H ajj – the pilgrimage of muslims - archetype of a mass ... · The Noble Qur’ân, surat 2, al...
Transcript of H ajj – the pilgrimage of muslims - archetype of a mass ... · The Noble Qur’ân, surat 2, al...
Hajj – the pilgrimage of muslims Prof. Dr. Günt
Muslims have to respect five pillars of Islam:Shahadah (profession of faith)
The Noble Qur’ân, surat 2, alto the ways of Prophet MuhammadAllah”. Every year about 2The extremely diverse population from about 185 countriesstate of purity and holiness (getting old challenge for Saudi
AssessmentEstimated health risks Holy sites along the Hajjroute
Stay in MinaPlain of ArafatJamarat-BridgeGreat MosqueSafa - MarwahPublic routes
Measures of healthprevention to minimize health hazards(Saudi Arabia invests billionsof dollars p.a. since decades
Results: Hajj, rites, holy siteFigure: Route of
the pilgrimage of muslims Prof. Dr. Günter Schmolz, MD, MSc, member of
Muslims have to respect five pillars of Islam:Shahadah (profession of faith)
The Noble Qur’ân, surat 2, alto the ways of Prophet Muhammad
Every year about 2extremely diverse population from about 185 countries
state of purity and holiness (getting old and are restrictedchallenge for Saudi Arabian authorities.
ssessment of persistent
the Hajj Malaria, other VBD
Mina 0 - + Plain of Arafat 0 - +
Bridge 0 - + Great Mosque 0 - +
Marwah 0 Public routes 0 -+
res of health care,prevention and precautionto minimize health hazards(Saudi Arabia invests billions
ollars p.a. since decades
Results: Hajj, obligatory pilgrimage of the Islamic world, reveals a lot of different risks to health. The knowledge of the holy sites and the health state of the traveler will
oute of hajj (CDC);Pctures: M
the pilgrimage of muslims er Schmolz, MD, MSc, member of
Muslims have to respect five pillars of Islam:Shahadah (profession of faith) – sala’at(prayer)
The Noble Qur’ân, surat 2, al-baqarah (to the ways of Prophet Muhammad
Every year about 2- 3 Mio Muslims follow thextremely diverse population from about 185 countries
state of purity and holiness (Ihram). Manyrestricted in theirArabian authorities.
health risks of the holy sites and the routeCommunicable diseases
Tuberculosis
+ - ++ (+) + + - ++ - -
care, and precaution
to minimize health hazards (Saudi Arabia invests billions
ollars p.a. since decades)
Obligatory vaccination- meningococcal meningitis - poliomyelitis- YF of people from endemic regionsRecommended vaccinations- Influenza,
bligatory pilgrimage of the Islamic world, reveals a lot of different risks to health. The knowledge of the and the health state of the traveler will
Ministry of Haj (SA);References:
the pilgrimage of muslims - archetypeer Schmolz, MD, MSc, member of the board, German Society for Travel Medicine
Muslims have to respect five pillars of Islam: sala’at(prayer) - zakat (purification
baqarah (‘the cow’)to the ways of Prophet Muhammad ), the Hajj and ‘Umrah (i.e.
Muslims follow thextremely diverse population from about 185 countries
. Many of these people their health. The s
Arabian authorities. During the hajj
of the holy sites and the routeommunicable diseases
Tuberculosis Invasive Meningo- coccal disease
++ 0 - ++ 0 - + 0 - +
++ 0 - + 0 0
The main
Mina:Thousands of to accommodate million people
Jamarat:Stoning the devil
Safain Reminiscence of Hagar
Obligatory vaccinations: meningococcal meningitis poliomyelitis
people from endemic regionsRecommended vaccinations
Influenza, dPT, HepA, measles, PNC
bligatory pilgrimage of the Islamic world, reveals a lot of different risks to health. The knowledge of the and the health state of the traveler will
eferences: The Noble Qu
archetype the board, German Society for Travel Medicine
purification, tax for the poors)
) 196:” And perform properly (i.e. all the ceremonies according Hajj and ‘Umrah (i.e.
Muslims follow this demand of Muhammadextremely diverse population from about 185 countries perform
these people wereThe security of the pilgrims and their health care
During the hajj, pilgrims often neglect
of the holy sites and the routes to get there
Gastro- enteritis diarrhea
Exacerbation of diseases
++ + -(+) ++ - + ++ + -
0 – (+) 0 -+ +
The main holy sites
Mina: Thousands of tents to accommodate a million people
Plain of Arafat:Pilgrimsnoon to climb the mountain
Jamarat: Stoning the devil
Meccseven walks around the holy shrine Kissing of the stone
a – Marwah runs in Reminiscence of Hagar and Ismael
- - - - - -
meningococcal meningitis ACYW
people from endemic regions Recommended vaccinations
dPT, HepA, measles, PNC
bligatory pilgrimage of the Islamic world, reveals a lot of different risks to health. The knowledge of the and the health state of the traveler will allow
The Noble Qur’ân(Darussalam), Schmolz
of a mass gatheringthe board, German Society for Travel Medicine
, tax for the poors) – saum (fasting)
And perform properly (i.e. all the ceremonies according Hajj and ‘Umrah (i.e. the perennial
demand of Muhammadperforms the same activitiesere not able to afford their attendance before
ecurity of the pilgrims and their health care pilgrims often neglect
to get there; legend: 0 = no risk, + = Non-Communicable diseases
Exacerbation of diseases
Panic attacks, psychiatr. disorders
++ + +++ + - ++ + ++ - +++ ++ ++ - +++ - + 0 - + + +
ly sites of the hajj
Plain of Arafat: Pilgrims pray from noon to sunset and climb the mountain
ecca Great Mosque: seven walks around the holy shrine Kaaba Kissing of the stone
Air-conditioned rooms Everywhere offering drinking water Mobile hospitals Ambulances > 20.000 members of Intensive care and dialysis units
bligatory pilgrimage of the Islamic world, reveals a lot of different risks to health. The knowledge of the allow adequate advice to travel medicine staff
Schmolz G, Hadsch(FTR 2009:117
mass gatheringthe board, German Society for Travel Medicine
saum (fasting) – hajj (annual pilgrimage)
And perform properly (i.e. all the ceremonies according the perennial pilgrimage to Makkah) for
demand of Muhammad. the same activities
not able to afford their attendance before ecurity of the pilgrims and their health care
pilgrims often neglect obvious and hidden
0 = no risk, + = littleCommunicable diseases
Heart attacks, collapse
Heat exhaustion,sunstroke
+ ++ - +++ ++ ++ - +++ ++ - +++
0 - + + - ++
Possible and probable health risks
Communicable diseases
Non-communicable diseases
Other risks
rooms, sun protectionverywhere offering drinking water
members of medical staff care and dialysis units
bligatory pilgrimage of the Islamic world, reveals a lot of different risks to health. The knowledge of the adequate advice to travel medicine staff
2009:117-124), ECDC:Rapid
mass gathering (Poster NECTM 7)
the board, German Society for Travel Medicine
hajj (annual pilgrimage)
And perform properly (i.e. all the ceremonies according pilgrimage to Makkah) for
the same activities within 6 days in a not able to afford their attendance before
ecurity of the pilgrims and their health care is a huge obvious and hidden health risks.
little risk, ++ = moderate risk,+++ = high riskviolenceInjuries
Heat ex- haustion, sunstroke
+ + ++ - +++ +
++ ++ ++ + - ++0 (+)
+ - ++ + - ++
Possible and probable health risks
Communicable diseases Malaria, and other VBD Hepatitis A, E Cutaneous leishmaniosis Invasive meningococcal Tuberculosis Influenza Gastroenteritis, diarrhea Poliomyelitis
communicable diseases Sunstroke/heat exhaustion/cramps Circulatory collapse
syndrome Renal failure Panic attack and other psychiatric
disorders Exacerbation of
like diabetes or coronary heart disease
Other risks Road accidents Stampede Injuries, for example by falling down Acts of terrorism
, sun protection - Gate control (Jeddah, Great Mosque- Extended presence of police, fire Brigade, security staff- Fireproof tents in Mina- Developed public transport system - Compulsory vis
bligatory pilgrimage of the Islamic world, reveals a lot of different risks to health. The knowledge of the adequate advice to travel medicine staff
Rapid risk assessment for
NECTM 7)
hajj (annual pilgrimage)
And perform properly (i.e. all the ceremonies according pilgrimage to Makkah) for
within 6 days in a not able to afford their attendance before
a huge health risks.
= moderate risk,+++ = high riskviolence njuries
Stampede
(+) +
++ - +++ ++ ++ (+)
++ (+)
Possible and probable health risks
Communicable diseases , and other VBD
Hepatitis A, E Cutaneous leishmaniosis
meningococcal meningitisTuberculosis
enteritis, diarrhea liomyelitis
communicable diseases Sunstroke/heat exhaustion/crampsCirculatory collapse, coronary
enal failure Panic attack and other psychiatric
Exacerbation of preexisting diseases like diabetes or coronary heart disease
Road accidents
, for example by falling downActs of terrorism
Gate control (Jeddah, Great MosqueExtended presence of police, fire Brigade, security staff ireproof tents in Mina eveloped public transport system ompulsory visa contingents
bligatory pilgrimage of the Islamic world, reveals a lot of different risks to health. The knowledge of the adequate advice to travel medicine staff
risk assessment for the hajj (10.08.2017)
= moderate risk,+++ = high risk Acts of terrorism
(+)? (+)?
+ - ++? ++? (+)? (+)
meningitis
Sunstroke/heat exhaustion/cramps coronary
Panic attack and other psychiatric
preexisting diseases like diabetes or coronary heart disease
, for example by falling down
Gate control (Jeddah, Great Mosque Extended presence of police, fire
eveloped public transport system a contingents
bligatory pilgrimage of the Islamic world, reveals a lot of different risks to health. The knowledge of the
2017), WHO-WER