pter

pr

ovid

es a

dis

cuss

ion

of th

e hi

stor

y of

Isla

mic

tour

ism

in

Indi

a an

d Pa

kist

an p

artic

ular

ly th

at is

rela

ted

to it

s br

andi

ng. D

ue to

the

two

coun

tries

’ clo

se c

onne

ctio

ns,

cultu

rally

and

geo

grap

hica

lly, t

he s

tudy

sug

gest

s th

e tw

o co

untri

es s

houl

d w

ork

colla

bora

tivel

y in

gro

win

g th

eir h

alal

tour

ism

mar

ket.

22

Step

hens

on

(201

4)D

ecip

herin

g 'Is

lam

ic

hosp

italit

y': D

evel

opm

ents

, ch

alle

nges

and

op

portu

nitie

s

Tour

ism

M

anag

emen

tC

once

ptua

l-

Man

agem

ent

and

Mar

ketin

g

The

auth

ors

sugg

est t

hat i

t is

impe

rativ

e to

del

iber

ate

on th

e in

volv

emen

t of n

on-M

uslim

s in

hal

al to

uris

m,

due

to h

alal

ser

vice

s ar

e al

so b

eing

con

sum

ed b

y no

n-M

uslim

s. In

add

ition

, the

re a

re s

till s

igni

fican

t am

ount

of

‘fea

rs’ o

r pre

judi

ce a

bout

Isla

m a

mon

g no

n-M

uslim

s th

at m

ade

them

relu

ctan

t to

enga

ge w

ith o

r eve

n re

ject

M

uslim

-frie

ndly

ser

vice

s. U

nder

stan

ding

this

seg

men

t, pa

rticu

larly

thos

e w

ho a

re re

cept

ive

to o

r int

eres

ted

in th

e cu

lture

s of

oth

ers

wou

ld b

e be

nefic

ial t

o th

e de

velo

pmen

t of h

alal

ser

vice

s in

clud

ing

hala

l tou

rism

. 23

Hal

kias

et

al. (

2014

)H

alal

pro

duct

s an

d se

rvic

es in

the

Italia

n to

uris

m a

nd h

ospi

talit

y in

dust

ry: B

rief c

ase

stud

ies

of e

ntre

pren

eurs

hip

and

inno

vatio

n

Jour

nal o

f D

evel

opm

enta

l En

trepr

eneu

rshi

p

Empi

rical

(Q

ualit

ativ

e)C

ase

stud

y of

two

fam

ily

busi

ness

es

in It

aly

that

cat

er

to M

uslim

to

uris

ts.

Mar

ketin

gO

vera

ll, th

ere

is a

lack

of d

eman

d, a

nd s

imila

rly, l

ack

of o

ffer

ings

of h

alal

pro

duct

s an

d se

rvic

es in

Eur

ope.

N

ever

thel

ess,

the

situ

atio

n is

pro

gres

sive

ly c

hang

ing

due

to th

e gr

owin

g ha

lal m

arke

t on

the

glob

al s

cene

.

24K

urok

awa

(201

3)C

ase

stud

ies

of th

e in

nova

tive

loca

l cot

tage

in

dust

ries

and

tour

ism

in

north

and

nor

thea

st d

istri

ct

in T

haila

nd: I

mpl

icat

ions

fr

om th

e lo

cal b

rand

ing

stra

tegy

of T

haila

nd

Stud

ies

in

Reg

iona

l Sci

ence

Empi

rical

(Q

ualit

ativ

e)B

rand

ing

of

Chi

ang

Mai

re

gion

of

Thai

land

Geo

grap

hy

and

tour

ism

In th

is s

tudy

, the

gov

ernm

ent o

f Tha

iland

has

im

plem

ente

d a

dece

ntra

lized

app

roac

h to

tour

ism

m

anag

emen

t. Sp

ecifi

cally

, the

stu

dy e

xam

ines

im

plem

enta

tion

of b

rand

ing

stra

tegy

of l

ocal

go

vern

men

t of C

hian

g M

ai to

cat

er to

Mus

lim to

uris

ts.

The

stud

y su

gges

ts re

gion

al o

r loc

al b

rand

ing

stra

tegy

ha

s th

e po

tent

ial t

o in

crea

se to

uris

m.



Tabl

e 1

(con

tinue

)

No.

Aut

hor (

Year

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The

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choi

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Inte

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m

Res

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Empi

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(Q

ualit

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tour

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in

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aysi

a

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num

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lal’

attri

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des

tinat

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(i.e.

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as

tang

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and

inta

ngib

le) t

hat a

re

valu

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uslim

tour

ists

, whi

ch a

re h

alal

food

, pr

ayer

are

as a

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s.26

Bon

and

Hus

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(2

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Hal

al fo

od a

nd

tour

ism

: Pro

spec

ts

and

chal

leng

es

Brid

ging

Tou

rism

Th

eory

and

Pr

actic

e

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cept

ual

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aria

h,

tour

ism

m

anag

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t an

d po

licy

Food

pla

ys a

maj

or ro

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hal

al to

uris

m a

nd th

us

has

sign

ifica

nt im

plic

atio

n on

the

polic

y an

d pr

actic

e of

hal

al to

uris

m. P

artic

ular

ly fo

r Mus

lim to

uris

ts,

avai

labi

lity

of h

alal

food

det

erm

ines

thei

r cho

ice

of

trave

l des

tinat

ion,

eith

er to

Mus

lim o

r non

-Mus

lim

coun

tries

.27

Bat

tour

et a

l.

(201

0)To

war

d a

hala

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m m

arke

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naly

sis

Con

cept

ual

-Sh

aria

h,

Tour

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m

anag

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t

This

arti

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atte

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defi

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alal

tour

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and

em

phas

izes

the

impo

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the

awar

enes

s an

d ob

serv

ance

of S

haria

h ru

les

in h

alal

tour

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im

plem

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tion.

28W

an-H

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(200

9)H

alal

food

in

New

Zea

land

re

stau

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s: A

n ex

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y st

udy

Inte

rnat

iona

l Jo

urna

l of

Econ

omic

s an

d M

anag

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t

Empi

rical

(Q

uant

itativ

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uant

itativ

e su

rvey

of

rest

aura

nts

serv

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hala

lfo

od in

New

Ze

alan

d

Tour

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and

ho

spita

lity

Man

y re

stau

rant

ope

rato

rs in

New

Zea

land

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fa

mili

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ith h

alal

con

cept

and

they

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lim to

uris

t mar

ket a

s si

gnifi

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to th

eir b

usin

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29M

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usin

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visi

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xpo.

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alal

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ser

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Sour

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they concluded that there was a need of the inbound tourists to understand the local sensitivity and cultures. This was in addition to the existing imbalanced focus of the literature which mainly emphasised on the need for providers to understand the nuances of the inbound tourists. Further, Samori et al. (2016) discussed on Islamic religious requirements for travelling. They also illustrated different cases of halal tourism implementation by comparing the experiences of Malaysia (a Muslim-majority country) and Japan (a Muslim-minority country), as both strived to become competitive in the burgeoning halal tourism market. The study also highlighted some areas of improvement in their halal tourism offerings: For Malaysia, there was a need to improve the quality of the services, while in Japan, there was a notable lack of availability of halal services particularly in rural and small cities. In the same year, Samsi et al. (2016) examined the role of technology and information in influencing Muslim tourists’ behaviour. They highlighted content, timeliness, reliability and accessibility as among the useful website features for Muslim tourists.

By 2017, there has been a significant increase in the awareness and understanding of halal tourism concept by service providers (Carboni et al., 2017). In the same year, however, Elaziz and Kurt (2017) suggested that religious tourists and regular tourists had similar intentions of capitalist nature on what made them travel. Shafaei’s (2017) findings emphasized the role of awareness about halal Malaysia brand in inducing

travel amongst Middle-Easterns, citing awareness as the key reason for their decision to travel.

LITERATURE SYNTHESIS

Based on our analysis, we are able to identify six key themes that emerge from the review of the extant literature on halal tourism. The first two themes are directly related to the industry trends (indicated by the circles with dark arrow), while the other four themes centre-stage the predicament and challenges faced by the providers when operating within the halal tourism market, although the dimensions of halal tourism have begun to crystallize. Finally, the last theme concerns the inseparability of discussing the aspects of religion and values of Islam when dealing with halal tourism issues. Figure 1 summarises the major themes that emerged from our literature review.

The Halal Tourism Industry is Booming

Islam is the fastest growing religion in the world, with the number of Muslim population expanding across 200 countries through emigration and migration. About 23% of Muslims around the world travel for leisure as domestic and outbound tourists, and their number is gradually increasing over time. Looking at the potential of this market-driven segment, halal tourism has gained considerable attention from tourism operators in Muslim-majority countries as well as Muslim-minority countries. They plan to reap the economic benefits and business opportunities arising from the industry.



An Increase of Interest of Non-Muslim Majority Countries to Seek For and Attract Muslim Tourists

The provision of halal tourism in non-Muslim majority or Muslim-minority countries raises the issue of whether their service meets the requirements of halal, as stipulated by the Islamic teachings as well as the level of readiness of providers in these countries to serve Muslim tourists. This is because the service providers need to thoroughly understand the correct concept of halal to be able to apply it accordingly. Since halal concept is embraced as a way for life for Muslims, and it is deeply

rooted within the Shariah, it is perceived that service providers in Muslim-majority countries would face less issue with proper implementation of halal services. However, for Muslim-minority countries where halal concept is not part of their culture and might be considered as foreign, implementing halal services is challenging, and thus service providers need proper education, awareness, as well as guidance and proper governance by relevant agencies. Particularly, assurance of services that meets the Islamic requirements would ensure acceptance of the services by Muslim travellers and win their loyalty in the future.

Figure 1. Key themes in the literature on halal tourismSource: Authors’ review of literature

Approaches to implementing halal tourism vary across places and target markets

While halal attributes have begun to crystallize,

there exists some ambiguities on the

concept of halal tourism among scholars and

practitionersIncrease in non-Muslim

majority countries that seek to attract Muslim tourists

The halal tourism industry is booming

The focus of discussion seems to be one sided;

skewed toward the consumer side

Focus on the religious dimensions and values

has started to re-emerge

Halal Tourism



Ambiguity on the Concept of Halal Tourism Exists Among Scholars and Practitioners

The emergence of halal attributes in tourism services signifies to the service providers on the dimensions of serving the Muslim tourists. However, while dimensions of halal attributes in tourism services have begun to crystallize, there seems to be some ambiguities in relation to the interpretation of the halal tourism concept, which influences the differences in the approaches of its implementation. To overcome this problem, the conceptualization of halal tourism needs to be strengthened based on authentic sources in combination with expert opinions in future research.

Approaches to Implementing the Concept of Halal Tourism Vary Across Places and Target Markets

The complexities faced by service providers in serving different markets and different groups of tourists are highlighted in past studies. In fact, in certain Muslim-minority countries, the providers struggle with the implementation of halal services due to the lack of understanding of the halal concept.

The Focus of Discussion on Halal Tourism Seems To Be One Sided, Which Is Skewed Toward the Consumer Side

While some studies examine issues related to service providers, the studies’ implications are still focus on the service recipient, i.e., the tourists or traveller groups. This situation reflects a lack of stakeholder view in discussing halal tourism. Future research can explore the use of systems perspective in

examining halal tourism, as it will provide a comprehensive view on the players as well as all the direct and indirect stakeholders within the halal tourism services industry. Having a comprehensive view is needed as the halal concept covers the entire value chain and processes involved in the provision of the halal tourism service.

The Focus on the Religious Dimensions and Values has Started to Re-Emerge

At the initial stage of the development of the field, the issues of Shariah have been center-staged. Later, however, most articles focus on marketing and consumer behaviour issues, while the dimension of religion and values seems to be side tracked. Most recently, scholars began to recognise the importance and the influence of religion and values on services and this can be expected to enrich the discussion of halal tourism in the future, which will further strengthen halal tourism as a body of knowledge.

DIRECTION FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

On the whole, the identification of the themes enables us to recognise the issues and areas of concern within the literature. Specifically, the knowledge gap on halal tourism implementation in Muslim-minority countries is highlighted. This, in fact, can be considered as the most pressing issue because the providers are generally non-Muslims and Islamic values are not embedded within their society’s cultures. Within the context of business, there is a pressing need to ensure that the process and product



complies with the requirements as stipulated by the Islamic teachings. Understanding the implementation of halal tourism in this context is an important agenda for future research. This is because of the need to ensure that the halal tourism services that are provided in those countries address the fundamental issue of Muslims’ obligations in adhering to the Islamic teachings in all aspects of their lives including while travelling. This understanding, at the same time, is also vital as it can assist the service providers in developing and marketing halal tourism in their countries. On the other hand, the Muslim tourists must also be sensitive to the local cultures and values, without sacrificing their religious values.

Addressing the above and other related issues also supports the development of the field of halal tourism, from the current infancy stage to a maturing field and eventually to be recognized as a legitimate body of knowledge. Such legitimacy is needed particularly given the importance of travelling and the need to serve customers to meet their religious needs and to facilitate their practice of religion. This pursuit for knowledge development is indeed fundamental because searching for halal is obligatory upon Muslims. As such, Muslim researchers play a significant role in educating the non-Muslim majority societies to embrace the proper halal concept. Similarly, on the part of service providers, the development of a comprehensive knowledge about halal tourism supports the development and sustainability of their organizations. This knowledge also serves

as the basis for decision making for the service providers as well as the governing bodies which will provide assurance for the customers, as well as for their future improvements.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This study was financially supported by UPM FRGS Grant 05-02-14-1511FR and UKM GUP-2018-008.

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