Hagia Sophia: an illustrated guide
Transcript of Hagia Sophia: an illustrated guide
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HAGIA SOPHIA
Before the structure that we all came to know was constructed,
two different churches sat on its site.The first one, known as the “Great Church” opened under
the reign of Constantius II, and it was built by the orders
of his father, Constantine the Great.
The church featured a wooden-roofed basilica with a nave
flanked by two or four aisles. It later burned in 404 during
riots, leaving no remains.
360 c.e.
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532-37 c.e.
After the second structure was destroyed,
Emperor Justinian I commissioned a third
and final structure to be built in place.
Construction took five years, a record
time for the period, and took the labor
of over 10,000 workers.
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2. bell tower
The bell tower was located in
front of the courtyard. The bells
were rung to announce weddings,funerals, or other service. It was also
used within the liturgy of the church
service.
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3. baptistry
The baptistry was a room
adjacent to the basilica
where the ceremony of baptism, which symbolizes
the entrance into the
Church and religion
was held.
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4. basilica layout
The interior layout was
based on typical Byzantine
conventions. The main entrancewas to the west, following a
procession of an outer and
inner narthex into the big
open nave over which stood the
central dome. At the end pointing
east were located the apse and
sanctuary.
nave
aisle
innernarthexouter
narthex
sanctuaryapse
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1453
Under the rule of Sultan Mehmed II,
Constantinople was conquered and
turned into Istanbul. The Sultan
ordered for the basilica to be
promptly converted into a mosque.
This religious change brought
forth multiple changes within
the structure itself.
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mosque elements
In order to not only demonstrate
dominance over the Byzantines,but to be able to properly
transition from Christianity
to Islam practice within the
structure, several changes and
additions had to be made.
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1. minarets
The four minarets surrounding the
mosque were added by different sultans,
which is emphasized by their difference
in shape and materiality. The minarets
serve as points for the call to prayer, a
very important part of Islam.
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2. dome
After the Ottoman conquest,
many of the Christian imagery inside
Hagia Sophia was plastered overed
and replaced with Islamic symbols.
The image of cherubs within the pendentives
of the dome however were left behind, with their
faces covered by a golden halo. The dome is the
third one to sit on the structure, as two before
collapsed during fires in Constantinople.
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3. turbe
A total of five turbe or tombs were
added adjacent to the Hagia Sophia
mosque. Within these are buried
five Sultans and their extended
families.
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4. baptistryThe part of the structure associated
with baptisms during the basilica days
was used to bury two of the Sultans,
Mustafa I and Ibrahim. This is yet
another symbolic movement of
Ottoman power.
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5. calligraphic roundelsAdded in the 19th century, six
prominent calligraphic roundels
made out of wood were hung within the
walls of Hagia Sophia. These roundels
represent Allah, Muhammad and the latter’s
immediate family. Because of their color,
black with gold writing, they present a strong
contrast against some of the existing mosaics.
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6. mihrab
The mihrab in Islamic architecture
is a rounded niche in the wall that marks
the direction of Mecca for prayer. Because
Hagia Sophia was designed as a Byzantine
Basilica, the mihrab has to be placed slightly
off-center.
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7. minbar
A tall, pulpit-like structure in the
back, located to the right of the
mihrab is the minbar. From this
platform, the prayer leader
delivers the sermons and lectures.
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1935 - museum
a new program
The first Turkish president, Mustafa
Kemal Ataturk, officially transformedHagia Sophia into a museum. Because of
the deteriorated condition of the building, it went
under serious renovations and conservations that
allowed for some of the Byzantine elements to be
re-discovered.
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1. omphalionAfter the carpets were removed
the omphalion was discovered after
centuries. It is a series of circular mosaics on
the floor indicate where the coronation
of Byzantine emperors occurred. It also
indicated where the emperor would sit
during church services.
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2. cracked roof
The first stage of the restoration
before opening into a museum
involved reparations of the cracked
copper roof that was causing leaks to
destroy some of the fragile mosaics.
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3. mosaics/frescoes
The second phase of the
restoration involved training a
team to restore and uncover the
Byzantine mosaics hidden under plaster
or ruined by the leakage moisture. The project
was finalized in 2006 and is now the
second most visited museum in Turkey.
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The importance of Hagia Sophia through time is something that cannot be
underrated. The structure held great significance for two great civilizations
alike, the Byzantines and the Ottomans. Both cultures were greatly impacted
at their times by the lasting structure, serving in them as a prominent religious
structure as well as a power indicative monument that has withheld physical
changes for over 1,400 years. Because of this, neither one can be claimed as a
true and sole identity of Hagia Sophia, as it has so much history embeddedwithin its walls. By turning the landmark into a museum, the opportunity to
celebrate and pay tribute to both civilizations by exposing information and
pieces of each one to a greater audience has been made possible, as a piece
of great historical value has become more accessible to everyone.
conclusion
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Charles, Martin A.. “Hagia Sophia and the Great Imperial Mosques”. The Art Bulletin 12.4 (1930): 321–345. Web.
Emerson, William, and Robert L. Van Nice. “HAGIA SOPHIA: THE COLLAPSE OF THE FIRST DOME”.
Archaeology 4.2 (1951): 94–103. Web.
Emerson, William, and Robert L. Van Nice. “HAGIA SOPHIA: THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE SECOND
DOME AND ITS LATER REPAIRS”. Archaeology 4.3 (1951): 162–171. Web.
Emerson, William, and Robert L. van Nice. “Hagia Sophia and the First Minaret Erected After the Conquest of
Constantinople”. American Journal of Archaeology 54.1 (1950): 28–40. Web.
"Hagia Sophia." Hagia Sophia. Web. 05 Mar. 2016.
Larsen, Sven. “A Forerunner of Hagia Sophia”. American Journal of Archaeology 41.1 (1937): 1–5. Web.
Smith, Christine. “Cyriacus of Ancona's Seven Drawings of Hagia Sophia”. The Art Bulletin 69.1 (1987): 16–32. Web.
Taylor, Rabun. “A Literary and Structural Analysis of the First Dome on Justinian's Hagia Sophia, Constantinople”.
Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 55.1 (1996): 66–78. Web.
Terry, Ann, Robert Mark, and Ahmet S. Cakmak. "Hagia Sophia: From the Age of Justinian to the Present."
Technology and Culture 35.4 (1994): 894. Web.
Wenzel, Fritz. "Investigations into the Construction and Repair History of the Hagia Sophia." Construction History
25 (2010): 1-20. JSTOR. Web. 05 Mar. 2016.
Base digital model obtained from the SketchUp Warehouse. Further revisions, modeling, linework, and rendering
done by S. Zavala.
bibliography
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