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TSUKUBA UNIVERSITY-JAPAN

18-21 June 2012

Lilik Budi Prasetyo http://lbprastdp.staff.ipb.ac.id

lbprastdp@yahoo.mail.com

Landscape Ecology

Structure (Patch, Matrix, Corridor)

Function (habitat)

Change due to

disturbance &

Natural Process

Patch

Matrix

MEGA DIVERSITY COUNTRY

Indonesia : - 11 percent of the world's flowering plants (352 000 spc), - 12 percent of the world's mammals (5 500 spc) - 15 percent of all amphibians and reptiles (25 000 spc) - 17 percent of all birds (10 000 spc) - 37 percent of the world's fish (32 000 spc)

Impact on Species a) Extinction forest specialist

species b) Extinction of core/interior

species c) Species isolation -> lead to

extinction d) Increase edge species e) Increase habitat generalist

species

Habitat Loss & Fragmentation

Taxonomic

Group Number

Plants 110

Birds 390

Reptiles 48

Fish 8

Mammals 131

Insects 19

Molluscs 12

Crustaceans 9

Noerdjito & Maryanto Nov. 2001

Endangered Species List of Indonesia

Species receives extra protection from a Presidential Decree (KepPres). 1. Javanese Gibbon (Hylobates moloch) 2. Sumatran Tiger (Phantera tigris sumatrae); 3. Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus); 4. Javanese Eagle (Spizaetus bartelsi); 5. Anoa (Anoa depressicornis, Anoa quarlesi); 6. Babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa); 7. Javanese Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus); 8. Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus

sumatrensis); 9. Komodo Dragon (Varanus komodoensis); 10. Bird of Paradise (all species in the family

Paradiseidae); 11. Leaf Monkey (Presbytis potenziani);

Research Trends

Habitat loss & its driving force, species conservation

Habitat Fragmentation & Corridor Conservation

Species distribution within fragmented remnant forest

Habitat Suitability

Second Habitat

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1985 1989

Balairaja Nature Reserve

1992 2000 2004

Forest

Bush

Grassland

Settlement

Bareland

Oil Palm

Rubber

Upland

Water body

Road

River

Land Cover Change 1985-2004

Case 1 : Habitat Loss , Driving Force & Species Conservation

Wildlife existence

Elephant Distribution & Potential Conflict with community, Lead to extinction

Case 2 : Small mammal distribution in Remnant Forest Balairaja Nature reserve

Concept of Edge Species & Interior species

Edge

Core/Interior

Edge : under two different micro-climates (bare land & forest) Core/Interior : core/interior part of remnant forest

LINE TRANSECT & TRAP POSITION

Trap Position Line Transect Direction

Edge Interior

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Captured Species List

No Species

Transect

∑ I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI

1 S.muelleri 4 3 6 1 - - 1 1 1 1 2 20

2 R.tiomanicus 2 1 - 3 2 2 - - - 2 3 15

3 T.glis 1 1 - - 3 2 6 3 3 1 1 21

4 M.surifer - - 2 4 4 4 4 3 4 - - 25

5 C.notatus - - - - 1 2 3 2 - - - 8

6 P.lowii - - - - - 1 - - - 1

Total 7 5 8 8 10 10 14 10 8 4 6 90

Rattus tiomanicus

Callosciurus notatus

Tupaia glis

EDGE SPECIES

Distance from edge (m)

Distance from edge (m)

No

Ind

ividu

N

o In

divid

u

Maxomys surifer

Sundamys muelleri

Interior species

DISTRIBUTION PATTERN :

Distance from edge (m)

Distance from edge (m)

No

Ind

ivid

u

No

Ind

ivid

u

))*655,14()*003,0())284,0()*052,0(198,9(1

1ndvidrivslpelve

P

Case 3 :Habitat Suitability, Sumatran Tiger Bukit Tiga puluh National Park

Elevation Slope

Distance from River

NDVI

Low Suitable

Moderate Suitable

High Suitable

Conflict between Sumatra Tiger & Community

Case 4 : Second Habitat Sumatran Tiger Conservation ZSL-Indonesia, PHKA & LIPI

Sumatran Tiger was captured GPS collar was set up After several months was released in To new habitat (second habitat)

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Sumatran Tiger were spending more time in secondary forest & forest edge (border between forest non forest, disturb forest)

Lead to conflict with community

Lead to extinction due to poaching/hunting

Release Point

Every one hour the GPS information was received

Case 5. Fragmentation HALIMUN NATIONAL PARK 1989 - 2003

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2001 2003

UNGKO (Hylobates agilis F. Cuvier 1821) Javan Gibbon ((Hylobates moloch) Distribution at Mt. Halimun Salak National Park

Mt.Salak

Mt.Halimun

Land cover changes 1989 - 2008

Mt.Halimun

Mt.Salak Corridor Fragmentation

Case 6 : Habitat Suitability : Macrocephalon maleo SAL. MULLER, 1846

Bogani Nani Wartabone

a. Endemic to Sulawesi and Buton Islands

b. Endangered (habitat destruction, fragmentation, small population, rapidly decline)

c. lay their eggs in the ground/sand and let the warm soil do the incubation

Timothy Boucher

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Distance from river

Distance from river

Distance from hot spring

Distance from settlement

Distance from river

Distance from river

Distance from hot spring

Distance from settlement

Habitat Suitability : Macrocephalon maleo SAL. MULLER, 1846

Suitability Map

Legend Probability

Study Area

Matrix of Oil Palm

Remnant forest

Case 7 : Forest Fragmentation & Amphibi

Species Diversity

Remnant forest Core Oil Palm Matrix Corridor

Case 8 : Habitat Suitability of Sago in Seram Island

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𝑷 = 𝒆 (𝒂+𝒃𝟏 𝑿𝟏+𝒃𝟐 𝑿𝟐+𝒃𝟑 𝑿𝟑+𝒃𝟒 𝑿𝟒+𝒃𝟓 𝑿5)

𝟏 + 𝒆 (𝒂+𝒃𝟏 𝑿𝟏+𝒃𝟐 𝑿𝟐+𝒃𝟑 𝑿𝟑+𝒃𝟒 𝑿𝟒+𝒃𝟓 𝑿5)

Note: P: Probabality of Suitable Habitat a: Constant b1-b5: Coeeeficient of regression X1: elevation

X2: Slope X3: Soil Type X4: Distence from river x5: NDVI.

P = ax1 + bx2 + cx3 + dx4 + ex5

Note: P: Suitable habitat index a-e: weight X1: elevation X2: slope

X3: Soil type X4: Distance from river x5: NDVI.

Model Approach

Elevation

Slope

Soil

Distance from river

Vegetation index

High Suitable Moderate Suitable Low Suitable

High Suitable Moderate Suitable Low Suitable

Habitat Suitability (PCA Method)

Habitat Suitability (Logistic Regression Method)

Accuracy : 65,62%

Accuracy : 82,81%

Summary Habitat Loss & Fragmentation have been occurring,

Lead to species extinction

Remote Sensing & GIS is powerful tools : understanding distribution of species, changes process, structure & function of the landscape

Need further exploration

Thank you very much !