Guilherme Gomes Verocai Supervisor: Susan Kutz
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Life History of the ‘Serendipity worm’ (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae): an undescribed parasite of
ungulates in the Arctic and Subarctic
Life History of the ‘Serendipity worm’ (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae): an undescribed parasite of
ungulates in the Arctic and Subarctic
Guilherme Gomes Verocai
Supervisor: Susan Kutz
Guilherme Gomes Verocai
Supervisor: Susan Kutz
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Introduction
Parasites can act as drivers of ecological changes in host
populations
Lack of knowledge on Arctic parasite diversity limits
understanding
Studies on parasites, their distribution, and impacts on host
populations
Economical and cultural importance
Photo: Susan Kutz
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Introduction
Occurrence of Serendipity worm in North America (extracted from Kutz el al., 2007)
An unknown Protostrongylidae species was discovered in ungulates across the Arctic (Kutz et al., 2007)
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Introduction
Larvae isolated from feces and molecularly characterized based on the ITS-2 sequence (2000-2006)
Distinct from other species within the Family Protostrongylidae
No taxonomical description was provided
Deroceras laeve (Müller, 1774): naturally infected intermediate host (IH)
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Introduction
Proposed life-cycle of the Serendipity worm.L1: First-stage larva, L3: Third-stage larva, IH: Intermediate Host, DH: Definitive Host, PPP: Pre-patent Period.
DH: site of parasitism?
L1 shed in feces
L3 emerges?
??
Development from L1 to L3 = ?days
IH
??
PPP=? days
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Objectives
1. Provide a taxonomic description
2. Establish life cycle experimentally
3. Determine definitive host and geographic ranges
Photo: Pat Curry
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Methods
1. Taxonomic description:
• Muskoxen from Nunavik, QU
• 1 post mortem + lungs of 2 hunted animals
• Lung dissection
• Several washes passing through 75μm sieve
• Analyzed material at dissecting microscope
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Methods
Lung tissue for histopathology (10% buffer formalin)
Molecular confirmation of species identity (ITS-2)
Taxonomic description:
• Clear nematodes with Lactophenol
• Sp. description: measurements, drawings
• Comparison with related spp.: Museum types
• Phylogeny within Protostrongylidae based on morphology
• Larval stages: L1 from feces/L2-3 from gastropods
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Preliminary Results
Collected material: nematodes in lungs
Animal ID Sex Coordinates/ Place
Locality Number of worms
Males Females Fragments*
Om-01-10 Female 580 44’ 51.44”N 700 02’ 06.19”W
Tasiujaq, QU 1 1 1
Om-02-10 Male 580 44’ 09.96”N 690 34’ 18.22”W
Tasiujaq, QU 4 1 4
Om-10-10 Female Stewart Lake Road
Kuujjuaq, QU 4 3 4
Cephalic end Male caudal end Female caudal end Embryonated egg
* Body fragments containing taxonomic relevant features (i.e. cephalic and caudal ends)
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Methods
2. Establish life cycle experimentally :
• Muskoxen fecal samples
• Isolate L1 (Baermann technique)
• Infect laboratory gastropods
• Recover L3 by digestion
•
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Methods
2. Establish life cycle experimentally :
• Infect captive muskox (1) and reindeer (4-6)
• Evaluate life cycle parameters (PPP, patent period, seasonality)
• Infected animals will serve as larval source
• Describe pathology in experimentally infected reindeer
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Larvae successfully developed in experimentally infected
gastropods:
• D. reticulatum: L3 in 52 days
• Lymnaea stagnalis: L2 in few weeks
Larval emergence occurs
Muskox experimentally exposed to L3
Fecal monitoring
Preliminary Results
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Methods
3. Determine definitive host species and geographic ranges:
• Fecal samples from northern ungulates (herds/populations)
• Larval isolation by Baermann technique
• Material from caribou herds and muskoxen frozen at -20C
• Molecular identification based on ITS-2 sequence
• Studies on Phylogeography (based on cox I of mDNA)
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Preliminary results
Herd Date/ Season Samples (n) DSL Prevalence (%)
Bathurst Nov’07 32 15.6
George/Leaf River* Jun/Nov/Oct’07 60 20
Bathurst March’08 37 29.7
Cape Bathurst/ Blue Nose West March’08 38 28.9
Akia (Greenland) March’08 47 0
Porcupine Sept’08 13 0
Bathurst Sept’ 08 28 3.6
Kangerlussuaq (Greenland) March’09 50 0
Cape Bathurst/ Blue Nose West March’09 74 32.4
Bathurst* April’09 29 34.5
Ahiak* Feb’09 36 58.3
Beverly/Qamanirjuaq* March’09 23 65.2
Porcupine Fall’09 10 10
George/Leaf River (not finished) Spring/Fall’09 30 53.3
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Preliminary results
Caribou herds infected by Serendipity worm
Source: WWF/CARMA Network
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Preliminary Results
Caribou:
• New records of infected herds in Canada mainland
• Overlaps Parelaphostrongylus andersoni
• Co-infections can occur
Prevalence in Muskoxen from Quebec
• 86.7 – 100% (several collections 2008-10)
Greenland muskoxen & caribou: 0%
Elk from the Yukon: 0% (n=60)
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Summary
DH: SITE OF PARASITISM
L1 shed in fecesL3 emerges
IH
PPP
??
??
??
??
??
??
Development from L1 to L3
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Summary
DH: SITE OF PARASITISM
L1 shed in fecesL3 emerges
IH
PPP
??
??
??
??
??
Development from L1 to L3
LUNGS
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Summary
DH: SITE OF PARASITISM
L1 shed in fecesL3 emerges
IH
PPP ??
??
??
??
Development from L1 to L3
LUNGS
52 days
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Summary
DH: SITE OF PARASITISM
L1 shed in fecesL3 emerges
IH
PPP ??
??
LUNGS
52 daysDevelopment from L1 to L3
??
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Summary
DH: SITE OF PARASITISM
L1 shed in fecesL3 emerges
IH
PPP ??
??
LUNGS
52 daysDevelopment from L1 to L3
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Acknowledgements
Kutz Lab: Dean Brown, Danna Schock, Nathan deBruyn, Pat Curry,
Bryanne Hoar, Ryan Brook, Jesse Invik, Lynn Klassen
Committee: Susan Kutz, John Gilleard, Alessandro Massolo, Eric Hoberg
Gilleard Lab: Alexander Eberhardt Lukowiak Lab: Sarah Dalesman Czub & Leguillette Labs Greg Muench, Nigel Caulkett, Marianne Jorgensen Makivik Corp: Manon Simard, Bill Doidge, François Martin Biologists and Veterinarians with Governments of NU, NT, YK, Alaska, and
Greenland Northern communities/hunters Department of Ecosystem and Public Health
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Thanks!Thanks!