@h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c...

35
`) #Lhitq

Transcript of @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c...

Page 1: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

��� �������

�@h�t|i**@ �L||�U�?�5 @?_ �*L)t��t 5�L�6

��}�t| 22c 2fff

�Erwwlflql wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq Irxqgdwlrq +Mxqlru Idfxow| Ihoorzvkls,/ wkh Qdwlrqdo

Vflhqfh Irxqgdwlrq +judqw VHV0<<:83;9 dqg FDUHHU judqw VHV0<<;6:7<,/ dq Duwkxu K1

Froh judqw0lq0dlg iurp wkh Hfrqrplf Klvwru| Dvvrfldwlrq/ d Qhx Idplo| Uhvhdufk Dzdug

iurp Ervwrq Xqlyhuvlw|/ dqg Hqwh Hlqdxgl +Urph, iru �qdqfldo vxssruw1 Vlrz wkdqnv VVKUF

iru �qdqfldo vxssruw1 Zh wkdqn Gzd|qh Ehqmdplq/ Ohqd Hgoxqg/ Vwhidqr Ihqrdowhd/ Fodxgld

Jroglq/ Oduu| Nrwolnr�/ Urehuw Pdujr/ Plfkdho Pdqryh/ Dqjhor Pholqr/ Plnh Shwhuv/ [l0

drplqj Zhl/ vhplqdu sduwlflsdqwv dw wkh Xqlyhuvlwlhv ri Erorjqd/ Euhvfld/ Eulwlvk Froxpeld/

Frorudgr dw Erxoghu/ Kduydug +Oderu zrunvkrs,/ KLLG/ Qruwkzhvwhuq/ VXQ\/ Wrurqwr +Klv0

wru| Ghsduwphqw,/ Zlvfrqvlq/ Ervwrq Xqlyhuvlw|/ Zdvklqjwrq Xqlyhuvlw|/ wkh zrunvkrs rq

wkh Idplo| dw wkh Xqlyhuvlw| ri Wrurqwr/ dqg sduwlflsdqwv dw wkh VHG frqihuhqfh +Dojkhur/

Lwdo|/ Mxqh 4<<<,/ dw wkh DVVD phhwlqjv +Ervwrq/ Mdqxdu| 5333,/ dqg dw wkh Zruog Hfrqr0

phwulfv Vrflhw| phhwlqjv +Vhdwwoh/ Dxjxvw 5333, iru yhu| khosixo glvfxvvlrqv dqg vxjjhvwlrqv1

Zh duh dovr yhu| judwhixo wr Iudqfhvfr Erqrpl iru klv vlpsoh |hw srzhuixo vhdufk surjudp rq

wkh Ioruhqwlqh fdwdvwr ri 475:12Ghsduwphqw ri Hfrqrplfv/ Ervwrq Xqlyhuvlw|/ 5:3 Ed| Vwdwh Urdg/ Ervwrq/ PD 35548/

X1V1D1 Hpdlo= pdulvwhoCex1hgx

�Ghsduwphqw ri Hfrqrplfv/ Xqlyhuvlw| ri Wrurqwr/ 483 Vw1 Jhrujh Vwuhhw/ Wrurqwr P8V

6J: FDQDGD1 Hpdlo= vlrzCfkdvv1xwrurqwr1fd1

Page 2: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

�Mt|h@U|

`�i? 4@hh�i_ _@�}�|iht *i@�i |�i�h T@hi?|@* �L4i @?_ |�i�h 4@hh�i_ MhL|�iht _L

?L|c @*|h��t|�U T@hi?|t ThL��_i _L�h�it uLh _@�}�|iht @?_ Mi^�it|t uLh tL?t �? Lh_ih |L

tL*�i @ uhii h�_�?} ThLM*i4 Mi|�ii? |�i�h 4@hh�i_ tL?t @?_ _@�}�|iht� A�i |�iLh) �@t

Thi_�U|�L?t L? |�i uLh4 Lu |�i _L�h) UL?|h@U|c |�i igiU| Lu u@4�*) _i4L}h@T��Ut L?

|�i �@*�i Lu |�i _L�h)c @?_ |�i _iU*�?i Lu _L�h�it �? Thi��L�t*) _L�h) }���?} tLU�i|�it�

A�i |�iLh) �t UL?t�t|i?| ��|� UhLtt�tiU|�L? _L�h) _@|@ uhL4 4i_�i�@* W|@*)� W| �t @*tL

UL?t�t|i?| ��|� |�i u@U|Lht |�@| *i_ |L |�i _iU*�?i Lu _L�h�it �? 5h@L �@�*Lc �h@3�*�

ki)�Lh_tG _L�h�itc Mi^�it|tc uhii�h�_�?}c ��h�*LU@*c 4i_�i�@*c A�tU@?)�

a,w U*@tt��U@|�L?G a�c ���

Page 3: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

� W?|hL_�U|�L?

�@hi?|t |h@?tuih �i@*|� |L |�i�h U��*_hi? �? 4@?) �@)t� A�i _L�h) �t _�t|�?U|��i

MiU@�ti �| �t @ *@h}i |h@?tuih 4@_i |L @ _@�}�|ih @| |�i |�4i Lu �ih 4@hh�@}i�� W? @?

�?t�}�|u�* itt@)c BLL_) E�b.�� ThLTLti_ |�@| |�i _L�h) �t @ Thi�4Lh|i4 �?�ih�|@?Ui |L

|�i Mh�_i� A�@| �tc T@hi?|t |h@?tuih �i@*|� |L |�i�h _@�}�|iht Th�4@h�*) �? |�i uLh4 Lu

_L�h�it h@|�ih |�@? Mi^�it|t ��ihi@t |�i) |h@?tuih �i@*|� |L |�i�h tL?t Th�4@h�*) �? |�i

uLh4 Lu Mi^�it|t� O�t LMtih�@|�L? �@t Mii? UL?�h4i_ �? _�gihi?| _L|@* E_L�h) }���?}�

tLU�i|�it E�@hhL** �bb�( ��i?( O�}�it�� `�|��? @ _L|@* tLU�i|)c ��) �ti _L�h�it uLh

_@�}�|iht @?_ ?L| uLh tL?tq Wu _L|@* tLU�i|�it �ti_ _L�h�it |L U*i@h |�i 4@hh�@}i 4@h!i|c

�L� _L 4@hh�@}i 4@h!i|t U*i@h �? ?L?�_L|@* tLU�i|�it ��|�L�| _L�h) Lh Mh�_iTh�Uiq2

AL @__hitt |�iti ^�it|�L?tc M��*_�?} L? �iU!ih<t ti4�?@* UL?|h�M�|�L?t L? �?|h@

u@4�*) @?@*)t�t @?_ 4@hh�@}i 4@h!i|t Et�44@h�3i_ �? �iU!ih �bb��c� �i i |i?_ |�i

t|@?_@h_ iUL?L4�U 4L_i* Lu _L�h�itc ��ihi _L�h�it @hi �ti_ @t TiU�?�@h) |h@?tuiht |L

U*i@h |�i 4@hh�@}i 4@h!i|�e A�i t|@?_@h_ 4L_i* �Lh!t L? |�L *i�i*t� �| |�i 4@h!i|

*i�i*c �| �t �ti_ |L t|�_) @ttLh|@|��i 4@|U��?} M) Mh�_it< @?_ }hLL4t< �i@*|�c @?_ |�i

hi*@|��i t�TT*) Lu 4i? @?_ �L4i? �? |�i 4@hh�@}i 4@h!i|� �| |�i u@4�*) *i�i*c �|

�?�it|�}@|it t�Mt|�|�|�L? Mi|�ii? |�i _L�h) @?_ L|�ih UL4TL?i?|t Lu Mh�_@* �i@*|��

i i |i?_ |�i t|@?_@h_ 4L_i* @| |�i u@4�*) *i�i*c M) t|�_)�?} |�i t�Mt|�|�|�L?

Mi|�ii? _L�h) @?_ Mi^�it| �? Mh�_@* �i@*|�� A�i hL*i Lu Mh�_@* �i@*|� �? |�i 4@hh�@}i

4@h!i| �? L�h 4L_i* �t |�i t@4i @t �| �t �? |�i t|@?_@h_ 4L_i*� ��h i |i?t�L? �@t |�hii

Mi?i�|t� 6�ht|c �| �?|i}h@|it BLL_)<t LMtih�@|�L? ��|� |�i t|@?_@h_ 4L_i*� 5iUL?_c �|

i T*@�?t ��) tL4i tLU�i|�it @?_ ?L| L|�iht �ti _L�h�itc @?_ ��) Mh�_iTh�Uit _L ?L|

@TTi@h �? Thi��L�t*) _L|@* tLU�i|�it� 6�?@**)c �i t�L� |�i UL??iU|�L? Mi|�ii? _L�h�it

@?_ ��h�*LU@* tLU�i|�itc ��ihi 4@hh�i_ _@�}�|iht *i@�i |�i T@hi?|@* �L4i @?_ |�i�h

4@hh�i_ MhL|�iht _L ?L|�

i @h}�i |�@| �? ��h�*LU@* tLU�i|�itc @*|h��t|�U T@hi?|t �ti _L�h�it @?_ Mi^�it|t |L

tL*�i @ uhii h�_�?} ThLM*i4 Mi|�ii? t�M*�?}t� W? |�iti tLU�i|�itc 4@hh�i_ tL?t UL?|�?�i

|L �Lh! ��|� |�i u@4�*) @tti|t @u|ih |�i�h 4@hh�@}i� 5�?Ui 4@hh�i_ tL?t *��i ��|� |�i�h

T@hi?|tc |�i) �@�i @ UL4T@h@|��i @_�@?|@}i �? �Lh!�?} ��|� |�i u@4�*) @tti|t hi*@|��i

|L |�i�h 4@hh�i_ t�t|iht� �Mti?| @?) �?Ui?|��i ThLM*i4c @*|h��t|�U T@hi?|t t�L�*_ ?L|

4Grwdo pduuldjhv zhuh frpprq lq Hxursh +Kxjkhv 4<:;,/ Hdvw Dvld +Fkhq 4<;8> Heuh| 4<<4, dqg

wkh Dphulfdv +Nruwk dqg Ioxvfkh 4<;:> Qd}}dul 4<<4,1 Lw uhpdlqv zlghvsuhdg lq Vrxwk Dvld +Dqghuvrq

4<<;> Udr 4<<6, dqg sduwv ri Phglwhuudqhdq Hxursh +Jrrg| 4<<3> Kduuhoo dqg Glfnh| 4<;8,15Lw lv lpsodxvleoh wkdw wkh ydoxh ri rwkhu frpsrqhqwv ri eulgdo zhdowk dqg2ru wkh uhodwlyh ydoxh ri

zrphq lq pduuldjh urvh xqwlo wkh ydoxh ri grzu| dqg eulgh sulfh qhhghg wr fohdu wkh pduuldjh pdunhw

zhuh }hur dqg wkhq uhpdlqhg xqfkdqjhg wkhuhdiwhu16Dovr vhh Ehujvwurp +4<<9,> Urvhqvzhlj dqg Vwdun +4<<:,> Zhlvv +4<<:,17Dqghuvrq> Ehfnhu +4<<4,> Ervhuxs +4<:3,> Erwwlflql +4<<<,> Hgoxqg +4<<:> 4<<;,> Jdxolq dqg

Ervwhu +4<<3,> Jurvvedug0Vkhfkwpdq +4<<6,> Khuolk| +4<:9,> Udr +4<<6, surylghv wkh fohduhvw dqdo|wlf

h{srvlwlrq ri wklv prgho1

Page 4: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

}��i @?) _L�h) M�| h@|�ih }��i |�i _@�}�|iht |�i�h u�** t�@hi Lu |�i it|@|i ��i? |�i

T@hi?|t _�i� ��| �u 4@hh�i_ _@�}�|iht u�**) t�@hi �? |�i T@hi?|t< Mi^�it|tc |�i tL?t ��**

?L| }i| |�i u�** Mi?i�|t Lu |�i�h igLh|t �? i |i?_�?} |�i u@4�*) �i@*|� @?_ |�ihiuLhi ��**

t�TT*) |LL *�||*i igLh|� W? Lh_ih |L 4�|�}@|i |��t uhii h�_�?} ThLM*i4c @*|h��t|�U T@hi?|t

}��i _L�h�it |L _@�}�|iht i�i? |�L�}� _@�}�|iht @hi *itt i�U�i?| �? �t�?} |�iti @tti|t�

`��*i Mi^�it|t @hi 4Lhi i�U�i?| uLh _�t|h�M�|�?} �i@*|� |L _@�}�|ihtc |�i) �@�i TLLh

�?Ui?|��i igiU|t uLh tL?t� A��t T@hi?|t ��** �@?| |L U�LLti _L�h�it |�@| @hi *@h}i

i?L�}�c @?_ UL?ti^�i?|*) Mi^�it|t ���U� @hi t4@** i?L�}�c |L 4�|�}@|i |�i �?Ui?|��i

uLh |�i�h tL?t |L hi_�Ui igLh|�

#L�h) UL?|h@U|t @hi �i|ihL}i?iL�t E�TTi?_� ��� #�i |L |�i uhii h�_�?} ThLM*i4c

L�h 4L_i* t�}}it|t |�@| _L�h) UL?|h@U|tc ���U� 4@) Mi UL4T*�U@|i_c t�L�*_ ?L| UL?|@�?

U*@�4t L? t�@hit Lu �?UL4i }i?ih@|i_ ��|� |�i u@4�*) @tti|t� W? L|�ih �Lh_tc @ 4@hh�i_

_@�}�|ih 4@) ?L| Mi L?*) _�tUh�4�?@|i_ @}@�?t| �? �ih T@hi?|t< Mi^�it|t @t LMtih�i_

M) BLL_)� 5�i 4@) @*tL Mi i U*�_i_ uhL4 �?|ih ���Lt U*@�4t L? �?UL4i }i?ih@|i_ uhL4

�ih ?@|@* u@4�*)<t @tti|t�D

`�i? Mi^�it|t @giU| U��*_hi?<t �i@*|�c |�i tTL�tit< T@hi?|t �@�i |L uLhiU@t| |�i

Mi^�it|t _�i |L |�i�h ThLtTiU|��i U��*_hi?��?�*@�t �? Lh_ih |L _i|ih4�?i |�i�h i TiU|i_

�i@*|�� A�i ?�4Mih @?_ }i?_ih UL4TLt�|�L? Lu |�i t�M*�?}t Lu @ ThLtTiU|��i tTL�ti

��** @giU| ��t Lh �ih i TiU|i_ �i@*|�c @?_ |�ihiuLhi |�i _L�h) |�@| t�i ��** }��i Lh |�i

_L�h) |�@| �i ��** hiUi��i�

� |�iLh) Lu _L�h) �@t @*tL |L i T*@�? �|t _�t@TTi@h@?Ui �? Thi��L�t*) _L|@* tLU�i|�it�

�t |�i *@MLh 4@h!i| �? @ _L|@* tLU�i|) MiUL4it 4Lhi _i�i*LTi_c @t |�i _i4@?_ uLh

_�gihi?| |)Tit Lu �Lh!iht }hL�c U��*_hi? @hi *itt *�!i*) |L �Lh! �? |�i t@4i LUU�T@|�L?

@t |�i�h T@hi?|t� A�i) @hi @*tL *itt *�!i*) |L �Lh! uLh |�i�h u@4�*�it� A�i hi|�h? |L

�?�it|�?} �? ��4@? U@T�|@* @*tL �?Uhi@tit� A�i �ti Lu Mi^�it|t |L @*�}? �Lh! �?Ui?|��it

��|��? |�i u@4�*) MiUL4it *itt �4TLh|@?|� 5�?Ui �| �t ULt|*) |L ThL��_i @ _L�h)c |�i

_i4@?_ uLh _L�h) E��|��? |�i u@4�*)� ��** u@** @t |�i ?ii_ |L �ti Mi^�it|t |L @*�}? |�i

�Lh! �?Ui?|��it Lu tL?t u@**t� W?t|i@_ Lu |�i _L�h)c T@hi?|t ��** |h@?tuih �i@*|� |L ML|�

|�i�h _@�}�|iht @?_ tL?t @t ��4@? U@T�|@* �?�it|4i?|t @?_ Mi^�it|t� A�ihiuLhic |�i

_i�i*LT4i?| Lu *@MLh 4@h!i|t ��** Mi �4TLh|@?| �? hi_�U�?} |�i hL*i Lu _L�h�it� `�i?

_L�h�it MiUL4i @? �?i�U�i?| tL�hUi Lu Mh�_it< �i@*|�c |�i) ��** _�t@TTi@h� A�ihi �t ?L

UL??iU|�L? Mi|�ii? |�i _�t@TTi@h@?Ui Lu _L�h�it @?_ |�i @TTi@h@?Ui Lu Mh�_iTh�Uit�S

i |it| L�h 4L_i* Lu _L�h�it ��|� |�L |)Tit Lu i��_i?Ui� A�i Th�4@h) tL�hUi

8Wkh vdph iuhh ulglqj frqfhuq pd| h{sodlq zk| lq hduo| prghuq Hqjodqg/ |rxqjhu vrqv zkr ohiw

wkhlu qdwdo idplolhv wr ehfrph vroglhuv +ru wr mrlq wkh fohuj|,/ uhfhlyhg fdvk jliwv udwkhu wkdq ehtxhvwv

+Vwrqh dqg Idzwlhu Vwrqh 4<;7,19Zh vxjjhvw d qhz prwlydwlrq iru eulghsulfhv lq sro|j|qrxv vrflhwlhv1 Zlwk srwhqwldo2 dfwxdo fr0

zlyhv frpshwlqj iru uhvrxufhv/ d eulgh pd| qrw jhw khu surplvhg vkduh ri uhvrxufhv lq pduuldjh1 D

eulghsulfh lv dq luuhyhuvleoh sd|phqw wr khu dqg khu idplo|1 Wklv wkhru| suhglfwv wkdw eulghsulfhv zloo

zlwkhu exw grzulhv qhhg qrw dulvh zkhq sro|j|q| glvdsshduv1

2

Page 5: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

Lu i��_i?Ui UL4it uhL4 4@hh�@}i UL?|h@U|t �h�||i? M) ?L|@h�it �? i@h*) +i?@�tt@?Ui

A�tU@?) @?_ |�i 6*Lhi?|�?i U@|@t|L EUi?t�t� Lu �e2. �L�ti_ @| |�i 5|@|i �hU���it Lu

6*Lhi?Ui�. i �ti |�iti _@|@ ti|t |L |it| |�i 4L_i*<t Thi_�U|�L? L? |�i uLh4 Lu |�i

_L�h) UL?|h@U|tc |�i hi*@|�L?t��T Mi|�ii? u@4�*) _i4L}h@T��Ut @?_ _L�h) �@*�itc @?_

|�i ?@|�hi Lu Mi^�it|t uLh _@�}�|iht� �i@?���*ic i��_i?Ui uhL4 �h@3�* �t Lgihi_ |L

�**�t|h@|i |�i iUL?L4�U u@U|Lht |�@| U@? *i@_ |L |�i _�t@TTi@h@?Ui Lu |�i _L�h)�

��h 4L_i* �t �? |�i tT�h�| Lu ~�@?} @?_ ��@? E�bbb��H `��*i |�i TL�?| �t ?L|

_i�i*LTi_ �? |�i�h T@Tihc |�i) t�}}it| |�@| _@�}�|iht �? ��h�*LU@* tLU�i|�it 4@) Thiuih

_L�h�it MiU@�ti |�i) ��** �@�i _��U�*|�it �? }i||�?} |�i�h t�@hi Lu |�i ?@|@* �i@*|�

L|�ih��ti�b

A�i T@Tih �t Lh}@?�3i_ @t uL**L�t� A�i 4L_i* �t Thiti?|i_ �? tiU|�L? 2� 5iU|�L? �

Thiti?|t |�i i��_i?Ui uhL4 i@h*) +i?@�tt@?Ui A�tU@?)� A�i i��_i?Ui uhL4 5h@L �@�*L

�t Thiti?|i_ �? tiU|�L? e� i UL?U*�_i �? tiU|�L? D�

2 � �L_i* Lu #L�h�it

�L?t�_ih @ u@4�*) ��|� |�L U��*_hi?c @ tL? @?_ @ _@�}�|ihc �? @ ��h�*LU@* tLU�i|)� �u|ih

4@hh�@}ic |�i tL? UL?|�?�it |L *��i @?_ �Lh! ��|� ��t T@hi?|t� �u|ih 4@hh�@}ic |�i

_@�}�|ih *i@�it �ih ?@|@* �L�ti�L*_ @?_ 4L�it |L �ih T@hi?|��?�*@�t �L�ti�L*_�

A�i T@hi?|t �@�i L?i �?�| Lu �?�|�@* U@T�|@* |L @**LU@|i Mi|�ii? |�i�h |�L U��*_hi?�

wi| % Mi |�i t�@hi Lu U@T�|@* @**LU@|i_ |L |�i tL?� A��t @**LU@|�L? |L |�i tL? �t �?�

LMtih�@M*i M) L�|t�_iht MiU@�ti |�i tL? *��it ��|� ��t T@hi?|t @?_ |��t ��t U@T�|@* �t

�?|ih4�?}*i_ ��|� ��t T@hi?|t< @tti|t� � � % �t |�i t�@hi Lu �?�|�@* U@T�|@* |�@| �t @**L�

U@|i_ |L |�i _@�}�|ih �? |�i uLh4 Lu @ _L�h)� B��i? |�i�h �?�|�@* U@T�|@* @**LU@|�L?tc

i@U� U��*_ U@? U�LLti |L i�|�ih �Lh!c e ' �c Lh t��h!c e ' f� Wu @ U��*_ ��|� �?�|�@*

U@T�|@* 5 U�LLtit igLh| ec |�i? ��t Lh �ih }hLtt �i@*|� �t E� n e�5� A�i ULt| Lu igLh| �t

E�n e�5 uLh |�i tL? @?_ qE�n e�5 uLh |�i _@�}�|ih� i @tt�4i q � � MiU@�ti |�i tL?c

*���?} ��|� ��t T@hi?|tc �@t u@4�*) tTiU��U t!�**t �? �Lh!�?} ��|� u@4�*) @tti|t @?_ ��t

T@hi?|t U@? @*tL �i*T ��4 �? ��t �Lh!� A�i ULt| Lu igLh| �t ThLTLh|�L?@* |L |�i @4L�?|

Lu U@T�|@* @**LU@|i_ MiU@�ti |�i U��*_ U@? _L L|�ih |��?}t ��|� ��t Lh �ih |�4i�

5�?Ui |�i tL? �t *���?} ��|� ��t T@hi?|tc |�i }hLtt �i@*|� |�@| �i Uhi@|it U@??L| Mi

:Wklv gdwd zdv froohfwhg dqg xvhg e| Erwwlflql +4<<<, wr surylgh wkh �uvw vwxg| rq wkh ghwhuplqdwlrq

ri grzu| ydoxhv lq phglhydo Wxvfdq| xvlqj plfur gdwd1;Rwkhu uhodwhg olwhudwxuh lqfoxgh Urvhq}zhlj dqg Zroslq +4<;;,> Froh/ Pdlodwk dqg Srvwohzdlwh

+4<<5,> Ehujvwurp +4<<7,> Hgoxqg +4<<;,> Jxqhu +4<<;,> dqg Kdplowrq dqg Vlrz +5333,1 Qrq0

hfrqrplvwv dovr frqvlghu rwkhu prghov ri grzu| +Jrrg| 4<:9> Jrrg| 4<:6/ Nodslvfk0]xehu +4<;8,>

Vfkohjho dqg Horxo 4<;;> dqg Kduwxqj 4<;5,1 Vhh Kduuhoo dqg Glfnh| +4<;8, iru d vxuyh|1<Wkhlu sdshu irfxvvhg rq wkh revhuydwlrq wkdw lq vrph vrflhwlhv/ d grzu| kdv wr eh uhwxuqhg xsrq

idloxuh ri wkh pduuldjh1 Wkh| vkrz wkdw grzulhv exw qrw eulgh sulfhv d�hfw wkh glylvlrq ri krxvhzrun

ehwzhhq Wdlzdqhvh pduulhg frxsohv1

Page 6: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

tiT@h@|i_ uhL4 ��t T@hi?|t< �i@*|�� A�i T@hi?|t 4@) }��i |L |�i�h _@�}�|ih tL4i Lu

|�i }hLtt �i@*|� Uhi@|i_ M) |�i tL? �? |�i uLh4 Lu @ T@hi?|@* Mi^�it|� W? UL?|h@t|c

MiU@�ti |�i 4@hh�i_ _@�}�|ih �@t *iu| �L4ic �ih T@hi?|t U@??L| i ThLTh�@|i @?_ }��i

|L |�i tL? @?) Lu �ih }hLtt �i@*|�� A��t |�ihi �t @ u�?_@4i?|@* @t)44i|h) �? |ih4t

Lu T@hi?|@* UL?|hL* L�ih |�i U��*_hi?<t }hLtt �i@*|��

B��i? |�i tL?<t �?�|�@* U@T�|@* % @?_ igLh| erc +r ' E� n er�% �t |�i }hLtt �i@*|�

|�@| �i Uhi@|it� 5�?Ui �i �t *���?} ��|� ��t T@hi?|tc �i �?|ihThi| +r @*tL @t ��t T@hi?|t<

it|@|i� Wu �i _Lit ?L| hiUi��i |�i i?|�hi it|@|i �TL? |�i _i@|� Lu ��t T@hi?|tc ��t T@hi?|t

�@�i Mi^�i@|�i_ tL4i Lu ��t �i@*|� |L ��t t�t|ih� wi| K Mi |�i t�@hi Lu }hLtt �i@*|�

|�@| �t hi|@�?i_ M) ��4 @t ��t �?�ih�|@?Ui uhL4 ��t T@hi?|t� A�i? ��t ?i| �i@*|� �t

�r ' KE� n er�%

W? @__�|�L? |L �?��i?U�?} ��t UL?t�4T|�L?c ��t ?i| �i@*|� �r @*tL @giU|t ��L4 �i �t

*�!i*) |L 4@hh) @?_ ��t �|�*�|) uhL4 |�@| 4@hh�@}i� W? |��t T@Tihc �i ��** @tt�4i |�@|

|�ihi �t @ttLh|@|��i 4@|U��?} M) �i@*|� �? |�i 4@hh�@}i 4@h!i|� wi| �E�r� _i?L|i |�i

�i@*|� Lu |�i �L4@? ��L4 �i �t @M*i |L @||h@U|��f `�i? |�ihi �t TLt�|��i @ttLh|@|��i

4@|U��?} �? 4@hh�@}i 4@h!i| i^��*�Mh��4c ��E�� : f� O�t �|�*�|) uhL4 4@hh�@}i ��**

_iTi?_ L? ��t L�? �i@*|�c �rc @?_ |�i �i@*|� Lu ��t tTL�tic �E�r�� 5�?Ui ��t tTL�ti<t

�i@*|� _iTi?_t L? ��t �i@*|�c |�i tL? �@*�it ��t ?i| �i@*|� �t�?} |�i �?_�hiU| �|�*�|)

u�?U|�L? LE�r� ��ihi LE�� �t �?Uhi@t�?} @?_ UL?U@�i� A��t ��t �|�*�|) �tG

T EKc %c er� ' LEKE� n er�%�� %E� n er�

O�t t�t|ih ��** }i| @ Mi^�it| Lu E�� K�E� n er�% uhL4 �ih T@hi?|t� `�|� �ih _L�h)c

�� % @?_ igLh| e_c �ih }hLtt �i@*|� �t +_ ' E� n e_�E�� %�� Oih ?i| �i@*|� �t

�_ ' E�� K�E� n er�%n E� n e_�E� � %�

A�i �i@*|��it| tTL�ti |�@| t�i U@? @||h@U| �t �3�E�_�� Oih �|�*�|) uhL4 4@hh�@}i

��** _iTi?_ L? �ih L�? �i@*|�c �_c @?_ |�i �i@*|� Lu �ih tTL�tic �3�E�_�� 6Lh @?@*)|�U

UL?�i?�i?Uic *i| �ih @*tL �@*�i �ih ?i| �i@*|�c �_c ��|� |�i t@4i �?_�hiU| �|�*�|) u�?U|�L?

LE��� Oih �|�*�|) �tG

�EKc %c e_� ' LEE�� K�E� n er�%n E� n e_�E� � %��� qE� � %�E� n e_�

�tt�4�?} |�@| T@hi?|t �@*�i |�i �i*u@hi Lu ML|� |�i�h U��*_hi?c *i| T@hi?|@* �|�*�|)

MiG

T EKc %c er� n �EKc %c e_� E��

AL @?@*)3i |�i TL|i?|�@* UL?��U|t Mi|�ii? T@hi?|t @?_ |�i�h U��*_hi?c *i|

43H{lvwhqfh ri htxloleulxp lq zhdowk pdwfklqj pduuldjh prghov zlwk sduhqwdo lqyhvwphqwv lv vkrzq

lq Vlrz dqg ]kx +5333,> dqg Shwhuv dqg Vlrz +5333,1

e

Page 7: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

�tt�4T|�L? �

E�� L�: q

E���L

2 �

W? Lh_ih |L @?@*)3i |�i hi*i�@?Ui Lu �tt�4T|�L? �c UL?t�_ih @**LU@|�L? � ��ihi |�i

i?|�hi �?�|�@* U@T�|@* �t @**LU@|i_ |L |�i tL?c |�i tL? i ih|t igLh| @?_ |�i �?@* }hLtt

�i@*|� �t _���_i_ i^�@**) Mi|�ii? |�i tL? @?_ |�i _@�}�|ih� wi| @**LU@|�L? � Mi ��ihi

|�i i?|�hi �?�|�@* U@T�|@* �t @**LU@|i_ |L |�i tL?c �i i ih|t ?L igLh| @?_ |�i �?@* }hLtt

L�|T�| �t _���_i_ i^�@**) Mi|�ii? |�i U��*_hi?�

W?i^�@*�|) E�� @ML�i �4T*�it |�@|c uLh @?) _L�h) @?_ � i_ Mi^�it|c |�i _@�}�|ih

��** Thiuih |L i ih| igLh| h@|�ih |�@? ?L|� 5�?Ui |�i ULt| Lu igLh| �t ��}�ih uLh �ih |�@?

�ih MhL|�ihc uLh @?) �?�|�@* U@T�|@* @**LU@|�L?c �i ��** @*tL i ih| igLh| �u �i !iiTt @**

��t �?@* }hLtt L�|T�|� `�|� �?i^�@*�|) E��c T@hi?|@* �|�*�|) �t ��}�ih �?_ih @**LU@|�L?

� h@|�ih |�@? @**LU@|�L? �� A�@| �tc |�i �i*u@hi uhL4 igLh| �t ��}�ih |�@? |�i �i*u@hi

uhL4 t��h!�?}� A�i T@hi?| ��** Thiuih |�i tL? |L �Lh! L? @** |�i �?�|�@* U@T�|@* EMiU@�ti

�i �@t @ *L�ih ULt| Lu igLh|� @?_ |L _���_i |�i �?@* }hLtt �i@*|� i^�@**) Mi|�ii? |�i

U��*_hi?� ,^�@* _���t�L? Lu �?@* �i@*|� �t i�U�i?| MiU@�ti �| i^�@|it |�i 4@h}�?@*

�|�*�|) Lu UL?t�4T|�L? Mi|�ii? |�i |�L U��*_hi?�

OL�i�ihc |�i �4T*�U@|�L? Lu �?i^�@*�|) E��� �t |�@| |�i tL? ��** Thiuih |L t��h! �u �i

L?*) }i|t �@*u |�i }hLtt �i@*|� uhL4 ��t igLh|� A�@| �tc �i ��** ?L| �Lh! �u �i �@t |L

t�@hi i^�@**) �? |�i Mi^�it| ��|� ��t t�t|ih� A��t |�i tiUL?_ �?i^�@*�|) t�L�t |�i uhii

h�_�?} ThLM*i4 Mi|�ii? MhL|�ih @?_ t�t|ih� A�i T@hi?|t U@??L| �4T*i4i?| @**LU@|�L?

� �u |�i tL? U@? U�LLti ��t L�? igLh|�

A�i LM�iU|��i Lu |�i T@hi?|t �t |L 4@ �4�3i |�i �i*u@hi Lu |�i�h U��*_hi? hiThiti?|i_

M) i^�@|�L? E�� |@!�?} �?|L @UUL�?| |�i t|h@|i}�U Mi�@��Lh Lu |�i�h U��*_hi?��� A��t }@4i

�@t uL�h t|@}it� W? |�i �ht| t|@}ic |�i T@hi?|t U�LLti |L @**LU@|i U@T�|@* Mi|�ii? |�i

U��*_hi?� W? |�i tiUL?_ t|@}ic |�i _@�}�|ih U�LLtit �ih igLh| *i�i*� A�i _@�}�|ih

U�LLtit �ih igLh| �ht| MiU@�ti E�� _@�}�|iht hiUi��i |�i�h _L�h) �TL? 4@hh�@}i @?_

|�i) 4@hh) i@h*�ih |�@? tL?tc @?_ E��� |�i T@hi?|t 4@) ?L| *i| |�i tL? �@�i u�** UL?|hL*

L�ih ��t t�@hi Lu U@T�|@* �?|�* |�i T@hi?|t hi|�hi� W? |�i |��h_ t|@}i Lu |�i }@4ic |�i

tL? U�LLtit ��t igLh| *i�i*��2 6�?@**)c |�i T@hi?|t U�LLti |�i *i�i*t Lu Mi^�it|t� i

��** tL*�i uLh |�i t�M}@4i TihuiU| �@t� i^��*�Mh��4 Lu |��t }@4i�

44Wkhuh lv dovr d iuhh ulglqj sureohp ehwzhhq eurwkhuv1 Iuhh ulglqj pljkw h{sodlq sulprjhqlwxuh

dqg wkh fxvwrp ri fdvk sd|phqwv wr vrqv zkr mrlqhg wkh plolwdu| ru fkxufk lq vrph sdvw Hxurshdq

vrflhwlhv145Wkhuh lv qr sxuh vwudwhj| htxloleulxp lq vlpxowdqhrxv h�ruw ohyhov iru vrph doorfdwlrqv ri fdslwdo1

Wkh pl{hg vwudwhj| htxloleulxp lq wklv frqwh{w lv qrw sodxvleoh jlyhq wkh gl�huhqfh lq wkh djhv ri

pduuldjh1

D

Page 8: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

�hLTLt�|�L? 2 wi| q : �� W? |�i t�M}@4i TihuiU| �@t� i^��*�Mh��4c |�i i^��*�Mh��4

U�L�Ui Lu %c %Wc t@|�t�it

�2 %

W � 2�� �L|� U��*_hi? i ih| igLh| �? i^��*�Mh��4� A�i

i^��*�Mh��4 U�L�Ui Lu Kc KWc t@|�t�it

�2 K

W

�e� ,^��*�Mh��4 T@hi?|@* �|�*�|) �tG

`WEq� ' LE��� 2%W n L E��� 2qE�� %

W�

�hLLuG 5ii @TTi?_� 2��

�hLTLt�|�L? 2 t|@|it |�@|c @?|�U�T@|�?} t|h@|i}�U Mi�@��Lh M) |�i�h U��*_hi?c |�i

T@hi?|t t�L�*_ @**LU@|i tL4i Lu |�i �?�|�@* U@T�|@* |L |�i _@�}�|ih @t @ _L�h)� A�i

_@�}�|ih hiUi��it 4Lhi |�@? @ |��h_ M�| *itt |�@? �@*u Lu |�i �?�|�@* U@T�|@* @t @ _L�h)�

�u|ih |�i U��*_hi? U�LLti |�i�h LT|�4@* igLh| *i�i*tc |�i T@hi?|t ��** LT|�4@**) U�LLti

|�i�h Mi^�it|t� A�i tL? hiUi��it 4Lhi |�@? �@*u |�i it|@|i� �hLTLt�|�L? 2 h@|�L?@*�3it

BLL_)<t LMtih�@|�L? |�@| _@�}�|iht hiUi��i |�i�h �?�ih�|@?Ui Th�4@h�*) �? |�i uLh4 Lu

_L�h�it ��ihi@t tL?t hiUi��i |�i�ht Th�4@h�*) �? |�i uLh4 Lu Mi^�it|t�

�*|�L�}� `WEq� �t |�i Mit| |�i T@hi?|t U@? @U��i�ic |��t i^��*�Mh��4 @**LU@|�L?

Lu hitL�hUit M) |�i T@hi?|t �t �?i�U�i?|� A�i _@�}�|ih i ih|t igLh| |L �?Uhi@ti �ih

�i@*|� i�i? |�L�}� �| �t *itt ULt|*) uLh |�i tL? |L _L tL� �**LU@|�L? � }i?ih@|it 4Lhi

�|�*�|) uLh |�i T@hi?|t� OL�i�ihc _�i |L |�i t|h@|i}�U Mi�@��Lh Lu ML|� T@hi?|t @?_

|�i�h U��*_hi?c �| �t ?L| �4T*i4i?|@M*i� W?t|i@_ �?_ih |�i i^��*�Mh��4 @**LU@|�L?c |�i

T@hi?|t ThL��_i |�i _@�}�|ih ��|� @ t��U�i?|*) *@h}i _L�h) t�U� |�@| |�i) ��** ?L|

�@?| |L hi_�t|h�M�|i |LL 4�U� �i@*|� @�@) uhL4 |�i�h tL? @u|ih �i i ih|t igLh|� N?_ih

|��t U�hU�4t|@?Uic ML|� |�i tL? @?_ |�i _@�}�|ih ��** ThL��_i igLh|�

�hLTLt�|�L? 2 @*tL �4T*�it |�@| �?@* ?i| �i@*|� Lu ML|� |�i _@�}�|ih @?_ |�i tL?

@hi |�i t@4i� A��t �4T*�U@|�L? �t _�i |L L�h @tt�4T|�L?c uLh @?@*)|�U UL?�i?�i?Uic |�@|

|�i �?_�hiU| �|�*�|) u�?U|�L?t uLh ?i| �i@*|� @hi |�i t@4i uLh ML|� U��*_hi?� W? }i?ih@*c

�u U��*_hi? �@�i _�gihi?| �?_�hiU| �|�*�|) u�?U|�L?t uLh ?i| �i@*|�c i^�@*�|) Lu ?i| �i@*|�

_Lit ?L| uL**L��

W? |�i tTiU�@* U@ti ��ihi q ' �c ��ihi |�ihi �t ?L _�gihi?Ui �? |�i ULt| Lu igLh|

Mi|�ii? |�i tL? @?_ |�i _@�}�|ihc

�LhL**@h) � wi| q ' �� A�i i�U�i?| L�|UL4i U@? Mi �4T*i4i?|i_ M) ti||�?} %W ' �

2

@?_ KW ' ��

`WE�� ' L E��� � n L E��� �

�hLLuG 5ii ULhL**@h) H �? @TTi?_� 2� �

`�i? |�ihi �t ?L _�gihi?Ui �? |�i ULt|t Lu igLh| Mi|�ii? |�i tL? @?_ |�i _@�}�|ihc

|�i T@hi?|t }��i �@*u |�i �?�|�@* U@T�|@* |L |�i _@�}�|ih @t @ _L�h) @?_ @tt�}? |�i i?|�hi

Mi^�it| |L |�i�h tL?� #@�}�|iht @hi igiU|��i*) _�t�?�ih�|i_ i�i? |�L�}� T@hi?|t U@hi

@ML�| |�i�h _@�}�|iht @?_ |�i) U@? }��i Mi^�it|t |L |�i�h _@�}�|iht �u |�i) �@?| |L�

S

Page 9: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

W? L|�ih _L|@* tLU�i|�itc M) U�t|L4 @?_%Lh *@�c T@hi?|t @hi hit|h�U|i_ uhL4 }h@?|�?}

Mi^�it|t |L |�i�h _@�}�|iht� A�i? @** T@hi?|t U@? _L |L @giU| |�i�h U��*_hi?<t �i*u@hi

�t |�i �?�|�@* _���t�L? Lu U@T�|@*� #�i |L �tt�4T|�L? �E��c ML|� U��*_hi? ��** i ih| igLh|

�u |�i) }i| |L !iiT @** |�i�h }hLtt �i@*|�� A��t |�i T@hi?|t tL*�iG

a` Eq� ' 4@ %

LE2%�� 2%n LE2E� � %��� 2qE�� %� E2�

A�i LT|�4@* U�L�Ui Lu %c h%c t@|�t�itGL

�E2h%� ' L�E2E� � h%��� Eq � �� E��

���U� �4T*�it |�@| h% :�2� �@hi?|t @**LU@|i 4Lhi U@T�|@* |L |�i�h tL? @?_ |�ihiuLhi

|�i �?@* �i@*|� Lu |�i tL? �t ��}�ih |�@? |�@| Lu |�i _@�}�|ih� A�i @t)44i|h) �t _�i

|L |�i u@U| |�@| �| �t *itt ULt|*) uLh |�i tL? |L �Lh! ��|� |�@| U@T�|@* |�@? ��t t�t|ih�

#iTi?_�?} L? T@h@4i|ih �@*�itc

�hLTLt�|�L? e � U�t|L4 @?_%Lh *i}@* hit|h�U|�L? _�t�?�ih�|�?} _@�}�|iht 4@) �?Uhi@ti

T@hi?|@* �i*u@hi�

�hLLuG 5ii @TTi?_� 2� �

A�i |h@_i�Lgt Mi��?_ �hLTLt�|�L? e @hi @t uL**L�t� `�|�L�| _�t�?�ih�|�?} _@�}�|ihtc

T@hi?|t U@? i^�@|i �i@*|� @UhLtt |�i�h U��*_hi?� �t q �?Uhi@titc |�i i�U�i?U) ULt|

Lu _L�h) �?Uhi@tit @?_ T@hi?|t Thiuih |L }��i t4@**ih _L�h�it� OL�i�ihc |�ihi �t @

4�?�4�4 _L�h) t�3i Mi*L� ���U� |�i tL? ��** t��h!� Wu _@�}�|iht @hi _�t�?�ih�|i_c

T@hi?|t _L ?L| �Lhh) @ML�| @ 4�?�4�4 _L�h) t�3i M�| �@�i |L _i@* ��|� |�i �?i^�@*�|)

Lu �i@*|� Mi|�ii? |�i�h U��*_hi? �?t|i@_�

i 4@) t�44@h�3i |�i @ML�i _�tU�tt�L? @t uL**L�t� 5�?Ui Mi^�it|t @hi U�Lti? @u|ih

U��*_hi? U�LLti |�i�h igLh| *i�i*tc |�i U��*_hi? hiUL}?�3i |�@| @*|h��t|�U T@hi?|t 4@) �ti

Mi^�it|t |L hi_�t|h�M�|i �i@*|� @4L?} |�i U��*_hi?� �?|�U�T@|�?} |��t hi_�t|h�M�|�L?c

|�i U��*_hi? 4@) uhii h�_i L? i@U� L|�ih<t igLh|� AL _i|ih |��t uhii h�_�?}c T@hi?|t

��** ThL��_i _L�h�it |L _@�}�|iht i�i? |�L�}� _@�}�|iht @hi *itt i�U�i?| �? �t�?} |�i

U@T�|@* |�@? tL?t� �i^�it|t |L _@�}�|iht ��** Mi t4@**ih |�@? |�@| uLh tL?t� #@�}�|iht

4@) i�i? Mi _�t�?�ih�|i_� OL�i�ihc |�i *i�i* Lu Mi^�it| |L @ _@�}�|ih �t ?L| ?iUitt@h�*)

�?uLh4@|��i @ML�| T@hi?|@* �@*�@|�L?t Lu |�i�h _@�}�|ih @?_ tL?�

A�i @ML�i |�iLh) @*tL i T*@�?t |�i |�4�?} Lu |�i _L�h)� A�i |h@?tuih �t 4@_i

��i? |�i _@�}�|ih 4@hh�it @?_ *i@�it �L4ic |�@| �tc ��i? t�i ?L *L?}ih UL?|h�M�|it

|L �?Uhi@t�?} �ih T@hi?|t< �i@*|��

�| @ }i?ih@* *i�i*c |�ihi �t @ ti?ti �? ���U� BLL_)<t LMtih�@|�L? �t 4�t*i@_�?}�

�t *L?} @t _L�h�it @hi �ti_ Th�4@h�*) �? ��h�*LU@* tLU�i|�itc �i ��** LMtih�i @ }i?_ih

@t)44i|h) �? �?|ih ���Lt |h@?tuiht Lu �i@*|� uhL4 T@hi?|t |L |�i�h 4@hh�i_ U��*_hi?�

.

Page 10: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

A�i hi@tL? �t |�@| _L�h�it @hi LMtih�i_ M) L�|t�_iht ��ihi@t �?|ih ���Lt |h@?tuiht |L

4@hh�i_ tL?t @hi �?*�!i*) |L Mi LMtih�i_ t�?Ui |�i) UL?|�?�i |L *��i ��|� |�i�h T@hi?|t�

�LhiL�ihc Mi^�it|t |L tL?t @hi ?iUitt@h�*) *@h}ih �u �i@*|� ���U� Mi*L?}t |L |�i tL?t �t

UL?t�_ihi_ M) L�|t�_ihtc �?U*�_�?} |�i *i}@* t)t|i4c @t Mi*L?}�?} |L |�i T@hi?|t< it|@|i�

W?|ih ���Lt |h@?tuiht |L 4@hh�i_ tL?t 4@) Mi *@h}ih |�@? _L�h�it @?_ T@hi?|@* Mi^�it|t

Lu |�i�h L�? �i@*|� |L tL?t 4@) Mi hi*@|��i*) t4@**� vi| hiti@hU�iht 4@) RLMtih�i�

|�@| T@hi?|t |h@?tuih �i@*|� |L |�i�h _@�}�|iht Th�4@h�*) �? |�i uLh4 Lu _L�h�it @?_

�i@*|� |L |�i�h tL?t Th�4@h�*) �? |�i uLh4 Lu Mi^�it|t�

2�� �L W?UL4i 5�@h�?} �? #L�h) �L?|h@U|t

`�i? _L�h�it @hi �ti_ |L ThL��_i �?Ui?|��it uLh tL?t |L �Lh!c �| �t �4TLh|@?| |�@| |�i

_L�h) UL?|h@U|t _L ?L| �?h@�i* |�i �?Ui?|��i igiU|� 5�?Ui u@4�*�it 4@) Mi *�^��_�|)

UL?t|h@�?i_ @?_ T@hi?|t �Lhh) @ML�| |�i |hi@|4i?| Lu |�i�h 4@hh�i_ _@�}�|ih M) |�i

�?�*@�tc @ _L�h) UL?|h@U| 4@) Mi UL4T*�U@|i_� W| 4@) UL?|@�? _iuihhi_ T@)4i?|t @?_

t|@|i UL?|�?}i?| T@)4i?|t� A�i UL?|h@U| 4@) @*tL UL?|@�? U*@�tit @t |L |�i _�tTLt�|�L?

Lu |�i _L�h) ��i? @?_ �L� |�i UL�T*i tiT@h@|it� OL�i�ihc �u L�h i T*@?@|�L? �t

ULhhiU|c @ _L�h) UL?|h@U| t�L�*_ 4�?�4�3i |�i t�@h�?} Lu ThL�|t }i?ih@|i_ ��|� |�i

u@4�*) @tti|t @u|ih t�i *i@�it �ih ?@|@* �L�ti�L*_� � ThL�| t�@h�?} @hh@?}i4i?| ��**

_�tt�T@|i |�i �Lh! igLh| Lu �ih MhL|�ih� 5L |�i _L�h) UL?|h@U| t�L�*_ ?L| �?U*�_i

t�@hit Lu hi�i?�it }i?ih@|i_ uhL4 |�i u@4�*)<t @tti|t�

2�2 6@4�*) #i4L}h@T��Ut @?_ #L�h) V@*�it

�?|�U�T@|i_ Mi^�it|t T*@) @? �4TLh|@?| hL*i �? L�h 4L_i*� W? i�@*�@|�?} |�i �i@*|�

UL?|h�M�|�L? Lu TL|i?|�@* tTL�titc @? �?_���_�@* �@t |L uLhiU@t| |�i Mi^�it|t |�@| TL|i?�

|�@* tTL�tit @hi *�!i*) |L hiUi��i� Wu @ �L4@? �? |�i 4@hh�@}i 4@h!i| �@t ui� MhL|�ihtc

�ih u@4�*) ��** Mi *itt �Lhh�i_ @ML�| |�i uhii h�_�?} ThLM*i4� A�ihi �t *itt ?ii_ |L

�ti _L�h�it |L tL*�i |�i �?Ui?|��i ThLM*i4� OL*_�?} u@4�*) t�3i UL?t|@?|c |�ihi ��**

Mi @ TLt�|��i ULhhi*@|�L? Mi|�ii? |�i _L�h) t�i }i|t @?_ |�i ?�4Mih Lu �ih MhL|�iht�

Wu T@hi?|t @hi *�^��_�|) UL?t|h@�?i_c |�i ?ii_ |L h@�ti 4�*|�T*i _L�h�it uLh 4�*|�T*i

_@�}�|iht 4@) @*tL *i@_ |L T@hi?|t ��|� 4Lhi _@�}�|iht }���?} t4@**ih _L�h�it� �

T@hi?|@* Thiuihi?Ui uLh tL?t< UL?t�4T|�L? ��** @U| �? |�i LTTLt�|i _�hiU|�L?�

A�i ?�4Mih Lu MhL|�iht |�@| @ }hLL4 �@t @*tL @giU|t |�i _L�h) |�@| �i hiUi��it� Wu

MhL|�iht UL4Ti|i uLh T@hi?|@* hitL�hUitc |�i? @ }hLL4 ��** hiUi��i @ t4@**ih _L�h) �u �i

�@t 4Lhi MhL|�iht� �? |�i L|�ih �@?_c |�ihi 4@) Mi �?Uhi@t�?} hi|�h?t |L �L�ti�L*_

�i@*|� Uhi@|�L? ��|� tL?t� W? |��t U@tic @ }hLL4 ��** hiUi��i @ *@h}ih _L�h) �u �i �@t

4Lhi MhL|�iht�

H

Page 11: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

2�� `�|�ih #L�h�itq

� |�iLh) Lu _L�h�it �@t |L i T*@�? �|t _�t@TTi@h@?Ui �? Thi��L�t*) _L|@* tLU�i|�it� i

?L� _�tU�tt |�i _iU*�?i Lu _L�h�it ��|��? L�h uh@4i�Lh!� �t |�i *@MLh 4@h!i| �? @

tLU�i|) MiUL4it 4Lhi _i�i*LTi_c @t |�i _i4@?_ uLh _�gihi?| |)Tit Lu �Lh!iht }hL�c

U��*_hi? @hi *itt *�!i*) |L �Lh! �? |�i t@4i LUU�T@|�L?t @t |�i�h T@hi?|t� A�i) @hi @*tL

*itt *�!i*) |L �Lh! uLh |�i�h u@4�*�it� A�i �ti Lu Mi^�it|t |L @*�}? �Lh! �?Ui?|��it ��|��?

|�i u@4�*) MiUL4it *itt �4TLh|@?|� �t |�i *@MLh 4@h!i| _i�i*LTtc |�i �@*�i Lu ��4@?

U@T�|@* �?�it|4i?|t @*tL h�tit� 5�?Ui �| �t ULt|*) |L T@) @ _L�h)c |�i _i4@?_ uLh _L�h)

��|��? |�i u@4�*) ��** u@** @t |�i ?ii_ |L �ti Mi^�it|t |L @*�}? |�i �Lh! �?Ui?|��it Lu

tL?t u@**� W?t|i@_ Lu |�i _L�h)c T@hi?|t ��** |h@?tuih �i@*|� |L ML|� |�i�h _@�}�|iht

@?_ tL?t @t ��4@? U@T�|@* �?�it|4i?|t @?_ Mi^�it|t� A�ihiuLhic |�i _i�i*LT4i?| Lu

*@MLh 4@h!i|t ��** Mi �4TLh|@?| �? hi_�U�?} |�i hL*i Lu _L�h�it�

�LhiL�ihc @t |�i *@MLh 4@h!i| _i�i*LTt @?_ tL?t �Lh! L�|t�_i |�i u@4�*) M�t�?ittc

|�i }@�?t uhL4 *���?} �? @? i |i?_i_ u@4�*) MiUL4i t4@**ih� W?t|i@_ Lu ��h�*LU@* �L�ti�

�L*_tc tL?t @hi @*tL 4Lhi *�!i*) |L ti| �T |�i�h L�?c ?iL*LU@*c �L�ti�L*_t ��i? |�i)

4@hh)� �}@�?c |�i �ti Lu Mi^�it|t uLh tL?t |L @*�}? |�i�h �Lh! �?Ui?|��it _iUhi@tit�

A��t |�i hL*i Lu _L�h�it @t @ 4iU�@?�t4 |L 4�|�}@|i |�i uhii h�_�?} ThLM*i4 @4L?}

4@hh�i_ U��*_hi? @*tL _iU*�?it�

`�i? _L�h�it MiUL4i @? �?i�U�i?| tL�hUi Lu Mh�_it< �i@*|�c |�i) ��** _�t@TTi@h�

A�ihi �t ?L UL??iU|�L? Mi|�ii? |�i _�t@TTi@h@?Ui Lu _L�h�it @?_ |�i @TTi@h@?Ui Lu

Mh�_iTh�Uit�

� ,��_i?Ui uhL4 ,@h*) +i?@�tt@?Ui A�tU@?)

i Thiti?| i��_i?Ui |L |it| L�h |�iLh) Lu _L�h�it M) �t�?} _@|@ uhL4 @? iUL?L4)c t�U�

@t 4i_�i�@* @?_ +i?@�tt@?Ui A�tU@?)c �? ���U� _L�h�it �}�hi_ ThL4�?i?|*)���

A�L �?t|�|�|�L?@* ui@|�hit U�@h@U|ih�3i_ 4i_�i�@* @?_ +i?@�tt@?Ui A�tU@? 4@h�

h�@}i 4@h!i|t� 6�ht|c T@h|�M*i �?�ih�|@?Ui ��|� tL?t �?�ih�|�?} i^�@* t�@hit Lu |�i

u@4�*) �i@*|� �@t |�i ?Lh4 E�L||�U�?� 2fffM�� 5iUL?_c @ �L4@? UL�*_ ?L| 4@hh)

��|�L�| @ _L�h)� A�i _L�h) UL�*_ UL?t�t| Lu U@t�c hi@* ThLTih|)c @?_ 4L�@M*i ThLT�

ih|)� O�tM@?_t UL�*_ �tic �?�it|c @?_ 4@?@}i |�i�h ���it< _L�h�itc M�| |�i) �@_ |L

hi|�h? |�i _L�h) �? �|t i?|�hi|) �u |�i 4@hh�@}i _�ttL*�i_� A�i) UL�*_ ?L| uhii*) ti**

Lh }��i @�@) *@?_ Mi*L?}�?} |L |�i�h ���it< _L�h�it ��|�L�| |�i UL?ti?| Lu |�i�h ���it

Lh |�i�h }�@h_�@?t� �h�_it ELh |�i�h u@4�*�it� UL�*_ t�i ��tM@?_t ��L 4�t4@?@}i_ Lh

u@�*i_ |L hi|�h? |�i _L�h) @| |�i 4@hh�@}i<t |ih4�?@|�L?� Wu |�i ��tM@?_ Thi_iUi@ti_

46Iru uhihuhqfhv rq phglhydo dqg Uhqlvvdqfh pduuldjh pdunhwv lq Lwdo|/ vhh Fkrmqdfnl +4<:8/ 4<<3,/

Frkq +4<<9,/ Juhjru| +4<;:,/ Kxjkhv/ Nluvkqhu +4<;8/ 4<<4,/ Nluvkqhu dqg Prokr +4<:;,/ Nodslvfk0

]xehu/ Nxhkq +4<<4,/ Prokr +4<<7,/ Txhoohu dqg Pdgghq +4<<6,/ dqg Ulhphu +4<;8,1

b

Page 12: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

��t ��uic ��t �i�ht �@_ |L Mi @M*i |L hi|�h? |�i _L�h) |L |�i ��_L� ��L UL�*_ _iU�_i

|L }L M@U! |Lc @?_ *��i ��|�c �ih ?@|@* u@4�*)c hi4@hh)c Lh *��i L? �ih L�?�

AL t|�_) E�� ��i|�ih _L�h�it _�t�?�ih�|i_ _@�}�|ihtc E��� ��i|�ih _L�h) UL?|h@U|t

UL?|@�?i_ ?L �?UL4i t�@h�?} U*@�titc @?_ E���� |L @ttitt |�i igiU| Lu u@4�*) _i4L�

}h@T��Ut L? _L�h) �@*�itc �i �ti _@|@ uhL4 4@?�tUh�T|t �L�ti_ @| |�i 5|@|i �hU���it

Lu 6*Lhi?Ui� �@hh�@}i UL?|h@U|t �h�||i? M) ?L|@h�it ThL��_i_ �?uLh4@|�L? L? |�i t�3i

Lu |�i _L�h)c �|t UL4TLt�|�L?c |ih4t Lu T@)4i?|tc |�i ?@4it Lu |�i Mh�_ic |�i }hLL4c

@?_ |�i�h hitTiU|��i u@|�ihtc @?_ |�i T*@Ui Lu hit�_i?Ui� A�i _ii_t hiULh_ 4@hh�@}it

�? |�i A�tU@? |L�? Lu �Lh|L?@ @?_ uLh|)�uL�h ��**@}it �? �|t UL�?|h)t�_i Mi|�ii? �e�D

@?_ �e�S� �| |�@| |�4ic �Lh|L?@ �@t |�i t� |� 4Lt| TLT�*L�t |L�? �? |�i 6*Lhi?|�?i

|ihh�|Lh�it� i |�i? 4@|U�i_ |�iti Mh�_it<t @?_ }hLL4t< �L�ti�L*_t hiULh_i_ �? |�i

4@hh�@}i UL?|h@U|t ��|� |�i ULhhitTL?_�?} �L�ti�L*_t �? |�i 6*Lhi?|�?i U@|@t|L EUi?t�t

@?_ ThLTih|) t�h�i)� Lu �e2.c ���U� t�TT*�i_ �?uLh4@|�L? L? |�i �i@*|�c LUU�T@|�L?c

?�4Mih Lu U��*_hi?c @?_ TihUi?|@}i Lu tL?t *���?} �? |�i Mh�_i<t @?_ }hLL4<t �L�ti�

�L*_tc @?_ @}it Lu |�i tTL�tit E@?_ |�i�h T@hi?|t<�� ��| Lu �2H 4@hh�@}i UL?|h@U|tc

222 UL�T*it UL�*_ Mi 4@|U�i_ |L |�i�h T@|ih?@* �L�ti�L*_t �? |�i UL?|i4TLh@h) Ui?�

t�t��e #L�h) �@*�it �? |�i 4@|U�i_ t@4T*i �ihi 4@h}�?@**) *@h}ih EA@M*i 2 �? |�i ?i |

tiU|�L?��

dW�5,+A A��w, �o

�L|� |�i _�t|h�M�|�L? Lu _L�h�it @?_ �L�ti�L*_ �i@*|� @hi h�}�| t!i�i_ EA@M*i

��� A�i 4i_�@? _L�h) �? |�i 4@|U�i_ t@4T*i �@t .f �Lh�?tc 4Lhi |�@? @ |��h_ Lu

|�i 4i_�@? T@hi?|@* �L�ti�L*_ �i@*|�� 5�?Ui |�i @�ih@}i @??�@* *@MLh i@h?�?}t Lu @

4@*i �Lh!ih �? 6*Lhi?Ui �? �e2. �@t �e �Lh�?t EOih*��) @?_ k*@T�t��~�Mihc �b.H�c |�i

4i_�@? _L�h) �? �Lh|L?@ @4L�?|i_ |L ��i )i@ht Lu @ |)T�U@* �Lh!ih<t *@MLh i@h?�?}t�

W? �Lh|L?@c @t �i** @t �? L|�ih A�tU@? |L�?t @| |��t |�4ic @ |i?�)i@h }@T i �t|i_

Mi|�ii? |�i @}i Lu |�i Mh�_i @?_ |�i @}i Lu |�i }hLL4� �? @�ih@}ic �L4i? 4@hh�i_

�? |�i�h *@|i |ii?t @?_ 4i? �? |�i�h *@|i |�i?|�it� A�i @}i _�gihi?Ui Uhi@|it tL4i

@h|��U�@**) 4i@t�hi_ _�gihi?Uit Mi|�ii? Mh�_it< @?_ }hLL4t< u@4�*�it� �t |�i @�ih@}i

@}i Lu }hLL4t @?_ Mh�_it @*tL hiThiti?| |�i @�ih@}i @}i Lu U��*_hi? �? |�i�h hitTiU|��i

T@hi?|@* �L�ti�L*_tc |�i }hLL4t< t�M*�?}t �ihi 4Lhi *�!i*) |L Mi 4@hh�i_ |�@? |�i

Mh�_it< t�M*�?}t� 5�?Ui �L4i? 4@hh�i_ i@h*�ih |�@? 4i?c |�i }hLL4t< t�t|iht �ihi 4Lhi

*�!i*) |L �@�i 4@hh�i_ @?_ *iu| |�i�h T@hi?|@* �L�ti�L*_t� A��t �?_ihUL�?|�?} Lu t�M*�?}t

@?_ t�t|iht t�L�t �T �? A@M*i � ��ihi |�i }hLL4t< u@4�*�it �@�ic L? @�ih@}ic L?i *itt

t�M*�?} @?_ |�ihi @hi hi*@|��i*) 4Lhi tL?t��D 5iUL?_c |�i 4i_�@? �i@*|� Lu |�i }hLL4t<

47Wkhvh 65; qrwduldo ghhgv duh d frpsohwh hqxphudwlrq ri doo vxuylylqj pduuldjh frqwudfwv iru

Fruwrqd dqg lwv frxqwu|vlgh ehwzhhq 4748 dqg 47691 5<5 ri wkhvh frqwudfwv vwdwh wkh ydoxh ri wkh

grzu|148Lq jhqhudo/ gdxjkwhuv duh v|vwhpdwlfdoo| xqghufrxqwhg lq wkh vdpsoh li wkh| pduulhg dzd| ehiruh

�f

Page 13: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

�L�ti�L*_t �t �D �Lh�?t *L�ih |�@? |�@| Lu |�i Mh�_it< �L�ti�L*_t� A��t _�gihi?Ui hi�iU|t

|�i _�gihi?Ui �? _L�h�it T@�_ @?_ hiUi��i_ Mi|�ii? |�i |�L |)Tit Lu �L�ti�L*_t�

��� � V�h�*LU@* 5LU�i|)G �Lh|L?@c �e�D��e�S

� ?iUitt@h) UL?_�|�L? uLh L�h 4L_i* Lu _L�h�it �t |�@| |�i tLU�i|) �t ��h�*LU@*� �i_�i�@*

@?_ i@h*) +i?@�tt@?Ui A�tU@?)c �?U*�_�?} �Lh|L?@c �@t @ ��h�*LU@* tLU�i|)� � |�?)

TihUi?|@}i Lu }hLL4t *��i_ �? |�i�h Mh�_it< �L�ti�L*_tc ���*i @*4Lt| @** |�i Mh�_it *iu|

|�i�h T@|ih?@* �L�ti�L*_t @u|ih |�i 4@hh�@}i� A��t ULhit�_i?U) T@||ih? �@t |)T�U@*

Lu @** A�tU@? |L�?t �? |��t Tih�L_G �? 6*Lhi?Uic �? �e2.c L?*) |�L }hLL4t L�| Lu

bc.Hf �L�ti�L*_t *��i_ ��|� |�i�h Mh�_it< �L�ti�L*_t EOih*��) @?_ k*@T�tU� �b.Hc SD���

5i�i?|)�uL�h TihUi?| Lu A�tU@? 4i?c i�|�ih t�?}*i Lh 4@hh�i_c *��i_ ��|� |�i�h T@|ih?@*

�L�ti�L*_t� W? |�i |L�? Lu �Lh|L?@c L�| Lu HbH �L�ti�L*_tc f��� TihUi?| Lu }hLL4t

ULhit�_i_ ��|� |�i�h Mh�_it< �L�ti�L*_t @?_ �? �|t UL�?|h)t�_ic L�| Lu ��2� UL�T*itc

��f. TihUi?| Lu }hLL4t _�_ tL� W? |�i �Lh|L?@ 4@|U�i_ t@4T*ic H��2 TihUi?| Lu |�i

�S. UL�T*it ��L 4@hh�i_ MiuLhi �e2. *��i_ �? |�i }hLL4t< T@|ih?@* �L�ti�L*_t� A�i

hi4@�?�?} �H�H TihUi?| Lu UL�T*it ��L _�_ ?L| *��i_ ��|� |�i }hLL4t< �L�ti�L*_t _�_

tL MiU@�ti ML|� T@hi?|t Lu |�i }hLL4 �@_ _�i_ @?_ |�i }hLL4 �@_ ?L t�M*�?}t�

�it�_it Th�4@h�*) *���?} ��|� |�i�h T@|ih?@* �L�ti�L*_tc ti�i?|)���i TihUi?| Lu

}hLL4t �? |�i �Lh|L?@ 4@|U�i_ t@4T*i �@_ |�i t@4i LUU�T@|�L? @t |�i�h u@|�iht�

W? |�i UL�?|h)t�_ic |�i UL?|�?��|) Mi|�ii? @ u@|�ih<t LUU�T@|�L? @?_ ��t tL?t< LUU�T@�

|�L? �@t |�i h�*i� W? |�i |L�? Lu �Lh|L?@c tL4i }hLL4t Th@U|�Ui_ @ _�gihi?| ThLuitt�L?

|�@? |�i�h u@|�ihtc M�| |�iti �ihi |�i i UiT|�L?t�

��2 #L #L�h�it #�t�?�ih�| #@�}�|ihtq ,��_i?Ui uhL4 #L�h)

�L?|h@U|t @?_ `�**t

O�t|Lh�@?t �@�i 4@�?|@�?i_ |�@| t�?Ui _L�h�it _�t�?�ih�| �L4i?c |�i) Mh�?} @? �?i^�@*

_�t|h�M�|�L? Lu u@4�*) �i@*|� @4L?} ui4@*i @?_ 4@*i t�M*�?}t E�L�?( O�}�it( @?_

k*@T�tU��~�Mih�� OL�i�ihc |�i) �@�i ?L| Thiti?|i_ t)t|i4@|�U i��_i?Ui |L t�Mt|@?|�@|i

t�U� @ U*@�4�

A�i i��_i?Ui uhL4 A�tU@?) �?_�U@|it |�@| |�i i �t|i?Ui Lu _L�h�itc M) �|ti*uc _�_ ?L|

Thi�i?| _@�}�|iht uhL4 hiUi���?} hL�}�*) @? i^�@*c Lh ��}�ihc t�@hi Lu |�i�h T@hi?|@*

�i@*|�� W? L�h t@4T*i Lu 4@hh�@}i UL?|h@U|t uLh �Lh|L?@ |�i 4i_�@? _L�h) E.f �Lh�?t�

�@t *@h}ih |�@? |�i 4i_�@? t�@hi Lu u@4�*) �i@*|� Tih U��*_Q�Db �Lh�?t _���_i_ M) �

U��*_hi? EA@M*i ��� ,�i? �u T@hi?|t _�_ ?L| *i@�i @?) Mi^�it|t |L |�i�h _@�}�|iht �?

ehlqj vxuyh|hg lq wkh fdwdvwr1 Zh ghdo zlwk wklv sureohp e| dgglqj edfn wkh pduulhg gdxjkwhu wr

wkh eulgh krxvhkrog dqg e| lqfoxglqj lq wkh uhjuhvvlrqv d srvw0475: gxpp| yduldeoh dv zhoo dv lwv

lqwhudfwlrqv zlwk uhohydqw ghprjudsklf yduldeohv1

��

Page 14: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

�Lh|L?@c |��t _@|@ t�}}it|t |�@| tL?t _�_ ?L| hiUi��i _�tThLTLh|�L?@|i*) *@h}i t�@hit

Lu T@hi?|@* �i@*|��

�t uLh 4i_�i�@* @?_ +i?@�tt@?Ui 6*Lhi?Uic ���U� @UULh_�?} |L �L�? E�bbS� �@t

|�i �Lht| T*@Ui uLh @ �L4@? |L *��ic �? @ t4@** t@4T*i Lu He _L�h) UL?|h@U|t Mi|�ii?

�e2f @?_ �e�D �i uL�?_ |�@| |�i 4i_�@? _L�h) �@t .ff �Lh�?t @?_ |�i 4i_�@? t�@hi

Lu u@4�*) �i@*|� Tih U��*_ �@t SDf �Lh�?t��S

,��_i?Ui uhL4 ��**t �? 6*Lhi?Ui @*tL �?_�U@|it |�@| T@hi?|t h@hi*) |h@?t4�||i_ |�i�h

�i@*|� |L _@�}�|iht ��@ Mi^�it|t E�L||�U�?� 2fffM�� W? @ t@4T*i Lu �H. *@t| ��**t �h�||i?

�? 6*Lhi?Ui �? |�i �e�ft L?*) 2. |it|@|Lht E�e�e TihUi?|� *iu| Mi^�it|t |L _@�}�|iht(

�? 2f Lu |�iti 2. U@tit |�i |it|@|Lh �@_ ?L tL?t� W? |�Lti �?t|@?Uit �? ���U� T@hi?|t

*iu| Mi^�it|t |L _@�}�|ihtc |�i t�3i Lu |�i Mi^�it| |L @ _@�}�|ih �@t �ih) t4@** ��|�

hitTiU| |L |�i _L�h) t�i }L| @| |�i |�4i Lu �ih 4@hh�@}i�

�*|�L�}� �| _Lit ?L| @TT*) |L i@h*) +i?@�tt@?Ui �Lh|L?@ @?_ 6*Lhi?Uic �hLTLt��

|�L? e �?_�U@|it |�@| |�ihi @hi U�hU�4t|@?Uit ���U� u@�Lh *@�t |�@| i T*�U�|*) ThL��M�|

T@hi?|t uhL4 *i@��?} Mi^�it|t |L |�i�h _@�}�|iht� W? tL�|�ih? 6h@?Ui @?_ �? �@|@*L�

?�@c uhL4 |�i 4�__*i Lu |�i i*i�i?|� Ui?|�h)c t|@|�|it @?_ UL_it UL?|@�?i_ |�i t@4i

ThL��t�L?G _L�ihi_ _@�}�|iht �ihi i U*�_i_ uhL4 u�|�hi h�}�|t �? |�i�h T@|ih?@* it|@|i

@?_ |�i _L�h) MiU@4i |�i L?*) TLh|�L? Lu |�i T@|ih?@* �i@*|� L�ih ���U� @ _@�}�|ih

hi|@�?i_ *i}�|�4@|i U*@�4�

W| �t @*tL �?|ihit|�?} |L ?L|i |�@| |�i t@4i uhii h�_�?} UL?Uih? 4@) i T*@�? ��) �?

i@h*) 4L_ih? ,?}*@?_c )L�?}ih tL?t ��L *iu| |�i�h ?@|@* u@4�*�it |L MiUL4i tL*_�iht ELh

|L �L�? |�i U*ih})�c hiUi��i_ U@t� }�u|t h@|�ih |�@? Mi^�it|t E5|L?i @?_ 6@�|�ih 5|L?i

�bHe��

��� �L W?UL4i 5�@h�?} �? #L�h) �L?|h@U|t

�t _�tU�tti_ �? tiU|�L? 2��c ���*i TL|i?|�@**) UL4T*�U@|i_c _L�h) UL?|h@U|t t�L�*_ ?L|

UL?|@�? @?) �?UL4i t�@h�?} ThL��t�L?� #L�h) UL?|h@U|t _�_ ?L| �@�i �?UL4i t�@h�?}

U*@�tit �? 4i_�i�@* @?_ i@h*) +i?@�tt@?Ui �Lh|L?@ EA@M*i 2��

dW�5,+A A��w, 2o

�Lhi |�@? �@*u Lu |�i �Lh|L?@ 4@|U�i_ UL?|h@U|t �@_ U*@�tit i?|@�*�?} _iuihhi_

T@)4i?|t� � |)T�U@* tTiU��U@|�L? �@t |�i Mh�_i<t �L�ti�L*_ ThL4�t�?} |L T@) L?i�|��h_

Lu |�i _L�h) @u|ih |�i �ht| )i@h Lu |�i 4@hh�@}ic L?i�|��h_ @u|ih |�L )i@htc @?_ |�i

hi4@�?�?} L?i�|��h_ @u|ih |�hii )i@ht� #iuihhi_ T@)4i?|t Lgihi_ |�hii @_�@?|@}it� A�i

49Zh kdyh froohfwhg urxjko| 5/<93 pduuldjh frqwudfwv iru Ioruhqfh dqg lwv frxqwu|vlgh ehwzhhq 4753

dqg 4768/ dqg zh duh fxuuhqwo| pdwfklqj wkh gdwd zlwk wkh Ioruhqwlqh fdwdvwr ri 475:1 Wklv vdpsoh ri

;7 pdwfkhg grzu| frqwudfwv lv eldvhg wrzdug zhdowk| krxvhkrogv1 Vhh Erwwlflql +5333d, iru d ghwdlohg

dqdo|vlv ri wkh wuhqg lq grzu| ydoxhv lq Ioruhqfh iurp 4583 wr 47831

�2

Page 15: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

Mh�_i<t T@hi?|t 4@) Mi *�^��_�|) UL?t|h@�?i_� �*tLc UL?t�t|i?| ��|� ~�@?} @?_ ��@?

E�bbb�c _iuihhi_ T@)4i?|t ThL��_i_ �?Ui?|��i uLh |�i }hLL4<t u@4�*) ?L| |L 4�t|hi@|

|�i�h _@�}�|ih��?�*@�� w@t|*)c |�i Mh�_i<t u@4�*) UL�*_ @�L�_ 4@!�?} @** |�i T@)4i?|t �u

t�i _�i_ _�h�?} U��*_ M�h|�� W?_iTi?_i?| Lu |�i uhii h�_�?} ThLM*i4c |�i _L�h) UL?|h@U|

@*tL @__hitti_ L|�ih UL?Uih?t Lu |�i �?|ihit|i_ T@h|�it�

A�i ui@|�hit Lu |�i _L�h) UL?|h@U|t �? i@h*) +i?@�tt@?Ui �Lh|L?@ ThL��_i t�TTLh|

|L |�i @h}�4i?| |�@| _L�h�it @hi �ti_ |L 4�|�}@|i |�i uhii h�_�?} ThLM*i4 @4L?}

t�M*�?}t� �?*) |�L L�| Lu �2H 4@hh�@}i UL?|h@U|t UL?|@�?i_ @ U*@�ti �?�L*��?} @ ThL�|

t�@h�?} @hh@?}i4i?|��. W? L?i Lu |�i |�L UL?|h@U|tc |�i }hLL4<t u@|�ih �@t i?|�|*i_

|L |�i hi�i?�i uhL4 |�L *@?_ T*L|t� A�i h@h�|) Lu �?UL4i t�@h�?} U*@�tit �@t ?L| _�i

|L |�i *@U! Lu !?L�*i_}i Lu t�@hi UL?|h@U|t� W? ML|� |h@_i @?_ �? @}h�U�*|�hic t�@hi

UL?|h@U|t �ihi �i** !?L�? �? 4i_�i�@* @?_ i@h*) +i?@�tt@?Ui A�tU@?)��H OL�i�ihc �?

|�i UL?|i | Lu _L�h�itc �?UL4i t�@h�?} @}hii4i?|t �ihi h@hi�

��e #L�h�it @?_ 6@4�*) #i4L}h@T��Ut

,UL?L4�t|t �@�i it|�4@|i_ _L�h) �@*�i hi}hitt�L?t ��ihi _L�h) �@*�it @hi hi}hitti_ L?

Mh�_i<t @?_ }hLL4<t U�@h@U|ih�t|�Ut E�?_ihtL?( �L||�U�?�( ,_*�?_ �bb.( +@L�� `��*i �|

�t t|h@�}�|uLh�@h_ |L �?|ihThi| |�i it|�4@|it Lu @? Lh_�?@h) *i@t| t^�@hit E�w5� hi}hit�

t�L? Lu _L�h) �@*�it L? Mh�_i<t U�@h@U|ih�t|�Ut @*L?ic |�i �?|ihThi|@|�L? Lu |�i it|�4@|it

Lu @ hi}hitt�L? Lu _L�h) �@*�it L? }hLL4<t Lh Mh�_i<t @?_ }hLL4<t U�@h@U|ih�t|�Ut @hi

4Lhi ThLM*i4@|�U�

wi| ` s Mi |�i �i@*|� Lu |�i Mh�_i @?_ `6 Mi |�i �i@*|� Lu |�i }hLL4� ` s 4@)

Mi _iUL4TLti_ �?|L _L�h) �i@*|�c (c @?_ ?L?�_L�h) �i@*|�c � G

`s ' ( n�

�L?�_L�h) �i@*|�c � c UL?t�t|t Lu �?�it|4i?|t �? ��4@? U@T�|@*c Mi^�it|tc @?_ TLt|

4@h�|@* �?|ih���Lt |h@?tuiht� �L?t�_ih |�i *�?i@h ThL�iU|�L? Lu _L�h) �@*�i L? @ �iU|Lh

Lu Mh�_i<t U�@h@U|ih�t|�Utc fs�G

( ' fs

�ks n �(s

Ee�

��h |�iLh) T�|t hit|h�U|�L?t L? ks � W? |�i hi}hitt�L?tc |�ihi @hi |�hii U�@h@U|ih�t|�Ut

Lu �?|ihit|� 6�ht|c Ui|ih�t T@h�M�tc @tt�4�?} |�@| _@�}�|ih<t �i@*|� �t @ ?Lh4@* }LL_c

|�i �i@*|� Lu |�i Mh�_i<t �L�ti�L*_ @?_ L|�ih �i@*|� ThL �it t�L�*_ �@�i @ TLt�|��i

4:Wkh wzr frqwudfwv/ zklfk doorzhg iru d sur�w vkdulqj duudqjhphqw/ duh lq DVI/ Qrwduloh Dqwh0

frvlpldqr 4;<3;/ xqqxpehuhg iro1/ dqg 4;<43/ iro1 6<3u14;Vhh Dfnhuehuj dqg Erwwlflql +4<<<,/ Jdodvvl/ Phdool/ dqg Sxgqh| +4<<;,/ dqg Oxsrulql dqg Sduljl

+4<<9,1

��

Page 16: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

�4T@U| L? |�i �@*�i Lu |�i _L�h)� 5iUL?_c |�i ?�4Mih Lu U��*_hi? t�L�*_ Mi ?i}@|��i*)

hi*@|i_ |L |�i �@*�i Lu |�i _L�h)�

A��h_c |�i ?�4Mih Lu tL?t 4@) Mi TLt�|��i*) hi*@|i_ |L |�i �@*�i Lu |�i _L�h)�

� TLt�|��i igiU| 4@) LUU�h MiU@�ti @? �?Uhi@ti �? |�i ?�4Mih Lu tL?t 4@) 4@!i

_@�}�|iht *itt *�!i*) |L }i| 4�U� Lu |�i T@hi?|t< Mi^�it|� �?|�U�T@|�?} |��t t4@**ih

Mi^�it|c @ }hLL4 �@?|t @ *@h}ih _L�h)� 5L4i ��t|Lh�@?t @h}�i |�@|c �? 4i_�i�@* _L|@*

tLU�i|�itc T@hi?|t |h@?tuihhi_ 4Lhi �i@*|� |L |�i�h tL?t |�@? |L |�i�h _@�}�|iht EO�}�it(

k*@T�tU��~�Mih�� � ?@��i @TT*�U@|�L? Lu |��t @h}�4i?| �4T*�it |�@| |�i _L�h) t�L�*_

u@** ��i? |�i uh@U|�L? Lu tL?t �? @ u@4�*) �?Uhi@tit� ��h 4L_i* t�}}it|t |�@| |�i _L�h)

4@) h�ti �u _@�}�|iht @hi UL?Uih?i_ @ML�| Mi�?} i U*�_i_ uhL4 T@hi?|@* Mi^�it|t� A�i

?�4Mih Lu tL?t 4@) @*tL Mi TLt�|��i*) hi*@|i_ |L |�i �@*�i Lu |�i _L�h) �u T@hi?|t

@hi *�^��_�|) UL?t|h@�?i_� �@hi?|t ��L �@�i 4Lhi _@�}�|iht |L 4@hh) Lgc }��i 4Lhi

M�| t4@**ih _L�h�it� 6�?@**)c |�i ?�4Mih Lu tL?t 4@) @*tL Mi TLt�|��i*) hi*@|i_ |L |�i

�@*�i Lu |�i _L�h) �u 4Lhi tL?t Uhi@|i 4Lhi �L�ti�L*_ �i@*|� @?_ tL4i Lu |��t �?Uhi@ti

�? �L�ti�L*_ �i@*|� tT�**t L�ih |L |�i�h t�t|iht �? |�i uLh4 Lu *@h}ih _L�h�it� A�iti

Thi_�U|�L?t U@? Mi |it|i_ M) it|�4@|�?} Ee� M) Lh_�?@h) *i@t| t^�@hit ��|� UhLtt tiU|�L?

_@|@ L? _L�h) �@*�it @?_ Mh�_it< U�@h@U|ih�t|�Ut�

`�@| @hi |�i ThLTih|�it Lu @ UhLtt tiU|�L? hi}hitt�L? Lu _L�h) �@*�it L? |�i }hLL4t<

U�@h@U|ih�t|�Utq W? @ 4@hh�@}i 4@h!i| ��|� @ttLh|@|��i 4@|U��?} M) �i@*|� Lu Mh�_it

@?_ }hLL4tc Mh�_i<t �i@*|� @?_ }hLL4<t �i@*|� ��** Mi TLt�|��i*) ULhhi*@|i_� i _L

?L| �@�i _@|@ L? Mh�_it< Lh }hLL4t< �i@*|�c M�| |�ihi �t _@|@ L? T@hi?|@* �i@*|�� 5�?Ui

�i i TiU| @ TLt�|��i ULhhi*@|�L? Mi|�ii? T@hi?|@* �i@*|� @?_ |�i�h U��*_hi?<t �i@*|�c

�i U@? U�iU! |�i i |i?| Lu @ttLh|@|��i 4@|U��?} M) �i@*|� *i�i*t Lu |�i T@hi?|t� A�i

ULhhi*@|�L? Mi|�ii? *L} Lu |�i Mh�_i<t T@hi?|t< �i@*|� @?_ *L} Lu |�i }hLL4<t T@hi?|t<

�i@*|� �t f�SH� A��t ULhhi*@|�L? ThL��_it �?@4M�}�L�t i��_i?Ui Lu @ttLh|@|��i 4@|U��?}

M) �i@*|� �? 4@hh�@}i�

�tt�4�?} @ *�?i@h �i@*|� 4@|U��?} u�?U|�L? `s ' @n �`

6c � : fc �i U@? hi*@|i

|�i Mh�_i<t LT|�4@* �i@*|� |L �ih ��tM@?_<t LT|�4@* �i@*|�G

`s ' @n �`

6 ED�

( n� ' @n �`6 ES�

Nt�?} ES�c |�i _L�h)c (c 4@) Mi i Thitti_ @tG

( ' �� n @n �`6 E.�

�L?t�_ih |�i *�?i@h ThL�iU|�L? Lu }hLL4<t �i@*|� L? @ �iU|Lh Lu ��t U�@h@U|ih�t|�Utc

f6�G

`6 ' f6

�k6 n �`6

EH�

�e

Page 17: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

�tt�4i |�@| |�i |�iLh) �4T*�it |�@| k6 : f� �}@�?c |�ihi @hi |�hii U�@h@U|ih�t�

|�Ut Lu �?|ihit|� �i|ih�t T@h�M�tc @ �i@*|��ih }hLL4 �L�ti�L*_ t�L�*_ *i@_ |L ��}�ih

}hLL4<t �i@*|�� 5iUL?_c @ _iUhi@ti �? |�i ?�4Mih Lu U��*_hi? t�L�*_ �?Uhi@ti }hLL4<t

�i@*|�� A��h_c @? �?Uhi@ti �? |�i ?�4Mih Lu tL?t t�L�*_ �?Uhi@ti }hLL4<t �i@*|� �u

tL?t �?Uhi@ti_ �i@*|� uLh |�i u@4�*)� �? |�i L|�ih �@?_c �u tL?t _�_ ?L| �?Uhi@ti u@4�*)

�i@*|�c |�ihi 4@) Mi ?L Lh @ ?i}@|��i igiU| Lu |�i ?�4Mih Lu tL?t L? }hLL4<t �i@*|��

�L� t�Mt|�|�|i EH� �?|L E.� |L }i|G

( ' f6

��k6 n � Eb�

� ' �� n @n ��`6

A�i |�iLh) �4T*�itG

�k6 : f

,t|�4@|�?} Eb� M) �w5 �t ?L| t|h@�}�|uLh�@h_� A�i _��U�*|) �t _�i |L |�i ULhhi*@|�L?

Mi|�ii? � @?_ |�i hi}hittLht �? Eb�� W? }i?ih@*c ?L?�_L�h) �i@*|�c � c ��** Mi TLt�|��i*)

ULhhi*@|i_ ��|� }hLL4<t �i@*|� @?_ |�ihiuLhi |�i }hLL4<t U�@h@U|ih�t|�Ut� 5L � �t

*�!i*) |L Mi ?i}@|��i*) ULhhi*@|i_ ��|� f6 ���U� ��** �?_�Ui @ _L�?�@h_ M�@t |L |�i

it|�4@|i Lu �k6� #�i |L |�iti M�@titc |�i �w5 it|�4@|it Lu Eb� @hi _��U�*| |L �?|ihThi|�

�t t�L�? �? L�h i@h*�ih _h@u| E�L||�U�?� @?_ 5�L� E�bbb��c |�i �?@M�*�|) |L ThL_�Ui

UL?t�t|i?| it|�4@|it Lu �k6 hi4@�?t �u �i hi}hitt _L�h) �@*�it L? ML|� Mh�_i<t @?_

}hLL4<t U�@h@U|ih�t|�Ut��b

��D #L�h) V@*�i +i}hitt�L?t

A@M*it � @?_ e Thiti?| �w5 it|�4@|it Lu _L�h) �@*�i hi}hitt�L?t� ,@U� hi}hitt�L? �@t

222 LMtih�@|�L?t� A�i it|�4@|i_ �?|ihUiT| @?_ � i_ igiU|t uLh t�M*�?}t @hi t�TThitti_�2f

, @U| _i�?�|�L?t Lu |�i �@h�@M*it @hi }��i? �? �TTi?_� ��

dW�5,+A A��w, �o

A@M*i � Thiti?|t hit�*|t ��|� Mh�_i U�@h@U|ih�t|�Ut @*L?i ���U� ULhhitTL?_ |L i^�@�

|�L? Ee�� W? UL*�4? �c |�i _iTi?_i?| �@h�@M*i �t |�i ?L4�?@* �@*�i Lu |�i _L�h)� i

�@�i |�hii ThL �it uLh �i@*|�� #L�h) �@*�i �?Uhi@ti_ @| @ _iUhi@t�?} h@|i @t �L�ti�

�L*_ �i@*|� �?Uhi@ti_� W| @*tL �?Uhi@ti_ �u �ih T@hi?|t *��i_ �? |�i |L�? h@|�ih |�@? �?

4<Wkh jhqhudo gl�fxow| ri lqwhusuhwlqj ROV khgrqlf uhjuhvvlrqv lv zhoo nqrzq +Dfnhuehuj dqg Erw0

wlflql> Eduwln 4<;:> Eudqgw dqg Krvlrv 4<<9> Hssoh 4<;:> Ndkq dqg Odqj 4<;;/ Urvhq 4<:7,153Zh dovr udq uhjuhvvlrqv vlplodu wr wkrvh lq Wdeohv 7 dqg 8 zlwkrxw vleolqj �{hg h�hfwv dqg zh

irxqg olwwoh gl�huhqfh lq wkh hvwlpdwhv1

�D

Page 18: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

|�i UL�?|h)t�_i M�| ?L| �u |�i u@|�ih<t LUU�T@|�L? �@t ?L?�@}h�U�*|�h@*� �? @__�|�L?@*

t�M*�?} _iUhi@ti_ �ih _L�h) M) @ t|@|�t|�U@**) t�}?��U@?| �D��� �Lh�?t� �? @__�|�L?@*

MhL|�ih �?Uhi@ti_ �ih _L�h) M) @ t|@|�t|�U@**) t�}?��U@?| �H�S� �Lh�?t� ��h i T*@?@|�L?

uLh |��t TLt�|��i it|�4@|i_ ULi�U�i?| �t |�@| �ih ��tM@?_ _i4@?_i_ @ ��}�ih _L�h)

�? @?|�U�T@|�L? Lu @ t4@**ih Mi^�it|� �LhiL�ihc �L�ti�L*_t 4�}�| �@�i Mii? *�^��_�

�|) UL?t|h@�?i_ @?_ |�ihiuLhi }@�i t4@**ih _L�h�it ��i? |�i) �@_ 4Lhi _@�}�|iht |L

4@hh) Lg� 6�?@**)c �u �L�ti�L*_ �i@*|� �@t �?Uhi@t�?} �? |�i ?�4Mih Lu tL?tc tL4i Lu

|�i �i@*|� tT�**i_ L�ih |L |�i _@�}�|iht� w@|ihc �i t�@** ThL��_i i��_i?Ui |�@| U@t|t

tL4i _L�M| L? |�i tT�**L�ih �)TL|�it�t�

5�?Ui ?L4�?@* _L�h) �@*�it @hi ?L| ?Lh4@**) _�t|h�M�|i_c UL*�4? 2 ThL��_it 4i�

_�@? hi}hitt�L? it|�4@|it Lu i^�@|�L? Ee�� A�i it|�4@|i_ ULi�U�i?|t uhL4 |�i 4i_�@?

hi}hitt�L? @hi Lu |�i t@4i ^�@?|�|@|��i 4@}?�|�_i @t |�i �w5 it|�4@|it� OL�i�ihc

|�i) @hi *itt ThiU�ti*) it|�4@|i_� �? @__�|�L?@* tL? t|�** U@�ti_ |�i _L�h) �@*�i |L h�ti

M) D�b2f �Lh�?t M�| �| �t �4ThiU�ti*) it|�4@|i_�

�L*�4? � Thiti?|t @ *L} *�?i@h �iht�L? Lu Ee�� A�i i*@t|�U�|) Lu _L�h) ��|� hitTiU|

|L Mh�_i<t �L�ti�L*_ �i@*|� �t ThiU�ti*) it|�4@|i_ @| f���HD� A�i it|�4@|i_ ULi�U�i?|

L? |�i �hM@? _�44) �t TLt�|��i @?_ t|@|�t|�U@**) t�}?��U@?|� A�i it|�4@|i_ ULi�U�i?|

L? |�i u@|�ih �? @ ?L?�@}h�U�*|�h@* LUU�T@|�L? �t TLt�|��i M�| ?L| ThiU�ti*) it|�4@|i_�

�? @__�|�L?@* U��*_ hi_�Ui_ �ih _L�h) M) @ t|@|�t|�U@**) t�}?��U@?| .�H� TihUi?|� �?

@__�|�L?@* MhL|�ih �?Uhi@ti_ �ih _L�h) M) D�He TihUi?| @?_ |�i it|�4@|i_ ULi�U�i?|

�t 4@h}�?@**) t�}?��U@?|�2�

W? t�44@h)c |�i hit�*|t �? A@M*i � @hi UL?t�t|i?| ��|� |�i 4L_i* UL?t�_ihi_ �? |��t

T@Tih� A�i it|�4@|i_ t�}?t Lu @** |�i �4TLh|@?| �@h�@M*it @hi |�i t@4i ��i|�ih �i �ti

|�i ?L4�?@* �@*�i Lh |�i *L} Lu |�i ?L4�?@* �@*�i Lu |�i _L�h)c ��i|�ih �i it|�4@|i

i^�@|�L? Ee� M) �w5 Lh 4i_�@? hi}hitt�L?�

dW�5,+A A��w, eo

A@M*i e Thiti?|t _L�h) �@*�i hi}hitt�L?t L? }hLL4<t U�@h@U|ih�t|�Ut�22 A�i �ht|

LMtih�@|�L? �t |�@| |�i �| Lu |�i hi}hitt�L?t �? @** |�hii tTiU��U@|�L?t �t �Lhti |�@?

uLh |�i ULhhitTL?_�?} hi}hitt�L?t ��|� Mh�_i<t U�@h@U|ih�t|�Ut� �? i T*@?@|�L? uLh |��t

TLLhih �| �t |�@| L�h |�iLh) *i@_t |L @ _�hiU| tTiU��U@|�L? Lu |�i _L�h) �@*�i hi}hitt�L?

��|� Mh�_i<t U�@h@U|ih�t|�Ut Ei^�@|�L? e�� �? |�i L|�ih �@?_c �i ThL��_i @ |�iLh) Lu

|�i _i|ih4�?@|�L? Lu }hLL4<t �i@*|� Ei^�@|�L? H�c M�| }hLL4<t �i@*|� �t ?L| LMtih�i_�

54Zh kdyh dovr uxq uhjuhvvlrqv xvlqj d gxpp| yduldeoh zklfk wdnhv rq d ydoxh ri rqh li wkhuh zdv

qr vrq lq wkh idplo| +*63 shufhqw ri idplolhv, udwkhu wkdq xvlqj wkh qxpehu ri vrqv1 Wkh hvwlpdwhg

frh�flhqwv rq wklv gxpp| yduldeoh zhuh dozd|v qhjdwlyh dqg ohvv suhflvho| hvwlpdwhg wkdq zkhq xvlqj

wkh qxpehu ri vrqv1 Vr wkh qxpehu ri vrqv kdyh dgglwlrqdo h{sodqdwru| srzhu frpsduhg zlwk wkh qr

vrq gxpp| yduldeoh155Wkh phgldq uhjuhvvlrq grhv qrw frqwdlq vleolqj �{hg h�hfwv ehfdxvh wkh vwdqgdug huuruv glg qrw

frqyhujh1

�S

Page 19: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

W?t|i@_ �i �ti _L�h) �@*�i @t @ ThL ) uLh }hLL4<t �i@*|� @t �? i^�@|�L? Eb� ��|� �|t

@ttLU�@|i_ M�@t @}@�?t| |�i ?�** �)TL|�it�t� �LhiL�ihc �i |i?_ |L �?_ihit|�4@|i |�i

?�4Mih Lu U��*_hi? �? |�i }hLL4<t �L�ti�L*_ t�?Ui 4@?) Lu ��t t�t|iht �L�*_ �@�i Mii?

4@hh�i_ @?_ *iu| |�i �L�ti�L*_� A�ihi �t ?L t�4T*i Thi_�U|�L? uLh |�i M�@t _�i |L |��t

�?_ihit|�4@|�L?�

A�i i��_i?Ui �? A@M*i e t�}}it|t |�@| �i@*|��ih }hLL4 �L�ti�L*_t LM|@�?i_ *@h}ih

_L�h�it� A�i igiU|t Lu |�i ?�4Mih Lu U��*_hi? @?_ |�i ?�4Mih Lu tL?t �? |�i }hLL4<t

�L�ti�L*_ @hi �4ThiU�ti*) _i|ih4�?i_� �t _�tU�tti_ i@h*�ihc �| �t _��U�*| |L it|�4@|i

|�i |h�i �4T@U| Lu }hLL4<t U�@h@U|ih�t|�Ut L? _L�h) �@*�i� 5|�**c |�ihi �t ?L T@h|�U�*@h

i��_i?Ui t�TTLh|�?} |�i �)TL|�it�t |�@| 4Lhi tL?t t�}?��U@?|*) �?Uhi@ti_ �L�ti�L*_

�i@*|� Lh |�@| Mh�_it< �L�ti�L*_t }@�i t�}?��U@?|*) *@h}ih _L�h�it |L 4@hh) �?|L }hLL4<t

�L�ti�L*_t ��|� 4Lhi tL?t�

�t @ Uh�_i @_��t|4i?| uLh |�i 4i@t�hi4i?| ihhLht �?_�Ui_ M) |�i u@U| |�@| tL4i

4@hh�@}it LUU�hhi_ MiuLhi �e2. @?_ tL4i LUU�hhi_ @u|ih�@h_tc �i i Tih�4i?|i_ ��|�

�?|ih@U|�L? |ih4t ��|� |�i TLt| �e2. _�44) �@h�@M*i uLh ML|� Mh�_i<t @?_ }hLL4<t

@||h�M�|i hi}hitt�L?t� �|�ih |�@? *Lt�?} ThiU�t�L? �? L�h it|�4@|itc �i _�_ ?L| �?_ @?)

t)t|i4@|�U igiU|�

A@!i? |L}i|�ihc |�i it|�4@|it �? A@M*i � @?_ e t�}}it| |�@| |�ihi �t i��_i?Ui �?

u@�Lh Lu |�i �)TL|�it�t |�@| }hLL4t LM|@�?i_ *@h}ih _L�h�it ��i? |�ihi �ihi 4Lhi

tL?t �? |�i Mh�_it< �L�ti�L*_t� A�iti *@h}ih _L�h�it U@? Mi h@|�L?@*�3i_ M) L�h |�iLh)

|�@| }hLL4t ��L 4@hh�i_ Mh�_it ��|� 4Lhi MhL|�iht @?|�U�T@|i_ |�@| |�i�h ���it �L�*_

hiUi��i t4@**ih u�|�hi |h@?tuiht� �t @ hit�*|c |�i T@hi?|t Lu |�iti Mh�_it �@_ |L ThL��_i

*@h}ih UL4Ti?t@|�?} _L�h�it� A�i *@h}ih _L�h�it 4@) @*tL Mi _�i |L |�i u@U| |�@| |�iti

T@hi?|t �ihi *itt *�^��_�|) UL?t|h@�?i_�

e A�i #iU*�?i Lu #L�h�it �? 5h@L �@�*L

��hhi?|*)c �i _L ?L| �@�i _@|@ L? |�i _iU*�?i Lu _L�h�it �? A�tU@?)� W? }i?ih@*c

|�ihi �t *�||*i _@|@ L? |�i _iU*�?i Lu _L�h�it �? @ tLU�i|) _�i |L |�i *@h}i |�4i tT@?

Lu ��t|Lh�U@* _@|@ ?ii_i_ |L |h@U! �|t _iU*�?i� �? i UiT|�L? �t �@33@h� E�bb�� ��L

t|�_�i_ |�i i�L*�|�L? Lu _L�h�it �? 5h@L �@�*Lc @ UL@t|@* UL44�?�|) �? �h@3�*c uhL4

�Sff |L �bff� 5�i @?@*)3i_ ThLM@|i hiULh_t Lu �i@*|�)c ThLTih|�i_c �@�*�t|@t� W? |�i

Tih�L_ �?_ih t|�_)c @** U��*_hi? �ihi *i}@**) i?|�|*i_ |L i^�@* t�@hit Lu |�i it|@|i Lu

|�i _iUi@ti_ T@hi?|� � _@�}�|ih ��L �@_ @ _L�h) �@_ |�i LT|�L? Lu Rhi|�h?�?}� |�i

_L�h) |L |�i it|@|i @?_ @t!�?} uLh �ih t�@hi Lu |�i hiUL?t|�|�|i_ it|@|i� A��t ThLM@|i

hiULh_t i T*�U�|*) Lh �4T*�U�|*) E��i? _@�}�|iht _�_ ?L| t�@hi �? |�i it|@|i� @UUL�?|i_

uLh _L�h�it T@�_�

W? |�i ti�i?|ii?|� Ui?|�h)c 4Lt| _@�}�|iht Lu ThLTih|) L�?iht hiUi��i_ @ _L�h) @|

4@hh�@}i� W? |�i 4�__*i Lu |�i i�}�|ii?|� Ui?|�h)c b TihUi?| Lu ThLTih|) L�?iht @**L�i_

�.

Page 20: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

|�i�h _@�}�|iht |L 4@hh) ��|�L�| @ _L�h)� W? |�i ?�?i|ii?|� Ui?|�h)c |�hii ^�@h|iht Lu

ThLTih|) L�?iht @**L�i_ |�i�h _@�}�|iht |L 4@hh) ��|�L�| @ _L�h)� A�i �@*�i Lu |�i

_L�h�it @*tL ui** |�hL�}� |�i Ui?|�h�it� `��*i ui� _@�}�|iht �? �ih t@4T*i Rhi|�h?i_�

|�i�h _L�h�it |L |�i�h T@hi?|t< it|@|it �? |�i ti�i?|ii?|� Ui?|�h)c 4Lhi _@�}�|iht _�_

tL �? |�i i�}�|ii?|� Ui?|�h) @?_ |�i) @** _�_ �? |�i ?�?i|ii?|� Ui?|�h)�

W? |�i ti�i?|ii?|� Ui?|�h)c �i@*|�) �@�*�t|@t _ih��i_ 4Lt| Lu |�i�h �i@*|� uhL4

@}h�U�*|�hi� �Lt| 4@hh�i_ tL?t *��i_ ��|�c @?_ �Lh!i_ uLhc |�i�h T@hi?|t� BL*_ �@t

_�tUL�ihi_ �? |�i �?|ih�Lh Lu �h@3�* �? |�i i�}�|ii?|� Ui?|�h)� �UULh_�?} |L �@33@h�

E�bb�c �SD�c

A�i }hi@| T@|h�@hU�@* TL�ih L�ih @_�*| LgtTh�?} |�@| �@t |�i h�*i �? ti�i?|ii?|��

Ui?|�h) 5h@L �@�*L }h@_�@**) _�4�?�t�i_� W? |�i i�}�|ii?|� Ui?|�h) tL?t

4�}h@|i_c |h@?tTLh|i_ 4�*it @?_ L i? |L |�i 4�?itc Lh T*�i_ *L?}�_�t|@?Ui

|h@_ic 4@!�?} �| 4Lhi _��U�*| uLh |�i�h u@|�iht |L UL?|hL* |�i4� `�|�

|�i }hL�|� Lu �?_���_�@*�t4 �? |�i ?�?i|ii?|� Ui?|�h)c tL?t MiU@4i i�i?

4Lhi �?_iTi?_i?| Lu |�i�h u@|�iht �? |�i�h M�t�?itt *��itc @?_ ML|� tL?t

@?_ _@�}�|iht �ihi @U^��h�?} uhii_L4 �? |�i ti*iU|�L? Lu @ 4@hh�@}i T@h|�

?ih� 5�U� uhii_L4 �@t �|ti*u @ UL?ti^�i?Ui Lu |�i _iU*�?i Lu |�i Th@U|�Ui Lu

_L�h)�

`��*i �ih |�iLh) Lu _L�h�it �t _�gihi?| uhL4 L�htc �@33@h�<t ti*iU|�L? Lu |�i iUL�

?L4�U uLhUit |�@| *i_ |L |�i _iU*�?i Lu _L�h�it �? 5h@L �@�*L �t UL?t�t|i?| ��|� L�h

@h}�4i?|� �) |�i |�4i E?�?i|ii?|� Ui?|�h)� 4Lt| _@�}�|iht U�Lti |L Rhi|�h?� |�i�h

_L�h�itc |�i �ti Lu Mi^�it|t |L @*�}? �Lh! �?Ui?|��it ��|��? |�i u@4�*) �@t *@h}i*)

�hhi*i�@?|�

D �L?U*�_�?} +i4@h!t

��h 4L_i* @h}�it |�@| u@4�*�it �? ��h�*LU@* tLU�i|�it �ti _L�h�it |L 4�|�}@|i @ uhii h�_�?}

ThLM*i4 @4L?} t�M*�?}t� #L�h) �@*�i �t TLt�|��i*) hi*@|i_ |L T@hi?|@* @?_ Mh�_i<t

�i@*|�� 5L �? @ _L|@* tLU�i|)c �@h�@|�L? �? _L�h) �@*�it ��** hi�iU| t�TT*) @?_ _i4@?_

UL?_�|�L?t �? |�i 4@hh�@}i 4@h!i| @t �? |�i t|@?_@h_ 4L_i*� OL�i�ihc |�i i �t|i?Ui Lu

_L�h�it Tih ti _Lit ?L| �4T*) |�@| _L|@* tLU�i|�it �@*�i _@�}�|iht Lh �L4i? *itt |�@?

?L?�_L|@* tLU�i|�it�

�H

Page 21: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

+iuihi?Uit

d�o �U!ihMih}c #@?�i* ��c @?_ �@h�t|i**@ �L||�U�?�� R,?_L}i?L�t �@|U��?} @?_ |�i

,4T�h�U@* #i|ih4�?@?|t Lu �L?|h@U| 6Lh4�� �Lt|L? N?��iht�|)c #iT@h|4i?| Lu

,UL?L4�Utc W5� Lh!�?} �@Tih rbSc �bbb�

d2o �?_ihtL?c 5�h�@?� R#L�h) �@)4i?|t �? 5L�|� �t�@�� ���#� #�ttih|@|�L?c N?��ih�

t�|) Lu �h�|�t� �L*�4M�@c �bbH�

d�o �@h|�!c A�4L|�) a� RA�i ,t|�4@|�L? Lu #i4@?_ �@h@4i|iht �? Oi_L?�U �h�Ui

�L_i*t�� aL�h?@* Lu �L*�|�U@* ,UL?L4) bD E6iMh�@h) �bH.�G H��HH�

deo �iU!ihc B@h) 5� � Ahi@|�ti L? |�i 6@4�*)� �@4Mh�_}ic �@tt�G O@h�@h_ N?��iht�|)

�hittc �bb��

dDo �i**L4Lc �@?*�L� +�UihU�i t�� h@TTLh|� T@|h�4L?�@*� |h@ UL?��}�� ��*@?G B��ghic

�bS��

dSo �ih}t|hL4c A�iL_Lhi� R�h�4L}i?�|�hic �L?L}@4)c @?_ +iThL_�U|��i V@*�i �? @

5|h@|��i_ 5LU�i|)�� �@?�tUh�T|c N?��iht�|) Lu ��U��}@?c �bbe�

d.o QQQ� �,UL?L4�Ut �? @ 6@4�*) @)�� aL�h?@* Lu ,UL?L4�U w�|ih@|�hi �ec ?L� e

E�bbS�G �bf���e�

dHo �Ltih�Tc ,t|ih� `L4i?<t +L*i �? ,UL?L4�U #i�i*LT4i?|� �i� vLh!G 5|� �@h|�?<t

�hittc �b.f�

dbo �L||�U�?�c �@h�t|i**@� R� wL�i*itt ,UL?L4)q W?|ih}i?ih@|�L?@* �*|h��t4 @?_ |�i

�@hh�@}i �@h!i| �? @ A�tU@? AL�?�� aL�h?@* Lu ,UL?L4�U O�t|Lh) Db E�@hU�

�bbb�G �fe�2��

d�fo QQQ� R5LU�@* �Lh4tc #i4L}h@T��U 5�LU!tc @?_ BhL�|� �? @ �hi4L_ih? ,UL?�

L4)G 6*Lhi?Uic �2Df��eDf�� Lh!�?} �@Tih� �Lt|L? N?��iht�|)c #iT@h|4i?| Lu

,UL?L4�Utc a@?�@h) E2fff@��

d��o QQQ� R#L #L�h�it #�t�?�ih�| L4i?q ,��_i?Ui uhL4 ,@h*) +i?@�tt@?Ui 6*L�

hi?Ui�� Lh!�?} �@Tih� �Lt|L? N?��iht�|)c #iT@h|4i?| Lu ,UL?L4�Utc �@hU�

E2fffM��

d�2o �h@?_|c wLhi?c @?_ OLt�Ltc �h|��h a� R�hi_�|c W?Ui?|��itc @?_ +iT�|@|�L?G �

Oi_L?�U �?@*)t�t Lu �L?|h@U|�@* @}i �hL�*it�� aL�h?@* Lu �L*�|�U@* ,UL?L4)

�fe E#iUi4Mih �bbS�G ��.2��22S�

�b

Page 22: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

d��o �@hhL**c w�U)� R#@�}�|ih<t +�}�| Lu W?�ih�|@?Ui �? W?_�@G � �ihtTiU|��i L? |�i

�hLM*i4 Lu #L�h)�� �L_ih? �t�@? 5|�_�it 2D E�bb��G .b��Hfb�

d�eo ��i?c ���?}�4�?� R#L�h) @?_ W?�ih�|@?Ui�� W? A�i ���?iti 6@4�*) @?_ �|t +�|�

�@* �i�@��Lhc i_�|i_ M) a��U� Ot�i� @?_ v��U� ���@?}� A@�Ti�G A�i W?t|�|�|i Lu

,|�?L*L})c �U@_i4�@ 5�?�U@c �bHD�

d�Do ��L�?@U!�c 5|@?*i)� R#L�h�it @?_ k�?t4i? �? ,@h*) +i?@�tt@?Ui Vi?�Ui�� aL�h?@*

Lu W?|ih_�tU�T*�?@h) O�t|Lh) e E�b.D�G D.��Sff�

d�So QQQ� R�@hh�@}i wi}�t*@|�L? @?_ �@|h�U�@? 5LU�i|) �? 6�u|ii?|���i?|�h) Vi?�Ui��

W? w@�c ��t|L4c @?_ |�i 5LU�@* 6@Mh�U �? �i_�i�@* ,�hLTiG ,tt@)t �? OL?Lh Lu

�h)Ui w)L?c i_�|i_ M) �ih?@h_� 5� �@U�h@U� @?_ #@��_ ��U�L*@t� k@*@4@3LLc

��U��G �i_�i�@* W?t|�|�|i ��M*�U@|�L?tc it|ih? ��U��}@? N?��iht�|)c �bbf�

d�.o �L*ic O@hL*_ w�c BiLh}i a� �@�*@|� @?_ �?_hi� �Lt|*i�@�|i� R5LU�@* �Lh4tc 5@��

�?}t �i�@��Lhc @?_ BhL�|��� aL�h?@* Lu �L*�|�U@* ,UL?L4) �ff E�bb2�G�fb2���2D�

d�Ho �L�?c 5@4�i* k� `L4i? �? |�i 5|hii|tG ,tt@)t L? 5i @?_ �L�ih �? +i?@�tt@?Ui

W|@*)� �@*|�4LhiG A�i aL�?t OLT!�?t N?��iht�|) �hittc �bbS�

d�bo ,Mhi)c �@|h�U�@ ��U!*i)� R5��u|t �? �@hh�@}i 6�?@?Ui uhL4 |�i 5� |� |L |�i A��h�

|ii?|� �i?|�h)�� W? �@hh�@}i @?_ W?i^�@*�|) �? ���?iti 5LU�i|)c i_�|i_ M) �@|h�U�@

,Mhi) @?_ +� @|tL?� �ih!i*i)G N?��iht�|) Lu �@*�uLh?�@ �hittc �bb��

d2fo QQQ� A�i W??ih "�@h|iht� �@hh�@}i @?_ |�i w��it Lu ���?iti `L4i? �? |�i

5�?} �ih�L_� �ih!i*i)G N?��iht�|) Lu �@*�uLh?�@ �hittc �bb��

d2�o ,_*�?_c wi?@� R#L�h) W?�@|�L?G � �L44i?|�� 5|LU!�L*4G 5|LU!�L*4 5U�LL* Lu

,UL?L4�Utc Lh!�?} �@Tihc �bb.�

d22o QQQ� R#i@h 5L? � , Ti?t��i #@�}�|ihG `�) #L 5U@hUi L4i? �@) |L �@hh)q�

�@?�tUh�T|� 5|LU!�L*4 5U�LL* Lu ,UL?L4�Utc �bbH�

d2�o ,TT*ic #i??�t� ROi_L?�U �h�Uit @?_ W4T*�U�| �@h!i|tG ,t|�4@|�?} #i4@?_ @?_

5�TT*) 6�?U|�L?t uLh #�gihi?|�@|i_ �hL_�U|t�� aL�h?@* Lu �L*�|�U@* ,UL?L4) bD

E6iMh�@h) �bH.�G eD�Hf�

d2eo B@*@tt�c 6h@?UitUL w�( �i@**�c �@|h�3�@( @?_ ��_?i)c 5|i�i� R,UL?L4i|h�Ut @?_ |�i

+i?@�tt@?UiG � #�tUhi|i +@?_L4�,giU|t �@?i* #@|@ �L_i* Lu 6@h4 Ai?�hi �?

6�u|ii?|���i?|�h) 6*Lhi?Ui�� ,UL?L4�U@ SD E�bbH�G D�D�DS�

d2Do B@�*�?c 5|i�i? a� ��c @?_ a@4it �Lt|ih� R#L�h) @t 6i4@*i �L4Ti|�|�L?�� �4ih�

�U@? �?|�hLTL*L}�t| b2 E�bbf�G bbe��ffD�

2f

Page 23: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

d2So BLL_)c a@U!� R�h�_i�i@*|� @?_ #L�h) �? �uh�U@ @?_ ,�h@t�@�� �? �h�_i�i@*|� @?_

#L�h)c i_�|i_ M) a@U! BLL_) @?_ 5|@?*i) a� A@4M�@�� �@4Mh�_}iG �@4Mh�_}i

N?��iht�|) �hittc �b.��

d2.o QQQ� �hL_�U|�L? @?_ +iThL_�U|�L?� �@4Mh�_}iG �@4Mh�_}i N?��iht�|) �hittc

�b.S�

d2Ho QQQ� A�i �h�i?|@*c |�i �?U�i?| @?_ |�i �h�4�|��iG 5)t|i4t Lu �@hh�@}i @?_

|�i 6@4�*) �? |�i �hi�W?_�t|h�@* 5LU�i|�it Lu ,�h@t�@� �@4Mh�_}iG �@4Mh�_}i N?��

�iht�|) �hittc �bbf�

d2bo Bhi}Lh)c Oi@|�ih� R#@�}�|ihtc #L�h�itc @?_ |�i 6@4�*) �? 6�u|ii?|���i?|�h) 6*L�

hi?Ui�� +�?@tU�4i?|L 2?_� tih� 2. E�bH.�G 2�D��.�

d�fo BhLttM@h_�5�iU|4@?c 5�Lt�@?@� �? |�i ,UL?L4�Ut Lu �@hh�@}iG � A�iLh) Lu

�@hh�@}ic w@MLh @?_ #��LhUi� �L�*_ihG it|��i� �hittc �bb��

d��o B�?ihc �i3��� R�? ,UL?L4�U �?@*)t�t Lu 6@4�*) 5|h�U|�hiG W?�ih�|@?Ui +�*it

@?_ �@hh�@}i 5)t|i4t�� #iT@h|4i?| Lu ,UL?L4�Utc N?��iht�|) Lu +LU�it|ihc

�@?�tUh�T|c �bbH�

d�2o O@4�*|L?c B�**�@?c @?_ �*L)t��t 5�L�� R�*@ttc Bi?_ihc @?_ �@hh�@}i�� #iT@h|4i?|

Lu ,UL?L4�Utc N?��iht�|) Lu ALhL?|Lc �@?�tUh�T|c 2fff�

d��o O@hhi**c 5|i�@?c @?_ 5@h@ �� #�U!i)� R#L�h) 5)t|i4t �? �L4T*i 5LU�i|�it�� ,|��

?L*L}) 2e E�bHD�G �fD�2f�

d�eo O@h|�?}c aL�?� R�L*)})?) @?_ |�i W?�ih�|@?Ui Lu i@*|��� ��hhi?| �?|�hLTL*L})

2� E�bH2�G���2�

d�Do Oih*��)c #@��_ RA�i �i_�i�@* �@hh�@}i �@h!i|�c �i_�i�@* @?_ +i?@�tt@?Ui 5|�_�

�it� S E�b.S�G ��2.�

d�So Oih*��)c #@��_c @?_ ��h�t|�@?i k*@T�tU��~�Mih� wit ALtU@?t i| *i�ht u@4�**itG N?

i|�_i _� �@t|@t|L �Lhi?|�? _i �e2.� �@h�tG �hittit _i *@ 6L?_@|�L? �@|�L?@*i

_i 5U�i?Uit �L*�|�^�itc �b.H� �*tL T�M*�t�i_ �? ,?}*�t�G A�i A�tU@?t @?_ A�i�h

6@4�*�itG � 5|�_) Lu |�i 6*Lhi?|�?i �@|@t|L Lu �e2.� �i� O@�i?G v@*i N?��iht�|)

�hittc �bHD�

d�.o O�}�itc #�@?i ��i?� R6hL4 �h�_iTh�Ui |L #L�h) �? �i_�|ihh@?i@? ,�hLTi��

aL�h?@* Lu 6@4�*) O�t|Lh) � E�b.H�G 2S2�bS�

d�Ho k@�?c 5��*@4�|c @?_ w@?}c ki��?� R,�U�i?| ,t|�4@|�L? Lu 5|h�U|�h@* Oi_L?�U

5)t|i4t�� W?|ih?@|�L?@* ,UL?L4�U +i��i� 2b E6iMh�@h) �bHH�G �D.�SS�

2�

Page 24: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

d�bo k�ht�?ihc a�*��t� R`��it< �*@�4t �}@�?t| W?tL*�i?| O�tM@?_t �? w@|i �i_�i�@*

W|@*)�� W? `L4i? Lu |�i �i_�i�@* `Lh*_G ,tt@)t �? OL?Lh Lu aL�? O� ��?_)c

i_�|i_ M) a�*��t k�ht�?ih @?_ 5�3@??i 6� i4T*i� � uLh_ @?_ �i� vLh!G �@t�*

�*@U!�i**c �bHD�

defo QQQ� R�@|ih�@*t uLh @ B�*_i_ �@}iG �L?�#L|@* �tti|t �? 6*Lhi?Ui E��ff��Dff���

W? A�i 6@4�*) �? W|@*) uhL4 �?|�^��|) |L |�i �hiti?|c i_�|i_ M) +�U�@h_ �� 5@**ih

@?_ #@��_ W� kih|3ih� �i� O@�i? @?_ wL?_L?G v@*i N?��iht�|) �hittc �bb��

de�o k�htU�?ihc a�*��tc @?_ �?|�L?) �L*�L� RA�i #L�h) 6�?_ @?_ |�i �@hh�@}i �@h�

!i| �? ,@h*) "�@||hLUi?|L 6*Lhi?Ui�� aL�h?@* Lu �L_ih? O�t|Lh) Df E�b.H�G ef��

�H�

de2o k*@T�tU��~�Mihc ��h�t|�@?i� `L4i?c 6@4�*)c @?_ +�|�@* �? +i?@�tt@?Ui W|@*)�

���U@}LG N?��iht�|) Lu ���U@}L �hittc �bHD�

de�o kLh|�c ,�}i?ic @?_ #i**@ 6*�tU�i� R#L�h) @?_ W?�ih�|@?Ui �? �L*L?�@* 5T@?�t�

�4ih�U@G �i?�?t�*@h w@� @?_ ���*i@? �h@U|�Ui�� A�i �4ih�U@t e� E�bH.�G �bD�

e�f�

deeo k�i�?c A�L4@t� w@�c 6@4�*)c @?_ `L4i?G AL�@h_ @ wi}@* �?|�hLTL*L}) Lu +i�

?@�tt@?Ui W|@*)� ���U@}LG N?��iht�|) Lu ���U@}L �hittc �bb��

deDo w�TLh�?�c �??@*�t@c @?_ �@h�}�c �h�?L� R��*|��A@t! 5�@hiUhLTT�?} �L?|h@U|tG A�i

W|@*�@? �i33@_h�@�� ,UL?L4�U@ S� E��}�t| �bbS�G eeD�D.�

deSo �L*�Lc �?|�L?)� �@hh�@}i �**�@?Ui �? w@|i �i_�i�@* 6*Lhi?Ui� �@4Mh�_}ic �@tt�G

O@h�@h_ N?��iht�|) �hittc �bbe�

de.o �@33@h�c ��h�i*� #�t@TTi@h@?Ui Lu |�i #L�h)G `L4i?c 6@4�*�itc @?_ 5LU�@*

��@?}i �? 5@L �@�*Lc �h@3�* E�Sff��bff�� 5|@?uLh_c �@*�uLh?�@G 5|@?uLh_ N?��

�iht�|) �hittc �bb��

deHo �i|ihtc ��U�@i*c @?_ �*L)t��t 5�L�� R�L4Ti|�?} �hi�4@h�|@* W?�it|4i?|t�� #i�

T@h|4i?| Lu ,UL?L4�Utc N?��iht�|) Lu ALhL?|L E2fff��

debo "�i**ihc #L?@*_ ,�c @?_ A�L4@t 6� �@__i?� R6@|�ih Lu |�i �h�_iG 6@|�ihtc

#@�}�|ihtc @?_ #L�h�it �? w@|i �i_�i�@* @?_ ,@h*) +i?@�tt@?Ui Vi?�Ui�� +i�

?@�tt@?Ui "�@h|ih*) eSc ?L� e E�bb��G SHD�.���

dDfo +@Lc V��@)i?_h@� RA�i +�t�?} �h�Ui Lu O�tM@?_tG � Oi_L?�U �?@*)t�t Lu #L�h)

W?Uhi@tit �? +�h@* W?_�@�� aL�h?@* Lu �L*�|�U@* ,UL?L4) �f� E�bb��G SSS�..�

22

Page 25: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

dD�o +�i4ihc ,*i@?Lh 5� R L4i?c #L�h�itc @?_ �@T�|@* W?�it|4i?| �? A��h|ii?|��

�i?|�h) 5�i?@�� W? A�i �@hh�@}i �@h}@�?c i_�|i_ M) �@h�L? k@T*@?c Db�Hf� �i�

vLh!G O@�Lh|� �hittc �bHD�

dD2o +Lti?c 5�ih��?� ROi_L?�U �h�Uit @?_ W4T*�U�| �@h!i|tG �hL_�U| #�gihi?|�@|�L?

�? ��hi �L4Ti|�|�L?�� aL�h?@* Lu �L*�|�U@* ,UL?L4) H2 Ea@?�@h) �b.e�G �e�DD�

dD�o +Lti?3�i�}c �@h! +�c @?_ ki??i|� W� L*T�?� R5TiU��U , Tih�i?Uic OL�ti�L*_

5|h�U|�hic @?_ W?|ih}i?ih@|�L?@* Ah@?tuihtG 6@h4 6@4�*) w@?_ @?_ w@MLh �h�

h@?}i4i?|t �? #i�i*LT�?} �L�?|h�it�� "�@h|ih*) aL�h?@* Lu ,UL?L4�Ut �ff E�bHD�G

bS��H.�

dDeo +Lti?3�i�}c �@h!c @?_ �_i_ 5|@h!� O@?_MLL! Lu �LT�*@|�L? @?_ 6@4�*) ,UL�

?L4�Ut� �4t|ih_@4G ,*ti��ih 5U�i?Ui �� V�c �bb.�

dDDo 5U�*i}i*c �*�Uic @?_ +L�? ,*L�*� R�@hh�@}i Ah@?t@U|�L?tG w@MLhc �hLTih|)c 5|@�

|�t�� �4ih�U@? �?|�hLTL*L}�t| bf E�bHH�G 2b���fb�

dDSo 5�L�c �*L)t��tc @?_ j�@L_L?} ~��� R#�gihi?|�@* 6iU�?_�|) @?_ Bi?_ih ���

@ti_ �@hi?|@* W?�it|4i?|t�� #iT@h|4i?| Lu ,UL?L4�Utc N?��iht�|) Lu ALhL?|Lc

�@?�tUh�T|c �bbH� �||TG%%����U�@tt��|LhL?|L�U@%iU�T@%�T@��|4*

dD.o 5|L?ic w@�hi?Uic @?_ a� �� 6@�|�ih 5|L?i� �? �Ti? ,*�|iq ,?}*@?_ �Def��HHf�

� uLh_G �*@hi?_L? �hittc �bHe�

dDHo i�ttc vLh@4� RA�i 6Lh4@|�L? @?_ #�ttL*�|�L? Lu 6@4�*�itG `�) �@hh)q `�L

�@hh�it `�L4q �?_ `�@| O@TTi?t NTL? #��LhUi�� W? �� +Lti?3�i�} @?_ ��

5|@h!c i_t� O@?_MLL! Lu �LT�*@|�L? @?_ 6@4�*) ,UL?L4�Ut� �4t|ih_@4c ,*ti��ih

5U�i?Ui �� V� �� E�bb.�G H���2e�

dDbo ~�@?}c a�?ti?c @?_ `�**�@4 ��@?� R#L�h) @?_ `�ui<t i*u@hiG � A�iLhi|�U@* @?_

,4T�h�U@* �?@*)t�t�� aL�h?@* Lu �L*�|�U@* ,UL?L4) �f. E��}�t| �bbb�G .HS�HfH�

2�

Page 26: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

� A�i O�t|Lh�U@* #i�i*LT4i?| Lu |�i #L�h)G w@�tc ��t|L4tc @?_ W?t|��

|�|�L?t

`��*i @ Ui?|h@* ui@|�hi Lu 4@hh�@}i U�t|L4t �? ML|� @?U�i?| BhiiUi @?_ �? |�i +L4@?

i4T�hic |�i �?t|�|�|�L? Lu |�i _L�h) @t @ �i@*|� |h@?tuih uhL4 T@hi?|t |L |�i�h _@�}�|iht

tii4t |L �@�i _�t@TTi@hi_ Lh @| *i@t| *Lt| �4TLh|@?Ui ��|� |�i u@** Lu |�i +L4@?

i4T�hi�2� A�i _L�h) hit�hu@Ui_ �? W|@*)c tL�|�ih? 6h@?Uic @?_ �@|@*L?�@ @hL�?_ |�i

i*i�i?|� Ui?|�h) @| |�i |�4i �? ���U� ,�hLTi �@t ��|?itt�?} _i4L}h@T��U }hL�|�c |�i

hiM�h|� Lu U�|�itc @?_ |�i �L44ihU�@* +i�L*�|�L?� �) |�i |��h|ii?|� Ui?|�h)c |�i _L�h)

�@t |�i 4@�? 4@hh�@}i RT@)4i?|� }��i? |�@| |�i UL�?|ih_L�ih Lgihi_ M) |�i }hLL4

|L |�i Mh�_i @| |�i |�4i Lu |�i 4@hh�@}i �@_ MiUL4i @ ?i}*�}�M*i t�4 Lu 4L?i)� �| |�i

t@4i |�4i ��i? �? ,�hLTi |�i _L�h) �@t hii4ih}�?} @t |�i 4@�Lh �i@*|� |h@?tuih @|

4@hh�@}ic �? 5�?} ���?@ Ei*i�i?|� Ui?|�h)� _L�h) T@)4i?|t }hi� �? �4TLh|@?Ui ��|�

hitTiU| |L |�i Mi|hL|�@* }�u|t UL?�i)i_ M) |�i }hLL4<t u@4�*) E,Mhi) �bb�c �f���

W|t hi@TTi@h@?Ui �? ,�hLTi _�h�?} |�i i@h*) ��__*i �}it UL�?U�_i_ ��|� �|t @ttL�

U�@|�L? @?_ @*4Lt| �_i?|��U@|�L? ��|� ui4@*i �?�ih�|@?Ui� W? tL4i 4i_�i�@* U�|�it @?_

UL44�?itc t|@|�|it @?_ UL_it i T*�U�|*) t|@|i_ |�@| |�i _L�h) �@t @ t�Mt|�|�|i uLh @

_@�}�|ih<t U*@�4 L? �ih T@|ih?@* u@4�*)<t it|@|i� A��t *i}@* UL?|i | _�giht uhL4 5�?}

���?@ �? ���U� _L�h�it �ihi UL?t�_ihi_ @ t�@hi Lu |�i u@4�*) ThLTih|) M�| _@�}�|iht

�ihi ?L| i U*�_i_ uhL4 hiUi���?} Mi^�it|t E,Mhi)c �f.��

A�i _L�h) UL�*_ UL?t�t| Lu U@t�c hi@* ThLTih|)c @?_ 4L�@M*i ThLTih|)� A�L �4TLh�

|@?| *i}@* ui@|�hit Lu |�i _L�h) Tih|@�?i_ |L E�� ��L hi|@�?i_ L�?iht��T @?_ UL?|hL*

L�ih �| _�h�?} |�i 4@hh�@}ic @?_ E��� ��@| �@TTi?i_ @| |�i 4@hh�@}i _�ttL*�|�L?� W?

4i_�i�@* W|@*) Mh�_it hi|@�?i_ *i}@* L�?iht��T L�ih |�i�h _L�h�it� W? 4i_�i�@* W|@*)c

��tM@?_t UL�*_ �tic �?�it|c @?_ 4@?@}i |�i�h ���it< _L�h�it _�h�?} |�i 4@hh�@}i� W?

4L_ih? BhiiUi �L4i? hi|@�?i_ UL?|hL* L�ih |�i *@?_ �L*_�?}t MhL�}�| @t _L�h) �?|L

4@hh�@}i� N?*�!i �? W|@*)c �? i@h*) 4L_ih? ,?}*@?_ ��tM@?_t }@�?i_ u�** UL?|hL* L�ih

|�i U@t�c u�h?�|�hic @?_ L|�ih 4L�@M*it Lu |�i _L�h)� W? 5�?} ���?@ |�i ThLTih|)

MhL�}�| @t _L�h) �?|L 4@hh�@}i �@t ?L| 4ih}i_ ��|� |�i }hLL4<t u@4�*)<t it|@|i @?_

�@t ?L| t�M�iU| |L _���t�L? @| |�i |�4i |�i it|@|i �@t _�t|h�M�|i_ @4L?} |�i �i�ht�

`��itc �L�i�ihc UL�*_ ?L| t�i |�i�h ��tM@?_t �u |�iti �ti_ |�i�h _L�h�it @}@�?t| |�i�h

���it< ��t�it E,Mhi)c �f.�� W? UL?|i4TLh@h) ?Lh|��it| W?_�@ |�i }hLL4<t u@4�*) U@?

@tt�}? T@h| Lu |�i _L�h) |L L|�ih u@4�*) 4i4Miht @t |�i) ��t��

�) |�i �2Dft �? tL�|�ih? ,�hLTic �L4i? �@_ tiU�hi_ |�i�h h�}�|t L�ih |�i�h _L�h�it

�? |�i i�i?| |�@| |�i�h ��tM@?_t Thi_iUi@ti_ |�i4� Wu |�i ��tM@?_ Thi_iUi@ti_ ��t ��uic

��t �i�ht �@_ |L Mi @M*i |L hi|�h? |�i _L�h) |L |�i ��_L� ��L UL�*_ _iU�_i |L }L M@U!

56A��t tiU|�L? _h@�t �i@��*) L? O�}�it< E�b.H� �?t�}�u�* �Lh! L? |�i ��t|Lh�U@* _i��i*LT4i?| Lu 4@hh�@}i T@)4i?|t @?_ _L�h�it �? ,�hLTi uhL4 |�i Bh@iUL�+L4@? �Lh*_�T |L |�i ��__*i �}it�

2e

Page 27: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

|Lc @?_ *��i ��|�c �ih ?@|@* u@4�*)c hi4@hh)c Lh *��i L? �ih L�?� W? ���?@c �L4i?<t

*i}@* h�}�|t L�ih |�i�h _L�h�it �? |�i i�i?| Lu |�i�h ��tM@?_t< _i@|� U�@?}i_ uhL4 |�i

5�?} |L |�i v��@? @?_ ��?} _)?@t|�it� #�h�?} |�i 5�?} _)?@t|)c ���it �ihi hi|�h?i_

|�i�h _L�h�it �u |�i�h ��tM@?_t Thi_iUi@ti_ |�i4c ���*i �? |�i v��@? @?_ ��?} Tih�L_t

�L4i? UL�*_ ?L| |@!i |�i�h _L�h�it �u |�i) hi|�h?i_ |L |�i�h ?@|@* u@4�it Lh hi4@hh�i_

E,Mhi)c �����

`�i? |�i ��ui Thi_iUi@ti_ ��t ��tM@?_c |�i *@� �@h�i_ uhL4 T*@Ui |L T*@Ui� W? 4@?)

W|@*�@? UL44�?itc t|@|�|it @?_ UL_it it|@M*�t�i_ |�@| |�i _L�h) �@_ |L Mi hit|Lhi_ |L

�ih T@hi?|t E�u @*��i� Lh |L �ih U��*_hi? E�i**L4Lc U�@T|ih S�� W? L|�ih U�|�itc t�U� @t

Bi?L@ @?_ �@��@c ��tM@?_t �ihi i?|�|*i_ |L �@�i M@U! ��@| |�i) �@_ UL?|h�M�|i_ @t

UL�?|ih_L�ih� W? tL4i U�|�it �? 6h@?Uic ��tM@?_t hi|@�?i_ �t�uh�U| Lu @?) hi@* ThLTih|)

Mi*L?}�?} |L |�i _L�h) EO�}�itc �.�� W? 5�?} ���?@c |�i _L�h) T@tti_ |L |�i ��tM@?_

Lh U��*_hi?c �?*itt |�i �L4@? �@_ _iU�_i_ �? @ _�gihi?| �@) E,Mhi)c �fb��

2 �hLLut

W? |�i �?@* t|@}i Lu |�i }@4ic }��i? �?@* }hLtt �i@*|� Lu |�i tL?c +r ' E� n er�%c @?_

�?@* }hLtt �i@*|� Lu |�i _@�}�|ihc +_ ' E� n e_�E� � %�c |�i T@hi?|t ��** U�LLti |�i

LT|�4@* t�@hi Lu Mi^�it| KWEerc e_c %� t�U� |�@|G

L�EKWE� n er�%� ' L

�EE� � KW�E� n er�%n E� n e_�E� � %��

', KWE� n er�% ' E�� K

W�E� n er�%n E� n e_�E�� %�

'E�ner�%nE�ne_�E�3%�

2

�s +r : +_ E�f�

KW ' � �s +r � +_

B��i? igLh| *i�i*tc % @?_ KWEerc e_c %� @t t�44@h�3i_ M) E�f�c |�i U��*_hi?<t T@)Lgt

@hi _itUh�Mi_ M) |�i uL**L��?} ?Lh4@* uLh4 hiThiti?|@|�L?tG

6Lh % � ��c

7J?�r R@+Jssr

er ' � er ' f

(��r e_ ' � L E2E� � %��� 2qE�� %�c L E2%�� 2% L E2E�� %��� 2qE� � %�c LE%�� %

R@+Jss e_ ' f L E�� %�� qE�� %�c LE2%�� 2% L E�� %�� qE�� %�cL E%�� %

2D

Page 28: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

6Lh �� % � �

2c

7J?�r R@+Jssr

er ' � er ' f

(��r e_ ' � L E2E� � %��� 2qE�� %�c L E2%�� 2% L E2E�� %��� 2qE� � %�c LE%�� %

R@+Jss e_ ' f L E�n%2�� qE�� %�c LE�n%

2�� 2% L E�� %�� qE�� %�cL E%�� %

6Lh �2 % � 2

�c

7J?�r R@+Jssr

er ' � er ' f

(��r e_ ' � L E��� 2qE�� %�cL E��� 2% L E2E�� %��� 2qE� � %�c LE%�� %

R@+Jss e_ ' f L E�n%2�� qE�� %�c LE�n%

2�� 2% L E�

2�� qE� � %�c LE�

2�� %

6Lh 2� % � �c

7J?�r R@+Jssr

er ' � er ' f

(��r e_ ' � LE�� � 2qE�� %�c LE�� � 2% LE23%

2�� 2qE� � %�c LE23%

2�� %

R@+Jss e_ ' f LE�n%2�� qE� � %�c LE�n%

2�� 2% LE�

2� � qE�� %�cL E�

2�� %

6Lh i@U� h@?}i Lu %c �i tL*�i uLh |�i t�M}@4i TihuiU| �@t� i^��*�Mh��4 �? igLh|

*i�i*t @?_ |�i LT|�4@* U�L�Ui Lu % �? @ tih�it Lu *i44@t�

wi44@ D 6Lh % � ��c |�i i^��*�Mh��4 igLh| *i�i*t uLh |�i tL? @?_ _@�}�|ih @hi � @?_

� hitTiU|��i*)� A�i i^��*�Mh��4 T@)Lg uLh |�i T@hi?|t �tG

L E2%�� 2%n LE2E� � %��� 2qE�� %�

�hLLuG #�i |L @tt�4T|�L? �E��c �| �t @ _L4�?@?| t|h@|i}) uLh |�i tL? |L �Lh! �@h_�

w�!i��ti uLh |�i _@�}�|ih��

�LhL**@h) S 6Lh % � ��c 4@ �4�4 T@hi?|@* �|�*�|)c LM|@�?i_ @| % ' �

�c �tG

o� ' LE2

���

2

�n LE

e

���

eq

wi44@ . �L?t�_ih % ���U� t@|�t�it�� % � �

2c *i| %

rtL*�it LE%r��%r�EL E�n%r

2��

2%r ' f� 6Lh % %rc *i| &E%� ' L E2E� � %�� � 2qE� � %� � ELE�n%

2� � qE� � %��� Wu

&E%r� fc *i| &Ee%� ' f� 6Lh %r: % : e%c |�i _@�}�|ih ��** t��h! @?_ |�i tL? ��**

�Lh! �? i^��*�Mh��4� W? @** L|�ih U�hU�4t|@?Uitc ML|� U��*_hi? ��** U�LLti i^��*�Mh��4

igLh| *i�i*t Lu ��

2S

Page 29: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

Wu |�i _@�}�|ih �Lh!tc |�i tL? ��** LT|�4@**) U�LLti |L �Lh!� Wu |�i _@�}�|ih

t��h!tc |�i tL? ��** t��h! �u % : %r� �|�ih��ti �i ��** �Lh!� �?|�U�T@|�?} |�i tL?<t

Mit| hitTL?tic |�i _@�}�|ih ��** U�LLti |L �Lh! �u % : %r� Wu % %

rc t�i ��** �Lh! �u

&E%r� : f� Wu &E%r� fc t�i ��** U�LLti |L �Lh! �u % e% @?_ ?L| L|�ih��ti�

�LhL**@h) H 6Lh�� % � �

2c 4@ �4�4 T@hi?|@* �|�*�|)c LM|@�?i_ @| % ' �

2c �tG

o2 ' LE��� � n LE��� q

wi44@ b �L?t�_ih % ���U� t@|�t�it�2 % � 2

�c *i| % tL*�it LE���2%�EL E%��%� ' f�

wi| h% ' 4�?E%c 2��� 6Lh % h%c |�i i^��*�Mh��4 igLh| *i�i*t uLh |�i tL? @?_ _@�}�|ih

@hi ML|� i^�@* |L �� �|�ih��ti |�i i^��*�Mh��4 igLh| *i�i*t @hi ML|� i^�@* |L f�

�hLLuG wi| % h%� A�i? �u |�i _@�}�|ih i ih|t igLh|c |�i tL? ��** @*tL i ih| igLh|�

Wu |�i _@�}�|ih t��h!tc |�i tL? ��** @*tL U�LLti |L t��h!� B��i? |�i Mit| hitTL?tit Lu

|�i tL?c |�i _@�}�|ih ��** U�LLti |L i ih| igLh|� Wu % : h%c �| �t @ _L4�?@?| t|h@|i}) uLh

|�i tL? |L t��h!� A�i? �| �t @*tL LT|�4@* uLh |�i _@�}�|ih |L t��h!�

�LhL**@h) �f 6Lh�2 % � 2

�c 4@ �4�4 T@hi?|@* �|�*�|) �tG

o� ' L E��� 2h%n LE��� 2qE� � h%�wi44@ �� 6Lh

2� % � �c |�i i^��*�Mh��4 igLh| *i�i*t uLh |�i tL? @?_ _@�}�|ih @hi

ML|� i^�@* |L f� A�i i^��*�Mh��4 T@)Lg uLh |�i T@hi?|t �tG

LE�

2�� %n L E

2�� qE� � %�

�hLLuG 6Lh 2� % � �c �| �t @ _L4�?@?| t|h@|i}) uLh |�i _@�}�|ih |L t��h!� B��i?

|�@| |�i _@�}�|ih �@t t��h!i_c �| �t @*tL LT|�4@* uLh |�i tL? |L t��h!��

�LhL**@h) �2 6Lh2� % � �c 4@ �4�4 T@hi?|@* �|�*�|)c LM|@�?i_ @| % ' �c �tG

oe ' L E�

2�� � n L E

2�

o2 : o�� o2 : oe� 6�?@**)c o� : o2 @?_ �i }i| ThLTLt�|�L? 2��

�hLLu Lu ThLTLt�|�L? eG

Nt�?} E��c

Yh%Yq

: f

2.

Page 30: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

Nt�?} E2� @?_ |�i i?�i*LTi |�iLhi4c

YiYq

' �2E�� h%�Y2iYq

2' 2

Yh%Yq

: f

`�i? q ' �c |�ihi �t ?L _�gihi?Ui �? |�i ULt| Lu igLh| Mi|�ii? tL?t @?_ _@�}�|ihtc`` E�� ' 2ELE�� � ��� �t q �?Uhi@titc i _iUhi@tit @| @ _iUhi@t�?} h@|ic t|@h|�?} @|Yi`

Yqmq'� ' ���`�i? q ' �c ` WE�� �t @*tL i^�@* |L 2EL E��� ���

Y`W

Yq' �2E� � %

W�

�� Y`

W

Yq �

2

�t q �?Uhi@titc ` W u@**t @| @ UL?t|@?| h@|i MiU@�ti %W �t �?_iTi?_i?| Lu q� 6Lh

�@*�it Lu q U*Lti |L �c t�?Ui Yi`

Yqmq'� ' ��c i �t *itt |�@? `

W� OL�i�ih t�?Ui i_iUhi@tit @| @ _iUhi@t�?} h@|ic �| 4@) Mi *@h}ih |�@? `

W uLh *@h}ih �@*�it Lu q� 5L

_iTi?_�?} L? T@h@4i|ih �@*�itc ThLTLt�|�L? Ee� LM|@�?t� ,�}�G wi| L E%� ' D *?E� n %��

A��t �|�*�|) u�?U|�L? t@|�t�it @tt�4T|�L? E�� uLh � q ��2D� `WE���� : a` E����

��ihi@t ` WE��2� a` E��2���

� #@|@ �TTi?_�

#L�h) V@*�it #L�h) �@*�it @hi tTiU��i_ �? |�i 4@hh�@}i UL?|h@U|t �h�||i? M)

?L|@h�it� A�i _L�h) UL�*_ UL?t�t| Lu U@t�c �L�titc t�LTtc *@?_ �L*_�?}tc @?_ 4L�@M*i

LM�iU|t t�U� @t *�?i?tc U*L|�itc @?_ �i�i*t� A�i _L�h) �@*�it �ti_ �? |�i hi}hitt�L? @hi

|�i t�4 Lu U@t� T*�t |�i 4L?i|@h) �@*�@|�L? Lu 4L�@M*i LM�iU|tc �L�titc t�LTtc @?_

*@?_ �L*_�?}t�

5TL�tit< �}it A�i Mh�_i<t @?_ }hLL4<t @}itc @| |�i |�4i Lu |�i 4@hh�@}ic �ihi

LM|@�?i_ uhL4 |�i U@|@t|L Lu �e2.� A�i @}it Lu |�i }hLL4<t @?_ Mh�_i<t T@hi?|t �ihi

@*tL UL_i_� 6Lh |�Lti }hLL4t @?_ Mh�_it ��Lti T@hi?|t �ihi _i@_ @| |�i |�4i Lu |�i

�@|@t|Lc |�i @}it �ihi it|�4@|i_ M) �t�?} |�i uL**L��?} U@*U�*@|�L?tG �i |LL! |�i @}i

Lu |�i i*_it| MhL|�ih%t�t|ih �? |�i �L�ti�L*_ @?_ @__i_ 2f )i@ht |L it|�4@|i ��t%�ih

2H

Page 31: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

4L|�ih<t @}i E|��t �@t |�i @�ih@}i @}i @| �ht| M�h|� uLh �L4i?�c @?_ �f )i@ht |L

it|�4@|i ��t%�ih u@|�ih<t @}i E}��i? |�@| �f )i@ht �@t |�i @�ih@}i @}i }@T Mi|�ii?

��tM@?_t @?_ ���it �? �e2. A�tU@?)��

OL�ti�L*_ i@*|� @?_ �UU�T@|�L? W?uLh4@|�L? L? �L�ti�L*_ �i@*|� UL4it

uhL4 |�i U@|@t|L� A�i �i@*|� @ttitt4i?|t �?U*�_iG �L�titc t�LTtc *@?_ �L*_�?}tc t�@hit

�? UL44ihU�@* T@h|?iht��Ttc Uhi_�|tc _iM|tc @?_ t�@hit Lu }L�ih?4i?| _iM|�

A�i U@|@t|L @*tL ThL��_it �?uLh4@|�L? L? |�i LUU�T@|�L?t Lu |�i }hLL4 ELh |�i

}hLL4<t u@|�ih� @?_ |�i Mh�_i<t u@|�ih� W? |�i hi}hitt�L? |�i _�44) �@h�@M*i uLh LU�

U�T@|�L? |@!it L? |�i �@*�i Lu � ��i? |�i }hLL4 ELh ��t u@|�ihc Lh |�i Mh�_i<t u@|�ih�

Th@U|�Uit @ ?L?�@}h�U�*|�h@* LUU�T@|�L? E@h|�t@?c 4ihU�@?|c ?L|@h)c Lh 4i_�U@* _LU|Lh��

�iLT*i Th@U|�U�?} @ ?L?�@}h�U�*|�h@* LUU�T@|�L? UL�*_ @*tL L�? *@?_( �L�i�ihc �i �@?|

|L _�t|�?}��t� Mi|�ii? |�Lti �L�ti�L*_t ��Lti �i@*|� _ih��i_ i U*�t��i*) uhL4 @}h��

U�*|�hi @?_ |�Lti �L�ti�L*_t ��Lti �i@*|� U@4i uhL4 L|�ih tL�hUit �? @__�|�L? |L

@}h�U�*|�hi�

��4Mih Lu ���*_hi? @?_ ��4Mih Lu 5L?t E#@�}�|iht� A�i U@|@t|L @*tL

hiTLh|t |�i ?�4Mih Lu t�M*�?}t �? @ �L�ti�L*_c ��|� |�i�h }i?_ihc @}ic @?_ 4@h�|@*

t|@|�t� 6Lh 4@hh�@}it MiuLhi �e2. �i @__i_ M@U! |�i _@�}�|ih |L �ih ?@|@* u@4�*)� �t

_�tU�tti_ �? |�i |i |c |��t _Lit ?L| UL4T*i|i*) tL*�i |�i �?_ihUL�?|�?} Lu _@�}�|iht�

2b

Page 32: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

A@M*i �G 5�44@h) t|@|�t|�Ut Lu 4@hh�@}it �? �Lh|L?@c �e�D��e�S

�i@? �i_�@? 5|@?_@h_ #i��@|�L?

#L�h) E�? }L*_ �Lh�?t� �2e�� .f �fD�2

BhLL4<t @}i 2H�� 2. H�DH

�h�_i<t @}i �H�. �H e�be

�}i Lu }hLL4<t u@|�ih Se�b Se�D �f�bH

�}i Lu Mh�_i<t u@|�ih De De �f�D2

BhLL4 �L�ti�L*_<t �i@*|� SD� �be �.2H�

�h�_i �L�ti�L*_<t �i@*|� Se� �Db �bb��

��4Mih Lu U��*_hi? �? }hLL4<t �� 2�2 2 ��HH

�ihUi?|@}i Lu tL?t �? }hLL4<t �� f�b � f��H

��4Mih Lu U��*_hi? �? Mh�_i<t �� ��� � 2��e

�ihUi?|@}i Lu tL?t �? Mh�_i<t �� f�� f�e f�2.

OL�ti�L*_ *��it �? |L�?@ �SHD

�h�_i<t �� �i@*|� uhL4 @}h�U�*|�hi@ �S.S

BhLL4<t �� �i@*|� uhL4 @}h�U�*|�hi@ �.f.

� 222

Qrwh= Wkh pduuldjhv uhihu wr erwk krxvhkrogv olylqj lq wkh wrzq ri Fruwrqd dqg lq iruw|0irxu

yloodjhv lq lwv frxqwu|vlgh1@Iljxuh lq shufhqwdjhv1

Vrxufhv= Ioruhqfh/ Vwdwh Dufklyhv +khuhdiwhu DVI,/ Fdwdvwr 546/ 547/ 548/ 549/ 585/ 586/ 587>

Qrwduloh Dqwhfrvlpldqr 4476/ 4477/ 4478/ 4479/ 8774/ 4336;/ 4;<38/ 4;<39/ 4;<3:/ 4;<3;/

4;<3</ 4;<43/ 4;<44/ 4;<45/ 4;<46/ 4;<471

�f

Page 33: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

A@M*i 2G #L�h) �L?|h@U|t �? �Lh|L?@c �e�D��e�S

�** UL?|h@U|t �@|U�i_ UL?|h@U|t

�L?|h@U| U�@h@U|ih�t|�Ut �ihUi?|@}i 5�@hit_ �ihUi?|@}i

�@)4i?| E4L�@M*it� �S�e f�f� ���f

�@)4i?| EU@t�� HS�2 f�.D b��H

�@)4i?| E�L�tit( t�LTt� �2�D f�f� .�2

�@)4i?| E*@?_ �L*_�?}t� eD�. f�2� ef�D

#iuihhi_ T@)4i?|t D��f Q DH�D

�L?|�?}i?| T@)4i?|t@ 2��� Q 2��H

�hL�| t�@h�?} f�S Q f�b

�|�ih |ih4tK H�H Q e�D

��ih@}i _L�h)S

�i_�@? _L�h)S��e�H

Se

�2e��

.f

� �2H 222

Vrxufhv= Vhh Wdeoh 41@Wkh pdmrulw| ri frqwlqjhqw sd|phqwv zhuh frqwlqjhqw xsrq wkh jurrp*v uhtxhvw1 Wkdw lv/

wkh frqwudfw h{solflwo| surylghg wkdw d sruwlrq ri wkh grzu| zdv wr eh sdlg _zkhq wkh jurrp

zloo dvn iru lw1%K Vrph pduuldjh frqwudfwv vshfl�hg rwkhu whupv= lq vrph lqvwdqfhv/ d sruwlrq ri wkh grzu|

kdg wr eh sdlg e| vrphrqh hovh wkdq wkh eulgh*v sduhqwv +d fkdulw|/ d uhodwlyh/ hwf1,1S Iljxuhv duh lq jrog �rulqv1 Wkh ydoxhv iru doo frqwudfwv +�uvw froxpq, duh fdofxodwhg iru wkh

5<5 frqwudfwv wkdw surylghg wkh ydoxh ri wkh grzu|1_ Dyhudjh

��@*�i Lu |)Ti Lu T@)4i?|

�@*�i Lu |L|@* _L�h)

�1

��

Page 34: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

A@M*i �G +i}hitt�L?t EMh�_i @||h�M�|it� � 2 �

�w5@ �i_�@?K �w5@

#iTi?_i?| �@h�@M*i _L�h) _L�h) *L}E_L�h)�

�@hh�i_ �e2. @?_ *@|ih���ff

E�f�f.�

���f2�

ES�f22�

f�f22H

Ef�fS.f�

2?_ 4@hh�@}i _�44)�e�S2

E����D�

���.eH

E�b�e��

f��22D

Ef��Db.�

@}ie�bfS

E���fS�

��bD�

Ee�22��

f�fDf�

Ef�f2D.�

@}i2�f�fbeS

Ef�fSSf�

�f�fHDb

Ef��f�2�

�f�ff�f

Ef�fffD�

u@|�ih<t @}i�f�.2bD

Ef�DfeD�

�f���e�

Ef��e2b�

�f�ffeH

Ef�ff�H�

u@4�*)<t �i@*|�f��eef

Ef�f��e�

f���2H

Ef�f�Sb�Q

Eu@4�*)<t �i@*|��2�b�22i�fS

Eb�Dfi�f.�

�H�efi�fS

Ee�ffi�fS�Q

u@4�*)<t *L} �i@*|� Q Qf���HD

Ef�f2b��

u@|�ih<t LUU�T@|�L?

E'� �u ?L?�@}h�U�*|�h@*�

�e��.2

E�e��2�

22�Hf

E�S�bS�

f���b.

Ef�fbHb�

�hM@? _�44)Sb���

Eb�bSS�

ef�fS

E�f�.��

f�S2D�

Ef�f.bS�

?�4Mih Lu t�M*�?}t��D���

Ee�f�.�

�S�S��

E��HS2�

�f�f.H�

Ef�f2Hb�

?�4Mih Lu MhL|�iht�H�S�

ED�.Df�

D�b2f

ED�e�H�

f�fDHe

Ef�f�D.�

-2 f�.S.D f�DHe2S f�.SSDs�7. De�D. Q f�e�e2

� 222 222 222

@ Urexvw vwdqgdug huuruv lq sduhqwkhvlv1K Errwvwuds vwdqgdug huuruv lq sduhqwkhvlv1 Qr vleolqj �{hg h�hfwv1S Svhxgr U21

�2

Page 35: @h t|i**@ L|| U ? 5 @? *L)t t 5 L 6 }t| 22c 2fffhomes.chass.utoronto.ca/~siow/2801/dowry.pdf}t| 22c 2fff Erwlflqwl wkdqnv wkh Mrkq P1 Rolq rI xqgdwlrq +Mxqlru dfx|owIhoorzvkIls,/ wkh

A@M*i eG +i}hitt�L?t E}hLL4 @||h�M�|it� � 2 �

�w5@ �i_�@?K �w5@

#iTi?_i?| �@h�@M*i _L�h) _L�h) *L}E_L�h)�

�@hh�i_ �e2. @?_ *@|ih���f2

E�2�H��

���D2f

E.�.SH�

f�fHe2

Ef�fS.b�

2?_ 4@hh�@}i _�44)�b�bS

E2b�fH�

���fbf

E2H�S��

f��22b

Ef���H��

@}ib�.DS

E2�be2�

��SfD

E2�S�b�

f�fD.f

Ef�f�.S�

@}i2�f��e2�

Ef�fe�2�

�f�f2HD

Ef�fe�H�

�f�fffH

Ef�fff��

u@|�ih<t @}i����DS

Ef�Sbb2�

f�2.�H

Ef��DDe�

�f�ff.2

Ef�ff�b�

u@4�*)<t �i@*|�f�fHe.

Ef�f�HD�

f��fSe

Ef�f�ff�Q

Eu@4�*)<t �i@*|��2�D�SHi�fS

E��22i�fS�

�.�22i�fS

E��DDi�fS�Q

u@4�*)<t *L} �i@*|� Q Qf�ef..

Ef�f2b.�

u@|�ih<t LUU�T@|�L?

E'� �u ?L?�@}h�U�*|�h@*�

�e��e

E2f�2��

�f��D

E2.��D�

f�fbbS

Ef�fbD.�

�hM@? _�44)Sb�.�

E���b2�

�.�HD

E�2��H�

f�D2.S

Ef�fSbS�

?�4Mih Lu t�M*�?}t2��eD

ES�2���

���SHe

E���bD�

�f�ffbH

Ef�f�Se�

?�4Mih Lu MhL|�iht�D�fH�

E�f��2�

��bSf

E��beS�

�f�fH�f

Ef�fDf.�

-2 f�S�S� f�e2feS f�HfDbs�7. .f�fH Q f��H.b

� 222 222 222

@ Urexvw vwdqgdug huuruv lq sduhqwkhvlv1K Errwvwuds vwdqgdug huuruv lq sduhqwkhvlv1S Svhxgr U21

��