Habitat Characterization of Mansonia spp as Filariasis Vector in Banyuasin, South Sumatra, Indonesia

Rini Pratiwi1,*,, Chairil Anwar2*, Salni3, Hermansyah4, Novrikasari5, Rachmat Hidayat6

,and Ahmad Ghiffari7

1Ph.D student, Environmental Science, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia 2Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia 3Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural science, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia 4Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural science, Universitas Sriwijaya,

Palembang, Indonesia 5Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia 6Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia 7Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palembang, Palembang, Indonesia chairil53@fk.unsri.ac.id

Abstract. Filariasis is caused by microfilariae parasites transmitted through mosquitoes, one of which is Mansonia spp. Environmental characteristics are crucial component for vector control in handling filariasis because they indicate mosquitoes’ range of survival. This study aimed to determine the environmental characteristics in the abundance of

Mansonia spp. This study was conducted in two lowland areas located in Sedang and Muara Sugih Village, Indonesia, April 2017-April 2018. Environmental characteristics were determined by thermometers and sling hygrometers, and sampling for physical and chemical properties of water. Sedang Village had larger quantity of Mansonia spp variances compared to Muara Sugih, with 6 species and 5 species found respectively. Muara Sugih was slightly higher in temperature and humidity. Sedang water had higher turbidity, higher temperature, higher pH, lower BOD-COD, lower

TDS-TSS, with higher coliform counts. Sedang dominant land utilization was plantations, while Muara Sugih was rice field. The dominant aquatic plant in Sedang was Pistia stratiotes and Muara Sugih was Oryza sativa. Differences in temperature, humidity, water parameters, aquatic plants, and land utilization factors resulted in discrepancy of Mansonia spp abundance.

1 Introduction

Filariasis has become a significant cause of permanent disability worldwide. Filariasis

causes approximately 19.43 million cases of hydrocele, 16.68 million cases of

lymphoedema and 2.02 million disabilities [1,2]. Lymphatic filariasis is a tropical disease

caused by microfilaria parasites invading the lymphatic system. Filariasis attacks 67.88

million people in 73 countries worldwide [1,3]. Microfilariae parasites are transmitted

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© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CreativeCommons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

through mosquitoes, one of which is the main genus of Mansonia [4]. Mansonia spp habitat

consists of swamps, large rivers at the edge of the forest, or in the areas within the forest.

The larvae and pupae are attached to the roots of aquatic plants [5].

Banyuasin is a filariasis endemic region accounted for 82% cases of chronic filariasis for

South Sumatra Province Indonesia, in 2014 [6,7]. Banyuasin has a topography of 80% flat

area in the form of tidal swamp lands. This conditions shapes Banyuasin a suitable area for

mosquito breeding. Environmental characteristics such as temperature and humidity

indicate the range of living survival for mosquitoes, as well as other factors such as

moisture and water parameters. Thus, in vector control of filariasis cases, environmental

characterization becomes a crucial component. This study aimed to determine the

environmental characteristics in the abundance of mosquito Mansonia spp.

2 Materials and Methods

2.1 Study Area

This study was conducted in two lowland areas, Sedang Village and Muara Sugih

Village, located in Banyuasin Regency, from April 2017 to April 2018. The collection of

mosquitoes was done in 24 hours pattern (18 pm, until 17 pm of the next day), with human

landing collection technique, performed by 6 people indoor and outdoor using an aspirator.

The captured mosquitoes were inserted into paper cup. Identification of mosquito species

was done based on Rampa and Wharton book [8,9].

2.2 Sampling of Mosquitoes

Thermometers and sling hygrometers were installed in the open areas (outside the

house) to monitor the temperature and humidity. Sampling for examination of physical and chemical properties of water was done by taking water samples from several points using

bottles. For microbiological examination, the bottle was sterilized in advance. The samples

were examined in the laboratory. The result obtained the distribution of abundance,

temperature, humidity, water parameters (temperature, TDS/Total Suspended Solids,

turbidity, COD/Chemical Oxygen Demand, BOD/Biochemical Oxygen Demand, water pH,

coliform), aquatic plant identification, altitude and land utilization. Data processing was

done by SPSS 16.

3 Results and Discussions

In Sedang Village, Mansonia mosquitoes caught during this period were of 6 species, with Mansonia annulifera, Mansonia uniformis and Mansonia indiana being the most

dominant species. While in Muara Sugih village, Mansonia mosquitoes caught during this

period were of 5 species with Mansonia uniformis, Mansonia bonneae and Mansonia dives

being the most dominant species. The abundance of Mansonia mosquitoes in Sedang

Village at most were Mansonia annulifera and Mansonia uniformis. April-June 2017 was

the period when the abundance was the highest. In these months the air temperature in

Sedang Village was at 27-28oC. Humidity was at 90%. The most abundant species in the

Muara Sugih Village were Mansonia uniformis, Mansonia bonneae and Mansonia dives.

April-June period was when the Mansonia spp mosquitoes appeared most. Temperature and

humidity in April-June ranged between 28.5-29.5 oC and 92-96%.

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Table 1 showed that Sedang Village had larger quantity of abundance of biting and

resting mosquitoes compared to Muara Sugih. Muara Sugih Village was slightly higher in

temperature and humidity than Sedang Village. On the characteristics of water parameters,

it was known that Sedang Village water had higher turbidity, higher water temperature,

higher pH, lower BOD and COD, lower TDS and TSS as well as higher coliform counts. In

terms of altitude, Sedang Village and Muara Sugih were both classified as lowlands.

Table 1. Distribution of Mansonia spp abundance based on environmental characteristics; temperature, humidity and water parameters (N = 312).

Variable Unit Sedang

SDX

Muara Sugih

SDX

Biting mosquitoes Mosquitoes 8,878+13,618 0,887+1,861

Resting mosquitoes Mosquitoes 6,509+9,732 0,548+1,177

IF Mosquitoes 3,359+5,095 0,342+0,853

OF Mosquitoes 4,208+7,438 0,333+0,964

IW Mosquitoes 3,009+4,600 0,234+0,734

OW Mosquitoes 3,500+5,726 0,3942+0,989

Temperature oC 26,83+3,925 27,75+3,800

Humidity % 89,30+9,501 91,698+8,728

Turbidity NTU scale 43,339+60,11 27,258+14,31

Water Temperature oC 23,776+1,03 22,407+27,43

Water pH 5,635+0,445 4,158+1,039

BOD Mg/l 3,459+4,837 5,109+6,003

COD Mg/l 9,692+10,826 13,153+12,043

TDS Mg/l 85,092+131,329 359,638+769,396

TSS Mg/l 26,241+27,544 433,315+6,144

Coliform MPN/100ml 28886,192+5636,49 1376,164+4249,04

Altitude MASL 10+0,00 12+0,00

Abbreviation: IF: Indoor Feeder; OF: Outdoor Feeder; IW Indoor Wall; OW Outdoor Wall; TDS: Total Dissolved Solids, TSS: Total Suspended Solids; COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand, BOD: Biochemical Oxygen Demand.

In previous studies, many species of Mansonia dives, Mansonia bonneae, and Mansonia

uniformis found in the crevices of rocks under the grasses [8]. Additionally, many

mosquitoes were found resting on crates placed in protected areas in Malaysian settlements.

Mansonioidea generally rests much near the ground under the leaves of the grasses. In the Kapuk Village of West Jakarta, Mansonia uniformis were more active outside the home

than in the home. Mansonia uniformis began to actively enter the house and bite humans

between the hours of 19:00 to 20:00 and between 22:00 to 23:00. Mosquitoes that rest on

the walls of the house, were likely more female mosquitoes with the bloody abdomen.

Mansonia uniformis were generally outdoors and active at night [10].

There was a discrepancy in mosquito abundance in the study areas. Discrepancy in

mosquito abundance indicates differences in availability of breeding places, resting places

and climatic factors such as temperature [10]. The only species always present in large

numbers in both villages was Mansonia uniformis. Different from Sedang village which

had the most abundance of Mansonia annulifera species, in Muara Sugih Village there was

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only small number of variances. In Sedang village with few Mansonia annulata species, the

species was not found at all in the village of Muara Sugih. Mansonia indiana was widely

available in Sedang Village but very little in Muara Sugih Village. In contrast, Mansonia

dives and Mansonia bonneae in the village of Muara Sugih were abundant but were very

little in Sedang. According to Rohani et.al., local climatic parameters played an important

role in determining the distribution and abundance of vectors because the spread of vectors

was limited by the climate tolerance limit of the vectors themselves [11].

The average optimum temperature for mosquitoes is within 25oC-27oC. Mosquitoes are

cold-blooded so that the metabolic processes depend on the temperature of the

environment. The increase in temperature has an impact on the acceleration of the

mosquito's life cycle from egg to adult mosquito, thus increasing the number of mosquitoes in circulation [12]. In both study area villages, April-June 2017 was the period in which

Mansonia spp mosquitoes were most abundant. In these months it was known that the air

temperature in Sedang Village was at 27-28oC. Humidity was at 90%. While in Muara

Sugih Village, the temperature and humidity in April-June ranged between 28.5-29.5oC and

92-96%. From the environmental characteristics, Sedang Village had an average

temperature of 27.14oC+1.96 and the average humidity was 91.18%+5.35. The Muara Sugih

Village had an average temperature of 25.64oC+1.46 and an average humidity of

86.92%+11.89. This temperature and humidity corresponded to the temperature required by

mosquitoes. Humidity of less than 60% is one of the factors debilitating mosquitoes’ lives

so it is not enough for the parasite cycle to grow inside the mosquito body. The mosquito

respiratory system also requires moisture content. High humidity affects mosquitoes to find

moist and wet spots outdoors as resting places during the day, and facilitates mosquitoes to be more active [12].

The study by Diego and Raquel also stated that Mansonia larvae were found in water

conditions with natural water characteristics. There were plants mainly the vegetation of

floating aquatic plants, sun-exposed, turbid, stagnant, rain-supplied puddle, containing

substrate, as well as wide water surface [13]. Studies conducted by Bashar et al. showed

Mansonia larvae found in pools and paddy fields, and water parameters including pH and

temperature played a role in larval abundance [14].

In terms of altitude, Sedang Village and Muara Sugih were both classified as lowlands.

However, a study by Anwar et al. stated that filarial vector mosquitoes, Mansonia spp, were

scattered throughout the whole gradient of altitude above sea level [15]. Mansonia spp

abundance tends to be higher in areas with floating aquatic plants, especially Pistia stratiotes [16]. In line with the findings of this study that in Sedang Village, dominant

aquatic plants was Pistia stratiotes (70.8%), in contrast to Village Muara Sugih Oryza

sativa (55.1%).

4 Conclusion

Differences in temperature, humidity, water parameters, aquatic plants, and land

utilization factors resulted in discrepancy of Mansonia spp abundance. Environmental

characteristics that yielded greater abundance of Mansonia spp mosquitoes were the

optimal temperature for mosquitoes, high humidity, water parameters of higher turbidity,

higher water temperature, higher pH, lower BOD and COD, lower TDS and TSS, and

higher coliforms, land utilization of plantations, swamps, and rice fields, with floating

aquatic plants, especially Pistia stratiotes.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to deliver gratitude for dr. Evita Yolanda, and the Public Health officers

at Banyuasin, Indonesia, for their support.

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