H2

Enabling practical & affordable hydrogen at scale(s)

Guillaume Petitpas

Salvador M. Aceves

IM#: LLNL-PRES-742208

111 • Lawrence Livermore ｾ＠ National Laboratory

Safe, Long-Range, Scalable, Cost Effective, Zero Emissions Transportation with Cryo-compressed Hydrogen Storage and Dispensing

• The high density of liquid hydrogen

without the vent losses

• Lowest cost of ownership

• Improved performance at large

scale (volume/weight/cost)

• Compelling safety advantages

• Reduced expansion energy

• Second layer of protection

(outer vacuum jacket)

Composite support rings

Carbon-fiber , high pressure vessel

Vacuum shell stainless steel

Gaseous H2 fill line

Liquid H2 fill line

High energy density provides flexibility for design optimization

3

Vehicle weight

Cost

Onboard energy

Onboard volume

Range

Fill time

Liquid hydrogen (LH2) has many benefits,

especially at large scale(s)

4

• High density LH2 allows minimum volume & mass, thus minimum storage & transmission cost

• High capacity per truck & short transfer times facilitates delivery logistics/scheduling

• Low potential burst energy: 20 K and <6 bar vs. 300 K and >200 bar

• LH2 pumps provide high throughput at low dispensing costs

4,300 kg H2 capacity

$167/kg

LH2

800 kg H2 capacity

$783/kg

350 bar, composite

250 kg H2 capacity

$1000/kg

190 bar, steel

From Reddi et al, 2016

Today’s standard: 700 bar refueling with pre-cooling

5Does “multiplying” this design for large stations make sense ?

HYDROGEN REFUELING STATION (GASEOUS HYDROGEN SUPPLY)

(Pre-Cooled to -40°C)

--------== ==t ----1...-=-=-=-::....i.=-=-=-=--' Chiller

HX

ｾ＠

Limits the Flowrate

to 3.6 kg/min

Dispenser

(Mainta ined at 950 bar)

Hist, (Compressed to 950 bar) :

Pressure

High Pressure Buffer Storage Compressor

Accumulator (Compressed

(Maintaine d at 500 bar) to 530 bar)

(Compressed to 900 bar)

Mid

Pressure

Hz Compressor

Mid Pressure Buffer Storage

Booster Compressor

HYDROGEN SUPPLY SOURCE

Tube-Trailer (200-500 bar)

Pipeline (20 bar)

Reformer/Electrolyser H2

Production Unit (20 bar)

Liquid hydrogen pump (Linde) enables practical cryogenic hydrogen storage through rapid (5 minute) refueling of initially warm and/or pressurized vessels

• High throughput (100 kg/h)

• Infinite back to back refuels

• No cascade

• No refrigerator

• No booster compressor

• Small footprint

• Low capital cost

• Minimum electricity consumption at

station (1 kWh/kg H2)

• Highest storage density (up to 80 g/L)

• Up to 875 bar in two stages

Comparison LH2 vs. gaseous pathway: refueling station CAPEX

7

LH2 delivery Gaseous delivery

• Station designed for 80 trucks or buses per

day, 50 kg capacity each (4,000 kg/day)

• Cost projections from ANL (HDSAM)

• Centralized production of H2

• Assumes high volume production

• Pipeline has high transmission costs ($500k-

$1m per mile)

• Direct fill: 16 compressors have same

throughput as 5 pumps ….

Comparison with 350 bar

8

• Station designed for 80 trucks or buses per day,

50 kg capacity each (4,000 kg/day)

⁻ Land: $5k/month

⁻ Electricity: $0.15/kWh

⁻ O&M: 3% of CAPEX/year

⁻ Wage: $60k/year

⁻ Boil-off: 1%/kgH2, $5/kgH2

• Different efficiencies:

• 4 kWhe/kgH2 for compressors

• 0.25 to 0.5 kWhe/kgH2 for LH2 pumps

Comparison LH2 vs. gaseous pathway: refueling station OPEX

CcH2 provides optimal solution for zero-emission transit

H223,000 lb

22,500 lb

300 miles

180 miles

3.4

53350 bar, H2

Battery

9

21% lighter than battery 60 kg H2

$30k

$25k

Assuming carbon fiber body

Curb weight Powertrain

costRange

Power draw

on grid at station

(kW)

28,000 lb $75k 200 miles 540

30 kg H2

Same powertrain volume: 1.25 m3

Same fueling speed: 180 miles/h

Same body: carbon fiber

~- . ...-.__ ··~·-·-- -.. BATTEFIY ELECTRIC -

I . ,_._.... • ..:.,. .... ' ·r -~ .... ｾ＠. . -~ ...; ｾ＠ . q - _a-~ - - - ----- - - - -- -- -

CcH2

enables a cost-effective integrated solution

Least expensive and most compact way to distribute H2

Least expensive and most compact way to store H2 in bulk

Least expensive, fastest and most efficient way to dispense H2

Least expensive, most compact way to store H2 on-board vehicles

+ Added BONUS: cryogenic H2 has many safety features 10

11

The work was performed under the auspices of the U.S.

Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National

Laboratory under contract DE-AC52-07NA27344

LLNL-PRES-742208

Suitable for External Audience (Unlimited)

Lawrence Livennore National Laboratory