H2S CHEMISTRYCHEMICAL, APPLICATION & EQUIPMENT STRATEGIES

LISA HOLDING EAGLE

February 20, 2019

SENIOR TECHNICAL LEAD

1

Treating for Safetyand the

Swiss Cheese Model

Safety Moment

2

Overview

• Sources/Root Causes

• Treating Principles

• Chemistries

• Applications

3

Bacteria

▪ Introduced

▪ Activated

Reservoir

▪ Intrusion

Mineralogy

▪ Pyrite

▪ Anhydrite

SPE 141434 (2011)

Bakken H2S Source(s)?

4

Root Cause

▪ Casing Leak?

▪ Bacteria Treatment?

Mass Balance

▪𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐹 × 𝑝𝑝𝑚 × 𝐹 = 𝐺𝑃𝐷

Mixing

▪ Flow Regime (mist ideal)

▪ Speed (15-25 ft/sec ideal)

▪ Water/Oil/Gas Cut

Time

▪ Injection to LACT (20-30+ sec)

Side Effects

▪ Scale/Solids

▪ Phase Separation

Monitoring

Other Costs

▪ Waste Management

▪ Manpower

Treatment Principles

5

Triazine-

MEA

Triazine-

MMA Glyoxal

Non-

Triazines

Metal

Carboxylate Metal Solids Oxidizers

Cost/unit Low Low Low Med Med Low Varies

Equipment

Inject, Batch,

Towers

Inject, Batch,

Towers Inject, Batch Inject, Batch Inject, Batch

Solid Bed

Tower Inject, Batch

Side Effects Scale, Solids Scale, Solids Corrosion -

Solids,

Toxicity,

Emulsions -

Solids,

Corrosion,

Material

Incompatibility

Best For Gas Oil NR Multiphase NR Downstream

Secondary

Benefit

H2S Treatment Chemistries

6

Treating Equipment—Continuous Injection

Treating Equipment-Manufactured Solutions

8

Inline Injection

Enhanced

Injection Solid Bed Tower "Bubble" Tower UltraFab

Capex Low Low Med Med High

Opex Med-High Med-High High Med Low

Chemistries Triazines Triazines Metal Solids Triazines (MEA) Triazines (MEA)

Benefits Cost/Set-up Cost/Set-up Contained, Bolt-on Contained, Bolt-on

Inline Monitoring,

Controls

No Downtime

Drawbacks

Efficiency Depends

on System

Efficiency Depends

on System

Waste

Management,

Downtime, Change

Costs

Monitoring,

Waste

Management,

Downtime Set-up

Gas Treating Applications

9

Downhole

Injection

Inline (Surface)

Injection

Enhanced

Injection Batching UltraFab

Capex Low Low Low N/A High

Operating ExpenseMed-High Med-High Med-High High Low

Chemistries Non-Triazines Triazines Triazines

Triazine, Non-

Triazine, Oxidizer Triazines

Benefits

Added

Mixing/Time, Iron

sulfide reduction Cost/Set-up Cost/Set-up

No setup, Can

remediate tanked

fluids, Downhole

fluid column

Inline Monitoring,

Controls

No Downtime

Drawbacks

Requires flush,

<15ft/s annular gas

speed

Efficiency Depends

on System, Best

with Injection for

each phase

Efficiency Depends

on System, Best

with Injection for

each phase

Low Efficiency,

Manpower

Set-up,

oil/condensate or

non-scaling brines.

Fluid & Mixed Phase Applications

10

Non-Chemical Strategies

• Sour Service Metallurgy

• Marketing Contracts

• Flaring

• Blending

• Stripping

11

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