Guidelines for Technical Publications of the Wildlife … · GUIDELINES FOR TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS...

GUIDELINES FOR TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

WILDLIFE PROGRAM

byElizabeth Stanlake

Wildlife BranchMinistry of Environment, Lands and Parks

Wildlife Working Report No. WR-58

March 1993

GUIDELINES FOR TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONSOF THE

WILDLIFE PROGRAM

- revised edition -

byElizabeth Stanlake

Research and Development SectionWildlife Branch

Ministry of Environment, Lands & ParksVictoria, B.C.

Wildlife Working Report No. WR-58

March 1993

ii

Wildlife Working Reports frequently contain preliminary data, soconclusions based on these may be subject to change. WorkingReports receive little review. They may be cited in publications, buttheir manuscript status should be noted. Copies may be obtained,depending upon supply, from the Ministry of Environment, Lands andParks, Wildlife Branch, 780 Blanshard Street, Victoria, B.C., V8V 1X4.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 FORMAT AND PRODUCTION OF WILDLIFE TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS................. 11.1 Types of Technical Reports .......................................................................................... 1

1.1.1 Unpublished reports ....................................................................................... 11.1.2 Published reports - regular series................................................................... 11.1.3 Published reports - occasional series ............................................................. 2

1.2 Guidelines for Authors ................................................................................................. 21.2.1 Planning ......................................................................................................... 31.2.2 Manuscript Format ........................................................................................ 41.2.3 Camera-ready Format .................................................................................... 91.2.4 Reviewing and editing process .................................................................... 101.2.5 Printing ........................................................................................................ 111.2.6 Distribution .................................................................................................. 12

2.0 STYLE GUIDE FOR SCIENTIFIC WRITING.................................................................... 132.1 Abbreviations and Symbols ........................................................................................ 132.2 Numbers ..................................................................................................................... 132.3 Metric System ............................................................................................................. 14

2.3.1 Système International (SI) units .................................................................. 142.3.2 Time reporting ............................................................................................. 152.3.3 Metric dating................................................................................................ 152.3.4 Conversion ................................................................................................... 15

2.4 Statistics ...................................................................................................................... 15

3.0 STYLE NOTES ..................................................................................................................... 163.1 Tense and Voice ......................................................................................................... 17

3.1.1 Tense ............................................................................................................ 173.1.2 Voice ............................................................................................................ 17

3.2 Word Usage ................................................................................................................ 173.2.1 Jargon .......................................................................................................... 173.2.2 Abstract nouns ............................................................................................. 173.2.3 Confusing pairs ............................................................................................ 17

3.3 Spelling ....................................................................................................................... 183.4 Plurals ......................................................................................................................... 183.5 Common Mistakes in Word Usage and Spelling........................................................ 19

4.0 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 20

APPENDICES .............................................................................................................................. 21

v

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Hierarchy of headings ............................................................................................ 6

Figure 2. Format used for tables ............................................................................................ 8

Figure 3. Types of binding ................................................................................................... 12

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Diagnostic criteria of Wildlife Program technical documents ............................... 3

Table 2. Standard abbreviations used in tables, figures and parenthetic expressions .......... 7

Table 3. Système International (SI) base units and their symbols, supplementarySI units, and some non-SI units that have a wide acceptance .............................. 14

Table 4. Common prefixes for SI units .............................................................................. 15

Table 5. Symbols and abbreviations currently used in statistics ........................................ 16

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A. Part 1. Word or phrase abbreviations for titles of publications ............................ 23Part 2. Examples of various citations for references ............................................ 26

Appendix B. Part 1. Front cover formats ................................................................................... 31Part 2. Title page format ....................................................................................... 38Part 3. Back of title page format ........................................................................... 39Part 4. Back cover format ..................................................................................... 40

Appendix C. Reviewer’s checklist ............................................................................................. 43

Appendix D. Publication Proposal Form ................................................................................... 45

Appendix E. Abbreviations for U.S. and Canadian political units ............................................ 47

Appendix F. Words and expressions to avoid ........................................................................... 49

Appendix G. List of standard proofmarks .................................................................................. 51

1 Technical Publications Manual

T he Wildlife Program of the Ministry of Environment produces many technical and scientific reports. These reports contain information describing completed projects or

completed parts of large projects. This manual refers only to material of a recognized scientificor technical nature, and does not refer to informational guidelines and brochures disseminatedto the general public.

The purposes of this style manual for technical publications are:1. to provide guidelines for authors preparing scientific or technical documents in the Wildlife

Program, and2. to summarize the review and production procedures and identify areas of responsibility for

all persons involved in the production of such documents.

It consists of three parts: the format and production of wildlife technical documents, a style guideto scientific writing, and style notes for good writing. This publication uses selected guidelinesfrom several sources, which, in combination, fit the publication needs of the Wildlife Program.

℘℘℘℘℘℘℘℘℘

1.0 FORMAT AND PRODUCTIONOF WILDLIFE TECHNICALDOCUMENTS

1.1 Types of Technical Reports

1.1.1 Unpublished reports

Internal Working Reports (IWR) are informalreports for internal use only. Preliminary obser-vations can be recorded in this series. Theyreceive little or no review and should not becited in publications without permission of theauthor.

Internal Working Reports do not receive Cata-loguing in Publication (CIP) data from the Leg-islative Library. They are reproduced on a copier;sometimes they have a window cover. Twenty-five to 50 copies will be produced. Distributionshould be limited to Wildlife Program person-nel or to persons directly involved with theproject. Three copies will be delivered to theMinistry of Environment, Lands and Parks Li-brary in Victoria.

1.1.2 Published reports - regularseries

Wildlife Working Reports (WR) contain interimdata from ongoing projects. They provide aconvenient means of assuring that data collec-tions are rapidly made available for use prima-rily within the Wildlife Program. Results ofpilot studies should be recorded in this circular.They can be used as data reports for majorstudies. Apart from editorial changes, thesedocuments receive little review beyond that bythe designated project supervisor and theTechnical Editor of the Wildlife Branch.

Working Reports are reproduced by Queen’sPrinter and have a beige cover. Some willreceive CIP data. Fifty to 100 copies will beproduced. Distribution should be limited toWildlife Program personnel or to persons di-rectly involved with the project. Three copieswill be given to the Ministry of EnvironmentLibrary in Victoria, and two copies will begiven to Public Affairs and CommunicationsBranch (with contact names).

Technical Publications Manual 2

Wildlife Bulletins (B) contain results of surveys;habitat improvement, inventory, and protectionstudies; technique evaluations; literature bibli-ographies; problem analyses; and bioassays.The Bulletin series is used for most of thepublications of scientific or technical work donewithin the Wildlife Program. They undergo acomplete editorial and review process (notanonymous), usually by Ministry staff. Thisprocess includes English editing and a technicalor scientific review.

Wildlife Bulletins receive CIP data and typi-cally are reproduced by Queen’s Printer. Usu-ally, 250 copies are printed. Distribution is bothinternal and external, based on the Research andDevelopment Section mailing list and on namessupplied by the author(s). Six copies are givento the Legislative Library, three to the Ministryof Environment, Lands and Parks Library.

Wildlife Reports (R) contain results of majorstudies largely of Wildlife Program interest.They are a more formal technical report than theBulletins. More complete and intensive studiesshould be reported in this series than in theBulletin. Typically, the manuscripts includedescriptions of methods, results (including analy-ses), and a discussion that relates the findings ofthe study to current knowledge. Wildlife Re-ports receive technical peer review from withinand from outside the Ministry, that can be anony-mous at the reviewer’s discretion.

Wildlife Reports receive CIP data and are repro-duced by Queen’s Printer. Usually, 250 copiesare printed. Distribution is the same as for theBulletin.

1.1.3 Published reports - occasionalseries

Wildlife Technical Monographs (TM) presentresults of major investigations, or studies ofdirect relevance to wildlife and habitat manage-ment in British Columbia. Technical Mono-

graphs are comprehensive, detailed reports,usually dealing with long-term investigationsinto topics that are complex and broad in scope.Data are critically and thoroughly analysed;results are rigorously assessed from scientificand statistical criteria; discussions are in-depthintegrations with management and relevanttheory. Technical Monographs are consideredto be the formal Wildlife Program publicationsince they receive external review by recog-nized experts on the topic.

Proceedings are collected papers from Wild-life Program sponsored or co-sponsored work-shops, symposia, or conferences that deal withdisciplines for which the Wildlife Program hasresponsibility or interest.

Within each category, publications will be num-bered sequentially, with a letter prefix denot-ing the appropriate series, e.g., IWR-1,WR-45. The Bulletin, Report and TechnicalMonograph series are sometimes jointly num-bered as part of the Ministry of Environment,Lands and Parks Technical Report series(Kawalilak 1987), the Ministry of Forests Wild-life Habitat Research (WHR) series; or othertechnical wildlife series of other agencies.Choice of publication type depends on thenature of the investigations; on the extent,quality, type, and implications of the results,and on the audience for which the publication isintended.

Table 1 summarizes the criteria of WildlifeProgram technical documents.

1.2 Guidelines for Authors

While preparing a manuscript, authors shouldrefer to the latest edition of the Council ofBiology Editors (CBE) Style Manual, and toother references on how to write a scientificpaper, e.g., How to Write and Publish a Scien-tific Paper by Robert A. Day (1979). Proper


Table 1. Diagnostic criteria of Wildlife technical documents.

Type of document

No. produced

CIP-processed

Distribution

Review

Subject matter

Nature of edit

Print process

Scope

Topics, e.g.

CriteriaWildlifeBulletin

250

yes

internal/external

internal,limitedexternal, notanonymous

small projects

technical,English

offset from300 dpi laser-printed camera-ready original

narrow,specific

problemanalyses,working plansof majorprojects

WildlifeReport

250

yes

internal/external

external, someinternal,anonymous

major projects

technical,English

offset from300 dpi laser-printed (orbetter) camera-ready original

intermediate

final projectreports

WildlifeTechnicalMonograph

variable

yes

internal/external

external onlyby recog.experts,anonymous

various

scientific,English

offset from300 dpi laser-printed (orbetter) camera -ready original

broad, compre-hensive

final reports oflong-term,majorprojects

Journals &Others

variable

no

variable

as per journal

various

scientific,English

various

variable

WorkingReport

50 - 100

sometimes

internal/some external

projectsupervisorand Editor

interim

format

offset from 300dpi laser-printed camera-ready original

narrow,specific

progress reportsof majorprojects

InternalWorkingReport

25

no

internal

projectsupervisorand Editor

preliminary

format

copier

narrow,specific

prelim. data,progressreports

variable

use of these style manuals will save time andeffort later in the publication process. Wildlifepublications generally follow the guidelinesfor the Journal of Wildlife Management (Rattiand Ratti 1988), so authors can also refer to arecent edition of that journal for basic style.

1.2.1 Planning

Before starting the first draft, the author shouldconsult the Editor to determine the most suit-able type of publication for the report. The typeof publication influences the amount of re-quired information, e.g., the more formal Bul-

letins and Reports generally require a moreextensive literature search than Working Re-ports. If the report is to be submitted to anoutside journal, the author should consult thatjournal's instructions for authors.

Authorship should be decided upon beforestarting the first draft in order to avoid laterdisputes and misunderstandings. Authorshipshould be reserved for those persons who con-tributed materially to the study, such as itsdesign or conception, in the analyses and inter-pretation of data, or in the write-up. Routinetechnical work does not normally entitle one to


authorship, although consideration should begiven in special circumstances. Unresolveddisputes over authorship will be arbitrated bythe Editor. Dickson et al. (1978) give someuseful guidelines for determining authorshipand sequence of authors.

Permission from the copyright holder shouldbe obtained in cases where figures, graphs, orlong quotations will be reproduced. Short quo-tations may be cited without permission, thoughin all cases the source must be acknowledged.

1.2.2 Manuscript Format

Component organization — Manuscriptsshould include some or all of the followingelements:

Title PageAbstract and Keywords OR Summary

PrefaceTable of Contents

List of TablesList of Figures

List of AppendicesIntroduction

AcknowledgementsMethods and Materials

ResultsDiscussion

RecommendationsReferences, Literature Cited

AppendicesGlossary

Index

Specific guidelines regarding most of thesecomponents are given below. It is upto the author to determine which componentsare most appropriate for the manuscript.

Titles should be short, specific, informative,and preferably <10 words. The species,geographic location, and subject matter

should be included in the title. Scientificnames should be omitted from the title ex-cept for species without common names.

Abstracts must be complete and informa-tive (not indicative) in scope, methods, andresults. An Abstract must be able to stand onits own (apart from the text) and shouldrefer to all information suitable for index-ing. The problem, the methods used, and theprincipal data and conclusions should bebriefly stated (Day 1979). Abstracts aresingle paragraphs and should not exceed250 words, except for longer articles, whenabstracts should be no more than one line(typed) per page of text plus LiteratureCited (Ratti and Ratti 1988). The abstractshould be written last and composed toinvite reading of the entire paper by manykinds of people. Abstracts are optional forWorking Reports and Bulletins and unnec-essary for Internal Working Reports.

Keywords follow the Abstract and consistof the word “Keywords:” followed in alpha-betical order by <10 words that describeimportant topics in the article, such as: thecommon and scientific names of the princi-pal organism(s); the geographic area; meth-ods used; and phenomena and entities stud-ied, e.g., aging, behaviour, browse species.Keywords are optional for Working Re-ports and Bulletins and unnecessary forInternal Working Reports.

Summary consists of a brief descriptionof the content of the report and shouldinclude any recommendations made in thereport. An Abstract OR Summary may beused, but not both.

Preface contains introductory comments orindicates the supporting agencies of thestudy. It should be <200 words.


plications, and the relationship of the find-ings to published research and manage-ment practices.

Conclusions may be presented as a sepa-rate section or as part of the discussion.

ReferencesCitations in the text1. Use name and year system enclosed in

parentheses, e.g., (Hebert 1973).

2. Grouped citations are arranged by datewithin parentheses and are separated bysemicolons, e.g., (Marshall 1979;Johnson 1982).

3. Both the original and secondary sourceof a reference are cited if one author’swork is cited by another and the originalreference is not available, e.g., Marston1948, cited by Blaxter 1962. List bothreferences in the bibliography.

4. Unpublished information is cited in thetext but not included in the bibliography,e.g., (C.E. Braun, pers. comm.), ( G.B.Healy, unpubl. data).

5. Legislative Acts are cited in the text thefirst time they are mentioned, e.g., Wild-life Act. 1982. S.B.C. Chap. 57; Minis-try of Forests Act. 1978. R.S.B.C. Chap.272, but are not cited in the bibliogra-phy.

Bibliography1. The bibliographic section is called Lit-

erature Cited if all references cited inthe text have been published, are in press,or are deposited in libraries as theses. Itis called References Cited when someof the references in the text are unpub-lished, and just References or Bibliog-raphy when all material consulted dur-

Table of Contents is not necessary in briefWildlife technical documents (all series).Generally speaking, the longer the docu-ment, the greater the need for a Table ofContents. Headings should be numberedonly if the decimal numbering system hasbeen used in the document. No more thanthree levels of headings and subheadingsshould be used in the Table of Contents. Inlonger documents, after the Table of Con-tents, include a List of Tables, List of Fig-ures, and List of Appendices. Captions fortables, figures, and appendices should beconcise in the contents listing.

Introduction should define the problemand state the objective(s) of the investiga-tion. Authors should refer only to relatedstudies and pertinent literature. The objec-tives and/or the reasons for the study shouldbe defined. The acknowledgements areplaced as the final paragraph in the Introduc-tion section, or as a separate section if lengthy.

Methods and Materials should include adescription of design and organization of theinvestigation. Procedures, including thosefor statistical analyses of data, must be eitherreferenced or described in enough detail sothe work may be repeated.

Results are generally separated from dis-cussion. The text must be meaningful with-out the reading of tables, illustrations, orother research; these should be referred to inparentheses. Only data necessary to supportthe text should be given. Data should besummarized so that they can be easily under-stood. Statistical analyses should be usedwhen appropriate to aid interpretation ofdata, but should not mask comparisons ofinterest.

Discussion should state the significance ofthe work, its implications and possible ap-


ing the preparation of the article, pub-lished or unpublished, cited or uncited,is included.

2. References are listed alphabetically byauthor and are not numbered.

3. One-word journal names are not abbre-viated, e.g., Ecology, Nature. Word orphrase abbreviations that can be used fortitles of publications are given in Appen-dix A, which also includes examples ofvarious citations.

Appendices contain detailed, lengthy ta-bles and associated reference materials (suchas lists) that are not essential to the text butprovide supportive information. If there aremany short appendices, their titles are listedon a single page preceding the appendices.Appendices should be identified alphabeti-cally using capital letters. If any appendixcontains more than one section, the appen-dix is preceded by a single page with theappendix letter and title of each sectionlisted.

Miscellaneous back matter, such as aglossary or an index, can be included iffurther reference material is needed.

Text — Manuscripts to be submitted shouldbe typed with a word processor using WordPer-fect (PC 5.0, 5.01 or MAC 2.03), where

possible, and should be on white paper, oneside only. Text should be in Times Roman10-12 pt., with 1.25 line-spacing or equivalent.Margins of 2.5 cm on all sides are suggested.

Headings and subheadings — The relativeimportance of sections are emphasized by cre-ating a hierarchy of headings (Figure 1).

For documents <20 pages or those with fewheadings, the following system is used:

1. Primary headings for major sectionsshould be all upper case, Helvetica Bold14pt., and centred. Two line spaces sepa-rate primary headings from the text.

2. Secondary headings should be left justi-fied, with the first word and all significantwords capitalized and in Helvetica Bold 14pt. Two line spaces separate them from thetext.

3. Tertiary headings should be indented by6 mm (1/

4 inch) tab and italicized, with the

first and all significant words capitalized.The heading is directly followed by an"em" (—) dash and then the text. For terti-ary and subsequent headings, Times Ro-man (same size as the text) should be used.

4. Further subheadings should be indented by6 mm (1/

4 inch) tab and italicized, with only

the first word capitalized.

Figure 1. Hierarchy of headings.

METHODS

Habitat Use

Pellet Group Counts —

1.0 FORMAT

1.2 Guidelines for Authors

1.2.1 Format

Tables and figures —

A. For documents <20 pages B. For documents >20 pages


Table 2. Standard abbreviations used in tables, figures and parenthetic expressions (adapted fromRatti and Ratti 1988). An asterisk indicates the term can be abbreviated in the text.

Abbreviations AbbreviationsTerm or Symbol Term or Symbol

Adult ada Logarithm, base 10 log10

*Amount amt Male MApproximately approx Maximum, minimum max., min.Average x Minute minChi-squared X2 Month b

Coefficient coeff Month names Jan, Feb,...Coefficients of: More than >* correlations, simple r Number (of items) No. multiple R Observed obs. determination, simple r2 Outside diameter o.d. multiple R2 Parts per billion ppb variation CV Parts per million ppm*Concentration concn Percent(age) %*Confidence limits CL Population size NDay Probability PDegrees of freedom df RangeDiameter diam Sample size nDiameter breast height dbh Second secEquation(s) eq(s) Spearman rank correlation r

s

Expected exp Square sqExperiment exp. Standard deviation(s) SDFemale F Standard error (s

x-) SE

F ratio F Student’s t tHectare ha Temperature tempHeight ht Tracec trHour hr Versus vsInside diameter i.d. Volume vol.Juvenile juv Week weekLethal concn, 50% LC

50Weight wt

Lethal dose, median LD50

Wilcoxon test TLess than <* YearLimit lim Z-statistic ZLogarithm, base e ln or log

e*

a Commonly used table abbreviations and non-metric measurements need no period except to avoid confusion, e.g., exp - expected,exp. - experiment.b A blank means do not abbreviate.c Define in a footnote, e.g., tr = 1%.

For documents >20 pages or those with manyheadings, the decimal numbering system shouldbe used (Figure 1, B), in the following system:

1. Primary headings for major sections shouldbe all upper case, Helvetica Bold 14 pt., andleft justified. Two line spaces separate theseheadings from the text.

2. Secondary headings are left justified,Helvetica Bold 14 pt., and should have thefirst and all significant words capitalized.

Two line spaces separate them from thetext.

3. Tertiary headings should be left justifiedand should have only the first word capital-ized, using Helvetica Bold 12 pt. Two linespaces separate them from the text.

All subsequent headings follow the pattern fortertiary and subsequent headings in documents<20 pages. To number headings in the decimalsystem, see Figure 1 and this report.


Tables and figures — Tables are placed asclosely as possible to their first mention in the textand are numbered in the order referred to in thetext using Arabic numerals. For data that must beshown in a table, items that provide the mostimportant comparisons should read down, notacross. Standard abbreviations (Table 2) shouldbe used and unusual terms placed in footnotes.Format and headings should follow the style ofthe Journal of Wildlife Management (Figure 2).Text in tables is in Times Roman, usually 10-12pt., with 8-9 pt. as the minimum size. Verticallines are seldom used.

If footnotes are required, superscript letters (a,b)are used as indices. The following sequence isused for placing the superscript letters alpha-betically: 1) in the title, 2) left to right, and 3)down. Naked decimal points, dashes (use N.Dif there are no data), and zeroes (unless the itemwas measured) should be avoided in tables.

Table titles should be descriptive but concise.Include the name(s) of the characteristic(s)measured, measurement units (in parenthe-ses), name(s) of organism(s), and place anddate. The, Summary of, and Comparisons be-tween should not be used. The title is placedabove the table, left justified, in Helvetica Bold10pt.

If a table must be continued on another page,the table number is repeated, followed by “con-tinued” and the box headings.

Figures may be photographs, includingphotomicrographs, or may be computer-de-rived or traditionally produced artwork. Photo-graphs should be black and white glossy printswith sharp focus and contrast. If size of thesubject is important, include a scale or magni-fication factor.

Line illustrations, produced by computer ortraditional methods (e.g., black India ink, “press-on” products such as Letraset or Geotype)should be in sharp focus and contrast.Handprinting or typewriter lettering is not ac-ceptable for figures in Bulletins, Reports, andTechnical Monographs. All lines, symbols, let-ters, and numerals must be neat and of theappropriate size for the desired reduction. Ex-cessively coarse, excessively fine, or distract-ing patterns should be avoided. On graphs, Nand x and, where appropriate, R or r2, shouldbe included.

Arabic numerals are used to number figuresconsecutively throughout the text. Figures areplaced as close as possible to their first mentionin the text. Captions should be in Helvetica

Male Diet

Diet Protein Air-dried Frozen(% OD)

DMa MEnb DM ME

n

Corn 6.2 31.8 3.912Buffaloberry 8.4 48.9 3.162 41.9 3.401Cottonwood 5.4 21.5 4.162Russian-olive 6.6 59.6 2.422Snowberry 5.5 39.9 2.305 100.3 4.427

a Ovendry matter intake in g/grouse day.b Nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy in kcal/g ingested matter.

Table 1. Mean daily intake (DM) and metabolizable energy (MEn) of diets fed ad libitum to captivesharp-tailed grouse.

Figure 2. Format used for tables (table adapted from Evans and Dietz 1974).


Bold 10 pt., placed below the figure, flush withthe left margin of the figure. The size of thefigures should be 21.5 x 28 cm (81⁄

2x11 in.) or

less. The author may submit neat hand-drawnfigures to the Editor for re-draughting for thefinal report. Charges will be invoiced to theappropriate project, if necessary.

Preparation of Final Draft — Generally, themore time spent in preparing a manuscript, theless time spent in reviewing and revising. Thefollowing steps encourage preparation of a goodmanuscript: a logical, detailed outline; a restperiod after writing the first draft; a criticalrevision followed by re-typing; a review by acolleague; another critical examination by your-self, and revision if necessary. Make a finalreview using the following checklist derivedfrom the CBE Style Manual, 4th edition (pp.61-62).

Have you:

1. numbered text pages consecutively, begin-ning with the title page?

2. numbered each figure and table consecu-tively according to its order of citation inthe text, cited each figure and table at leastonce in the text, and checked that each textcitation refers to the appropriate figure?

3. added margin notes to indicate the pointwhere each table or figure is cited in thetext?

4. listed in the bibliographic section refer-ences cited in the text, tables, and legends?

5. cited at least once in the text, tables, orlegends all references listed in the biblio-graphic section?1

6. confirmed accuracy of all references in thebibliographic sections by comparison with

the original article or book, or with a previ-ous draft that has been carefully checkedagainst the original source?

7. made sure each footnote sign or number inthe text or tables has a corresponding foot-note?

8. read the final draft carefully, at least twice,including once against the pages from whichit was typed?

9. reconsidered the appropriateness of yourtitle and key words?

10. reviewed the special requirements of theWildlife Program publication manual andmade certain that you have met them?

11. outlined essential aspects of the study in theAbstract?

12. conducted statistical analyses where ap-propriate?

13. checked graphs to make sure that resultsstand out from the axis?

Unless instructed otherwise, start the formalreview procedure with a good copy of themanuscript. Keep the original copy of the manu-script in your files.

1.2.3 Camera-ready Format

The final camera-ready copy of a manuscriptwill be prepared by the Research and Develop-ment Section after the review process has beencompleted, and will include the followingcomponents:

Front cover — The front covers of Bulle-tins, Reports, and Technical Monographs showthe ISSN designation2, title, author(s)'s name,date of publication, provincial government and/

1Missing references (i.e., those cited in text but not listed in Literature Cited) and incorrect citations (e.g., year of publication is differentin the text than in the Literature Cited) are the most common errors in technical documents.2International Standard Serial Numbers as determined by the National Library of Canda and obtained from the Legislative Libraryin Victoria.


or ministry logo, and the publication numberand type.

The Research and Development Section is re-sponsible for draughting front covers. Exam-ples are shown in Appendix B.

Title Page — The title page presents thefollowing information: ISSN designation, title,author, author’s affiliation and address, publi-cation type and number, and date of publica-tion. If the author’s present address is different,footnote it after the author’s surname. Theformat shown in Appendix B is used for Bulle-tins and Reports. Technical Monographs andWorking Reports will follow a similar format.The Working Report, Bulletin, Report, or Tech-nical Monograph number will be provided bythe Editor.

Back of the Title Page — One of thefollowing comments (depending on the type ofpublication) is placed 4 cm from the top andcentred on this page (Appendix B):

“Wildlife Working Reports frequently containpreliminary data, so conclusions based on thesemay be subject to change. Working Reportsreceive little review. They may be cited inpublications but their manuscript status shouldbe noted. Copies may be obtained, dependingupon supply, from the Ministry of Environment,Lands and Parks, Wildlife Branch, 780Blanshard Street, Victoria, B.C. V8V 1X4.”

“Wildlife Bulletins frequently contain prelimi-nary data, so conclusions based on these maybe subject to change. Bulletins receive somereview and may be cited in publications. Cop-ies may be obtained, depending upon supply,from the Ministry of Environment, Lands andParks, Wildlife Branch, 780 Blanshard Street,Victoria, B.C. V8V 1X4.”

“Wildlife Reports are documents relevant towildlife management in British Columbia butfor various reasons were not published exter-

nally. Manuscripts submitted for publication inthis form are generally reviewed by two orthree referees. Copies may be obtained, de-pending upon supply, from the Ministry ofEnvironment, Lands and Parks, WildlifeBranch, 780 Blanshard Street, Victoria, B.C.V8V 1X4.”

“Wildlife Technical Monographs contain re-sults of investigations, studies, and surveys ofdirect relevance to management of wildlife inBritish Columbia. Manuscripts submitted forpublication in this form receive external peerreview and are considered formal publica-tions. Copies may be obtained, depending up-on supply, from the Ministry of Environment,Lands and Parks, Wildlife Branch, 780Blanshard Street, Victoria, B.C. V8V 1X4.”

Text — The final (camera-ready) copy ofthe text will use Times Roman 10-12 pt., with1.25 line-spacing or equivalent, in two-col-umn format. Manuscripts published in one ofthe Technical Publication series will beprinted double-sided using margins of 2.5 cmon all sides as standard.

Page Numbering — Numbering is usuallycentred at the top of each page, as in thisWorking Report. Full-page figures or tables arenumbered as part of the numbering sequence.Front material, e.g., Table of Contents, is num-bered in lower case Roman numerals.

Inside Back Cover — The previous publi-cations in the series are listed here in numericalorder, including the present one. See AppendixB for an example.

1.2.4 Reviewing and editing process

All manuscripts covered by this manual mustbe submitted to the Editor, who is then respon-sible for ensuring that the review process out-lined below is conducted efficiently and inaccordance with the guidelines in this manual.


The nature and extent of the review varies, butthe basic procedures are similar for all WildlifeProgram technical reports:

1. The author should send a copy of the manu-script to his/her supervisor for approval toproceed. The supervisor should forwardthe document and a covering memo statingsuggested publication series to the Editor.

2. The Editor reads the article, determineswhether it should be published, and decideswhether the intended type of publication isappropriate. Depending on the subject mat-ter, the Editor may refer a manuscript to theDirector of the Wildlife Branch, Victoria,for approval in principle to proceed. Whenthese steps are completed, the Editor as-signs a manuscript number. At the time ofpublication, the appropriate report seriesnumber will be assigned.

NOTE: If the Wildlife Program is paying formanuscripts published in external journals, theauthor must ensure that at least 25 copies ofthese are sent to the Public Affairs and Commu-nication Branch of the Ministry for distributionon demand.

3. The Editor arranges for review by sendingthe manuscripts to people who have agreedby letter or phone to review the article. Astandard checklist (Appendix C) for re-viewers will be sent with each article. Theircomments should be returned to the Editorwithin 30 days of receiving the manuscript.Where applicable, reviewers who wish toremain anonymous should make this clearto the Editor.

4. The Editor provides final instructions to theauthor. In cases of minor revisions, theEditor will arrange directly for final typingand for preparation of figures.

5. Articles requiring major revisions will bereturned to the author, who will correct andreturn the manuscript to the Editor within30 days for final typing. The author willalso be asked to fill out part of a Ministry ofEnvironment, Lands and Parks PublicationProposal (Appendix D).

6. The Editor sends copies of the final versionto the author for final authorization to print.At the same time, a copy is sent along withthe Publication Proposal to the Director ofthe Wildlife Branch for approval and sig-nature. Once approval has been received, acopy is sent to the Legislative Library forCIP and ISSN designation.

7. When all revisions have been made, theCIP information attached to the back of thetitle page (see Appendix B), and authoriza-tion for printing received, the Editor sendsthe camera-ready copy to Queen’s Printerfor printing.

1.2.5 Printing

Front Covers are printed in black ink on 21.5x 28 cm (81⁄

2x11 in.) Mayfair stock. Bulletins

have a standard cover format printed on May-fair Antique-India stock (Appendix B), andWorking Report covers are printed on beigeMayfair stock (Appendix B). Covers for Re-ports and Technical Monographs vary in colourand design, and are arranged through discus-sion between the author and the Editor. InternalWorking Reports generally have a windowcover with the Ministry name on it.

Title Page is a right-hand page and is page i,although numbering is not shown.

Back of Title Page has the Working Report,Bulletin, Report, or Technical Monograph de-scription and the CIP; it is page ii, althoughnumbering is not shown.


Text (including Title Page) is duplicated onrecycled offset white 21.5 x 28 cm (81⁄

2 x 11 in.)

paper with no reduction. The text is printed onboth sides of the page, unless otherwise indi-cated by the Editor.

Figures and Tables are oriented on the pagewithin space indicated by the Editor and re-duced where necessary. Tables and figuresrequiring placement lengthwise on the page arepositioned with the title (top) at the left marginof the page.

Back Cover uses the same stock as the frontcover, with a list of previous reports in theseries on the Inside Back Cover.

Binding: Three types of binding are generallyused for Wildlife Program technical docu-ments (from Queen's Printer 1987):

1. side-stitching, where stitches (staples) are6 mm (1⁄

4 inch)

from backbone;

2. saddle stitch, where folded sheets are in-serted into each other and stitched (stapled)on the spine; and,

3. adhesive (perfect) binding, where glue isapplied to the spine and a wraparound cover(paperback style) is applied (Figure 3).

Occasionally, spiral, cerlox, or wire-O bindingwill be used (Figure 3). The choice of bindingdepends on the length of the manuscript and theavailability of funds.

1.2.6 Distribution

The Editor will distribute copies to:

1. Legislative Library, Victoria (6 copies);

2. Ministry of Environment, Lands and ParksLibrary, Victoria (3 copies);

3. libraries at each provincial university andcommunity college (1 copy each);

4. Government Documents Division at theVancouver and Victoria Public Libraries(1 copy each);

Figure 3. Types of binding (from Queen's Printer 1987).


Do not start a sentence with an abbreviation ora symbol unless it is an accepted acronym, e.g.,RCMP, NATO.

Do not abbreviate the name of a division of theearth’s surface, a continent, region, mountain ormountain range, ocean, sea, lake or river, orsuch words as County, Fort, Point, Port, orMount when they are part of a proper name:

Arctic Circle Pacific Ocean Africa Fort St. JohnFraser River Cultus Lake Mount Currie

Use the abbreviation or symbol for a unit ofmeasurement in the text only if the unit ispreceded by a number. Spell out the name of aunit of measurement that follows a spelled-outnumber, as at the beginning of a sentence:

The mean weight was 5 g.Five grams were collected at each site.

Do not letterspace between capital-letter (acro-nyms), and do not use periods except whenreferring to nations, states, provinces, and cit-ies:

DNA FAO N.J. P.E.I.

Space the parts of a lowercase abbreviation of acompound term only if no period is betweenthem:

mol wt sp gr e.g.

Spell out the genus name in a title and on firstmention in text; thereafter, it may be abbrevi-ated if the content makes it clear.

2.2 Numbers

For writing numbers in text, follow the rulesgiven below:

1. Run the numerals together for two to fourdigit numbers, e.g. 1000, 2568.

2. Leave one space between each group ofthree, going either direction from the deci-mal point, for >4 digits, e.g. 423 000 000,0.000 123.

5. Research and Development Library (1 copyfor archives);

6. those on a mailing list supplied by theResearch and Development Section (1 copyeach);

7. Public Affairs and Communications Branch(2 copies); and

8. others as requested by the author.

The remaining copies will be available fromthe Wildlife Branch, Victoria, for distributionupon request.

Originals and plates from printing will be keptwith the Editor.

2.0 STYLE GUIDE FORSCIENTIFIC WRITING

2.1 Abbreviations and Symbols

Use only widely accepted forms for abbrevia-tions. If the abbreviation is not widely used, theterm should be written out at first mention withthe abbreviation in parentheses:

International Standard Serial Numbers

(ISSN) appear in the upper right corner

Abbreviate the name of a state, territory, prov-ince, or district only when it is preceded by thename of a city or town:

Cranbrook is in southeastern British Columbia.

The study area is 50 km north of Cranbrook, B.C.

Spell out the names of countries in the text, withthe exception of USA ( or U.S. when used as anadjective). Abbreviations for U.S. and Cana-dian political units are given in Appendix E.


11. Write a large number that ends in severalzeros by substituting a word for part of it, byusing exponential format, or by using anappropriate prefix with a basic unit of meas-urement (see next section for description ofbasic units of measurement):

2.3 million not 2 300 0002.3 x 106 not 2 300 00015 km not 15 000 m

2.3 Metric System

2.3.1 Système International (SI) Units

The SI system (Table 3) is recommended forscientific reporting. Seven base units make upSI: length, mass, time, electric current, thermo-dynamic temperature, the amount of substance,and luminous intensity. Other units have beenderived from these to complete the metric sys-tem.

Multiples and divisions of base units, supple-mentary units, and derived units can be ex-pressed by adding a prefix (Table 4). The unitsand prefixes are always written as one word.

Table 3. Système International (SI) base units and their symbols, supplementary SI units, andsome non-SI units that have a wide acceptance.

Quantity Name Symbol EquivalentSI units

BASE UNITSlength metre m —mass kilogram kg —time second s —electric current ampere Å —thermodynamic temperature kelvin K —amount of substance mole mol —luminous intensity candela cd —

SUPPLEMENTARY UNITSplane angle radian rad —solid angle steradian sr —

NON-SI UNITStime minute min s

hour hr sday d s

area hectare ha 104m2

energy calorie cal Jouletemperature Celsius C Kvolume litre l or L dm3

3. Spell out numerals that begin sentences.

4. Spell out numbers one to nine in text, unlessimmediately followed by a unit of measure:

four marmots 3 g

5. Use numerals when a number immediatelyprecedes a unit of measure (abbreviated):

3 g 18 mm 25 cm

6. Use numerals for arithmetic manipulation:18 multiplied by 2

7. Use numerals for numbers both > and <10listed in a series:

We trapped 6 grizzly bears, 5 black bears, and 25 wolves.

8. Use numerals for percentage and decimalfractions.

9. Spell out numbers of <100 that precede acompound modifier containing a figure,e.g., five 3-year-old deer, ten 2-inch boards.

10. Treat ordinal numbers as you wouldcardinal numbers, e.g., ninth, not 9th


Table 4. Common prefixes for SI units (from CBE Style Manual. 1978:122)

Multiple or Submultiple Prefix Symbol

1018 = 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 exa E1015 = 1 000 000 000 000 000 peta P1012 = 1 000 000 000 000 tera T109 = 1 000 000 000 giga G106 = 1 000 000 mega M103 = 1 000 kilo k102 = 100 hecto ha

10 = 10 deka daa

The unit = 110-1 = 0.1 deci da

10-2 = 0.01 centi ca

10-3 = 0.001 milli m10-6 = 0.000 001 micro µ10-9 = 0.000 000 001 nano n10-12 = 0.000 000 000 001 pico p10-15 = 0.000 000 000 000 001 femto f10-18 = 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 atto a

aThis prefix is acceptable in the SI but is not recommended. SI recommends prefixes denoting multiples of 103 and 10-3 only.

There are some other basic rules for use of theSI symbols:

1. They are the same for both singular andplural.

2. They require no period, i.e., they are notabbreviated.

3. There is a full space between the quantityand the symbol, e.g., 45 kg. However, whenthe first character of a symbol is not a letterthere is no space, e.g., 32oC.

4. They are written in lower case, except wherethe unit is derived from a proper name.

5. The unit names should not be written out,e.g., 16 mm2 not 16 sq millimetres.

2.3.2 Time Reporting

Time should be given in terms of the 24-hrclock and indicated by four digits: the first twofor hours and the last two for minutes, e.g.,0900 for 9:00 a.m.

2.3.3 Dating

The year, month, and day are expressed in de-scending order of magnitude, e.g., October 131991 becomes 1991 October 13 or 1991-10-13.

2.3.4 Conversion

Generally, all measurements should be stated inSI units. If British units must be used, the equiva-lent SI unit should be given in parentheses.

Some commonly used conversion factors are:

1 inch = 2.54 cm1 ounce (avoir) = 28.350 g1 foot = 0.3048 m1 pound (avoir) = 453.592 g1 mile = 1.609 347 km1 kilobar = 10 kPa1 acre = 0.404 69 ha1 fluid ounce = 28.4 mL

2.4 Statistics

Emphasize biology, not statistics. Mathemati-cal formulae and equations for standard statis-tical methods do not need to be included in thereporting of statistical analysis. A simple state-


ment of the results of statistical analysis shouldjustify the interpretations and conclusions. Thisstatement should include the number of data(N), the arithmetic mean (x ), the standarddeviation (s), or the standard error of the mean.With a standard deviation or standard error,state its associated degrees of freedom (df).When any statistical value (as means or differ-ences of two means) is mentioned, its standarderror of confidence limits should be given.Table 5 presents some of the most frequentlyused statistical symbols and abbreviations.

3.0 STYLE NOTES

“Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence shouldcontain no unnecessary words, a paragraph nounnecessary sentences for the same reason thata drawing should have no unnecessary linesand a machine no unnecessary parts. Thisrequires not that the writer make all of hissentences short, or that he avoid all detail andtreat his subjects only in outline, but that everyword tell.”(Strunk and White 1979:23)

Table 5. Symbols and abbreviations currently used in statistics (from CBE Style Manual. 1978:123)

Population Sample Explanation Parameters Statistics

n, N Total number of individuals or variatesµ Mean of the population

x Arithmetic mean of the sampleσ Standard deviation of the population

s, S.D. Standard deviation of the sampleσ2 Variance of the population

s2 Sample variances

x , SE Standard error of mean of sample

C.V. Coefficient of variationt Statistical datum derived in Student’s t-testX2 Statistical datum derived in the chi-square testp, P Probability of wrongfully rejecting the null

hypothesis (level of significance)ß Regression coefficient of population

r Coefficient of correlation, sampleR Coefficient of multiple correlationF Variance ratio

Writing that is full of long words when shorterwords could carry the same message makes awriter sound either pompous or insecure (Blicq1972). A good writer can clearly and easilycommunicate facts to the reader. Some steps toclearer writing are (from Gunning 1968):

• Keep sentences short.

• Prefer the simple to the complex.

• Prefer the familiar word.

• Avoid unnecessary words.

• Put action in your verbs (see next section).

• Use terms your reader can picture (shyaway from abstract terms).

• Tie in with your reader’s experience.

• Make full use of variety.

• Write to express, not impress.

Some specific methods to simplify and to clarifyyour writing are described below.


“interpretation” from “interpret”. Look for the“-tion” nouns that can be replaced by their moredirect and forceful verb equivalents.

It is possible that the pattern of forb distribution found inthe Chilcotin is a reflection of past disturbances. (19 words)

The pattern in which forbs are distributed in the Chilcotinmay reflect past disturbances. (14 words)

3.2.3 Confusing pairs

Many words are incorrectly used because theyresemble other words with similar meaning,sound, or appearance. Some of the more com-mon confusing pairs are listed below (fromCBE Style Manual 1983: 269-272).

absorption: an assimilation or taking up bycapillary, chemical, or solvent action.adsorption: a taking up, through physical orchemical forces, by the surface of solids orliquids.

accuracy: degree of correctness of a measure-ment or statement.precision: degree of refinement with which ameasurement is made or stated: the number3.43 shows more precision than 3.4, but it is notnecessarily more accurate. When applied to astatement, the qualities of definiteness, terse-ness, and specificity.

affect: as a noun in psychiatry and psychology,feeling tone accompanying an idea or mentalrepresentation, or a generic term for feeling,emotion, or mood; as a verb, to cause a changeor an effect.effect: as a noun, the result of an action; as averb, to bring about or to cause to come intobeing.

among: preposition used in comparing morethan two things.between: preposition used in comparing twothings.

3.1 Tense and Voice

3.1.1 Tense

Whenever you quote previously publishedwork, use the present tense; you are quotingestablished knowledge. Your own present workmust be referred to in the past tense; presum-ably it is not established knowledge until afterit has been published. In a typical paper, there-fore, you will go back and forth between pastand present tenses. Most of the Abstract, theMaterials and Methods, and Results sectionsshould be in the past tense since you are de-scribing what you did and what you found. Onthe other hand, most of the Introduction andDiscussion should be in the present tense be-cause these sections usually emphasize previ-ously established knowledge.

3.1.2 Voice

The active voice is more precise and less wordythan the passive voice. Use the active voicewherever possible in Wildlife Program publi-cations.

Passive: Shrubs were browsed by deer.Active: Deer browsed shrubs.

3.2 Word Usage

3.2.1 Jargon

Appendix F lists some words and expressionsto avoid. You can use these words or phrases onoccasion; if you use them repeatedly, however,you are writing in jargon.

3.2.2 Abstract nouns

The frequent use of nouns formed from verbsand ending in “-tion” produces overly longsentences and dull prose. Examples of abstractnouns are “production” from “produce” and


circadian: adjective meaning approximately24 hours.diurnal: adjective meaning repeated or recur-ring every 24 hours; also, occurring, or chieflyactive, in the daylight hours.

connote: to imply a meaning beyond the usualspecific, exact meaning.denote: to indicate presence or existence of.

continual: going on in time without interrup-tion or with only brief interruption.continuous: going on in time or space withoutinterruption.

enable: to render able, to make possible.permit: to allow, to give formal consent.

ensure: to make certain or guarantee.insure: to assure against loss; to underwrite; togive, or take, or procure insurance.

farther: more distant in space, time, or rela-tionship.further: as an adjective, going beyond whatexists; as an adverb, in addition; as a verb, tomove forward.

incidence: number of cases developing perunit of population per unit of time.prevalence: number of cases existing per unitof population at a given time.

infer: to deduce or to conclude from facts orpremises.imply: to suggest a conclusion to be drawnfrom allusion or reference, in contrast to directstatement.

theory: a working hypothesis given probablevalidity by experimental evidence (definitionfor experimental science; not to be used looselyfor hypothesis, idea, concept).

hypothesis: a proposition set forth to be testedfor validity by experiments or logical consist-ency with known facts.

varying: that which is changing or causing tochange.various: of different kinds or aspects.

which: relative pronoun introducing anonrestrictive clause (these data, which I havediscussed, were obtained at great cost).that: relative pronoun introducing a restrictiveclause ( this is information that we need).

3.3 Spelling

Wildlife Program publications should use thespelling style of the Concise Oxford EnglishDictionary, e.g.,

behaviour not behaviorlitre not litercentre not centeracknowledgement not acknowledgment

3.4 Plurals

For Wildlife Program technical publications,the preferred singular and plural forms of cer-tain words are (from Ministry of Forests1983:56):

Singular Plural Singular Plural

addendum addenda index indices

appendix appendices lacuna lacunae

bacterium bacteria larva larvae

bureau bureaux lens lenses

datum data matrix matrices

equilibrium equilibria phylum phyla

focus focii plateau plateaux

formula formulae radius radii

fungus fungi stratum strata

genus genera symposium symposia

helix helices


3.5 Common Mistakes in WordUsage and Spelling (adaptedfrom CBE Style Manual, 5thed., Ch. 15. Word Usage.1983:272-278).

base line: noun; base-line: adjective.

basis: plural bases.

cannot: one word.

chi-square, noun or adjective.

compare: verb; followed by to when a similar-ity is stated or suggested, as in he comparedMendel to Washington (one the father of genet-ics, the other the father of his country); fol-lowed by with when details of similarity ordissimlarity are stated or suggested, as in hecompared Mendel with Darwin, that is, pointedout or suggested details in which the two scien-tists were similar or dissimilar.

determine: do not use as a synonym for analyze,not the chemist determined eight soil samplesbut the chemist determined the pH of eight soilsamples.

die: preferred to expire, succumb, and othereuphemisms.

different from: preferred to different than.

drug: a drug is administered, given, taken,withdrawn; a drug is not “started” or “stopped.”Drug use, drug therapy, drug treatment may be“started” or “stopped.”

effluent: something that flows out; effluence:usually a flowing out but sometimes that whichflows out; effluent is preferred in technical andscientific writing.

exhibit: one of a number of verbs (demon-strate, display, visualize, and others) used aselegant, pompous, or euphemistic substitutesfor simpler words.

-fold: suffix that, with a spelled-out number,forms a solid word (sevenfold); that with anArabic numeral or numerals forms a hyphen-ated term (14-fold).

following: to avoid ambiguity, as in “followingthe lecture, the student ate his lunch”, substi-tute after for following.

Formalin: trade name; use formaldehyde so-lution unless reference is to the specific prod-uct.

identical: often followed by with, rarely by to.

-like, suffix: compound words formed withthis suffix are solid (lifelike, eellike), unless thesuffix follows a word ending in ll (shell-like),a long word (pleuropneumonia-like), a propername (June-like), or a hyphenated word (half-ape-like).

microphotograph: a photograph on a greatlyreduced scale, as on microfilm; do not confusewith photomicrograph, a photograph takenthrough a microscope.

percent: one word; noun, adjective; or adverb:use symbol with numerals, as in 98%.

percentage: noun; part of a whole expressedin hundredths, as in percentage of cells; oftenmisused as an adjective, percent error, notpercentage error.

photomicrograph: photograph taken througha microscope; do not confuse with micro-pho-tograph.

preventive: preferred to preventative.

proved: preferred to proven as past participle,as in it was proved, it has been proved.

proven: used in an attributive position, a provenmethod.


significant: in scientific papers, confine use tostatistical judgment; do not use for looselyimportant, notable, distinctive, major.

Student’s t test: Student is the pseudonym forW.S. Gossett, British statistician, and is capi-talized.

4.0 REFERENCES

Bennett, R.C., T.C. Chamberlin, S.C.Drinnan, R.H. Reid, and J.M. Ryder. 1979.Style guide. Ministry of Environ., Resour. Anal.Branch, Victoria, B.C. Working Rep. 46pp.Typewritten.

Blicq, R.S. 1972. Technically write! Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 385pp.

CBE Style Manual Committee. 1978. Councilof Biology Editors style manual: a guide forauthors, editors, and publishers in the biologi-cal sciences. 4th ed. Counc. Biol. Editors.Arlington, Va. 265pp.

_______. 1983. Council of Biology Editorsstyle manual: a guide for authors, editors, andpublishers in the biological sciences. 5th ed.rev. and expanded. Counc. Biol. Editors.Bethesda, Md.

Day, R.A. 1979. How to write and publish ascientific paper. ISI Press, Philadelphia, Pa.160pp.

Dickson, J.G., R.N. Connor, and K.T. Adair.1978. Guidelines for authorship of scientificarticles. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 6(4):260-261

Evans, Dietz. 1974. Nutritional energetics ofsharp-tailed grouse during the winter. J. Wildl.Manage. 38:625.

Gill, J.D., and G.B. Healy. 1980. Guidelinesfor Journal of Wildlife Managementmanuscripts, 1980. The Wildl. Soc., Inc., Wash-ington, D.C. 29pp.

Gunning, R. 1968. The technique of clear writ-ing. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, N.Y.329pp.

Kawalilak, R. 1987. Publication guidelines.Ministry of Environ. and Parks, Victoria, B.C.

Ministry of Forests. 1983. Style guide forResearch publications. Research Branch, Vic-toria, B.C. 77pp.

Monroe, J. 1980. Effective research and reportwriting in government. McGraw-Hill BookCo., Toronto. 289pp.

Ratti, J.T. and L.W. Ratti. 1988. Manuscriptguidelines for The Journal of Wildlife Manage-ment. J. Wildl. Manage. 52(1, Suppl.). 34pp.

Reid, R.H. 1981. Publication policy. Ministryof Environ., Assessment and Planning Div.,Victoria, B.C. 11pp. Typewritten.

. 1984. Ministry of Environment. Styleguide and editorial procedures. Ministry ofEnviron., Surveys and Resource MappingBranch, Victoria, B.C. 52pp

O’Connor, M., and F.P. Woodford. 1976. Writ-ing scientific papers in English: an ELSE-CibaFoundation guide for authors. Am. ElsevierPubl. Co., New York, N.Y. 108pp.

Smith, P. 1987. Page 59 in Mark My Words:Instruction and Practice in Proofreading. Edi-torial Experts, Inc. Alexandria, Va.

Strunk, W., Jr., and E.B. White. 1979. Theelements of style. 3rd ed. Macmillan Publ. Co.,Inc., New York, N.Y. 85pp.

DICTIONARIES

Oxford Concise Dictionary. 1982. ClarendonPress, Oxford, England.


APPENDIX A

Part 1. Word or phrase abbreviations for titles of publications

Part 2. Examples of various citations for references


Abstr.

Acad.

Adm.

Adv.

Aeronaut.

Aff.

Afr.

Agric.

Agron.

Am.

Anal.

An.

Anat.

Anim.

Ann.

Annu.

Antarct.

Appl.

Archaeol.

Arch.

Arct.

Assist.

Assoc.

Atl.

Atmos.

At.

Aust.

Bac(k)teriol.

Behav.

Beob.

Bibliogr.

Bienn.

Biochem.

Biol.

Biom.

Bot.

Br.

Bul.

Bull.

Bur.

Can.

Cent.

Cent.

Chap.

Chem.

Chim.

Chron.

Circu-

Clini-

College(i)-

Commerc-

Commission-

Committee

Commonwealth

Commonw. Sci. and Ind.

Res. Organ

Communications

Company(ies)

Compar-

Completion

Comptes Rendus

Comput-

Confer-

Congres-

Conserva-*

Contamina-

Catalogue

Contrib-

Coopera-

Coordinator

Council-

Corporation

Cultur-

Current

Depart-*

Develop-

Disease-

Disserta-

District

Divis-

Doctor of Philosophy

East*

Eastern*

Ecolog-

Econom-

Edic(t)(z)-

Education(al)

Electric(q)-

Endocrinolog-

Energy

Engineer-

Engl-

Entomolog-

Environment-*

Europ-

Evol-

Experiment-

Fauna

Federa-

Fenni-

Circ.

Clin.

Coll.

Commer.

Comm.

Comm.

Commonw.

C.S.I.R.O.

Commun.

Co.

Comp.

C.R.

Comput.

Conf.

Congr.

Conserv.

Contam.

Cat.

Contrib.

Coop.

Coord.

Counc.

Corp.

Cult.

Curr.

Dep.

Dev.

Dis.

Diss.

Dist.

Div.

Ph.D.

East.

Ecol.

Econ.

Ed.

Educ.

Electr.

Endocrinol.

Eng.

Engl.

Entomol.

Environ.

Eur.

Evol.

Exp.

Fed.

Fenn.

Appendix A, Part 1. Word or phrase abbreviationsa for titles of publications (an * indicates afrequently misabbreviated word; a blank means do not abbreviate) (based on Ratti and Ratti 1988).

Word/root Abbreviation Word root Abbreviationor phrase or phrase

Abstract

Academ-

Acta

Administr-

Advanc-

Aeronauti-

Affair-

Afri-

Agency

Agricult- *

Agronom-

Ameri- *

Anali(y)-

Anals

Anatomical

Animal-

Annal-

Annu- *

Antarcti-

Appli-

Archaeology

Archiv-

Arctic

Assistance

Associ-

Atlanti-

Atmos-

Atomi-

Australi-

Avian

Bac(k)teriolog-

Behavio(u)r-

Beobacht-

Bibliogra-

Biennial

Biochem-

Biolo-

Biometri-

Board

Botan-

Branch

Breeder

British *

Bulet-

Bullet-

Bureau-

Canad-

Center-

Central

Chapter *

Chemic-

Chimie

Chronicle


Appendix A, Part 1 ( continued).


Fertility

Fertiliz-

Field-Naturalist

Finni-

Fishery(ies)

Forest-

Foundation-

Franc-

French

Gazette

Genera-

Genet-

Geogr-

Geolog-

German-

Gesellschaft

Go(u)vernment-

Handb-

Helmintholog-

Heredi-

Herpetolog-

Histo(i)r-

Human

Hygien-

Ichthyolog-

Immunolog-

Infecti-

Information

Inland

Instit-

Interi-

Internal

Internat(z)- *

Investiga-

Japan-

Journal

Laborato-

Leaflet-

Libra-

Linn-

Livestock

Magas(z)i-

Mammalia-

Mammalog- *

Management *

Manua(e)l

Manufacturing

Marin-

Master of Science

Mathemat-

Medi(e)ca(h)(i)-

Meeting

Memoir-

Memorand-

Fertil.

Fert.

Field-Nat.

Finn.

Fish.

For.

Found.

Fr.

Fr.

Gaz.

Gen.

Genet.

Geogr.

Geol.

Ger.

Ges.

Gov.

Handb.

Helminthol.

Hered.

Herpetol.

Hist.

Hum.

Hyg.

Ichthyol.

Immunol.

Infect.

Inf.

Inst.

Inter.

Intern.

Int.

Invest.

Jap.

J.

Lab.

Leafl.

Libr.

Linn.

Livest.

Mag.

Mamm.

Mammal.

Manage.

Man.

Mfg.

Mar.

M.Sc.

Math.

Med.

Meet.

Mem.

Memo.

Memorial

Metaboli-

Meteorolog-

Method(s)

Mex-

Microbiolog-

Midland

Midwestern

Migratory

Mimeograph-*

Minist-

Miscel-

Monitoring

Monogr-*

Month-

Morf(ph)olog-

Mountain

Muse-

National-*

National Academy of

Science

National Research Council

National Aeronautics and

Space Administrations

National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration

Nature (al-b)(el-)

Newsletter

Nomenclat-

North*

Northeast*

Northeastern*

Northern*

Northwest*

Northwestern*

Norwegian

Note(s)

Nuclear-

Nutri-

Occasion-

Offi-

Organic(q)

Organis(z)a-

Ornit(h)olog-

Outdoor-

Pacific

Pamf(ph)let-

Paper-

Parasitolog-

Patholog-

Performance

Pesticide-

Perspectives

Pharmacolog-

Mem.

Metab.

Meteorol.

Mex.

Microbiol.

Midl.

Midwest.

Migr.

Mimeogr.

Minist.

Misc.

Monit.

Monogr.

Mon.

Morf(ph)ol.

Mt.

Mus.

Natl.

Natl. Acad. Sci.

Natl. Res. Counc.

Natl. Aeronaut. and

Space Adm.

Natl. Oceanic and

Atmos. Adm.

Nat.

Newsl.

Nomencl.

Northeast.

North.

Northwest.

Norw.

Nucl.

Nutr.

Occas.

Off.

Org.

Organ.

Ornit(h)ol.

Pac.

Pam.

Pap.

Parasitol.

Pathol.

Perf.

Pestic.

Perspect.

Pharmacol.


Appendix A, Part 1 ( continued).


Philosoph-

Physica-

Physiolog-

Pittman-Robertson*

Polish

Pollution

Poultry

Press

Printer

Proceedings

Professional

Program

Progres-

Project-

Protection

Provincial

Psycholog-

Public

Publica-

Publishing Company

Quantit-

Quarterly*

Radiati-

Radio

Range

Raptor

Record-

Region-

Regulation

Report-

Reproduction

Research-

Resource-*

Restoration

Revi(u)-

Royal-

Russi(k)-

Sanitar(t)-

Philos.

Phys.

Physiol.

Pol.

Pollut.

Poult.

Proc.

Prof.

Prog.

Proj.

Prot.

Prov.

Psychol.

Publ.

Publ. Co.

Quant.

Q.

Radiat.

Rec.

Reg.

Regul.

Rep.

Reprod.

Res.

Resour.

Restor.

Rev.

R.

Russ.

Sanit.

Scien-

Secti-

Seminar

Serie-

Ser(i)olog-

Servi-*

Society

Southeastern

Special

Station*

Statistical

Study(ies)

Supplement

Survey

Symposium

Systematic

Technical

Technology

Telemetry

Therap-

Toxicology

Transactions

Transportation

Vertebrat-

Veterinari-(y)

Volum-

Volunteer

West*

Western*

Wildfowl

Wild Life

Wildlife

Workshop

Yearbook-

Yearly

Zeitschrift-

Zoolog-

Sci.

Sect.

Semin.

Ser.

Ser(i)ol.

Serv.

Soc.

Southeast.

Spec.

Stn.

Stat.

Stud.

Suppl.

Surv.

Symp.

Syst.

Tech.

Technol.

Telem.

Ther.

Toxicol.

Trans.

Transp.

Vertebr.

Vet.

Vol.

West.

Wildl.

Yearb.

Yrly.

Z.

Zool.

a No 3-letter and practically no 4-letter words are abbreviated. Words or roots followed by a hyphen encompass >1 word derived from the same root.

Letters in brackets can substitute for the letter preceding the bracket(s).

b Abbreviate Naturaliste Canadien as Nat. Can. (Que.) and Nature Canada as Nat. Can. (Ottawa).


Appendix A, Part 2. Examples of citations for references.

JOURNALS

article, one author:Johnson, M.K. 1982. Frequency of sampling

for microscopic analysis of botanical com-positions. J. Range Manage. 35:541-542.

article, two authors:Marshall, J.W., and V.R. Squires. 1979. Accu-

racy of quantative methods used for botani-cal analysis of oesophageal fistula samples.Tropical Grasslands 13:140-148.

article, corporate author:Canada Soil Survey Committee. 1978. The

Canadian system of soil classification. Can.Dep. Agric., Publ. No. 1646.

same authors, more than one publication in thesame year:Holechek, J.L., and B. Gross. 1982a. Evalua-

tion of different in the calculation proce-dures for microhistological analysis. J.Range Manage. 35:721-723.

, and . 1982b. Training needed forquantifying diets from fragmented rangeplants. J. Range Manage. 35:644-647.

BOOKS

one author:Mech, L.D. 1970. The wolf: the ecology and

behavior of an endangered species. Nat.Hist. Press, Garden City, N.Y. 384pp.

editor, compiler, or translator as author:Capen, D.E., ed. 1980. The use of multivariate

statistics in studies of wildlife habitat. U.S.Dep. Agric., For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep.RM-87.

chapter in a book, editor given:Severinghaus, C.W., and E.L. Cheatum. 1969.

The life and times of the white-tailed deer.Pages 57-186 in W.P. Taylor, ed. The deerof North America. Stackpole Co.,Harrisburg, Pa. 668pp.

work of one author cited by another:Marston, H.R. 1948. Energy transactions in the

sheep. Aust. J. Sci. Res. 1:93. (Article notseen, citation from Blaxter, K. 1962. Theenergy metabolism of ruminants.Hutchinson and Co. (Publ.) Ltd., London.329pp.)

PROCEEDINGS, MEETINGS,CONFERENCES

specific papers from proceedings:Carrick, R. 1963. Ecological significance of

territory in the Australian magpie,Gymnorhina tibecen. Proc. Int. Ornithol.Congr. 13:740-753.

Cole, G.F. 1983. A naturally regulated elkpopulation. Pages 62-81 in F.L. Bunnell,D.S. Eastman, and J.M. Peek, eds. Sympo-sium on natural regulation of wildlifepopulations. Proc. Northwest Sect., Wildl.Soc., March 1978, Vancouver, B.C. 225pp.

GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS

one author, federal department:Honer, T. 1967. Standard volume tables and

merchantable conversion factors for thecommercial tree species of central and east-ern Canada. Can. Dep. Publ. Inf., For.Branch. Rep. FMR-X-5.


two authors, provincial ministry:Jones, G.W., and B. Mason. 1983. Relation-

ships among black-tailed deer populationtrends, winter range, hunting, and wolvesin the Nimpkish Valley, Vancouver Island.B.C. Minist. of Environ. Fish and Wildl.Rep. No. R-7. 26pp.

provincial ministry sponsor, no author:British Columbia Ministry of Environment.

1980. Climatic moisture given deficit/sur-plus map 921/NE. 1980 edition. Air Stud-ies Branch, Victoria, B.C.

THESES

Ph.D:Hebert, D.M. 1973. Altitudinal migration as a

factor in the nutrition of bighorn sheep.Ph.D Thesis, Univ. Of B.C., Vancouver.355pp.

M.Sc.:Churchill, B.P. 1982. Winter habitat selection

and use of clearcuts by elk in the WhiteRiver drainage of southeastern BritishColumbia. M.Sc. Thesis, Univ. of B. C.,Vancouver. 95pp.

Appendix A, Part 2 (continued).


APPENDIX B

Part 1. Front Cover Format

Part 2. Title Page Format

Part 3. Back of Title Page Format

Part 4. Back Cover Format


Appendix B, Part 1. Front Cover Format: Example Wildlife Report Front Cover.


Appendix B, Part 1. (continued): Example Wildlife Bulletin Front Cover.


Appendix B, Part 1. (continued): Example Wildlife Working Report Front Cover.


Appendix B, Part 1. (continued): Memorandum from B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and ParksVisual Identity Information Program.


Appendix B, Part 1. (continued): Excerpt from B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks VisualIdentity Applications to B.C.Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks Publications.


Appendix B, Part 2. Title Page Format.


Appendix B, Part 3. Back of Title Page Format.


Appendix B, Part 4. Back Cover Format (Inside ).

Copies of Wildlife Reports are available, depending on supply, from the B.C. Wildlife Branch, Ministry of Environment,Parliament Buildings, Victoria, B.C. V8V 1X5.

No. B-1 Cache Creek check 1978., Wildlife Management Division. May 1978. 50pp.

No. B-2 An annotated bibliography on: 1. mineral requirements of ungulates, and 2. range nutrition (chemical compositionof forage plants). E.A. Stanlake. January 1978. 84pp.

No. B-3 A selected annotated bibliography of literature on wildlife enforcement. Selected and edited by S.M. Freed and W.R.Hazeldine. August 1977. 36pp.

No. B-4 The family Mustelidae: a bibliography. E.J. Dunn and E.A. Stanlake. July 1978. 73pp.

No. B-5 Steelhead harvest analysis 1977-78. Fisheries Management Division. October 1978. 77pp.

No. B-6 Cache Creek check 1977. Wildlife Management Division. November 1978. 54pp.

No. B-7 Cache Creek check 1978. Wildlife Management Division. February 1978. 57pp.

No. B-8 Steelhead harvest analysis 1978-79. Fisheries Management Division. December 1979. 67pp.

No. B-9 Cache Creek check 1979. J.P Thornton and P.F. Haley. October 1980. 51pp.

No. B-10 Steelhead harvest analysis 1979-80. Fisheries Management Division and Biometrics Section. January 1981.67pp.

No. B-11 Computer analysis of home range data. A.S. Harestad. April 1981. 25pp.

No. B-12 Cache Creek check 1980. J.P Thornton and P.F. Haley. June 1981. 48pp.

No. B-13 Manual for technical publications of the Fish and Wildlife Branch. Wildlife Research and Technical ServicesSection. October 1981. 24pp.

No. B-14 Public attitudes regarding selected wildlife issues in British Columbia. B.E. Self, Jr. May 1982. 56pp.

No. B-15 The effects of snow on wildlife: and annotated bibliography. C.C. Shank and F. Bunnell. May 1982. 58pp. (Alsoprinted as IWIFR-1).

No. B-16 The effects of forests on snow cover: an annotated bibliography. C.C. Shank and F. Bunnell. May 1982. 81pp.(Also printed as IWIFR-2).

No. B-17 Applying ecological classification systems to wildlife research and management. S.K. Stevenson. May 1982.151pp. (Also printed as IWIFR-3).

No. B-18 Immobilization of members of the Order Carnivora. D.J. Hebert, A.R. Maltby and M.F.A. Nation. In prep.

No. B-19 Report of the Integrated Wildlife Intensive Forestry Research planning workshop. P.J. McNamee, M.L. Jones, R.R.Everitt, M.J. Staley and D. Tait. April 1981. 147pp. (Also printed as IWIFR-4).

No. B-20 The history of mountain goat management in the Kootenay region of British Columbia. D.E. Phelps, B. Jamiesonand R.A. Demarchi. April 1983. 24pp.

No. B-21 Predator-ungulate relationships in second-growth forests on Vancouver Island. Problem analysis. I.W. Hatter.June 1982. 54pp. (Also printed as IWIFR-5).

No. B-22 Landsat classification for wildlife habitat management and research planning: problem analysis. K.L. Sadoway.December 1980. 36pp. (Also printed as IWIFR-6).

No. B-23 Landsat classification: evaluation of image analysis methodologies for wildlife habitat management and researchplanning: working plan. K.L. Sadoway. May 1980. 29pp. (Also printed as IWIFR-7).


Appendix B, Part 4. Back Cover Format (Outside).

Continued from inside back cover.

No. B-24 Landsat classification: evaluation of image analysis methodologies for wildlife habitat management and researchplanning: final report. K.L. Sadoway, ed. July 1983. 177pp. (Also printed as IWIFR-8).

No. B-25 A bibliography of the wolverine Gulo gulo. V. Banci. June 1982. 53pp. (Also printed as IWIFR-9).

No. B-26 Problem analysis: grizzly bears and coastal development, with particular reference to intensive forestry. W.R.Archibald. September 1982. 24pp.

No. B-27 The wolverine in British Columbia: distribution, methods of determining age and status of Gulo gulo vancouverensis.V.A. Banci. June 1982. 90pp. (Also printed as IWIFR-15).

No. B-28 Vancouver Island Roosevelt elk/intensive forestry interactions: problem analysis. D. Janz, K. Brunt and J. Youds.December 1980. 36pp. (Also printed as IWIFR-11).

No. B-29 Vancouver Island Roosevelt elk/intensive forestry interactions: working plan 1981 - 1985. D. Janz, K. Brunt, L.Peterson and J. Youds. December 1980. 71pp. (Also printed as IWIFR-12).

No. B-30 Intensive forestry effects on Vancouver Island deer and elk habitats. J.B. Nyberg. January 1985. 70pp. (Alsoprinted as IWIFR-16).

No. B-31 Trees and snow: the deposition of snow on the ground. A review and quantitative synthesis. F.L. Bunnell, S. McNayand C.C. Shank. May 1985. 440pp. (Also printed as IWIFR-17).

No. B-32 Vancouver Island Roosevelt elk/intensive forestry interactions. October 1982 - September 1983. K. Brunt, J. Youdsand D. Becker. September 1984. 67pp. (Also printed as IWIFR-13).

No. B-33 Reliability of motion-sensitiveness and radio-collars for estimating activity of blacktail deer. M.P. Gillingham andF.L. Bunnell. 1985. (IWIFR-14; printed in Journal of Wildlife Management. 1985. 49(4): 951-958).

No. B-34 Deer movement and habitat use during winter: working plan. J.B. Nyberg, D. Doyle, L. Peterson. January 1985.81pp. (Also printed as IWIFR-18).

No. B-35 Forest crowns, snow interception and management of black-tailed deer winter habitat. R.S. McNay. June 1985.111pp. (Also printed as IWIFR-19).

No. B-36 Comparison of methods for estimating forest overstory cover. D.J. Vales and F.L. Bunnell. November 1985. 117pp.(Also printed as IWIFR-20).

No. B-37 Vancouver Island Roosevelt elk/intensive forestry interactions: progress report 1981-1984. J. Youds, K. Brunt andD. Becker. November 1985. 71pp. (Also printed as IWIFR-21).

No. B-38 Interactions between black-tailed deer and intensive forest management: problem analysis. R.S. McNay and R.Davies. November 1985. 110pp. (Also printed as IWIFR-22).

No. B-39 The Vancouver Island marmot: status and management plan. W.T. Munro, D.W. Janz, V. Heinsalu and G.W. Smith.November 1985. 28pp.

No. B-40 Effects of intensive forest management on amphibians and reptiles of Vancouver Island: problem analysis. K.L.Sadoway. April 1986. 50pp. (Also printed as IWIFR-23).

No. B-41 Effects of intensive forest management on non-ungulate mammals of Vancouver Island: problem analysis. K.L.Sadoway. May 1986. 72pp. (Also printed as IWIFR-24).

No. B-42 Effects of intensive forest management on breeding birds of Vancouver Island: problem analysis. K.L. Sadoway.February 1988. 156pp. (Also printed as IWIFR-25).

No. B-43 Enhancing the establishment and growth of arboreal forage lichens in intensively managed forests: problemanalysis. S.K. Stevenson. 1985. 40pp. (Also printed as IWIFR-26).


APPENDIX C. Reviewer's checklist (taken from the CBE Style Manual. 1983:83-84).

1. Is the purpose of the article made clear inthe introduction?

2. Is the objective of the experiment or of theobservations important for the field?

3. Are the experimental methods describedadequately?

4. Are the study design and methods appropri-ate for the purposes of the study?

5. Do you find errors of fact or interpretation?

6. Is all of the discussion relevant?

7. Has the author cited the pertinent, and onlythe pertinent, literature?

8. Have any ideas been overemphasized orunderemphasized?

9. Should some sections of the manuscript beexpanded, condensed, or omitted?

10. Do you find any content repeated or dupli-cated?

11. Are the author’s statements clear?

12. Is the title of the article appropriate andclear?

13. Is the abstract specific, representative ofthe article, and in the correct form?

14. Have key words been provided by theauthor?

15. Are the form and arrangement of illustra-tions and tables satisfactory?

16. Can the illustrations be improved?

17. Should all parts of the manuscript be pub-lished?

18. Has material in the manuscript been previ-ously published?

19. What are your recommendations to theeditor on revision and publication of thearticle?

20. Is the manuscript more suitable for someother journal?


APPENDIX D. Publication proposal form (in process of revision).


Appendix E. Abbreviations for U.S. and Canadian political units to be used in references orliterature cited.

Unit ANSIa Unit ANSI

U.S.A.Alabama Ala. Montana Mont.Alaska Alas. Nebraska Nebr.Arizona Ariz. Nevada Nev.Arkansas Ark. New Hampshire N.H.California Calif. New Jersey N.J.Colorado Colo. New Mexico N.M.Connecticut Conn. New York N.Y.Delaware Del. North Carolina N.C.Florida Fla. North Dakota N.D.Georgia Ga. OhioHawaii Oklahoma Okla.Idaho Oregon Oreg.Illinois Ill. Pennsylvania Pa.Indiana Ind. Rhode Island R.I.Iowa South Carolina S.C.Kansas Kans. South Dakota S.D.Kentucky Ky. Tennessee Tenn.Louisiana La. Texas Tex.Maine Me. UtahMaryland Md. Vermont Vt.Massachusetts Mass. Virginia Va.Michigan Mich. Washington Wash.Minnesota Minn. West Virginia W.Va.Mississippi Miss. Wisconsin Wis.Missouri Mo. Wyoming Wyo.

CANADAAlberta Alta. Nova Scotia N.S.British Columbia B.C. Ontario Ont.Manitoba Man. Prince Edward Island P.E.I.New Brunswick N.B. Quebec Que.Newfoundland Nfld. Saskatchewan Sask.Northwest Terr. N.W.T. Yukon

a American National Standards Institute


Appendix F. Words and expressions to avoid (adapted from Day 1979:144-147).

Jargon Preferred Usage

a majority of mosta number of manyaccounted for by the fact becausealong the lines likean order of magnitude faster 10 times fasterare of the same opinion agreeas a consequence of becauseas a matter of fact in fact (or leave out)as is the case as happensas of this date todayas to about (or leave out)at an earlier date previouslyat the present time nowat this point in time nowbased on the fact that becauseby means of by, withcompletely full fulldefinitely proved proveddespite the fact that althoughdue to the fact that becauseduring the course of during, whileelucidate explainend result resultfabricate makefewer in number fewerfinalize endfirst of all firstfor the purpose of forfor the reason that since, becausefrom the point of view of forgive rise to causehas the capability of canhaving regard to aboutin a number of cases somein a position to can, mayin a satisfactory manner satisfactorilyin a very real sense in a sense (or leave out)in as much as for asin case ifin close proximity near, closein connection with about, concerningin my opinion it is not an unjusti-fiable assumption that I thinkin order to toin regards to regardingin relation to toward, toin respect to, of aboutin some cases sometimesin terms of aboutin the event that ifin the possession of has, havein view of because, sinceinitiate begin, startis defined as is

Jargon Preferred Usage

it has been reported by Smith Smith reportedis apparent that apparentlyit is believed that I thinkit is clear that clearlyit is doubtful that possiblyit is evident that a produced b a produced bit is of interest to note that (leave out)it is often the case that oftenit is suggested that I thinkit may be that I thinkit may, however, be noted that butlacked the ability to couldn’tlarge in size largemilitate against prohibitneedless to say (omit and consider omit-ting whatever follows)on account of becauseon behalf of foron the basis of byon the grounds that since, becauseon the part of by, among, forowing to the fact that since, becauseperform dopooled together pooledprior to beforequite unique uniquerather interesting interestingred in colour redreferred to as calledrelative to aboutsmaller in size smallersubsequent to aftersufficient enoughtake into consideration considerterminate endthe great majority of mostthe question as to whether whetherthere is reason to believe I thinkthis result would seem to indicate this result indicatesthrough the use of by, withultimate lastutilize usewas of the opinion believedways and means ways, means (not both)we wish to thank we thankwhether or not whetherwith a view to towith reference to about (or leave out)with regard to concerning, aboutwith respect to aboutwith the possible exception of exceptwith the result that so thatwithin the realm of possibility possible


Appendix G. List of standard proofmarks (from Smith 1987).

Wildlife Working Reports should not be cited because of the preliminary nature of the data they contain. Working Reports 1 - 10 are out ofprint.

WR-11 Effect of wolf control on black-tailed deer in the Nimpkish Valley on Vancouver Island. Progress report -1983 August 31 to 1984August 31. K. Atkinson and D. Janz. March 1985. 22pp.

WR-12 1983 southeastern Skeena regional moose abundance and composition survey. B. van Drimmelen. June 1985. 47pp.

WR-13 Kechika Enhancement Project of northeastern B.C.: wolf/ungulate management. 1984-85 annual report. J.P. Elliott. September1985. 28pp.

WR-14 Muskwa Wolf Management Project of northeastern B.C. 1984-85 annual report. J.P. Elliott. September 1985. 44pp.

WR-15 Caribou habitat use on the Level Mountain and Horseranch ranges, British Columbia. M.A. Fenger, D.S. Eastman, C.J. Clement,and R.E. Page. 1986. 41pp + 4 maps. (Also printed as Surveys and Resource Mapping Branch Working Report WR-8).

WR-16 Working plan - coastal grizzly research project. W.R. Archibald and A.N. Hamilton. October 1985. 27pp. (Also printed as WHR-21).

WR-17 Progress report - year 3 - 1984, working plan - year 4 - 1985. Coastal grizzly research project. W.R. Archibald, A.N. Hamilton,and E. Lofroth. October 1985. 65pp. (Also printed as WHR-22).

WR-18 Morice biophysical study, 93L/SW. B. Fuhr, M. Fenger, L. Lacelle, R. Marsh, and M. Rafiq. March 1986. 63pp + 9 maps.

WR-19 Effect of wolf control on black-tailed deer in the Nimpkish Valley on Vancouver Island. Progress report - 1984 August 31 to 1985August 31. K. Atkinson and D.W. Janz. March 1986. 27pp.

WR-20 Kechika Enhancement Project of northeastern B.C.: wolf/ungulate management. 1985-86 annual report. J.P. Elliott. December1986. 17pp.

WR-21 Muskwa Wolf Management Project of northeastern B.C. 1985-86 annual report. J.P. Elliott. December 1986. 15pp.

WR-22 Progress report - year 4 - 1985, working plan - year 5 - 1986. Coastal grizzly research project. A.N. Hamilton, W.R. Archibald,and E. Lofroth. November 1986. 100pp. (Also printed as WHR-26).

WR-23 Critical habitat of caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in the mountains of southern British Columbia. K. Simpson, K. Hebert, andG.P. Woods. February 1987. 13pp.

WR-24 Impacts of a hydro-electric reservoir on populations of caribou and grizzly bear in southern British Columbia. K. Simpson. February1987. 40pp.

WR-25 The effects of snowmobiling on winter range use by mountain caribou. K. Simpson. February 1987. 15pp.

WR-26 Quesnel Highlands wolf control project. D. Hebert. January 1987. 10pp.

WR-27 Muskwa Wolf Management Project of northeastern B.C. 1986-87 annual report. J.P. Elliott. April 1987. 20pp.

WR-28 Vancouver Island wolf control project. Year 1 progress report. D. Janz. July 1987. 11pp.

WR-29 Habitat survey of the Mackenzie Heritage Trail corridor. V. Hignett. June 1987. 21pp + 5 maps.

WR-30 A proposal to manage coyote and cougar populations of the Junction Wildlife Management Area. D. Hebert. September 1987.11pp.

WR-31 Wildlife habitat suitability of the Mackenzie Heritage Trail corridor. V. Hignett. May 1988. 16pp + 6 maps.

WR-32 Research priorities for furbearers in British Columbia. D. Blood. June 1988. 49pp.

WR-33 Electrically triggered drop net to capture wild sheep. J.W. Hirsch. January 1988. 18pp.

WR-34 A lynx management strategy for British Columbia. D.F. Hatler. July 1988. 121pp.

WR-35 Causes of bighorn sheep mortality and dieoffs - literature review. H.M. Schwantje. April 1988. 54pp.

WR-36 Explanatory legend for vegetation maps of the Kamloops Lake bio-physical study area. E.C. Lea. December 1988. 78pp.

Continued from inside back cover

WR-37 Bio-physical habitat units and interpretations for moose use of the upper Cariboo River Wildlife Management Area. E.C. Lea, T.Vold, J. Young, M. Beets, D. Blower, J. Youds, A. Roberts. December 1988. 24pp.

WR-38 Grizzly bear habitat of the Flathead River area: expanded legend. E.C. Lea, B.L. Fuhr, and L.E.H. Lacelle. December 1988. 24pp.

WR-39 Managing habitat through guidelines: How far can you go? M. Fenger and V. Stevens, eds. February 1989. 48pp.

WR-40 Wolf-prey dynamics. Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by B.C. Ministry of Environment, Wildlife Branch, Faculty of Forestry,University of British Columbia and the Northwest Wildlife Preservation Society. February 1989. 188pp.

WR-41 Caribou research and management in B.C.: proceedings of a workshop. R.Page, ed. November 1988. 275pp. (Also printed asWHR-27)

WR-42 Trapping in British Columbia - a survey. R. Reid. January 1989. 55pp.

WR-43 Biophysical habitat units of the Lower Halfway study area: expanded legend. E.C. Lea and L.E.H. Lacelle. December 1989. 33pp.

WR-44 Long range habitat planning: proceedings. M. Fenger and V. Stevens, eds. March 1990. 49pp.

WR-45 Biophysical habitat units of the Mosley Creek study area: expanded legend and interpretations. E.C. Lea and R.C. Kowall. March1990. 33pp.

WR-46 Habitat Management Section. Annual General Meeting. Yellowpoint Lodge - 1989 April 25-27. Wildlife and Recreational FisheriesBranches, Ministry of Environment. July 1990. 107pp.

WR-47 Working plan — Khutzeymateen Valley grizzly bear study. A.N. Hamilton and J.A. Nagy. September 1990. 35pp. (Also printed asWHR-28).

WR-48 Khutzeymateen Valley grizzly bear study. Annual progress report - year 1 (1989/90), annual working plan - year 2 (1990/91). J.A.Nagy and A.G. MacHutchon. January 1991. 44pp. (Also printed as WHR-29).

WR-49 Fort Nelson and area average winter maximum snowpack mapping. R. Chilton. July 1990. 12pp.

WR-50 Marten habitat suitability research project - working plan. E.C. Lofroth and V. Banci. January 1991. 31pp.

WR-51 Khutzeymateen Valley grizzly bear study. Annual progress report - year 2 (1990/91), annual working plan - year 3 (1991/92). A.G.MacHutchon and S. Himmer. March 1992. 36pp. (Also printed as WHR-30)

WR-52 Abundance, Distribution and Conservation of Birds in the Vicinity of Boundary Bay, B.C. R.W. Butler, ed. 1992. 132pp. (Alsoprintes as Technical Report Series No. 155, Pacific and Yukon Region, Can. Wildlife Service).

WR-53 Status of the Clouded Salamander in British Columbia. T.M. Davis and P.T. Gregory. March 1993. 19pp.

WR-54 Status of the Northern Pacific Rattlesnake in British Columbia. M.B. Charland, K.J. Nelson, P.T. Gregory. March 1993. 23 pp.

WR-55 Status of the Shrew-mole in British Columbia. L. Kremsater, L. Andrusiak, F.L. Bunnell. March 1993. 26 pp.

WR-56 Status of the Nuttall’s Cottontail in British Columbia. D.W. Carter, A. Harestad, F.L. Bunnell. March 1993. 33 pp.

WR-57 Status of the Sharp-tailed Snake in British Columbia. D.J. Spalding. March 1993. 15pp.

WR-58 Guidelines for Technical Publications of the Wildlife Program. E. Stanlake. March 1993. 57pp.

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