Guidebook Paper... · 1995. 10. 20. · PHS MoU 1 Chapter 1 An Introduction to the World of PHS...

Personal Handy-phone System

A real personal communications world

Guidebook4th edition

PHS

MoU I

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: An Introduction to the World of PHS····································· 1 1.1 PHS MoU Group ······································································· 1

1.1.1 Members ··········································································· 1 1.1.2 Objective··········································································· 1 1.1.3 Activities··········································································· 2

1.2 PHS Service Overview ································································ 2 1.2.1 Service Concept··································································· 2 1.2.2 Objectives ········································································· 2 1.2.3 Applications ······································································· 4

1.3 PHS Current Status····································································· 7 1.3.1 World ·············································································· 7 1.3.2 Countries and Regions ··························································· 8

Chapter 2: PHS System Features & Technical Basics·······························13 2.1 PHS System Features ·································································13

2.1.1 Wide Applications with Terminal Mobility ··································13 2.1.2 Utilization of the Existing Network ···········································14 2.1.3 Typical PHS System Configurations ··········································15 2.1.4 Easy Installation of the CSs ····················································16 2.1.5 PHS Basic Services······························································19 2.1.6 PHS Supplementary Services ··················································21

2.2 Technical Basics·······································································22 2.2.1 Open Systems ····································································22 2.2.2 PHS Radio Technologies ·······················································23 2.2.3 PHS Network Technologies ····················································29

2.3 PHS Mutimedia Features ·····························································29 2.3.1 PHS Bearer Digital Data Transmission Service······························29 2.3.2 32kbps/64kbps Digital Data Transmission Services with PIAFS ··········30 2.3.3 MITF Dial-up Dormant Protocol (ARIB STD T-78)························32 2.3.4 Packet Data Transmission Service·············································33 2.3.5 Advanced PHS Technologies ··················································34 2.3.6 Various PHS Data Terminals···················································36

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MoU II

Chapter 3: XGP Features·································································39 3.1 Trend of Mobile BWA of ITU-R····················································39

3.1.1 Trend of Mobile BWA of ITU-R ··············································39 3.1.2 XGP History······································································40

3.2 Features of XGP ·······································································41 3.2.1 OFDMA/TDMA/TDD ··························································41 3.2.2 Easy Terminal Development ···················································43 3.2.3 Dynamic Channel Assignment (DCA) ········································44 3.2.4 Micro Cell ········································································46 3.2.5 Overcoming Weak Points of Existing PHS···································46 3.2.6 Co-existence with current PHS ················································47

3.3 Applications of XGP ··································································48 3.3.1 Applications in Health ··························································48 3.3.2 Applications at Home ···························································49 3.3.3 Applications as Mobile ·························································50 3.3.4 Applications in Business························································50 3.3.5 Other Applications ······························································51

Chapter 4: Public Digital Cordless Telephone Application ························52 4.1 System Configuration and Interface·················································52

4.1.1 System Configuration····························································52 4.1.2 Interface ···········································································53

4.2 Major System Elements ······························································53 4.2.1 PHS Switching Center (PSC) ··················································53 4.2.2 Cell Station (CS)·································································55 4.2.3 Personal Station (PS)····························································60 4.2.4 Repeater ··········································································62 4.2.5 Intelligent Network (IN) ························································63 4.2.6 IP-transformed System··························································67 4.2.7 Study of PHS/GSM Dual Mode Service ·····································68

4.3 Handover ···············································································70 4.4 Roaming Capabilities ·································································72 4.5 Multi Number Roaming ······························································75 4.6 PHS Management System····························································76

4.6.1 Administration and Billing Systems···········································76 4.6.2 Network Maintenance System ·················································78

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Chapter 5: Wireless Local Loop / Fixed Wireless Access system Application····79

5.1 Introduction ···········································································79 5.2 Requirements for WLL/FWA Solution ·············································80 5.3 System Configuration and Interface·················································82

5.3.1 System Configuration ···························································82 5.3.2 Interface ··········································································83 5.3.3 Comparison of WLL/FWA System Technologies ···························84 5.3.4 Application ·······································································85

5.4 Major System Elements ······························································87 5.4.1 WLL/FWA Access Controller (WAC) ·······································88 5.4.2 WLL/FWA Cell Station (WCS) ··············································88 5.4.3 WLL/FWA Subscriber Unit (WSU) ··········································88 5.4.4 WLL/FWA Personal Station (WPS) ··········································88

5.5 Service Features ·······································································89 Chapter 6: Private Communication System Application ···························91

6.1 Corporate Application ································································91 6.1.1 Features ···········································································91 6.1.2 System Configuration ···························································92 6.1.3 Application Examples···························································93

6.2 Home Application ··································································· 100 6.2.1 Home Digital Cordless Telephone··········································· 100 6.2.2 Transceiver Mode (Walkie-Talkie) ········································· 102

Chapter 7: Certification for PHS Equipment in Japan ··························· 104

7.1 Technical Standards Conformity Certification based on the Radio Law ···· 106 7.1.1 Application Submission······················································· 106 7.1.2 Certification Procedure Flowcharts·········································· 107

7.2 Technical Conditions Compliance Approval based on the Telecommunication Business Law ········································· 111

7.2.1 Terminal Equipment Approval System ···································· 111 7.2.2 Application Submission······················································· 111

7.3 Conformance Test based on the ARIB Technical Report······················· 114 7.3.1 Test Overview·································································· 114 7.3.2 Test Procedure Flowchart····················································· 114

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MoU IV

7.4 Certification for PHS Equipment Overseas-Singapore Case Study ·········· 115 7.4.1 History ·········································································· 115 7.4.2 Performance Certification of PHS Equipment for Use in Singapore ···· 116

Appendix 1: Comparison with Other Systems ······································· 118 A1.1 Comparison of XGP and other systems········································· 118

Appendix 2: Standards and References ··············································· 120 Appendix 3: Glossary ····································································· 123 Editor’s Note·················································································· 128

PHS

MoU 1

Chapter 1

An Introduction to the World of PHS

1.1 PHS MoU Group The PHS MoU (Memorandum of Understanding) Group was established in July 1996 under the following guidelines.

1.1.1 Members The PHS MoU Group is an open association based on voluntary participation. Membership is open to all organizations involved in the business of PHS - such as telecommunication operators, manufacturers, etc. (If you have an interest in participating in PHS MoU Group, please contact with PHS MoU Group Office of which address is described at the end of this guidebook.)

1.1.2 Objective The objective of PHS MoU Group is to introduce, operate, and spread the PHS on a world-wide basis and thereby contribute to the improved convenience of telecommunication users and bring on consequential benefit to the people of the world.

The objective is based upon the open technical specifications and the recognition of the great potential of PHS. In the rapidly expanding arena of personal communications, PHS is positioned to economically provide superior solutions in public digital cordless telephone, Wireless Local Loop (WLL) / Fixed wireless Access (FWA) system, wireless Private Automatic Branch eXchange (PABX), home digital cordless telephone, and other applications.

PHS

MoU 2

1.1.3 Activities As illustrated in Figure 1.1-1, the activities of the PHS MoU Group are to:

Prepare PHS technical specifications Promote the PHS service for its worldwide use Develop PHS services Promote PHS international roaming Management and assigning PHS ID (unique ID code assigned for each

PHS equipment each country) Conduct general and miscellaneous promotion of PHS Publication of newsletters and update homepage periodically Enlightening activities and specification draft for “XGP” (pet name of

Next-Generation PHS) Technical instructions to telecom authorities, broadband operators in

foreign countries in order to optimize PHS network aboard

1.2 PHS Service Overview

1.2.1 Service Concept The concept of PHS service is to provide:

Wireless multimedia communications Terminal mobility Complete two-way communication Alternative access method to a network

In order to deliver a truly personal communication service in an economical manner, PHS uses small, lightweight handsets for the home, office, and public settings. These subscriber terminals support not only high-quality voice communication but also fax and high-speed data communication with high level security.

1.2.2 Objectives The wireless telecommunication solutions which were marketed in '90s contained ultimate limitation and weakness that prevented them from tapping the mass market successfully.

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MoU 3

Disadvantages of cellular systems Subscription and call charges are comparatively high Cellular terminals for analog cellular systems are often noisy Batteries for cellular terminals require frequent recharging Capability to handle data and/or fax calls is poor Voice communication by an analog cellular system can be easily tapped

by a third party

Disadvantages of analog cordless telephone systems Voice communication can be easily monitored by a third party

Disadvantages of paging systems

Two-way voice communication is not supported PHS was developed to overcome the above disadvantages and to satisfy growing potential demand for personal communications. PHS development was founded on the following key factors to address these needs:

Micro cell technology Increases capacity through greater frequency reuse over a given

geographic region Reduces cell station construction costs Reduces the terminal size and weight Increases the terminal battery life

Utilization of the existing network

Reduces PHS network construction costs

Fully digital radio link Ensures high-quality communication Enhances multimedia capabilities Reduces the terminal size and weight Enhances security

Dynamic channel allocation

Simplifies cell station engineering

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MoU 4

Facilitates a multi-operator environment in the same service area Increases frequency efficiency

32kbps ADPCM (Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation) voice coding

Ensures high-quality voice communication comparable to wired service Based on the above basic guidelines, PHS development activities started at the Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) and Telecommunication Technology Committee (TTC) of Japan for standardization of the system. PHS air interface was standardized in 1993 by ARIB as “RCR STD-28”.

For the PHS to be used commonly throughout the world, the PHS MoU Group has continued to develop the PHS MoU Technical Specifications based on International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) Recommendations, ARIB Standards, and TTC Standards. These PHS MoU Technical Specifications will provide solutions to a wide variety of network and communication needs throughout the world.

1.2.3 Applications The PHS technologies are applicable to various fields of both public and private telecommunication services, as illustrated in Figure 1.2-1. In both public and private applications, the PHS terminal can be used consistently by one person in a variety of situations, while retaining terminal mobility.

Figure 1.2-1 Applications with PHS Terminal Mobility

Public Applications Private Applications

Transceiver

PS PS

Public Space

Outdoor Wireless PABX

WLL/FWA

Digital Cordless Phone

Public Mobile Phone

Home

Office

Suburban and Rural Area Outdoor

PHS Terminal Mobility

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MoU 5

Public Digital Cordless Telephone

This application of PHS technology enables public wide area communication service with moderate mobility. It provides coverage for urban and suburban areas both outdoors and indoors. Public indoor spaces include underground shopping centers, railway stations, hotels, etc. Coverage inside a home is also offered by the high power public cell stations installed in the vicinity or by the use of compact home repeaters.

There are three primary areas of opportunity for the introduction of PHS technology to public services, as illustrated in Figure 1.2-2. The first involves fixed network operators seeking to provide a value-added service. The second involves cellular operators seeking to expand coverage areas by introducing cellular/PHS dual mode terminal. The third involves new common carriers that intend to begin PHS service by either deploying an independent type of PHS network or utilizing an existing network.

Figure 1.2-2 Deployment of PHS from Business Aspect (Public PHS)

WLL / FWA system The PHS technology can be applied to the WLL/FWA systems as replacement for conventional wired service. This has two major advantages. First, WLL/FWA service can be installed much more rapidly than traditional wired service; secondly, cost of PHS-WLL/FWA solution is becoming competitive to twisted pair cables. With the present global scenario of falling radio equipment costs, almost steady

1

2

3

Fixed

Cellular

PHS 1 2

3

Cordless Phone with Public Mobility Wider Coverage Areas (train platform, hotel lobby, etc.) PHS Service by a New Operator

Mobility

Tariff

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MoU 6

cable costs and rapidly rising network construction costs, the PHS-WLL/FWA system can prove to be more cost effective in certain cases. PHS-WLL/FWA system can be applied both in suburban/rural areas and metropolitan areas. When applied to metropolitan areas, it can act as a radio concentration system to most effectively utilize existing cables. To introduce public PHS service in an existing Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTN), the PHS equipment is added to the existing network. While adding the PHS equipment, it may be necessary to have an additional equipment depending on whether the existing PSTN has Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) and Intelligent Network (IN) facilities or not. For example, when the existing PSTN has the provision for ISDN and IN facilities, the introduction of public PHS service can be easily realized. On the other hand, the introduction of WLL/FWA system is not bound by such considerations because the PHS-WLL/FWA equipment can connect to the existing PSTN in accordance with ITU-T defined international standards. Therefore, the PHS-WLL/FWA system can be easily introduced by simply adding a PHS-WLL/FWA equipment. The Figure 1.2-3 shows the additional equipment required to introduce the public PHS service and PHS-WLL/FWA system to an existing PSTN.

Figure 1.2-3 Additional Equipment for Public PHS and PHS-WLL/FWA system

Transceiver Mode (Walkie-Talkie)

PHS terminals have a capability to communicate directly with each other without the intervention of cell stations provided they are within range of sight. This makes the PHS terminal more attractive to the users.

Addition to the existing network

Public PHS Service

( SS No.7/ ISDN/ IN )

PHS Equipment

Existing PSTN

PHS-WLL/FWA Equipment

WLL/FWA

Existing PSTN

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MoU 7

Home Digital Cordless Telephone

The PHS terminal can be used as a home digital cordless telephone, thereby extending the access method of conventional wired service. The PHS home digital cordless telephone is highly secure by means of the latest digital technology in comparison with an analog cordless telephone. The public PHS service is also available inside a house within the service area as the user can easily expand the coverage with the help of a compact cigarette case sized home repeater.

Wireless PABX

PHS-based wireless PABX systems provide office mobility and greater flexibility in the office environment. They also relieve relocation problems associated with wired PABX terminals.

1.3 PHS Current Status

1.3.1 World PHS services are being introduced around the world. Many governments and authorized organizations are taking the steps necessary to allocate frequency band for the introduction of PHS services in their countries. Field trials of public, private and WLL/FWA applications are also expanding all over the world, as can be seen in the Figure 1.3-1. and 1.3-2 show the subscriber transition of PHS in the world. Figure 1.3-1 World map with PHS installations

Introduction or commercial service Argentina Uruguay

Colombia

Guatemala

Japan Vietnam

Thailand Malaysia

Philippines

China

Australia

New Zealand

Singapore Indonesia

U.A.E.

Tanzania

Taiwan Haiti

Brazil

India Egypt Bangladesh

Ethiopia

Saudi Arabia Costa Rica

Chile

U.S.A

Mali Nigeria

Honduras

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MoU 8

Figure 1.3-2 Subscriber Transition of PHS in the World

1.3.2 Countries and Regions

Japan

Public PHS service in Japan saw an increasing subscriber base ever since its start in July 1995. The subscriber base further picked up with the introduction of high- speed data services in April 1997 as it opened doors to new application areas. By the end of 1997 the PHS service had more than 7 million subscribers just two years after its introduction. However, when the year of 1998 began, the number of PHS subscribers began to show a gradual decrease. This decrease, however marginal, can be attributed to the following reasons:

Withdrawal of services by the operators from some subscribers with long standing unpaid dues.

Negative image about PHS service quality in the market: When the service started, desired service quality could not be achieved due to a lack of methodology about area construction. This brought on a negative image about PHS service quality, which stayed in the market causing subscribers to shun the service.

Shift of some subscribers to cellular services for high mobility requirements:

When the service started, the seamless handover technology had not been introduced yet.

Fall in the monthly service charges and call charges of cellular services:

0

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‘95 ‘96 ‘97 ‘98 ‘99 ‘00 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘06

(thousands)

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Compared to the present, the cost for PHS equipment, such as PHS cell stations, was high especially when the service started. In Japan, PHS operators rent backbone from fixed network operators. The backbone’s rental fees (access charges) are a main cause that prevented a cut in the PHS service charges.

It should be noted that PHS was introduced as a 'moderate mobility' counterpart to cellular services with additional advantages of low cost and better data transmission capabilities. Now the PHS is all set to realize its full potential in terms of high capability for data handling, utilization of micro cell structure (location identification service, etc.), telemetering, and the like. Max.128kbps packet data communications service has been provided since March 2003, and the maximum speed has reached 512kbps by April, 2007. A monthly flat rate that allows users to make an unlimited number of calls, assisted by a spread of notebook PCs, rapidly expanded the PHS market, resulting in a capture of new market, data communications users. Beyond data service, voice service has been subject to flat-rate service since 2004.

China

PHS is called “Xiaolingtong” in China (this term generally refers to local wireless telephone as well as PHS). It is said that public PHS services was introduced to the PSTN services first in 1998 in Yuhang, Zhejiang Province. Fixed carriers (network operators) applied the PHS technology to the last half mile as replacement for conventional wireline. The public PHS service saw an increasing subscriber base ever since its start, mainly covering local. By October 2006 the PHS service had as many as 93 millions subscribers in about 600 cities in the whole of China. The PHS service has also developed to big cities like Beijing and Shanghai including urban areas. As PHS was introduced as an 'extension' counterpart to ordinary telephone services with advantages of low cost, PHS subscription and call charges are the same as for ordinary telephone services and, therefore, are lower than cellular service charges. As the PHS service charges only a calling user (cellular service charges both a calling user and a called user) and also as PHS handsets are lower-priced, the PHS service won tremendous popularity on the market and saw a rapid increase in its subscriber base. The fixed network

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MoU 10

operators seek to enrich a value-added service like Short Message Services (SMS). SMS interconnection between Cellular and PHS is imminent to be realized.

Photo 1.3-1 PHS in China

Taiwan

PHS services began in May 2001 in Taiwan, covering the Taipei area. The service area then expanded to Hsinchu and Taoyuan, and covered almost all major cities in Taiwan by April, 2007. The public PHS service saw a steady increase in its subscriber base ever since its start, and has more than 1,300,000 subscribers. Despite the over 100 % penetration of GSM, the number of PHS subscribers was over 500,000 in one and a half years and is increasing still now. The reason for such increase is attributed to that PHS service supports not only high-quality voice communication but also high-speed data communication including enriched contents. Another reason is that the up-to-date subscriber terminals brought on an image of high-level technologies mainly among young people. Data communications service is gaining an increasing number of business class users. International roaming is already realized between Japan.

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MoU 11

Thailand

Given with a name “Personal Communications Telephones (PCT)”, PHS service began in 1999 in Bangkok, the capital of Thailand. The number of PHS subscribers developed to approximately 300,000 by April 2007. Following Taiwan, Thailand realized international roaming between Japan in 2003. Data communications services are gathering attention as the next commercial target. WLL/FWA systems are also being deployed, and their service has already been provided in part. In November 2007, the joint program to study XGP was initiated with the PHS operator in Japan.

Photo 1.3-2 PHS in Thailand

Vietnam

In Vietnam, PHS network has been deployed to cover Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City since 2003, given the name of “CityPhone.” The number of PHS subscribers is approximately 150,000 by April 2007.

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MoU 12

Photo 1.3-3 PHS in Vietnam

Other countries and regions

In 1996 Singapore, PHS system was deployed as the first commercial service that was developed outside Japan. It was employed by the Singapore International Convention and Exhibition Center as a private system, and was utilized as a rental personal station for the attendants. In India, trial service of PHS has already been launched. Uniform telecom license has been introduced, and adoption of PHS by fixed carriers is expected. Also foundation of Indian Chapter of the PHS MoU Group is forwarded. In Central American Haiti, the PHS service started since 2002, the current PHS subscribers reaching approximately 40,000. As power supply is not sufficient in Haiti, PHS system is considered cost effective thanks to its low power consumption. Moreover, PHS service in Chile didn’t begin till 2006, although the amount of its subscribers has exceeded 50,000. In addition, Brazil is in preparation to commercialize PHS service. PHS-WLL/FWA systems and PHS private systems are also being deployed in many countries such as Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Australia, Ethiopia, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Tanzania, Argentina, Uruguay and Colombia.

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MoU 13

Chapter 2 PHS System Features & Technical Basics

This chapter presents PHS system features and technical basics that help to realize a reliable service quality.

2.1 PHS System Features

2.1.1 Wide Applications with Terminal Mobility PHS can be implemented for both private and public use. Terminal mobility, an important concept in PHS, enables the realization of a true personal communication both in private and public domains. This application allows the Personal Station (PS) a smooth transition between public and private PHS services. Terminal mobility can be accomplished by selecting the appropriate mode on the PS. Figure 2.1-1 shows various PHS applications with various modes.

Public Operation Mode This mode enables the PS to access public PHS service areas.

Private Operation Mode This mode enables the PS to access such private systems as the wireless Private Automatic Branch eXchange (PABX) or the home digital cordless system. The same PS can be used at home and in the office by selecting a relevant private mode within the pre-registered private systems.

Automatic Selection Mode

In this mode, the PS automatically switches between the above two modes. For example, the PS changes its operation mode so that it is in the public mode within a public service area, and private mode within a private service area. When the PS is within the range of both services, it will operate on the predetermined mode.

Automatic Dual Mode

This is an optional mode. The PS in this mode can be paged from both the public

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system and the private system when it is within the range of both.

Transceiver Mode (Walkie-Talkie) In this mode, the PSs can communicate directly with each other without the intervention of Cell Stations (CSs).

Figure 2.1-1 Applications with PHS Terminal Mobility

2.1.2 Utilization of the Existing Network In order to achieve the aforementioned service concepts in an economical manner, it is essential to utilize the existing network. Unlike the cellular networks that have established their respective independent networks, the PHS utilizes a network already in place. This approach makes a wide range of services within a digital network available to the PHS user.

Public service area

Private service area (home) Private service area (office)

Mode (4) Mode (4)

Mode (2) Mode (2)

Mode (1) Mode (3)

Mode (1) : Public operation mode Mode (2) : Private operation mode Mode (3) : Automatic selection mode Mode (4) : Automatic dual mode Mode (5) : Transceiver mode (Walkie-Talkie)

Mode (5)

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2.1.3 Typical PHS System Configurations Figure 2.1-2 shows a typical PHS-WLL/FWA (Wireless Local Loop/Fixed Wireless Access) system configuration which provides access to an existing Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). Figure 2.1-3 shows an example of public PHS network with necessary equipment to realize full (wide area) mobility. Note that public PHS can be introduced more economically if the existing network has Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) and Intelligent Network (IN) facilities that can be utilized for PHS service.

Figure 2.1-2 PHS-WLL /FWA System Configuration

Figure 2.1-3 Public PHS System Configuration

LE : Local Exchange WAC : WLL/FWA Access Controller WCS : WLL/FWA Cell Station WPS : WLL/FWA Personal Station WSU : WLL/FWA Subscriber Unit

WCS

WCS WPS To/From LE

WAC WSU

Access Layer

BS : Billing System CS : Cell Station CDRS : Call Details Recording System HLR : Home Location Register LE : Local Exchange OMS : O & M System PS : Personal Station PSC : PHS Switching Center R - ISDN : Remote ISDN SDM : Subscriber Data Management

PS

Transport Layer

To/From LE

Access Layer

Intelligent Layer

PSC

HLR SDM

BS

OMS

CDRS

CS

CS

Remote ISDN

R-ISDN

CS

LAN

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2.1.4 Easy Installation of the CSs All Radio Frequency (RF) channels in the cellular frequency band are divided into several groups called RF channel sets. One set is assigned to each base station to be used for the traffic channel. When planning for such assignments, consideration must be made not to assign the same RF channel set to adjacent base stations; a consideration without which the activity within one cell will experience interference from the adjacent base station. PHS, on the other hand, does not require such time consuming efforts because the CS can use all RF channels in the PHS band as the traffic channel, with the exception of the channels that are pre-assigned as Control Channels (CCHs) .

The CS automatically picks up one RF channel that appears to have less interference problem from among the available channels, and assigns it as the traffic channel. This capability is made possible by the Dynamic Channel Assignment (DCA) technology and the concept of micro cells. The micro cell technology allows easy addition and removal of CSs based on factors such as traffic demand and the presence of other operators servicing the same area. These additions and removals can be accomplished without having to plan and re-plan for frequency reuse. This is one of the major advantages of PHS.

A CS consists of CS equipment and antennas. These two parts together can create a micro cell service area with a radius of several hundred meters. The system configuration can accommodate many subscribers because of the large capacity made possible through the efficient use of frequencies between the micro cells.

The combination of CS equipment and antennas can be chosen from a variety of models available from various manufacturers. The PHS CSs are classified as follows.

Indoor type/Outdoor type Low power type (20mW or less)/High power type ( 500mW or less) Group controlled type; multiple CSs (2 to 4) are controlled by one

control channel High capacity type (e.g. 8 channels including the control channel)

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This flexibility will enable many different installation schemes to be accommodated. As a result, the CSs can be installed economically in a wide variety of locations. For example, outdoor type CSs can be installed on public telephone booths, utility poles and on rooftops. Digital lines from the PSTN are connected to the CS equipment. The CS operates on a commercial power supply, however, an optional centralized power system can supply DC power from the switching office to the CS. Battery back-up option is available. Photo 2.1-1 shows examples of CS installation.

Photo 2.1-1 Examples of CS Installation

Public PHS service areas are primarily outdoors but service areas also include public indoor spaces, such as inside underground shopping malls and department stores. Indoor type CS has two rod antennas that are approximately 20 cm in length. A flat antenna resembling a smoke detector is also available for inconspicuous installation on ceilings.

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Indoor service areas per CS are much smaller than their outdoor counterparts, because it is more difficult for radio waves to propagate through enclosed spaces. This makes it necessary to have higher CS equipment density, which includes a CS installation on every floor.

Compact indoor type CSs and a line concentration controller can be used to economically configure these indoor service areas. Indoor type CSs are more compact as well as economical than outdoor type CSs because the indoor type CSs do not require many of the following features that are requisites for an outdoor type CS.

Waterproof case Sunshade High output power (10mW is sufficient for indoor use) Local power feeding (implies easy installation of indoor type CS) ADPCM CODEC (Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation COder

DECoder)

Figure 2.1-4 shows an installation example of an indoor type public CS.

The group-controlled type CSs and the high capacity type CSs are installed depending on the traffic level of a given service area. When the traffic level in one cell is increased, an additional CS may be installed near the existing CS without having to replace an existing CS with a high capacity type CS. A maximum of 3 additional CSs can be connected to the existing CS.

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Figure 2.1-4 An Installation Example of Indoor Type Public CS

2.1.5 PHS Basic Services The following are examples of commonly used or standardized basic service applications.

Complete two-way communication 32/64kbps data transmission capability 32kbps ADPCM voice coding

The basic services available in public PHS are illustrated in Figure 2.1-5.

LCC: Line Concentration Controller To/From PSC

Indoor type public CS

PS

LCC

Ground Floor

First Floor

Second Floor

PSC: PHS Switching Center

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Figure 2.1-5 Basic Services of Public PHS

Handover Handover is essential to PHS service. It ensures uninterrupted communication when a PS moves from one cell to another. This function is indispensable especially if the PS user is mobile because the cell radius of the CS is less than several hundred meters (generally 500m) and the user is likely to move to the coverage area of other CSs frequently. Handover is initiated from either the CS or the PS that detects deterioration of the radio signal.

Roaming Roaming service permits PHS users to utilize the services when they roam among the visited PHS networks operated by different operators. The PHS roaming service will be applied to domestic public networks, international public networks, and private networks.

CS : Cell Station HLR : Home Location Register PS : Personal Station PSC : PHS Switching Center

Roaming

PHS Operator A

PHS Operator B

PHS Network

HLR PSC CS

Paging Where?

Handover (Talking) Authentication

Location Registration

PS

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Authentication Authentication confirms permission to use the system every time a location registration, call origination, call termination or handover is performed.

Location Registration

The CSs in a service area are divided into location dependent groups with each group defining a location registration area to facilitate mobility management. The location registration service, as the name suggests, registers the present location of the PS within a service area. When the PS moves from one location registration area to another, it sends a request for updating its location database. The location registration service helps in updating the location database.

Paging Paging allows a PS to realize two-way communication. The paging signals are transmitted not only from the CS nearest to the PS but also from all CSs that belong to the same location registration area.

2.1.6 PHS Supplementary Services The supplementary services in public PHS are intended to provide profitable capabilities in addition to the basic services. The service specifications for such services are available from the PHS MoU Group.

Calling User Identification Presentation (CUIP) Provides the calling user's number to the called user.

Calling User Identification Restriction (CUIR) Restricts the presentation of the calling user's number and sub-address to the called user.

Call Forwarding Redirects incoming calls to another terminal. This service comprises of the following services:

Call Forwarding Unconditional (CFU) Call Forwarding on PS Busy (CFB)

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Call Forwarding on No Reply (CFNRy) Call Forwarding on PS Not Reachable (CFNRc)

Call Barring

Bars outgoing/incoming calls. The following options are available:

Barring of All Outgoing Calls (BAOC) Barring of Outgoing International Calls (BOIC) Barring of Outgoing International Calls except call to Home Country

(BOIC-exHC) Barring of All Incoming Calls (BAIC) Barring of Incoming Calls on roaming outside home country

(BIC-roam)

Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) Transmission Commands a PS to send DTMF signal to a CS through the control channel.

Sub-address Delivers sub-addresses to the called user in order to select one specific terminal, or for activating a specific process in the called user’s terminal.

User Scrambling Scrambles the content of communication between the PS and the network.

PHS User-to-User Signaling (PHS UUS) Allows a PHS user to send/receive limited amount of short visual messages (similar to the short messages that appear on pager screens) to/from another PHS user over the traffic channel.

2.2 Technical Basics

2.2.1 Open Systems The air interface between the PS and the CS is standardized in the RCR STD-28 by the ARIB.

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The PHS MoU Group standardized the specifications for worldwide deployment taking into consideration system elements that are different for each country. A few examples are listed below.

The interface between the CS and the digital network Inter-network interface PHS service control procedure

The PHS MoU Group’s technical standards are open to everyone interested in the technology.

2.2.2 PHS Radio Technologies Structure of PHS TDMA/TDD

A standard CS supports 4 channels. However, CSs such as the high capacity type and the group-controlled type have more than 4 channels/CS. This section explains the structure of PHS Time Division Multiple Access / Time Division Duplex (TDMA/TDD) based on the standard CS. The TDMA/TDD frame is characterized as follows:

One TDMA/TDD frame is 5ms, with 2.5ms for uplink and downlink There are eight time slots/frame which constitute 4 channels with each

channel having two time slots - one for uplink and one for downlink One of the 4 channels is a control channel. The RF carrier of the control

channel is different from that of the traffic channels. Each operator is assigned a fixed RF carrier for the control channel

The traffic channels can have either the same or different RF carriers. They are distinguished by the time slots

Figure 2.2-1 shows a typical PHS TDMA/TDD structure.

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Figure 2.2-1 Typical PHS TDMA/TDD Structure

As can be seen from Figure 2.2-1, the channels are defined by time slots and are not limited to the same RF carrier. However, the RF carrier can be the same for different channels of the same CS. This concept can be further clarified by referring to Figure 2.2-2 in which three simultaneous calls are assumed for a CS. It can be seen that two PSs are using the same RF carrier (RF-A) and the other one is using a different RF carrier (RF-B). This further emphasizes that the RF carrier can be the same for the different PSs during simultaneous calls on the same CS, but that time slot assignments cannot be the same.

CS PS1 PS2

CH3 CH4

Control Carrier

Carrier No.1

Carrier No.2

Carrier No.3

(CCH) CH1 CH2

CH3 CH4

(CCH) CH1 CH2

CH3 CH4

Uplink

Downlink

TDMA/TDD Frame

Time slot1

Time slot2 Time slot3


Time slot6


・ Shaded sections show the carrier in use ・ Control channel(CCH) is not limited to CH1 only

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Figure 2.2-2 Multiple Calls per CS

Audio CODEC The audio signal is trans-coded into 32kbps ADPCM based on the ITU-T Recommendation G.726.

The ADPCM compresses speech data without degrading speech quality. No significant performance degradation is expected for voice-band data transmission made through MODEMs.

PHS scrambling PHS has a standardized scrambling function as shown in Figure 2.2-3. The user scrambling function is applied to the Traffic Channel (TCH) in the communication phase. This function prevents telephone conversations from being tapped by a third party. The CS-ID (Cell Station Identification) scramble function is applied to both the control channels and the traffic channels.

Frequency allocation As Figure 2.2-4 illustrates, the PHS frequency band is not separately allocated for each PHS operator, but is shared dynamically by all the PHS operators by means of DCA technology.

・ Same RF carrier can be assigned ・ Same Channel (Time slots) can-not be assigned

CS PS1 PS2

PS3

RF-A RF-A

RF-B Channel

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Table 2.2-1 is a frequency plan for PHS service in Japan. There are 117 RF carriers in total. The control carriers for private use are assigned to 1898.450 MHz and 1900.250 MHz in Japan, and 1903.850 MHz and 1905.650 MHz for other countries and regions. In Japan, seven control carriers are reserved for public use. Three (Control-ch1, 2, 3) of the seven are assigned to each of the three PHS operators and one is set aside as a spare channel (Spare C-ch). The other three control channels (Control-ch4, 5, 6) and guard channels from 1906.250MHz to 1908.050MHz are

Encryption key

Register initial value

PN output

TCH data

Scrambling

CRC SA CI

CRC calculation

Scrambling "CS-ID"

SA CI UW PR

"xxxx"

User Scramble

CI: Channel Identifier CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check PR: Preamble SA: Slow Associated Control

Channel (SACCH) UW: Unique Word

Operator-A

Operator-B

・ No separate spectrum allocation among operators even in the same service area ・ No separate spectrum allocation among CSs

Operator B's CS

Figure 2.2-3 Scramble Function for PHS

Figure 2.2-4 Same Frequency Band Allocated to all CS

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MoU 27

available for traffic channels (TCH) until May 31, 2009. Currently the spectrum for public use is 22.5MHz, and that for private use is 12.5MHz. The private use spectrum can also be used for public use. The TDMA/TDD technology eliminates the necessity of paired carriers (transmitting and receiving) that are usually required in order to accomplish two-way communication. TDMA/TDD is flexible because both the lower and upper ends of the spectrum can easily be expanded to accommodate needs.

Use of Control Channel In PHS system, RF carrier for the control channel should be predetermined and selected from among the available RF carriers. Different RF carriers are assigned to each public operator for its control channel. Operators can therefore provide service in the same area.

Security A high quality/high security system can be realized because of the digitization and scrambling technologies. All originating and terminating calls are processed with an authentication sequence to prevent the unauthorized utilization of PSs. The authentication key corresponds to the PS number pre-registered to the PHS network.

Frequency Reuse DCA is an autonomous control technology of radio channel distribution, which enables PHS operators to use frequencies efficiently and flexibly. This relieves the operators from the duties of troublesome and time consuming frequency reuse planning.

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Table 2.2-1 Frequency Plan for PHS Service in Japan Carrier number

Carrier Frequency (MHz) Type of use Carrier

number Carrier

Frequency (MHz) Type of use

221 1884.650 25 350

222 950 26 650

223 1885.250 27 950

224 550 28 1903.250

225 850 29 550

226 1886.150 30 850

227 450 31 1904.150

228 750 32 450

229 1887.050 33 750

230 350 34 1905.050

231 650 35 350

232 950 36 650

233 1888.250 37 950

234 550 38 1906.250 Guard-ch 235 850 39 550 Control-ch4 (Public Use) 236 1889.150 40 1906.850 Guard-ch 237 450 41 1907.150 Control-ch5 (Public Use) 238 750 42 450 Guard-ch 239 1890.050 43 750 Control-ch6 (Public Use) 240 350 44 1908.050 Guard-ch 241 650 45 350

242 950 46 650

243 1891.250 47 950

244 550 48 1909.250

245 850 49 550

246 1892.150 50 850

247 450 51 1910.150

248 750 52 450

249 1893.050 53 750

250 350 54 1911.050

251 650 55 350

252 950 56 650

253 1894.250 57 950

254 550 58 1912.250

255 850 59 550

1 1895.150 60 850

2 450 61 1913.150

3 750 62 450

4 1896.050 63 750

5 350 64 1914.050

6 650 65 350

7 950 66 650

8 1897.250 67 950

9 550 68 1915.250

10 850

Direct Communication between PSs (Private Use)

69 550

11 1898.150 70 850 Guard-ch 12 450 Control Ch (Private Use) 71 1916.150 Spare C-ch (Public Use) 13 750 72 450 Guard-ch 14 1899.050 73 750 Control-ch1 (Public Use) 15 350 74 1917.050 Guard-ch 16 650 75 350 Control-ch2 (Public Use) 17 990 76 650 Guard-ch 18 1900.250 Control Ch (Private Use) 77 950 Control-ch3 (Public Use) 19 550 78 1918.250 Guard-ch 20 850 79 550

21 1901.150 80 850

22 450 81 1919.150

23 750 82 450

24 1902.050

*1 This frequency bandwidth can be used for public use. *2 Available for public TCH until May 31, 2009.

Private Use*1

Public Use

Public Use

Private Use*1

Private Use*1

Private Use*1

Public Use

*2

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2.2.3 PHS Network Technologies Public PHS

The network interface between a CS and the public PHS Switching Center (PSC) conforms to ISDN interface that is modified to carry out PHS-specific functions such as location registration, authentication, and handover. Besides, with the trend of high-speed data communication by the introduction of advanced PHS, movements are made to transfer to ISDN interface into optical fiber.

IP transit exchange

By installing an IP switch to be connected to IP network in between PHS base stations and ISDN network, it becomes possible to transfer voice and data messages on IP network. In addition, using IP switch allows the provision of various value-added services. Besides, by installing gateway device between an IP network and a network provided by other operators, cross network telecom service can be realized.

WLL/FWA

The interface between a WLL/FWA Access Controller (WAC) and a Local Exchange (LE) can be either an analog or digital interface such as analog two-wire interface, digital V5-interface, etc. In WLL/FWA systems, the PHS-specific functions such as location registration, handover (for WLL/FWA Personal Station (WPS)), and authentication are managed by the WAC.

2.3 PHS Multimedia Features

2.3.1 PHS Bearer Digital Data Transmission Services In PHS, radio signals are transmitted at 32kbps per channel. For this reason, high-speed data applications that can directly transmit digital bearer data can be implemented in addition to analog data communication that utilizes a voice band MODEM. The 32kbps data communications can be connected to the existing ISDN by performing speed conversions according to methods specified in International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication standardization sector (ITU-T) Recommendation I.460. The international standard for data speed conversion is documented in the I.460. The following two types of connections can be conceived.

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Direct communication with a V.110 terminal connected to the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) line. V.110 is the ISDN standard data terminal (V.110 supports digital bearer data of up to 19.2kbps)

32kbps communication between PHS terminals or with terminal adapters for PHS Internet Access Forum Standard (PIAFS) (TAP: Terminal Adapter for PIAFS)

The aforementioned 32kbps data communication offers high compatibility with ISDN digital data communications. This capability facilitates the extension of ISDN data communication features into the mobile communication environment. Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) standardized the PHS air interface supports 64kbps bearer capability. Such advances in communication technology contribute to the migration towards the era of mobile multimedia.

2.3.2 32kbps/64kbps Digital Data Transmission Services with PIAFS PHS Internet Access Forum (PIAF) was organized in July 1995 in order to promote PHS multimedia communication. The promotional works were inherited from PIAF to Mobile Internet Access Forum (MITF) and then to ARIB. Specifications that have been standardized by PIAF are called PIAFS (PIAF Standard). PIAFS V1.0 is a data transmission procedure that supports 32kbps unrestricted PHS digital bearer. In November 1997, ARIB standardized RCR STD-28 V3.0, specifying a data transmission procedure that supports 64kbps digital bearer. Accordingly, PIAFS was enhanced to support 64kbps unrestricted PHS digital bearer (PIAFS V2.0). The current formal specification number is ARIB STD-T76 (http://www.arib.or.jp/english/html/overview/img/Specifications.pdf). Figure 2.3-1 shows the conceptual scheme of PIAFS. PIAFS is already in commercial use in Japan, China, Taiwan and Thailand. Many Internet and PC communication users enjoy accessing the network through the PIAFS services.

PIAFS Specifications Maximum effective throughput: 29.2kbps(use of one channel)

58.4kbps(use of two channels) High quality data transmission control procedure by using 32kbps/64kbps unrestricted PHS digital bearer

In-band negotiation procedure Negotiation procedure provided to prepare for future image transmission

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and other new transmission methods Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) transmission control procedure

Error control procedure implemented at layer 2

Item Standardized

End to End Transmission

Control Procedure

PHS Air Interface

PHS – ISDN Interface ISDN

Standards name PIAFS RCR STD-28

Q931 based

I460 Q931 I460

Control phase ―――― ◎ ◎ ◎

Communication phase

◎ (Layer 2)

○ (Layer 1)

○ (Speed trans function)

○ (Speed trans function)

◎ : PIAFS parameters setup is required ○ : PIAFS parameters setup is not required

Figure 2.3-1 Conceptual Scheme of PIAFS

Features of PIAFS Maximum effective throughput: 29.2kbps （PIAFS V1.0）

58.4kbps (PIAFS V2.0 and above) ARQ frame synchronization control method Simple retransmission control (based on ARQ) for high throughput Round-trip-delay time measurement Optimum retransmission control under various delays inherent to

PIAFS

PIAFS

End to end transmission

PS

Cell Station (CS)

ISDN

PHS

MoU 32

domestic/international/satellite communications, etc. Can select a flexible, high-level protocol Data disassembling and assembling Full-duplex transmission

2.3.3 MITF Dial-up Dormant Protocol (ARIB STD T-78) MITF Dial-up Dormant Protocol Specifications provide an interrupt function which, when data transmission has not been done for a predetermined time interval while the communications line is connected or when desired wave environment is not available, shifts wireless communications line to dormant state without disconnecting the dial-up connection. MITF, which has standardized the PIAFS, conceives the specifications for MITF Dial-up Dormant Protocol (ARIB STD-T78: http://www.arib.or.jp/english/html/overview/img/arib_std-t78_e.pdf ) as an efficient PHS data transmission procedure based on PIAFS.

Figure 2.3-2 MITF Dial Up Dormant Protocol(1)

Figure 2.3-3 MITF Dial Up Dormant Protocol(2)

Higher Layer (PPP)

Lower Layer (Air I/F) Dormant Resume

MITF Dial Up Dormant Protocol (ARIB STD-T78)

Data B Data A Data A Data B Data A Data A

Data X : data from PS X

PPP: Point-to-Point Protocol

Disconnect

Circuit switching

Data A Data A Data A Data A

unused period Connect

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Use of the Dormant Protocol can increase the radio frequency efficiency. Figure 2.3-2 shows the example of situation that the Dormant Protocol is useful. Figure 2.3-3 shows the difference between circuit switching and the Dormant Protocol.

2.3.4 Packet Data Transmission Service Packet data transmission service that makes a maximum of 128kbps data communications available has already been launched in Japan as a new PHS data communications service. (Packet communications uses multiple channels simultaneously, providing high transmission speed. 128kbps data transmission service is realized by using four channels simultaneously, with 32kbps data transmission occupying each channel.) In PHS packet data transmission, data is routed and transferred by means of addressed packets (disassembled data blocks) so that a channel is occupied only during the transmission of a packet. In other words, thanks to RF channel multiplexing, the PHS packet data transmission service can open its wireless/network lines to other users when data packet is not being routed or transferred, so that other packet users can use those resources. A standard PHS base station supports 4 channels that can be used as traffic channels (for transmitting data), with the exception of one channel that is pre-assigned as control channel. The packet data transmission service uses the control channel as traffic channel when the control channel’s time slots are not occupied, increasing the radio frequency efficiency. The Figure 2.3-4 and Figure 2.3-5 show the data transmission image by circuit switching and packet switching.

Figure 2.3-4 Packet Data Transmission Outline(1)

Circuit switching Packet switching

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2.3.5 Advanced PHS Technologies

Advanced PHS is one of the key areas in which PHS systems could enhance their capabilities. In June 2001, a report on the Advanced PHS was submitted by the Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications (MPHPT), Japan. In March 2002, the technological regulations were standardized and included in RCR-STD-28 V4.0 by ARIB. The aforementioned report provides the following:

Addition of modulation methods (such as BPSK, 8PSK, 16QAM, etc.) Addition of 900kHz carrier spacing Addition of high-speed data transmission capability (support for data

transmission at 1 Mbps/channel by combining 4 slots) Introduction of technologies designed to minimize interference from

International Mobile Telecommunication-2000 (IMT-2000) frequency band Introduction of Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)

Thanks to these enhancements, a maximum of approximately 1Mbps high-speed data transmission becomes available by either deploying an enhanced PHS network or utilizing the existing PHS network. These enhancements also enable coexistence of IMT-2000 and PHS that uses a frequency band which is a part of or adjacent to the IMT-2000 frequency band. Table2.3-1 shows outline of technological requirements for advanced PHS in comparison with existing PHS and Figure 2.3-6 shows the image of Advanced PHS

Figure 2.3-5 Packet Data Transmission Outline(2)

Disconnect

Circuit switching

Data A Data A Data A Data A

Connect

Data A C B B B C

Circuit switching

Data A Data A Data A

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with adaptability under various conditions.

Table 2.3-1 Outline of technological requirements for the Advanced PHS

Advanced PHS Existing PHS

Modulation BPSK, /4DQPSK, 8PSK, 12QAM, 16QAM, 24QAM, 32QAM, 64QAM (Adaptive modulation)

/4DQPSK

Carrier spacing 300kHz, 900kHz 300kHz Improvement of roll-off ratio 0.38(at 900kHz), 0.5(at 300KHz) 0.5

Slot constitution Slot constitution efficiency has been increased. -

Packet data communication Dormant function -

Error correction signal Error correction signal has been introduced. -

Communications between home digital cordless telephones

Restriction on communications time has been removed. Number of slots: 4

Communications time: 180 sec Number of slots: 2

Spatial multiplexing SDMA has been introduced. -

W-OAM : WILLCOM Optimized Adaptive Modulation

A Japanese PHS operator started Advanced PHS with W-OAM service in Feb. 2006. The system brought about drastic improvement of area performance as it enabled

Voice

32kbps

High-speed

Data

~1Mbps

Data

16kbps

Behind a building

Data

32/64kbps Data

128kbps

Figure 2.3-6 Image of Advanced PHS

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autonomous tuning function according to radio wave conditions, realized up to 800kbps throughput while 64QAM adopted in suitable environment, and allowed replacement to BPSK in rural area and closed environment when radio wave was unstable.

2.3.6 Various PHS Data Terminals PHS has excellent capability for data communications as well as for voice communication, and based on this capability, various types of terminals have been developed.

Data-oriented Type Data-oriented type is a data terminal with a built-in PHS module. These versions have a PC Card, a CF (Compact Flash) card, a USB and a SD (Secure Digital) card types. Some terminals of this type are used for voice communication via an earphone and a microphone. Photo 2.3-1 shows the examples of this type.

PC Card type CF Card type SD type USB type

Photo 2.3-1 Data-oriented Type PHS Terminals for Data Service Capability

BPSKBPSK

QPSKQPSK

8PSK8PSK16QAM16QAM

64QAM64QAM32QAM32QAM

Speed Up

Spread wave

500kbps250kbps64kbps16QAM

800kbps400kbps100kbps64QAM640kbps320kbps80kbps32QAM

408kbps204kbps51kbps8PSK256kbps128kbps32kbpsQPSK128kbps64kbps16kbpsBPSK

8×4×1×

Theoretical speedBPSKBPSK

QPSKQPSK

8PSK8PSK16QAM16QAM

64QAM64QAM32QAM32QAM

Speed Up

Spread wave

500kbps250kbps64kbps16QAM

800kbps400kbps100kbps64QAM640kbps320kbps80kbps32QAM

408kbps204kbps51kbps8PSK256kbps128kbps32kbpsQPSK128kbps64kbps16kbpsBPSK

8×4×1×

Theoretical speed

Figure 2.3-7 Image of W-OAM

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Integrated (all-in one) Type In this terminal type, the telephone functions and a data terminal are physically merged together. The terminal must be compact and lightweight because a mobile phone is surely expected to be portable. Therefore, it may not be possible to incorporate all the desirable functions into this type of data terminal. However, mail exchanges and other simple applications should be fully executable. Many different models have been introduced into the market and also are expected to appear in the future. Photo 2.3-2 shows examples of this terminal type.

(a)Smart Phone type (b)Browser type

Photo 2.3-2 Integrated Type PHS Terminals for Data Service Capability

Combined Type This terminal type is a conventional PS that is connected to a data terminal through a PIAFS adapter via a cable or some other type of link. Conceivable connection methods include the USB (Universal Serial Bus) interface and the PC Card interface.

Photo 2.3-3 Combined Type PHS Terminals for Data Service Capability

USB I/F type PC card I/F type

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W-SIM (WILLCOM Subscriber Identity Module ) Jacket Type

This type realized data communication by adopting W-SIM concept in a jacket that corresponds to all existing interfaces. When new interface generates the need to upgrade handset, only the jacket is to be developed and changed, which helps to save both time and cost on terminal development. Photo2.3-4 shows an example of how W-SIM works with a (About details of W-SIM, refer to 4.2.3.)

Express slot type W-SIM USB slot type

Photo 2.3-4 W-SIM Enabling Full Correspondence to All Interfaces

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Chapter 3

XGP Features

This chapter presents the overview of XGP. 3.1 Trend of Mobile BWA

3.1.1 Trend of Mobile BWA of ITU-R In ITU-R, mobile BWA related business is covered by Working Party 8A(here in after as WP8A), which is in charge of Land Mobile Service Excluding IMT-2000 and Amateur and Amateur-satellite Service.WP8A compiled Recommendation ITU-R M.1801, known as Radio Interface Standards for Broadband Wireless Access Systems, Including Mobile and Nomadic Applications, in the Mobile Service Operating below 6 GHz, and recommended the use of several mobile BWA systems. The recommended systems can be categorized in 5 types, each of which is proposed and supported by other recommendations or organizations. (1) Radio-LAN (Recommendation ITU R M.1450 : IEEE 802.11, ETSI BRAN

HIPERLAN, ARIB HiSWANa) (2) IMT-2000(Recommendation ITU R M.1457 : CDMA Direct Spread, CDMA

Multi-Carrier, CDMA TDD, TDMA Single-Carrier, FDMA/TDMA) (3) Harmonized IEEE and ETSI radio interface standards (IEEE 802.16, ETSI

HiperMAN) (4) ATIS WTSC radio interface standards (T1.723-2002, ATIS-0700001.2004,

ATIS-0700004.2005, T1.716/7-2000(R2004)) (5) Next-generation PHS (A-GN4.00-01-TS) The recommendation, which is the most important advising document of mobile BWA by now, is finally approved in March and promulgated in June 2007. Of the five types listed above, (1)and(2) have been published and are referred in ITU-R recommendations as the recommended Radio-LAN and IMT-2000 technologies. Those that are considered as principal mobile BWA technologies are the remaining (3), (4)and(5). “(5) Next-generation PHS” is regarded as XGP. In addition, WP8A compiled mobile BWA relevant document Report ITU-R M.2116, known as Characteristics of Broadband Wireless Access Systems Operating in the Land

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Mobile Service for Use in Sharing Studies and promulgated it in September 2007. In this report, the features of the above mentioned systems are described to find common points among them.

3.1.2 XGP History The movement concerning standardizing XGP is stated in Figure 3.1-1. PHS MoU Group established NWG in March 2006 to carry out standardization activities. The XGP Specification, Ver01 Rev02[A-GN4.00-01-TS] was approved on its 22nd general meeting in September 2007.

Figure 3.1-1 XGP History

3/2006 PHSMoU NWG

Established

9/2006 WILLCOM achieved 20 Mbps by their experimental system

9/2007 Ver01 Rev02 Specification

Approved by PHSMoU


Approved as TR


Approved by PHSMoU


Approved

3/2007 ITU-R Recommendation

“M.1801” published

12/2007 The 2.5GHz bandwidth was assigned

to XGP operator in Japan

4/2006 7/2006 10/2006 1/2007 4/2007 7/2007 10/2007

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Table3.1-1 Chronicle

March 2006 PHS MoU Group established NWG. The work to draft XGP Specification was formally started.

August 2006 XGP specification Ver01 Rev01[A-GN4.00-01-TS] is approved as TS on 20th general meeting held in Hanoi, Vietnam.

September 2006 WILLCOM Inc. announced the realization of 20Mbps transmission speed in XGP field test.

March 2007 XGP is formally admitted as a BWA system in ITU-R Recommendation [M.1801].

July 2007 XGP specification Ver01 Rev02 was approved as TR on NWG meeting held in Suzhou, China.

September 2007 XGP specification Ver01 Rev02 [A-GN4.00-01-TS] was approved as TS on 22nd general meeting held in Chengdu, China. The standardizing process was completed.

December 2007

Ver01 Rev03 [A-GN4.00-01-TS] was approved at Hanamaki NWG meeting. The 2.5GHz bandwidth was assigned to XGP operator in Japan.

3.2 Features of XGP 3.2.1 OFDMA/TDMA/TDD

XGP adopts the plural multiple access method of OFDMA/TDMA and the duplex method of TDD. Not only OFDMA/TDD, but SC-FDMA/TDD method can be used for UL（Uplink）. The mixed use of OFDMA/TDD and SC-FDMA/TDD is possible for UL. The structure of TDMA slot is symmetrical with 625 usec × 4 slots for UL and 625 usec × 4 slots for DL (Downlink). This same structure to the existing PHS system forms the base for co-existence of the two systems possible. The symmetrical structure makes TDMA slots compatible with AAS（Adaptive Array System）and SDMA（Space Division Multiple Access）. XGP adopts AAS and SDMA technologies to improve the efficiency of frequency usage.

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The following tables give some technical references of XGP.

Table 3.2-1 General parameter for XGP

Duplex method TDD Downlink access method OFDMA/TDMA Uplink access method OFDMA, SC-FDMA/TDMA TDMA slot period 625 us TDMA frame period 5 ms Number of slots in one frame 8 slots, 4 slots for transmission and 4

slots for reception symmetrically

Table3.2-2 Individual parameters for each system bandwidth

The TDMA/TDD method adopted in existing PHS system and the FDMA/TDMA/TDD method adopted in XGP are described in the following figure. In an existing PHS system, one communication channel is assigned to one time slot. In a XGP system, the feature of OFDM is activated to enable to assignment of plural PRUs (Physical Resource Unit: refer to below for explanation) to one time slot. The number of PRUs increases or decreases according to the system bandwidth.

System bandwidth [MHz] 1.25 2.5 5 10 20 Effective channel bandwidth [MHz]

0.9 1.8 3.6 8.1 9 16.2 17.1 18

Guard bandwidth [MHz] 0.35 0.7 1.4 1.9 1 3.8 2.9 2 Number of subchannels 1 2 4 9 10 18 19 20 Total number of PRU 4 8 16 36 40 72 76 80

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Figure3.2-1 OFDMA/TDMA/TDD

3.2.2 Easy Terminal Development

In XGP, the minimum communication unit, which measures as（900 kHz on frequency axis）×（625 usec on time axis）, is defined as one PRU. As long as a terminal supports the transmitting capacity of one PRU, it can be used in a XGP network. In another word, no terminal in a XGP system is requested to hold transmission capacity that corresponds to all system bandwidth. Besides, a terminal can select OFDMA from SC-FDMA as its UL access method according to its functions. Comparing to OFDMA, the process of the terminal becomes simplified when SC-FDMA is adopted as the UL access method, and its development becomes easy. For example, high-end terminals for high-speed data communication use OFDMA for both UL and DL and wireless devices are furnished to correspond to all system bandwidth. Low-end terminals that are used for voice communications only are installed with only one PRU of transmission capacity. The development cost can be greatly cut if the terminals are designed to use SC-FDMA for UL. Because the system allows free choice of bandwidth according to transmission capacity and access method for UL and DL according to terminal functions, wide range of terminals can be developed according to different needs of different users.

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Figure3.2-2 PRU (Physical Resource Unit)

3.2.3 Dynamic Channel Assignment (DCA)

The XGP adopts DCA method, which is able to avoid interference from other users on assigning corresponding channels by executing Carrier Sense, which detects whether or not a to-be-assigned PRU is occupied by other users. In another word, CS conducts Carrier Sense activity on receiving demand for wireless link from PS. It assigns available PRU, which is not occupied by other users, to a requested user according to the result of Carrier Sense.

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By adopting DCA method, the central control equipment of wireless base stations becomes unnecessary and autonomous distributed control is realized. Cell design is no longer needed to install a new CS as sharing PRU sources with adjacent CSs becomes possible.

Figure3.2-3 DCA (Dynamic Channel Assignment)

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3.2.4 Micro Cell In a mobile system such as GSM and W-CDMA、macro cells with coverage of several kilometer to several tens of kilometers in radius are adopted. But in XGP system, cells with coverage of several hundred meters in radius are adopted. Advantages of micro cells are described below.

1. Efficient on frequency usage per unit area improves and system capacity increases. Hence, telecom services provided at reasonable charge such as flat-rate service are enabled. Since one area is covered by plural base stations, traffic can be directed to diversified path for process. Therefore, the per-unit throughput is maximized. Comparing to a macro cell system which uses one cell to cover one area, the reducing rate of throughput resulted from the increase of users in one area is smaller than that of micro cell system.

2. Transmission power of terminal can be reduced, and minimized terminal size with

maximized battery life span can be realized. Likewise, base stations can be downsized to fit in narrow spaces such as inside buildings or underground area.

3. Delicate deployment of cells according to traffic conditions, for example installing

more CSs in places with high traffic, becomes possible. Besides, even if some CSs in one area are down due to sudden failures or other unexpected reasons, their adjacent CSs can serve as complements immediately. In this sense, micro cell system is a stronger system to respond to changes of environment and conditions.

3.2.5 Overcoming Weak Points of Existing PHS

The existing PHS is regarded with poor mobility. The frequency of handover increases during high-speed movement in a micro cell system. That is, communication quality deteriorates because momentary disconnection increases. To settle this problem, XGP allows macro cell to be mixed in its micro cell system. By adopting macro cell in area where high-speed movement is requested, the frequency of handover reduces. As a result, communication quality improves because of the reduction of momentary disconnection. In addition, with the work done to improve latency, the time to conduct handover itself can be shortened. In a wireless network with only micro cells, a big amount of CSs are needed to cover a wide area. Hence, by installing macro cells in area with small number of uses, and installing micro cells in area with large number of users, the expansion of area coverage of XGP can be carried out easier.

3.2.6 Co-existence with Current PHS

XGP system adopts symmetrical construction with each TDMA slot of 2.5ms for UL

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and DL respectively (5ms jointly). This is the same construction with the current PHS. The following two methods are considered to co-exist XGP with current PHS in the same bandwidth. 1) Establish a guard band in between the current PHS and XGP to enable the

simultaneous operation of the two systems. 2) Isolate the current PHS with XGP on TDMA slot base. For example, assign TS

(Time Slot) 1 and TS 2 for the current PHS and assign TS 3 and TS 4 slots to XGP only.

Method (1)

Method (2)

Figure3.2-4 Co-existence of Current PHS and XGP

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Figure3.3-2 First Aid

3.3 Applications of XGP XGP provides brand new life style for everyone.

Figure3.3-1 Example of XGP’s Applications

3.3.1 Applications in Health

First Aid XGP grants stable telecom environment in a moving automobile. Contact hospital for acceptance preparation in possible while a handset data base is looking for the most suitable medical institutions and available doctor resources according to a patient’s situation. Besides, when there is need for first-aid treatment on ambulance, professional doctors in hospital can always give guide by watching video taken on spot and sent via TV phone, and by receiving simultaneously of the patient’ data measured on spot.

Health

First Aid Home Medical Care

Home

Home Security Kids Monitor in Kindergarten

Home Video Server

Home

Drive Recorder Big Capacity File Transmission on Train/Automobile

Business Thin Client Remote Machine Control

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The good performance of XGP on velocity, capacity and mobility enables simultaneous access of voice communication, data communication and animation transmission in movement. Home Medical Care XGP can be connected with medical device at home as a meter reader, and a doctor in hospital can give diagnosis and treatment by reading a data such as blood pressure in distance and talking over TV phone with a patient. In addition, it is possible for hospital to supervise a patients and collect necessary information for medical treatment during his/her sleep. When abnormal situation is observed, image or animated guide can be transmitted to help with home treatment.

3.3.2 Applications at Home Home Security When a security sensor installed in a home reacts, alarm on the XGP terminal of the nearest security guard as well as that of the officer-in-charge at security center will buzz, and the security camera will show the situation immediately. Security staff can make quick and correct response or to call police car on seeing the image information. Kids Monitor in Kindergarten Parents can see their kids at kindergarten via images or animations sent to their XGP terminals. Drivers of school bus can tell from car navigator if an XGP terminal holding kid is absent from the waiting point before he/she arrives at next stop.

Figure3.3-3 Home Medical Care

Figure3.3-4 Home Security

Figure3.3-5 Kids Monitor

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Home Video Server XGP terminal can be connected to video camera for home use. By taking advantage of the high-speed big-capacity telecommunication tool, the need to write information down to a media such as HDD or DVD before play it on home server is gone. Of course, a video camera without a recording media would become smaller in size and lighter by weight.

3.3.3 Applications as Mobile Drive Recorder When a drive recorder is attached to XGP terminal, the images of the car in movement can be detected and supervised in distance. When a police car is chasing a criminal suspect, images can be transmitted to monitor center and instructions can be given remotely. Big Capacity File Transmission on Train/Automobile Even in high-speed movement, big-size file can be easily transmitted.

3.3.4 Applications in Business Thin Client Today when business information and security are carefully treated, the trend of using mobile PC without hard disk is also expanding. Sending and receiving big-capacity file

Figure3.3-6 Home Video Server

Figure3.3-7 Drive Recorder Figure3.3-8 File Transmission on Train/Automobile

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via XGP can be a good choice in this case. One can easily access his/her own company’s data base during business negotiation, getting product speculations or product images, requesting data for presentation, or checking available stock to ask for or to take an order. Remote Machine Control

XGP can even be used to monitor water level of a river. Data reflected on measuring instrument is collected by XGP device and sent back to monitoring center as images. By doing this, supervision of warning water level in distance is enable.

3.3.5 Other Applications Campus Network XGP can provide seamless commutation environment without swap of communication device and communication method on campus. For mobile computing users in a campus network , wireless LAN is at most a support within restricted areas such as classrooms. Data communication card will be needed once PC is taken outdoor. XGP doesn’t reply on local Wireless LAN and it holds big enough capacity to support constant access without need for swap. Finally, XGP is the one that is able to provide mobile centrex environment for campus network.

Figure3.3-9 Thin Client

Figure3.3-10 Remote Control

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Chapter 4

Public Digital Cordless Telephone Application

4.1 System Configuration and Interface PHS is a new communication system that makes economical wireless service accessible ‘anytime and anywhere’ for personal communication. A variety of applications were accounted for in designing its technical standard: Public Digital Cordless Telephone, Wireless Local Loop / Fixed Wireless Access (WLL/FWA), Wireless Private Automatic Branch eXchange (PABX), Home Digital Cordless Telephone, and Transceiver. This chapter describes PHS as the Public Digital Cordless Telephone.

4.1.1 System Configuration Public PHS is designed to provide; (i) high quality two way communication, (ii) wireless multimedia communication, (iii) terminal mobility, and (iv) an alternative access method to the existing telecommunication networks such as the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) / Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), and the Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN).

The configuration of the basic public PHS network is shown in Figure 4.1-1. The basic public PHS network consists of Personal Stations (PSs), public Cell Stations (CSs), a PHS Switching Center (PSC), and a Service Control Point (SCP) that stores PHS subscriber data and location information. However, the PSC and SCP facilities of an existing network can also be utilized to realize the PHS services.

Figure 4.1-1 Configuration of Basic Public PHS Network

PSC

CS

PHS Network

PS

SCP

CS: Cell Station PS: Personal Station PSC: PHS Switching Center SCP: Service Control Point

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4.1.2 Interface The standardized network interface between the CS and the PSC is based on an ISDN interface which is modified to support PHS-specific functions such as location registration, authentication, and handover. The PHS service control procedure and inter-network interface have been standardized. In PHS, the PSC connects CSs directly to the PHS network, whereas in the cellular network, the base station controller mediates the connection between the base stations and the switch. The elimination of such intermediary equipment may contribute to cost reduction upon implementing the PHS network. The basic main properties of the PHS air interface specifications are shown in Table 4.1-1.

Table 4.1-1 Air Interface Specifications Item Specifications

Frequency Band 1.9 GHz Access Method TDMA/TDD Bearer Channels/Carrier 4 Modulation Method 4DQPSK Voice CODEC 32kbps ADPCM Transmission Rate 384kbps Transmission Power

(Average) CS : 500 mW or less

PS : 10 mW or less Carrier Spacing 300 kHz

4.2 Major System Elements

4.2.1 PHS Switching Center (PSC) There are two types of public PHS networks: the public network utilizing type and the independent network type. Figure 4.2-1 shows a conceptual configuration for both networks. The public network utilizing type utilizes the existing PSTN switching functions and the Intelligent Network (IN) functions on a nationwide scale. This provides for necessary PHS control functions such as location registration, mobility management, authentication, and message accounting. On the other hand, the independent network type implements PHS in an independent switching network which is connected to the existing network via an inter-network interface. The switching system, database and the management facilities are embedded in the independent network.

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PSTN/ISDN/PLMN

PHSOperator

Inter-Network Interface

Independent Network TypePublic Network Utilizing Type

DBISDN

PHSOperator

PSC

PSC

DBDB

CSCSCSCS

Figure 4.2-1 Two Types of Public PHS Networks In both PHS networks, the core equipment of the network is the PSC which is a digital switching system with ISDN functions that include PHS service software. An example of PSC system configuration and its specifications is shown in Figure 4.2-2 and Table 4.2-1 respectively.

Figure 4.2-2 Example of PSC System Configuration

Home Digital Transmission Module Home Digital Transmission Module

Digital Line Module

Call Processor (multi CPU)

Operation and Maintenance Processor

Digital Trunk Interface Module

Optical Subscriber Interface Module

CSLine Control Processor

Maintenance and Administration Terminal

Common Channel Signaling Processor

Remote ISDN Unit

CS

CS

Time Division Networks

Common Channel Signaling Controller

To/From other Exchanges

To/from other Signal Points(including HLR, SCP, STP)

System Bus

ISDN (Copper Pair Cables)

Fiber

Cable PCM

Transmission Equipment

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Table 4.2-1 Example of PSC Specifications

4.2.2 Cell Station (CS) In general, the following types of CSs are used for public PHS service.

Output power Indoor type ........ Low power type (10 mW or less) Outdoor type ..... Low power type (20 mW or less)

High power type (500 mW or less) Channel capacity

Standard type (4 channels including 1 control channel) High capacity type (e.g. 8 channels including 1 control channel) Group-controlled type

Antenna （Signal Processing）

Omni Antenna Adaptive Array Antenna Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)

A group-controlled type CS has a Group Control function. This function controls

Item Single ProcessorSystem

Multi-ProcessorSystem

CommonItem

System Capacity Network Capacity 1,000 Erlangs(30,000 PS)

22,500 Erlangs(300,000 PS)

Digital TransmissionInterface

1.544Mbps (24ch/24TS)

2.048Mbps (30ch/32TS)

ProcessorMax. No. of Processors

Word Length

1 32

32bits/word

ISDNFeature

U-Interface

Remote ISDN unit

2B1Q Echo Canceller

Max 4:1 Concentration

Others

Common Channel Signalling

AmbientConditions

Mounting

Power Supply

Temperature

Humidity

Frame Dimensions (mm)

Direct Current

CCS No.7

5 C ~ 40 C

20% ~ 40%

2,100(H) 1,072(W) 540(D)

-48V 5V

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multiple CSs using a single control channel in order to increase the number of Traffic CHannels (TCHs) in high traffic areas.

Adaptive Array Antenna

Adaptive Array Antenna, which is also called Smart Antenna, is the technology that uses multiple antennas and combines received signals of each antenna adaptively to orient radio waves to desired directions or control to avoid influence of unnecessary radio waves. With PHS that adopts the TDMA/TDD system, this technology can be effectively applied to both transmission and reception. It has the potential to increase PHS network capacity and also makes it possible to cover a wider area with less cost. Figure4.2-3 shows the image of coverage area by Adaptive Array Antenna technology.

SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access) The access method that the multiplexing communications between one CS with plural terminals are realized by distinguishing received signals spatially utilizing the same frequency is called Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA). Application of the Adaptive Array Antenna technology allows multiple PHS terminals to connect to the same cell station at the same slot timing by sharing the same frequency. Cell stations in such environment can accommodate several times as much traffic as conventional cell stations.

Figure 4.2-3 Adaptive Array Antenna technology

Interference

Null steering Interference

Desired user

Interference

Beam steering

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Photo 4.2-1 shows examples of CS , Photo 4.2-2 shows an example of Antenna and Table 4.2-2 shows some of the possible CS applications.

Table 4.2-2 CS Applications

CS Type Application Example

Low power type (standard) (See Photo 4.2-1(a),(b)) Indoors

Group-controlled type <High power type> (See Photo 4.2-1(c))

High traffic areas

(also for expansion)

SDMA type <High power type> (See Photo 4.2-1(d))

High traffic areas (Wide area coverage in suburbs)

Multi CS Control System (See Photo 4.2-1(e)) Indoors

Figure 4.2-4 SDMA Image illustration

User4 (Freq:f1)

User1 (Freq:f1)

Frequency

Time Slot1 Slot2 Slot3 Slot4

Space

f1

f2

f3

user2

user3

user1 user4

user5

user6

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Photo 4.2-1 Example of CS

(e) Multi CS Control System(Nano Cell System)

(a) Low power (10mw) type (b) Low power (20mw) type

(d) Height power (500mw) SDMA W-OAM type

(c) Group-controlled type

［5F］

［4F］

［3F］

［2F］

［1F］

Office Public space

［B1F］ MDF

IDF

IDF

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Photo 4.2-2 Example of Antennas

(a) Omni-directional Antenna type（gains：10dBi）

(b) Omni-directional Antenna 2-stage type

(c)Omni-directional Antenna type （12dBi high gain type）

(d) Directional antenna type (16dBi, 90-degree)

(e) Directional antenna type (16dBi, 180-dgree)

(f) Directional antenna type (Planar 16dBi)

(g) Directional antenna type (20dBi, 60-degree)

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Table 4.2-3 shows an example of specifications for low power type and high power type CS.

Table 4.2-3 Example of Standard CS Specifications

Item Low Power High Power

RF Output Power 10mW (Average) 500mW (Average)

Network Interface ITU-T Rec. G.961 (2B1Q echo canceller) ITU-T Rec. I.430

ITU-T Rec. G.961 (2B1Q echo canceller) ITU-T Rec. I.430

Size Approx. 1~ [liters] (3channel type) Approx. 10~ 20 [liters] (7channel type) Approx. 10~ 35 [liters]

Mass Approx. 1 ~ [kg] (3channel type) Approx. 7~ 10 [kg] (7channel type) Approx. 7 ~ 20 [kg]

Power Source Local power feeding (100 ~ 240V AC) Local power feeding (100 ~ 240V AC)

4.2.3 Personal Station (PS) The PSs can be used outdoors, inside the office, and at home. Furthermore, the transceiver function allows a user to communicate directly with another PS without the intervention of CSs. Table 4.2-4 shows a sample of PS specifications, and Photo 4.2-3 shows some of the commercially available PSs.

Photo 4.2-3 Example of PS

(b) Browser type (a) Smart Phone type (c)Business phone type

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W-SIM type W-SIM is a multi-functional telecommunication module that carries wireless telecommunication (Antenna and Wireless Part included) device with various personal information including phone book. Needless to mention its PC and PDA functions beyond a portable communication tool, the device is expected to cope with all machineries from medical equipment and digital camera to crime prevention system and household appliance in future.

Figure 4.2-5 W-SIM type

Table 4.2-4 Specifications of W-SIM

Item Specifications

Size 25.6mm (W) 42.0mm (H) 4.0mm (D)

Mass ~ 8g

Features

- It is a multifunction module that installs the wireless technology (antenna and

wireless machine), and has generality with the user data of the telephone

book etc.

- The interface specification is indicated by the W-SIM core module forum

(http://www.wcmf.jp/). - 32k, 64k PIAFS and 4x/2x/1x Packet can be used for data communications. - BPSK、QPSK、8PSK adaptive modulation

- Seamless hand-over function. - Personal telephone number directory (1000 names, a few telephone numbers

and mail addresses per name) - International roaming ※Taiwan and Thailand（As of 2007）

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4.2.4 Repeater Public PHS service can be provided inside a building by either installing outdoor type CSs near the building or indoor type CSs inside the building. It is sometimes difficult for the public PHS radio signal to cover the entire area inside a building due to signal attenuation caused by propagation distance and physical obstacles. Installing a repeater would be effective in such situations as it amplifies the weakened PHS signal and thereby helps to increase service coverage inside the building. Two types of repeaters are being used in Japan; the home repeater which is owned by the individual user and used at home, and the public repeater which is owned and operated by the operators.

Figure 4.2-6 shows a home repeater that is used inside user's premises. The home repeater should be placed near a window as it receives the PHS signal from a public CS, then retransmits it to the PS inside the house, and vice versa. By using this home repeater, the public PHS service can be made available inside the house even while the PS is far away from the window. The home repeater is pocket sized and can be purchased at the PS shops.

Figure 4.2-6 Home Repeater

CS

Public CS

Home repeaterUser’s premises

(a) Wall installation type (b) Desk top type (c) 4slot packet (x4 packet) type

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Figure 4.2-7 shows two of the public repeaters that are being used in the public service environment. This figure shows a case in which the public repeater is used to cover areas that the radio signal from the CS cannot reach due to shadowing effects. The PHS operator can install the public repeaters in order to increase its service area without having to set up additional public lines.

Figure 4.2-7 Public Repeater Any public PS can access a public repeater. On the other hand, only the PSs with the telephone numbers pre-registered to a home repeater can access that home repeater.

4.2.5 Intelligent Network (IN) The IN technology is used in PSTN to provide supplementary services such as free phone and credit card calls. In this case the IN is implemented by means of an overlay network that can be integrated into the existing network (PSTN/ISDN) using additional software.

PublicCS

CS

BuildingsBuildings

Publicrepeater

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PHS uses the IN technology, which conforms to the ITU-T standards, in order to support such features as location registration, authentication, call origination, and call termination. A PSC and an SCP are required to realize the IN as illustrated in Figure 4.2-8. The PSC provides Common Channel Signaling No.7 (CCS No.7), ISDN and IN capabilities. The SCP, on the other hand, provides the service logic, database management and operation capabilities in order to support the location registration database, authentication database, and the other relevant databases.

Figure 4.2-8 IN Configuration of PHS Service

Intelligent Layer

SCP

DB

Backbone Layer

STP

Access Layer

PSC

PHS Service Functions

DB :Database SCP :Service Control Point STP :Signaling Transfer Point/Signal Transfer Point

cs cs

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Location registration and call termination processes using the IN are described below.

Location Registration Figure 4.2-9 illustrates the location registration process. The process is accomplished in the following order.

Step 1 : A PS receives location information from the CS. This information

is then stored in the PS. Step 2 : When the PS moves to another location registration area, the PS

recognizes that the location information sent from the new CS is different from previous stored information.

Step 3 : The PS sends a registration request to the new CS. Step 4 : The registration request is forwarded to the SCP, and the new

location information is stored in the location database of the SCP.

Figure 4.2-9 PHS Location Registration Process

SCP Location Information

STP

PSC

PS PS

Step 1

Step 4

Step 2

Location registration area

Step 3 cs

cs

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Call Termination Figure 4.2-10 illustrates the call termination process assuming that a call is made to a PS from a fixed telephone. The process is performed in the following order.

Step 1 : The fixed telephone places a call to the PS. Step 2 : The originating exchange analyzes and recognizes the PS number

and routes the call to the PSC. Step 3 : The PSC accesses the SCP to acquire location information of the

called PS. Step 4 : The acquired location information is then forwarded to the PSC. Step 5 : Based on the location information, the called PS is paged in its

present location registration area.

Figure 4.2-10 PHS Call Termination Process

SCP Location

Information

STP

PSTN/ISDN

PSC

Step 5 Step 1

Step 2

Step 4 Step 3

Fixed TEL

cs

PHS

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4.2.6 IP-transformed System IP-transformed system provides data and voice service via IP network instead of traditional ISDN network and holds the following advantages.

(1)IP switch hold the function to bypass data or voice signal from CSs from ISDN network to IP network.

(2)Various value-added services such as handover within the IP switch in communication and between IP switches can be realized by using IP switch.

(3)Value-added services based on IP can be provided once the connection between the IP network and networks of other operators is established by installing gateway device.

Figure 4.2-11 shows the construction of IP-transformed system. A voice or a data message received from a PS or a data terminal is transmitted to an IP switch by a CS. The IP switch switched its way to forward the message to a confronting IP switch through IP network. Then the confronting IP switch keep transmitting the voice or data message received from IP network through a CS on the receiver side. In addition, VoIP or data communication can be carried out between one PS or data terminals and a terminal connected to a different operator’s network if a gateway is installed in between. Thus, the full IP transformation of a PHS system becomes possible, and the construction of PHS system with IP network becomes practical in areas and countries without ISDN network.

Figure 4.2-11 IP-transformed System in Japan

PS

Supervision Equipment

Centre Unit

Data Terminal

IP Switch

Internet

ISDN Net.

IP Switch

CS

IP Network

CS

PS

Data

Terminal

Network by other

operators

Gateway

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4.2.7 Study of PHS/GSM Dual Mode Service The possibility of the development of a PHS/GSM dual mode service which can process both radio access systems has been investigated. Such dual mode service will allow the user to enjoy the advantages of both the networks. Whereas the PHS can provide high quality speech and high-speed data communication, the GSM would mean wider radio coverage and enhanced mobility. The following different types of dual mode services can be conceived. This is also illustrated in Figure 4.2-12.

Type 1 Private PHS mode and GSM mode In this type, the user can use the private PHS mode of the dual mode terminal as a home/office cordless telephone to access the PSTN through the home digital cordless telephone/wireless PABX. The user can also access the GSM network through the same terminal.

Type 2 Public PHS mode and GSM mode (different areas) This type is useful when the access areas of the PHS and GSM networks are geographically isolated. Each network is established in different countries or states. In this type, the dual mode service user uses a dual mode terminal in the visited network mode.

Type 3 Public PHS mode and GSM mode (same area) This type is useful where PHS and GSM networks have overlapping access areas. PHS service can be made available underground, inside department stores, and in other public spaces in the urban environment. The type 3 terminal monitors both PHS and GSM networks simultaneously, which allows the most use of the advantages (such as convenience of use and compact size) resulting from the combination of PHS and GSM terminals into one.

Type 4 Public/private PHS mode and GSM mode The access configuration for this type is a combination of the types 1 through 3.

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PSTN

GSM network

Public PHS network

Private PHS

BS

Home Digital Cordless

Wireless PABX Private PHS mode

GSM mode

Public PHS mode

Type 1

(same area) Type 3 Type 2 (different areas)

Type 4

cs

cs

cs

Figure 4.2-12 PHS/GSM Dual Mode Service - Possible Configurations

As an initial step towards achieving a PHS/GSM dual network, the following two methods can be proposed. However, as the service develops, more aggressive schemes can be adopted to meet the future requirements. In the duplex number method, the dual mode handset has both a PHS number and a GSM number. In this case the caller must specify which of the two modes it will try to reach the desired party through. If the caller cannot reach the desired party by dialing the PHS number, the caller may simply try calling the GSM number. This method does not require particular network setup and service can be started immediately. In the call forwarding method, the caller may attempt to reach the desired party by only calling the PHS number. If the desired party is not within the range of PHS service, the call will be forwarded to the GSM network. If the caller attempts to reach the desired party by calling the GSM number but the desired party is not within the range of GSM service coverage, the call will be forwarded to the PHS network. The network issues including those described above need to be further investigated by the operators who intend to provide such services.

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Photo 4.2-4 is an example of dual mode terminal and Table 4.2-5 shows its specifications.

Bi

Photo 4.2-4 Example of PHS/GSM Dual Mode Terminal

Table 4.2-5 Example of Specifications of PHS/GSM Dual Mode Terminal

4.3 Handover

Handover is essential for ensuring uninterrupted communication when the PS moves from one cell to another. Handover occurs in the following manner.

As the PS approaches the fringes of a CS coverage area, the signal quality of the radio

Item Specifications

Size 47mm (W) / 26.4mm (D) / 96mm(H) (Excluding antenna and projection)

Mass 118g Radio Frequency

PHS : 1884.65-1919.45MHz GSM : EGSM TX:880-915MHz / RX:925-960MHz

DCS TX:1710-1785MHz / RX:1805-1880MHz Output Power PHS: 10ｍＷ

GSM: EGSM 2W (max) / DCS 1W (max)

Antenna PHS: Whip antenna + Embedded chip antenna

(Receiving diversity antenna) GSM: Embedded antenna

Standby Mode Three kinds of standby modes:

- PHS-only Mode - GSM-only Mode - PHS/GSM Dual Mode

Built-in Antenna for GSM

Antenna for PHS

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link between the accessed CS and the PS deteriorates. When such degradation is detected by the CS, the CS (switching origin CS) orders the PS to handover. When the degradation is detected by the PS, the PS sends a TCH reassignment request to the CS and the CS orders the PS to handover.

Figure 4.3-1 Handover Process

When the PS receives the command to handover, the PS searches for the appropriate CS to switch to. It must find a CS from which it receives the control channel signal at a level above a certain threshold. When it finds such a CS, the PS sends a link channel establishment request to that CS (switching destination CS). Handover takes place when both of the following conditions are met; (i) the signal strength from the switching origin CS is less than a given level (i.e. Handover process level), and (ii) the signal strength

PS trajectory

Handover process level

Handover destination zone

selection level

Position

Signal Strength

CS1 CS2

Handover

Coverage of CS1 Coverage of CS2

Signal from CS2

Signal from CS1

CS1 CS2

(Switching origin CS) (Switching destination CS)

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from the switching destination CS is higher than a given level (i.e. Handover destination zone selection level). This process is illustrated in Figure 4.3-1.

With PHS (micro cell system), continual handover takes place when the PS moves at high-speed. For solution of this problem, PHS operators expanded the service area covered by each cell station and developed a new technology that shortens handover processing time to enable stable and uninterrupted communication even when the user is traveling at a high-speed. This new technology is called "Seamless Handover": while keeping communication with a switching origin CS, the PS searches for multiple other cell stations and establishes the link to an appropriate switching destination CS prior to handover. It brings about instantaneous handover, resulting in stable and uninterrupted communication in high-speed movement of PS.

4.4 Roaming Capabilities Roaming is a service that enables the PS to obtain an incoming or outgoing connection in other public PHS networks in the same way that it would in the original network. The main inter-networking processes are (i) location registration (moving from the home network), (ii) location registration (moving back to the home network), (iii) subsequent transfer of service profile (additional inquiry of authentication data), (iv) call routing to roaming PS, and (v) outgoing call from roaming PS. Among them, items (i) and (iv) are explained as follows.

Location registration Location registration takes place within the visited network when a public PS moves from the home network to the visited network. Figure 4.4-1 illustrates the location registration process. The process occurs in the following order.

Step 1 : PS moves from the home network to the visited network. Step 2 : Location registration request is transferred from the PS to the

SCP through the CS and the PSC. Step 3 : The SCP in the visited network acts as a Visitor Location

Register (VLR), and requests the SCP in the home network for a service profile through the CCS No.7 network. This service

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profile acts as the Home Location Register (HLR). Step 4 : The HLR responds to the request of the VLR by sending the

service profile through the CCS No.7 network. Step 5 : The VLR requests inter-network location registration to the

HLR through the CCS No.7 network. Step 6 : The HLR responds to the request of the VLR through the CCS

No.7 network.

SCP

PS

PSC

PS

Step 5 Step 6

Step 4

Step 1

Step 2

Home Network Visited Network

CCS No.7 Network

Step 3

cs cs

Figure 4.4-1 Location Registration (moving from the home to the visited network)

Call Routing to Roaming PS A call is routed to the roaming PS through the home network. Figure 4.4-2 illustrates a routing scheme in which all the calls have to be routed through the home network. The established communication path is indicated in the figure below. A call made from a fixed telephone to the roaming PS occurs in the following sequence.

Step 1 : A call to the roaming PS is initiated in the originating PSTN. Step 2 : The call is routed to the home network based on the PS number

that is dialed. Step 3 : The database (HLR) in the home network knows which network

the PS is located in and it informs the roaming number to the

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switch in order to route the call to the visited network. Step 4 : The call is routed to the visited network based on the roaming

number in the Initial Address Message (IAM) of the ISDN User Part (ISUP).

Step 5 : Using the PS number that is also in the IAM, the SCP of the visited network (VLR) decides the appropriate PSC to which the call is finally routed.

Step 6 : The PS is paged at the PSC. Authentication is accomplished in the visited network based on the information stored in the VLR.

SCP

PSC

Visited Network

Call Originating Network

LE

SCP

PSC

Home Network

CCS No.7 Network

Step 1 Step 6

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5

: Established

Communication Path

PS

PS

cs

cs

Figure 4.4-2 Call Routing to the Roaming PS

Roaming can be provided only after certain administrative and technical requirements have been met. Administrative issues include billing issues between the different operators whereas the technical issues include transferring location data between networks through a common access interface.

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4.5 Multi Number Roaming PHS adopts a concept for assigning multiple subscriber numbers to the same PS so that the PS subscriber number can be switched depending on the situation/purpose. It is possible to realize roaming service by using this feature. The multi number roaming service registers a PHS number of a visiting network as well as a PHS number of a home network in the same PS. Simultaneously, this service registers the subscriber information in both of the networks. As a result, this terminal can be used in both of the home network and visiting network. The user can access either network by switching his/her terminal’s PHS number as the occasion may demand. Both networks need not any function expansion to connect this terminal. The visiting network sends charge information to the home network, based on which the operator in the home network collects service and call charges from the user. This service allows a call to be terminated directly to the called station by using the roaming number. The result is an increase in routing efficiency, which can render the user’s service charges at the minimum level.

Figure 4.5-1 Multi Number Roaming structure

Visiting Network Home Network 1) Move & Use

2) Back to Home

Home Network CCH# PS# A-KEY

SO #0

On

Visiting Network CCH# PS# A-KEY

SO #1

Off

Visiting Network CCH# PS# A-KEY

SO #0

On

Home Network CCH# PS# A-KEY

SO #1

Off

SO : Service Order

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Figure 4.5-2 Receiving Process

4.6 PHS Management System This section describes the administrative, billing, and network maintenance systems that are necessary in order to provide public PHS service.

4.6.1 Administration and Billing Systems Administration and Billing Systems are an integral part of any telecommunications operation. They provide a basis for differentiation and a platform to respond quickly to the market and to competitive advances. Figure 4.6-1 illustrates the functional configuration of these systems. The administration system deals with service maintenance and customer support. This system has the functions listed below.

Subscriber information registration Service order management Subscription cancellation Group billing management Service suspension Delinquent subscriber management

Transferred to visiting network

PHS in roaming mode

Home

Direct receiving a call by the roaming number

International call (charged to caller)

Visiting area

Roaming number: XXX-XX-XXX..

Receiving a call by home number

Home Home network

Conversion

Visiting area

Charged to receiver PHS in roaming mode

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The billing system, on the other hand, processes service charges and issues invoices to all the subscribers. A few examples of the functions performed by the billing systems are listed below. They are:

Collection of detailed call charges that were transmitted from the PSC Bill compilation Bill issuance Bill payment processing Billing data inquiry, dunning/requesting payment management Rate and charge modification

Figure 4.6-1 Functional Configuration of Administration and Billing Systems

- Bill compilation- Bill issuance- Paid bill processing- Billing data inquiry

Subscribers

PSC

Billing System

Customer Service Center

CustomerDatabase

Maintenance

- Service order entry

SCP

- Subscriber information registration & alteration- Phone number management- Service order management

- Bill

- Application- Payment- Inquiry- Complaint

- Call detail record

CS

Digital Map

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4.6.2 Network Maintenance System A computerized PHS network maintenance system is most desirable for maintaining and operating the CSs as well as the PSC because of the large number of CSs that exist in a PHS network. The maintenance system executes provisioning, routine maintenance and trouble shooting for the PSC whereas the PHS operators generally implement the following operations for the CSs.

CS configuration CS remote control Traffic management Alarm monitoring Traffic data (Performance monitoring) Testing CS Program & Parameter upload/download

Usually Maintenance system communicates with CS through using D-ch Packet on ISDN interface between CS and PSC.

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Chapter 5

Wireless Local Loop /Fixed Wireless Access system Application

Wireless Local Loop/Fixed Wireless Access system (WLL/FWA) is a generic term for an access system that uses a wireless link to connect subscribers to their local exchange in place of conventional copper cable. Using a wireless link shortens the deployment time and also reduces installation and operating costs.

5.1 Introduction

Teledensity differs greatly from one country to another. While many developed countries have telephones in practically every household, the telephone penetration in some developing countries is still lower. There is an urgent need to eliminate the backlog for telephone service in order to make global communication a reality. Moreover, as countries move ahead with plans to privatize telecommunication businesses and introduce competition, investments in telephone network facilities are continually increasing. If the cost of the local loop representing a majority of telecommunication investment could be reduced, the rate of telecommunication penetration could increase dramatically. In addition to the need for basic telephony, new services like data transfer facilities and the Internet, are increasing traffic demand and creating a shortage of telephone lines in both developed and developing countries. WLL/FWA is a possible solution to increase the supply of telephone lines in these areas. However, WLL/FWA has to meet the challenge of providing quick radio connections while striving to maintain a voice quality comparable to conventional wireline. Many technologies are proposed around the world as candidates for WLL/FWA. Though the choice of any particular technology is subject to many factors both technological and political, a WLL/FWA solution based on PHS (PHS-WLL/FWA) is seen as the most suitable solution. Its suitability lies in the features and characteristics of PHS technology. The cost breakdown of installing subscriber lines, including site development, is shown in Figure 5.1-1.

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Figure 5.1-1 Installation Cost Breakdown for Subscriber Lines

The "last several kilometers " segment to the subscriber's premises accounts for a large share of the total investment, in terms of both the labor and equipment costs involved. Using a wireless link for subscriber access makes it possible to start service in a very short period of time, because the installation of wireless facilities involves small-scale construction. Wireless links are especially effective for the last several kilometers up to the subscriber location. Due to the explosive growth of cellular phones in recent years, wireless equipment prices have been drastically reduced. The cost of installing a WLL/FWA system for subscriber access lines is lower than that of copper cable, though it can vary depending on the subscriber line length and local conditions.

5.2 Requirements for WLL/FWA Solution WLL/FWA system can be introduced to increase communication lines in areas with a shortage of communication facilities or to construct communication lines as a sub-stitute for wired telephone lines. Below are the considerations concerning the deployment of a WLL/FWA system:

Primary DPLast several km

Usin

g CO

PPER

Cab

le

Using PHSSecondary DP

Usin

g CO

PPER

Cab

le

Using PHSSecondary DPCos

t/Sub

scrib

er

Distance

Local Exchange Local Loop

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Installation

Since a WLL/FWA system serves as the access line for fixed telephone service, it should be capable of handling changes in traffic demand. The PHS-WLL/FWA system can meet this requirement because of easy-to-install cell stations. PHS-WLL/FWA cell stations are available in range of different sizes corresponding to different levels of capacity. The smallest types are very compact, whereas the larger types have sufficient capacity and high transmission power to handle considerable growth. Additionally, PHS uses Dynamic Channel Assignment (DCA) technology which minimizes the need for frequency planning. This makes the installation process easier.

Voice Quality

As an access line for fixed telephone service, the WLL/FWA system should provide the same level of voice quality as that of conventional wireline. PHS achieves toll quality voice through the adoption of 32kbps Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM) voice processing.

Security

Since the WLL/FWA system uses wireless communication, the system should provide sufficient confidentiality and terminal authentication for security. The PHS-WLL/FWA system can protect users from tapped telephone conversations by using standardized scrambling functions.

Service

As an access line for fixed telephone service, the WLL/FWA system should provide features such as connection to single-line subscriber unit, multiple-line subscriber unit, pay phone, and emergency call. In case that limited mobile service is required, some of WLL/FWA systems can be configured to support the mobility function. PHS-WLL/FWA can support all of these features.

Traffic Volume

Although traffic volume of the usual public PHS service is typically 0.01 to 0.03 Erlangs per subscriber, that of the WLL/FWA system is estimated at 0.1 Erlangs or more. The WLL/FWA system should support higher traffic volume per subscriber

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than conventional mobile communication systems, because it is a substitute for wireline service where traffic is considerably larger than existing mobile systems. From its conception, PHS-WLL/FWA was designed to handle large volumes of traffic.

Overall Cost

The overall cost of the WLL/FWA system including equipment, user terminal, construction, operation and maintenance, should be comparable with wireline or below. The PHS-WLL/FWA system can be available at a low cost because the system uses components standardized and mass-produced for the public PHS in some products. In addition, through line concentration, the system can adopt economical configurations between the WLL/FWA access controller and each cell station.

Interference

A WLL/FWA system must not cause any interference with the operation of existing systems, such as microwave communication or other communication systems. PHS-WLL/FWA has been designed to minimize interference. Experience in Japan with the public PHS has proven this feature.

5.3 System Configuration and Interface

5.3.1 System Configuration The PHS-WLL/FWA System is a wireless access system that provides various services, such as plain old telephone service, pay phone service, high-speed data service, limited mobile service, etc. A PHS-WLL/FWA network model is shown in Figure 5.3-1. It consists of WLL/FWA Access Controllers (WACs), WLL/FWA Cell Stations (WCSs), WLL/FWA Subscriber Units (WSUs), and WLL/FWA Personal Stations (WPSs) (supportable in some manufactures’ PHS-WLL systems). The WACs are located between the Local Exchange (LE) and the WCSs, and their function includes line concentration, authentication, etc. WCSs are usually installed outdoors in locations such as on the top of poles. One WCS can cover an area having a radius of several to over ten kilometers. WSUs are installed outdoors or in user’s premises and are connected to telephone terminals, with the antennas set on

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the pole, the roof or the wall. WPSs are similar to public PHS terminals with WSU functions.

Figure 5.3-1 PHS-WLL/FWA Network Model

5.3.2 Interface

Figure 5.3-1 depicts PHS-WLL/FWA interface points.

Interface (WIF1) between TE and WSU The interface (WIF1) between Terminal Equipment (TE) and WSU is a two-wire analog interface. Since the analog subscriber interface needs to be compatible with the PSTN, the actual specifications depend on the administrator or the operating company.

Interface (WIF2) between WSU (or WPS) and WCS

The interface (WIF2) between WSU (or WPS) and WCS is an air interface based on the RCR STD-28.

Interface between WAC and WCS

The interface between WAC and WCS is determined by the operator and the equipment supplier. Various kinds of transmission techniques (radio and cable) are employed.

Interface (WIF3) between WAC and LE

The interface (WIF3) between WAC and LE is either a two-wire analog interface or a digital interface. In case of an analog interface, the LE connects to the Central Office Terminal (COT) using a two-wire loop interface, exactly as with wired

WAC: WLL/FWA Access Controller WIF1: WLL/FWA Interface 1 WIF2: WLL/FWA Interface 2 WIF3: WLL/FWA Interface 3 TE: Terminal Equipment

WCS: WLL/FWA Cell Station WPS: WLL/FWA Personal Station WSU: WLL/FWA Subscriber Unit

WSU

WIF3

WAC Local Exchange (LE)

WCS

WIF2 WPS

WIF1

TE

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telephone subscribers. This permits operators to install a flexible mix of wired and wireless capacity without restrictions or need to reconfigure the LE.

As for the digital interface, the V5-interface and the GR-303 interface are standardized with some alterations for the PHS-WLL/FWA system. V5-interface refers to the International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication standardization sector (ITU-T) standards for the connection of an Access Network (AN) using the 2048kbps link, including ITU-T Rec. G.964:V5.1-interface and ITU-T Rec. G.965:V5.2-interface. V5.1 and V5.2-interface options eliminate the expense of COT and LE line cards thus providing an extremely cost effective solution. V5.2-interface has the additional benefit of providing a concentrating interface between the LE and the WAC. This concentrating interface reduces the back-haul bandwidth requirements which can provide significant cost savings such as when microwave links are used. The PHS-WLL/FWA system applies V5 and GR-303 interfaces for the support of analog telephone access. The GR-303 is a de facto standard for Integrated Digital Loop Carrier System Generic Requirements, Objectives and Interfaces. In future, the system will also support the items specified in ITU-T Rec. G.964 and Rec. G.965 which relate to Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) telephone access.

5.3.3 Comparison of WLL/FWA System Technologies WLL/FWA systems incorporating various types of wireless technologies are already in use, primarily in rural areas. A comparison of some typical technologies is summarized below.

Cellular based WLL/FWA System This approach involves using the wireless equipment of a cellular system, without employing mobility function. By using high speech compression technology, cellular systems increase spectral efficiency, but speech quality will deteriorate. In the case where standard cellular terminals can be used, economies of scale can lead to cost savings.

PHS-WLL/FWA System

As in the case of cellular based system, the system cost is reduced by using PHS terminal technology and wireless equipment. And in most cases, the PHS terminal is far less expensive than the cellular terminal. Since the voice encoding system

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uses 32kbps ADPCM, speech quality comparable to that of wireline system is obtained.

Examination of Table 5.3-1 reveals that the PHS-WLL/FWA system is superior in terms of speech quality and economy among other aspects. In addition, while fixed use is the main objective for a WLL/FWA system implementation, inclusion of mobile service is also possible in some cases.

Table 5.3-1 Comparison of WLL/FWA Technologies

The suitability of a technology is also dependent on factors like subscriber density and the distance from the local exchange. Figure 5.3-2 highlights this aspect.

5.3.4 Application In order to optimize investment in WLL/FWA equipment, suitable WLL/FWA systems can be chosen according to subscriber density as a main consideration. As PHS is advantageous in high traffic areas, PHS-WLL/FWA system is the most suitable to allow for an increase in the availability of existing telephone networks in urban and suburban areas on a short-term basis. In addition, as PHS allows for a multi-operator environment in the same service area, the PHS-WLL/FWA service can co-exist with public PHS services as well as with other types of WLL/FWA systems so long as major system parameters of both radio systems are adjustable.

Item PHS-WLL/FWA Cellular based WLL/FWA

CS coverage Several to over ten km 1-15 km

Voice quality Almost same as wired telephone Acceptable level

Affinity for FAX and Data transmission Good Fair

Subscriber Density High Medium

Easiness of cell planning (site selection, interference) Easy Not easy

Subscriber unit cost Low Medium

Network infrastructure cost Low High

Frequency band 1900MHz 450/800/900 MHz

Inclusion of mobile service Possible Possible

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Figure 5.3-2 Example of PHS-WLL/FWA Overlay on Existing Wired Network

Figure 5.3-2 shows an example of PHS-WLL/FWA system overlaid on the existing wired network. A WAC can be installed in the LE station. A WAC and a WCS can be connected using existing cables (metallic or optical fiber) as appropriate. When existing cables are not available between the two, a microwave link is suitable to keep installation costs low as well as to help in the conservation of antique buildings or roads in the area. By introducing a long-distance transmission system, the PHS-WLL/FWA system can also be used as a wide area access network. The PHS-WLL/FWA system employing such a combination can cover areas several hundred kilometers apart from the station where a WAC is installed and can accommodate from several hundreds to several tens of thousands of subscribers. Since the WAC can be installed in the exchange station of a large city, it is easy to obtain resources for the system maintenance and operation.

Existing Wired Network

Overlaid

LE OMC

Overlaid Network with WLL/FWA for New Traffic Demand

WCS WSU

Microwave

Optical Fiber

WCS WSU

WCS

WPS

WPS

WPS

WSU

WAC

Metallic Cable

Analog or Digital Interface

LE: Local Exchange WAC: WLL/FWA Access Controller WCS: WLL/FWA Cell Station WSU: WLL/FWA Subscriber Unit WPS: WLL/FWA Personal Station OMC: Operation and Maintenance Center

: Transmitter/Receiver for Optical fiber or Metallic Cable system

: Transmitter/Receiver for Microwave radio system : PHS link

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Figures 5.3-3 shows example of access networks using microwave trunk links. This system is suitable for a large number of subscribers to be accommodated as well as for expected future expansion in each area.

Figure 5.3-3 Example of Wide Area Coverage with PHS-WLL/FWA and Microwave System

5.4 Major System Elements Major system elements of PHS-WLL/FWA system are shown in Figure 5.4-1.

Figure 5.4-1 Major System Elements

WCS : WLL/FWA Cell Station LE : Local Exchange WAC : WLL/FWA Access Controller

WSU : WLL/FWA Subscriber Unit WPS : WLL/FWA Personal Station

Capital Central Station

LE ＷＡＣ

A Province City

: Microwave Trunk Link : Approach Microwave Link : PHS Link

: Microwave Radio Station

B Province Village

C Province Village

Microwave Trunk Link

to/from other provinces WPS

WPS WPS

WPS

WPS

Microwave Trunk Link

WSU

WSU

WSU

WSU

WSU

WSU

WSU

WSU

WSU

WSU

WCS

WCS

WCS

WCS

WCS

Metallic Cable

Optical Fiber Cable

Microwave Radio

PCM Interface (2 Mbps)

Air Interface PHS (RCR STD-28)

LE

WLL/FWA Subscriber Station

WLL/FWA Personal Station

WSU

WSU

WSU

WSU

WSU

WSU WCS

WCS

WCS

WAC

WLL Subscriber Unit ( WSU)

Terminal Equipment (TE)

WPS

WPS

WPS

WPS

WAC: WLL/FWA Access Controller WCS: WLL/FWA Cell Station WSU: WLL/FWA Subscriber Unit WPS: WLL/FWA Personal Station TE : Terminal Equipment

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5.4.1 WLL/FWA Access Controller (WAC) The WAC has an LE interface and a WCS interface, and controls call connection, performs location registration, authentication, as well as other tasks. The WAC may include operation and maintenance facilities to supervise and control the PHS-WLL/FWA system.

5.4.2 WLL/FWA Cell Station (WCS) The WCS communicates with WSU and/or the WPS using the PHS air interface. The major elements of the WCS are the antennas, transceiver equipment, and power supply. In some cases, transmission facilities for the approach link are installed between WCS and WAC. Optical fiber, microwave or metallic wire are available as the approach link to extend the service area of the WLL/FWA system. The number of subscribers per cell can be increased by the use of WCS having multiple transceiver facilities. The WCS is installed on the top of a pole or the roof of a building.

5.4.3 WLL/FWA Subscriber Unit (WSU) The WSU converts signals between the Terminal Equipment (TE) and the WCS. In order to serve as a subscriber line to the telephone, the WSU has features such as 4W/2W conversion, DP(Dial Pulse)/DTMF(Dual Tone Multi-Frequency signaling) transmission/reception, and the generation of the howler/ringer. The WSU also incorporates a back-up battery against commercial power failure for several hours. At the subscriber station of the PHS-WLL/FWA system, a directional antenna is often used to extend range. Because of the high gain of the directional antenna, the service area of several to over ten kilometers radius from the WCS can be obtained, although it depends on the surrounding conditions. Ordinary telephones or pay phones may also be installed as TE.

5.4.4 WLL/FWA Personal Station (WPS) The WPS is a mobile subscriber terminal for communicating with the WCS using the PHS air interface. A terminal similar to that of the public PHS Personal Station (PS) can be used as a WPS in the WLL/FWA service. Handover between cells is only available when the WAC has functions to support handover service. Roaming between WLL/FWA service and public PHS service is possible provided that WLL/FWA and public PHS operators secure roaming agreements. For portability, the WPS uses a small omni-directional antenna similar to the public PHS PS. The antenna gain of WPS,

PHS

MoU 89

therefore, is lower than that of ordinary WSU which uses a directional antenna. Because of the low antenna gain, the service area for the WPS is limited.

5.5 Service Features The PHS-WLL/FWA system provides various services, such as ordinary telephone service, pay phone service, digital mode high-speed data service, and limited mobile-phone service. Since PHS-WLL/FWA is positioned as an access system for ordinary telephone services, the mobility functions such as handover and roaming are regarded as options in PHS-WLL/FWA. The following services are available or planned for PHS-WLL/FWA systems.

Basic services Bearer Service

-Circuit-mode 32kbps bearer service (Voice, 3.1 kHz audio information) -Circuit-mode 32kbps unrestricted bearer service (using PIAFS adapter)

Subscriber Line Class -Individual Subscriber -Pay Phone

Supplementary Services Calling Line Identification Presentation (CLIP) Meter Pulsing Signal Transmission Terminating-only Line

Functional Services for operators

Location Registration Authentication Interference Avoidance Howler Tone Sending Emergency Call Connection Emergency Call Holding Hooking Signal Transmission DTMF Signal Transmission Overlap Sending of dialing Subscriber Line Test Signal Transmission

PHS

MoU 90

Coin Collection Signal Transmission Ground Start Signal Transmission

PHS

MoU 91

Chapter 6

Private Communication System Application

PHS has two application areas in a private communication service: a corporate application (mainly for business use) and a home application.

6.1 Corporate Application PHS can function as a private communication system for office use, such as digital wireless Private Automatic Branch eXchange (PABX) system. The digital wireless PABX system consists of Personal Stations (PSs), Cell Stations (CSs), and a digital PABX. The air interface between PSs and CSs complies with the PHS air interface standard.

6.1.1 Features The PHS Corporate Communication System with a digital PABX was developed to provide upgraded facilities and convenience to supplement or substitute an ordinary copper wired telephone system in a business environment. As the inherent features of a wireless PABX system, the PHS Corporate Communication System provides

Mobility in the office Layout free and easy relocation Flexibility in system configuration Ease of maintenance

In addition to the aforementioned features, PHS technology adds the following advantages to a wireless PABX system.

Multimedia data communication Handover and roaming High level of communication quality and security Seamless communication between public service and private service PS access to advanced service features of PABX Transceiver communication (Walkie-Talkie)

PHS

MoU 92

An example of PHS Corporate Communication System is illustrated in Figure 6.1-1.

PS

PS

1st Floor

CS CS

Office Building

Digital PABXSwitching Office

3rd Floor

2nd Floor

1st Basement

Figure 6.1-1 Example of PHS Corporate Communication System

6.1.2 System Configuration There are two types of basic system configurations. One is the integrated type, and the other is the add-on type. Figure 6.1-2 and Figure 6.1-3 show typical system configurations.

PSTNPC

PSMain

Equipment(Digital PABX)

InterfaceCards

CS

PSDedicated

LineWired Telephone

ProprietaryInterface

Figure 6.1-2 System Configuration (Integrated Type)

ProprietaryInterface

orCommon Interface Main

Equipment(PABX)

LOOP，ISDN，TIE

PS

PCPS

PSTN

DedicatedLine

Wired TelephoneCS

PHSAdapterPHS

Adapter

Figure 6.1-3 System Configuration (Add-on Type)

PHS

MoU 93

The PABX is responsible for the overall system control. The air interface between the CSs and PSs complies with the PHS air interface standard. In the integrated type system, the CSs are directly connected to the main PABX through the interface cards. Mobility management functions such as location registration and authentication are installed in the main PABX.

In the add-on type system, the CSs and PSs are controlled by the PHS adapter and the PHS adapter treats each PS as an ordinary extension line for the main PABX. The interface between the PHS adapter and the main PABX can be a proprietary or common interface. This add-on type system configuration can be applied to the existing PABX systems.

6.1.3 Application Examples PHS technology has various types of possible applications depending on the business area it intends to serve. Figure 6.1-4 shows application examples of the corporate communication system.

Figure 6.1-4 Application Examples of the Corporate Communication System

Key Points in PHS Wireless

Corporate Application

Communication Quality Security

Data Communication Handover and Mobility

Seamless Communication Public, Private, Transceiver Mode

Easy Expansion & Relocation Flexible System Configuration

Excellent Maintenance Integration with PABX

Office Area Hotel & Resort

Hospital Factory & Warehouse

• Mobility • Easy Expansion & Relocation • Data Communication

• Wide area of coverage • Security Service • Customer Care • Data Management

• Emergency Call • Nurse Call • Wireless Paging • Patient Data Collection

• Mobility • Roaming among offices • Communication Quality • Stock Management

PHS

MoU 94

Easy & Economical Expansion Since additional CSs can be quickly installed, it is easy and economical to expand traffic capacity. Figure 6.1-5 shows an application example of adding communication capacity to deal with localized high-density traffic.

CS

DigitalPABX

Switching Office

AdditionalCS

AdditionalCS

CS

Figure 6.1-5 Application Example of High Traffic Density Area

Public and Private Combination Use As a feature of PHS technology, the PS works in both public and private services providing seamless communication and PHS terminal mobility. Figure 6.1-6 shows an example of public and private combination use. This type of application is appropriate for a corporate office environment that is also accessible to public PHS service. Even when the PS is located inside the building, the PS can still be accessed by the same public service subscriber number.

Figure 6.1-6 Application Example of Public and Private Combination Use

ＡＤＰ

ＰＩＵ

ＰＳＴＮ

DigitalＰAＢＸ

PublicPHS

Network

Public Mode(PHS Tariff)

Private Mode(PSTN Tariff)

Private Mode(Accessed by Extension Number)

Public Mode(Accessed by PHS Subscriber Number)

CS

ADP：AdapterPIU：PHS Interface UnitCS：Cell Station

Corporate Office

PHS

MoU 95

Multimedia Data Communication The other advantage of PHS technology is the capability of multimedia data communication. Figure 6.1-7 shows an application example of multimedia data communication.

There are two types of data communication methods. One uses a conventional MODEM, and the other a PHS Internet Access Forum Standard (PIAFS) protocol based 32k/64kbps data card (there are two types of data card, one which is connected with a cable and the other which is an all-in-one type). In the Figure 6.1-7, User A, using data communication with a conventional MODEM card, can connect to User D or to low-speed Internet access points via the analog Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).

User B, using data communication with the PIAFS data card, can digitally connect to User E or to high-speed Internet access points via the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) network. User C uses an integrated type terminal (an all-in-one Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)). This PDA type data communication concept can be adopted for various applications such as order taking at restaurants, stock management at a warehouse, medical data transmission at a hospital, etc.

TAP

CS

PSPC

DigitalPABX

PC

MODEM

PC MODEM Card

PIAFS Data Card

All-in-one PDA

PC PS InternetIntranet

PC MODEM Card

PC

TAP

AnalogPSTN

ISDNNetwork

PC : Personal ComputerPDA :Personal Digital AssistantPIAFS : PHS Internet Access Forum StandardTAP : Terminal Adapter for PIAFS

Digital Access Point

AnalogAccess Point

User C

User A

User B

User D

User E

Figure 6.1-7 Application Example of Multimedia Data Communication

PHS

MoU 96

Application at hospitals PHS RF output power is small as compared to cellular system, from which comes the PHS’ advantage of minimizing effects on medical equipment. For this reason, PHS is used at hospitals for various purposes such as communications between nurses, patients’ nurse calls, etc. Figure 6.1-8 shows the example.

Figure 6.1-8 Application Example of Nurse Call System

Wireless Paging and Conference System

The integration of the PABX and PHS technologies has opened doors to a wide variety of interesting applications.

Wireless Paging & Conference

Wireless Paging & Conference

Wireless Paging& Conference

Operator

Mic

Earphone

• Multiple PSs can hear same message from the operator• Each PS can reply to the message, which also can be heard from other PSs• Application Example Store, Restaurant, Hotel, Warehouse, Security service, Hospital, etc.

PS

Figure 6.1-9 Application Example of Wireless Paging and Conference System

PABX

CS

Usable at nurse stations, passages, sickrooms, etc TE at a bedside in each sickroom

ADP

PS

Room No.xxx Bed No.xxx Patient xxxxxx

TE

ADP: Adapter TE: Nurse Call Terminal Equipment

TE

Mr.XXXXX, what’s wrong?

It hurts!

button

<sickroom>

PHS

MoU 97

One of the examples is a wireless paging and conference application as shown in Figure 6.1-9. Each PS can hear the same announcement from the operator. A PS can then respond to the announcement, if necessary. This response can be heard by all the PSs.

This application is suitable for installation in stores, restaurants, hotels, warehouses, security patrols, hospitals, etc.

Interoffice Roaming There have been repeated demands to expand PHS corporate communication service areas. In order to meet this demand, many businesses have adopted additional interoffice roaming services. This service enables PHS users, traveling from one business site to another, to originate and receive calls as an extension of the PABX systems.

The concept of interoffice roaming in private networks is described as follows. A PS has one number in the network and its user can originate and receive calls from anywhere within the private network, because the network system automatically tracks the whereabouts of the PSs.

The businesses can introduce the service by choosing the system and the PSs from among a variety of models available from multiple vendors. The interoffice roaming is possible between the systems of different vendors. Figure 6.1-10 shows an application example of multiple office environments having roaming facilities.

CS

CS CS

100100

PABX

Office A

Office B

Office C

HOMEVISITOR

Private Network

If 100 is not at the Office A, the call is transferred to the Office C.

The personal station 100belonging to the Office A

is called. (Dial 100)

Figure 6.1-10 Application Example for Multiple Office Environments with Roaming Facilities

PHS

MoU 98

Office PHS service with LAN by IP-PHS For Office use, LAN is able to communicate for PHS indoor station by IP based connection. The Air Interface between PS and CS are private mode. This system is called IP-PHS, and data is controlled as IP packet mode, by indoor CSs, and IP- PHS controller. IP-PHS Controller is connected with PHS switch system, which realizes the extension line switch. Figure 6.1.11 shows the application system example with multiple-office use. Indoor CSs are all connected to the IP-PHS, which is set at Carrier control center by way of LAN and other IP based connection. All the PSs in this system are used as same extension area.

Figure 6.1-11 Application Example for Multiple Office For IP-PHS

Mobile Centrex service For normal office extension mode use, the PS should work by private mode. The PS, which supports only public mode, cannot work as extension phone. However, Mobile Centrex service system allows such PS to be used both indoor as extension phone and outdoor as public phone. Public mode phone can be used as extension phone in the area of this system. Figure 6.1-12 shows the service image of Mobile Centrex service.

35F

34F

33F

Switch

A Building Center

B Building C Building

IP-PHS Controller

Router

Router

Router Indoor

CS Indoor CS

Indoor CS

Router

WAN

PHS

MoU 99

Figure 6.1-12 Mobile Centrex service system with indoor CS and public mode phone

W-VPN (WILLCOM Virtual Private Network) In this system, office switch (PABX）and WILLCOM network are connected in a special circuit. Calls between office internal lines and registered numbers to W-VPN are subject to flat rate. As office staff can reach staffs on trips with internal lines, the need to use internal line separately from external line and the trouble to put a call through are saved. Therefore, business efficiency is improved and telecom cost is reduced. More over, by making use of PBX in correspond to W-VPN, major infrastructure work and cost related to infrastructure work are saved. Hence, the system can be introduced at reasonable cost. Figure 6.1-13 shows the image of W-VPN.

Figure 6.1-13 shows the image of W-VPN.

IP network

BRI/PRI

IP transit exchange

XXX1

XXX2

XXX3

XXX4 XXX5

PABX

Outdoors

Indoors Switch

PHS network

Indoor CS

Indoor CS Control unit

Outdoor CS Public mode PS

PHS

MoU 100

6.2 Home Application In addition to the corporate application, PHS technology can also be used in home application as a home digital cordless telephone. 6.2.1 Home Digital Cordless Telephone The home digital cordless telephone consists of PSs and a CS that includes a cordless base unit function. The air interface between the PSs and the CS complies with the PHS air interface standard. Figure 6.2-1 shows the basic system configuration of a PHS home digital cordless telephone.

ＰＳＴＮ/ISDN

PS

PSPS

PS

PS

Doorphone

CS &CordlessBase Unit

Figure 6.2-1 Basic Configuration of PHS Home Digital Cordless Telephone Because of the inherent advantages of the PHS technology, the PHS home digital cordless telephone presents the following benefits over ordinary analog cordless telephones.

Clear voice quality High level of security against tapping Multiple PSs capability (usually 5-10 PSs) Data communication through PSs Transceiver communication (Walkie-Talkie)

In addition to the above benefits, the standardization of PHS technology provides the following advantages.

PHS

MoU 101

A CS allows the use of multiple manufacturer’s PSs

A PS works for both public service and home digital cordless telephone (PHS terminal mobility)

Photo 6.2-1 Examples of CS & Cordless Base Unit

PHS terminal mobility is an important concept of PHS. This concept enables the users to move seamlessly between public and private PHS services. While outside, the PS can be a mobile terminal of public PHS service, and while at home, the same PS can be an extension of a home digital cordless telephone. When the PS is within the range of both the public and the private systems, the PS can be paged from both systems. Figure 6.2-2 shows the concept of PHS terminal mobility.

PHS Home DigitalCordless Telephone PHS Corporate System

Public PHS ServiceCS

CS

Figure 6.2-2 Concept of PHS Terminal Mobility

Another interesting concept is the integrated service concept of the fixed and the mobile networks. The PHS MoU has specified the minimum common technical requirements for

PHS

MoU 102

PHS/GSM dual mode terminals, which realize the integration of the GSM service and PHS home/office cordless telephone service. A dual mode terminal can be used as a GSM terminal while in an outdoor environment and as a home digital cordless telephone while at home. The automatic connection of calls on the GSM number to the home/office cordless telephone will be implemented through an additional function (follow-me service) in the Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN). Figure 6.2-3 shows the concept of a PHS/GSM dual mode terminal.

Figure 6.2-3 Concept of PHS/GSM Dual Mode Terminal

6.2.2 Transceiver Mode (Walkie-Talkie) This is one of the creative applications of PHS private communication service that represents application diversity of the PHS technology. Using this mode, PSs can communicate directly with each other without the intervention of CSs. This is a useful feature for outdoor excursions. During outdoor excursions, the users can enjoy the freedom of communication. As this feature does not use the network resources, user is not required to pay for the use of this feature. Figure 6.2-4 shows the concept of outdoor excursion application.

GSM Service

PHS/GSM Dual Mode Terminal

PHS Home Digital Cordless Telephone

PHS

MoU 103

Transceiver Mode

Figure 6.2-4 Outdoor Excursion Application of PHS Transceiver Mode

PHS

MoU 104

Chapter 7

Certification for PHS Equipment in Japan PHS equipments for use in Japan require the following three types of certifications.

Technical Standards Conformity Certification based on the Radio Law Technical Conditions Compliance Approval based on the

Telecommunication Business Law Conformance Test based on the ARIB (Association of Radio Industries and

Businesses) Technical Report

In Japan, the Radio Equipment Inspection and Certification Institute (TELEC: TELECOM ENGINEERING CENTER) and the Japan Approvals Institute for Telecommunications Equipment (JATE) are involved in equipment certification. Their duties include conducting tests on PHS equipment applied for by operators and manufacturers. In addition to certifying equipment for the Japanese market, they also deal with tests and provide certification systems for equipment used outside Japan at the request of the appropriate administration or government authority.

Technical Standards Conformity Certification based on the Radio Law The purpose of this certification is to confirm that the manufactured equipment conforms to the technical regulations mandated by the Japanese Radio Law. The certifying organization is the TELEC. If the equipment passes the certification test, the public cell stations (public CSs) under examination are granted a radio station certification from the TELEC. A license from the Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications, Japan (MPHPT) is required before the public CS can be used. However, the operation of other equipment such as public personal stations (public PSs) and private cell stations (private CSs) do not require such license from the MPHPT.

PHS

MoU 105

Technical Conditions Compliance Approval based on the Telecommunication Business Law The purpose of this approval is to confirm that a terminal connected to a network does not affect network functions or performance specifications mandated by the Telecommunication Business Law. The organization granting approvals is the JATE.

Conformance Test based on the ARIB Technical Report This is a voluntary test conducted for the purpose of checking the protocols to confirm that a terminal can be connected to a network. The organization conducting tests is the TELEC.

This test is conducted to ensure that the air interface between the public PSs and the CSs is consistent with the ARIB Technical Report. Currently, the TELEC is checking the public mode functions of a variety of PSs based on Technical Reports, which show test items and conditions set forth in ARIB’s Public PS Compatibility Confirmation (RCR TR-23).

Additionally, the TELEC is preparing tests for the private CSs and PSs using testing methods that were developed by the ARIB: ARIB TR-T5 for private CSs and ARIB TR-T2 [Technical Report-T2 (Test items and conditions for private personal station compatibility confirmation)] for private PSs.

Technical standards conformity self certification system

Under the conventional standards certification systems, organizations mandated by the Japanese government, such as TELEC or JATE, grant approvals. The technical standards conformity self certification system that was introduced on January 26, 2004 allows equipment manufacturers or operators to select either of the following: - Conduct self test on their equipment for technical standards conformity, and

declare them as conforming based on the test results, - Apply to the certification organization (such as TELEC or JATE) for such

certification as before This has given the equipment manufacturers or operators to put their products on the market at an earlier stage.

PHS

MoU 106

Appropriate tests and certification systems can be designed to check and certify the performance of PHS equipment that will be used outside Japan, as for Singapore. This can be done at the request of the appropriate administration or government authority. In the case of Singapore, the TELEC, under a Memorandum of Understanding between the Telecommunication Authority of Singapore (TAS) and the MPHPT of Japan, certifies equipment performance to confirm that the equipment passes the Technical Standards Conformity Certification and the Conformance Test. The TELEC conducts a test to see that the control channel of the examined equipment satisfies the requirements set forth by the TAS. The TELEC then notifies the results to TAS.

7.1 Technical Standards Conformity Certification based on the Radio Law

7.1.1 Application Submission The TELEC accepts two methods of submitting an application, called the “Test Application” and the “Document Application”. The Test Application involves the actual testing of radio equipment whereas the Document Application involves examination of submitted documents.

The Test Application is suitable for equipment produced in small quantities and the Document Application is suitable for mass productions. The submission of a Document Application must be accompanied by detailed reports of technical tests conducted by the applicant. This detailed report must verify that the equipment under examination conforms to all the relevant standards.

Test Application The electrical characteristics of the radio equipment are tested at TELEC’s testing facility. The computer controlled testing facility facilitates automatic testing and is equipped with a variety of measurement devices including, but not limited to, spectrum analyzers, frequency counters, and power meters. The tests are performed on sample units of PHS equipment.

PHS

MoU 107

Document Application The TELEC examines the documents prepared and submitted by the applicant for each type of equipment. These documents include test data, manufacturing process, etc. There is no expiration date for certification issued through this application method.

The technical regulations mandated by the Japanese Radio Law for the equipment can be referred to in Table 7.1-1.

The Table 7.1-2 lists the test items for the PHS equipment.

7.1.2 Certification Procedure Flowcharts

The certification procedures for both the Test Application and the Document Application are shown respectively in Figure 7.1-1 and Figure 7.1-2.

PHS

MoU 108

Table 7.1-1 Technical Regulations based on the Radio Law

Table 7.1-2 Test Items for PHS Equipment

Radio Equipment Test Item

Private PHS terminal Public PHS terminal Public PHS Cell Station

Class of emission G1C,G1D,G1E,G1F,G1X,G1W G1C,G1D,G1E,G1F,G1X,G1W G7D,G7W

Assigned frequency or designated frequency

1893.65 - 1905.95 MHz (excluding 1898.45 and 1900.25 MHz)

1884.65 - 1919.45 MHz (excluding 1898.45, 1900.25, 1906.25 - 1908.05 MHz , and 1915.85 - 1918.25 MHz)

Number of carriers and channel separation

CCH : 2 TCH : 40 300 kHz

CCH : 7 TCH : 99 (106:unitl May 31, 2009) 300 kHz

CCH : 7 TCH : 99 (106:unitl May 31, 2009) 300 kHz

Frequency tolerance 3 X 10 -6

Occupied bandwidth tolerance 288 kHz (1893.5 - 1919.6MHz) , 884kHz (1884.5 - 1893.5MHz)

Spurious emission intensity tolerance

250 nW or less (1893.5 - 1919.6 MHz) 2.5 W or less (Below 1893.5 or

over 1919.6 MHz)

794 nW/MHz or less (1884.5 - 1919.6 MHz) 794 nW/MHz or less (below 1884.5 or over 1919.6MHz,

at 2.25MHz detuning) 251 nW/MHz or less (1920 - 1980MHz or 2110 - 2170MHz,

at 2.25MHz detuning)

Specified value *1(2W for CCH)

0.01 W or less 0.01 W or less

0.5W or less (1884.65 - 1893.35, 1908.35 - 1915.55, or 1918.55 - 1919.45 MHz)

0.02W or less (1893.65 - 1909.95MHz)

0.5W (2W) or less (1906.25 - 1908.05 or 1915.85 - 1918.25MHz) *1

Antenna power

Tolerance +20% -50% +20% -50% +20% -50%

Adjacent channel leakage power tolerance

For occupied bandwidth of 288 kHz or less: 800 nW or less (at detuning of 600 kHz ±96 kHz),

250 nW or less (at detuning of 900 kHz ±96 kHz) For occupied bandwidth of over 288 kHz:

800 nW or less (at detuning of 900 kHz ±96 kHz), 250 nW or less (at detuning of 1200 kHz ±96 kHz)

Overall operating characteristics

Automatic selection of transmission frequency

Automatic selection of transmission frequency

Other equipment than transmitter and receiver

Calling code storage device Identification device Carrier sensing

Calling code storage device Identification device Carrier sensing

Carrier sensing

Conducted spurious component 4nW or less

Other test items Leakage power at no-carrier transmission : 80 nW or less Tolerance of modulation signal transmission rate (384kpbs): 100 x 10-6

Test Items

1 Occupied bandwidth Spurious emission intensity

Adjacent channel leakage power

Other test items

Antenna power tolerance

Secondary radiated emissions

Frequency tolerance

Leakage power at no-carrier transmission Modulation signal transmission rate tolerance

2

4 5 6 7

3

8 9

No.

PHS

MoU 109

Figure 7.1-1 Flowchart for Test Application Procedure

Of the low power radio equipment stipulated in Item 3, Article 4 of the Radio Law, applications equipment to be connected to the telecommunications circuits shall be accepted individually or

collectively by designated approval institutes (Japan Approvals Institute for Telecommunications Equipment : JATE) or designated certifying institutes (TELEC). If the applications are accepted collectively, those for other institutes shall be transferred to those

Of the low power radio equipment stipulated by Item 1, Article 4 of the Radio Law, applications equipment to be connected to the telecommunications circuits shall be accepted by

Note :

( Designated certifying

( Applicant ( Designated Approval

Prior consultation Prior consultation

Application Acceptance Acceptance

Examination of form

Examination of specifications

Examination by

and verification

Acceptance of application

Billing of charges

Receiving of charges

Characteristic test

Certification of conformity equipment

Judgment

Pasting certification labels

Issuance of conformity certificate

Registration to the ledger

Public announcement

TELEC

Ye

Ye

Ye

Note

Payment of charges

Mailing the notice of non-conformity Receiving the notice of

non-conformity

No

No

Ye

Omitted

Mailing the notice of non-conformity

Certification of total application equipment

No

Ye

Receiving of conformity certificate

No

No

JAT

PHS

MoU 110

Figure 7.1-2 Flowchart for Document Application Procedure

Of the low power radio equipment stipulated in Item 3, Article 4 of the Radio Law, applications for the equipment to be connected to the telecommunications circuits shall be accepted individually or collectively by designated approval institutes (Japan Approvals Institute for Telecommunications Equipment : JATE) or designated certifying institutes (TELEC). If the applications are accepted collectively, those for other institutes shall be transferred to those concerned. Of the low power radio equipment stipulated by Item 1, Article 4 of the Radio Law, applications for the equipment to be connected to the telecommunications circuits shall be

(Applicant) (Designated Certification Institute) (Designated Approval Institute)

Application Acceptance Acceptance

Examination of form

TELEC JATE

Yes

Note

Acceptance of application Billing of charges

Receiving of charges

Examination of documents

Yes No

Request for additional reference data

Examination of additional

reference data Yes No

Request for the submission

of actual equipment

Characteristics test Yes No Mailing the notice of non-conformity

Payment of charges

Submission of additional reference data

Issuance certificate of conformity

Registration to the ledger

Public announcement Acceptance

Notification of order acceptance

Receiving of the charges

Submission of actual equipment

Receiving the notice of non-conformity

Receiving certificate of conformity

Creating own certification

labels?

Creation of certification

labels

Orders labels from the TELEC

Payment of charges

Receiving of the certification label

Pasting of labels

Submission Verification

No Yes

Judgment

Mailing the notice of non-conformity

Yes

No

No

Note

Omitted

Issuance of certification label

PHS

MoU 111

7.2 Technical Conditions Compliance Approval based on the Telecommunication Business Law

7.2.1 Terminal Equipment Approval System A Terminal Equipment Approval System based on the Telecommunication Business Law, was enacted in April of 1985 in an effort to establish a liberalized system of ensuring smoother equipment connection to a network. The JATE grants terminal equipment compliance approvals in a fair and neutral manner as the sole agency designated by the MPHPT to perform such duties. The terminals that have been granted approval can be connected to the public network without the inspection of a telecommunication carrier. Nevertheless, requests for connection should be made to the telecommunication carriers although they do not have the right to refuse such requests. The technical conditions and requirements for terminal equipment have been stipulated on the basis of the following three principles:

Telecommunication network facilities must be protected from damage and impairment

Shall not cause interference to any other telecommunication user The demarcation points between a telecommunication carrier facility and the

terminal equipment must be clearly defined The private PS, private CS, and public PS are covered under the definition of terminal equipment. The public CS equipment, on the other hand, forms telecommunication carrier facility.

7.2.2 Application Submission The application for a compliance approval involves submitting the specified application form for Technical Conditions and/or Requirements Compliance Approval to the JATE along with the following documents:

Tabular outline of the terminal equipment Brief description of the equipment Document describing the equipment’s conformity with technical conditions

and/or requirements Exterior views Schematics of circuit connection Block diagram

PHS

MoU 112

Operational manual Data guaranteeing the reproducibility of the same equipment

There are three types of approval applications as described below.

Ordinary Approval Application

The application for compliance approval must be submitted separately for each equipment so long as the equipment is not identical in every respect (color, logo, design etc.). If an applicant is submitting applications for both the Technical Conditions and the Requirements Compliance Approval, or for more than one technical requirement approval for the same equipment at the same time, the applicant may submit one document for the duplicate portions. In principle, conformity is examined based on the submitted documents. However, when the information contained in the documents proves insufficient, the applicant may be requested to provide additional information and data. In the event that confirmation can-not be granted even after the additional information has been reviewed, the actual terminal equipment may be examined based on a request from the applicant to do so. A general flow chart of the approval process is shown in Figure 7.2-1.

Partial Modification Approval Application The Partial Modification Approval Application is applicable to equipment that has not had any major structural or functional modifications made since the previously approved model. The permissible differences have been specified for each type of equipment. In this application, the changes that were made to the previously approved equipment must be stated clearly. The required documentation is nearly identical to that of the Ordinary Approval Application.

Name Change Approval Application The Name Change Approval Application is applicable in cases where the applicant desires to change the name of a previously approved equipment that was supplied by an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM). This also applies to the cases in which the applicant has previously received approval for the equipment and desires only to change the name of the equipment. The acceptable differences between the equipment in question and the already approved equipment are as follows:

Name of equipment

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Figure 7.2-1 Flowchart of the Approval Process

* The dotted line shows additional procedures in the case of radio transmitting terminals (including PHS equipment except public CS). In this case, application can be submitted to JATE and TELEC separately or can be submitted to only one body as a whole. In the latter case, appropriate parts of documents are forwarded to the other body.

Applicant Application

With attached documents

Compliance confirmed?

Application fee

Receipt

Receipt of fee

Receipt

Submission of additional data

No


*

Submission of equipment itself

No

On request by the applicant

Notification of Rejection

Receipt of Certification


( Omitted )


Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Notification of Rejection

Notification of Approval Approval

No Yes

JATE TELEC

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Color, logo, painting pattern Nameplate of equipment, indication of approval

The Name Change Approval Application is also applicable in the case where the applicant is using OEM equipment composed of parts from a previously approved equipment and the number of technical requirements for this equipment is less than that of the previously approved equipment model.

7.3 Conformance Test based on the ARIB Technical Report

7.3.1 Test Overview Pretest by the applicant

The pretest must be performed by the applicants themselves, such as by the manufacturers, before the Conformance Test applications are submitted to the TELEC. The pretest is conducted according to the test items and test conditions provided by the ARIB Technical Reports such as RCR TR-23, ARIB TR-T2, and ARIB TR-T5 [ARIB Technical Report-T5 (Test items and conditions for private cell station compatibility confirmation)]. The applicant should test technical characteristics, check protocols, etc. The results from the pretest are submitted to the TELEC which examines the results as a part of the Conformance Test application.

Conformance Test by the TELEC

The Conformance Test is conducted by the TELEC at its testing facility. The TELEC tests the items and conditions of the test in accordance with the ARIB Technical Reports. The test items are as follows:

Location registration Outgoing call/Terminating operation Incoming call/Terminating operation Handover operation Authentication and Service Order (SO) writing function

7.3.2 Test Procedure Flowchart

Figure 7.3-1 illustrates a flowchart of the test procedure for the PHS equipment Conformance Test.

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Figure 7.3-1 Flowchart for Conformance Test

7.4 Certification for PHS Equipment Overseas---Singapore Case Study

7.4.1 History The MPHPT and the Telecommunication Authority of Singapore (TAS) mutually confirmed the following details on October 20, 1995 in connection with the introduction of indoor-use PHS (Wireless PBXs, Cordless phones, etc.) in Singapore.

The TELEC shall conduct the necessary testing in order to certify the indoor-use PHS equipment for use in Singapore, then issue a Certificate of Conformity

An outline of the procedure with which the TELEC shall conduct the testing and other tasks

Promotion of information exchange regarding the standards certification system for indoor-use PHS equipment

Any testing pertaining to network connection, on the other hand, is performed by

TAS based on its own protocols. The criteria of the performance certification

conducted on indoor-use PHS equipment by the TELEC must include functions for

supporting public service. In early October 1995, TAS notified the parties in the

telecommunications field in Singapore of the approval granted for the introduction of

the indoor-use PHS.

PHS Equipment

Approval as terminal equipment

TELEC

Certification as radio equipment

JATE Examination of pretest results

Conformance Test

Confirmation of conformance test results

Public Announcement

Indication of Test Result on leaflets etc. by Applicant

TELEC

Issuance of certification

Applicant

Applicant Pretest by Applicant

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Figure 7.4-1 is a diagram that demonstrates the flow of the type approval process for indoor-use PHS equipment in Singapore.

Figure 7.4-1 Type Approval Process for PHS Equipment used in Singapore

7.4.2 Performance Certification of PHS Equipment for Use in Singapore

The use of PHS equipment in Singapore requires a type approval issued by TAS who has jurisdiction over telecommunication affairs in Singapore. TAS specifies that applications for type approval must be accompanied by a Certificate of Conformity and a test report issued by the TELEC, that verifies that the equipment conforms to RCR STD-28. The following is an outline of the performance certification procedure under which the TELEC issues the relevant certification and test report.

Performance Certification conducted by the TELEC, for a PHS equipment use, will make maximum use of the data obtained through the Technical Standards Conformity Certification and Conformance Tests. When a PHS equipment that is up for examination is similar to an equipment previously certified, the TELEC will verify its performance on the basis of test data collected by the TELEC in the past. Aside from those test items, the TAS has also established additional test items listed in Table 7.4-2. Moreover, tests must be conducted to verify the control channel, as the control channels used by the PHS equipment differ between Japan and Singapore. Once all of these test items have been

Submits the Certificate of Conformity along with Test Reports 1 & 2 (other items required include the application fee, equipment and supplementary data )

Regulatory authorities MPT TELEC TA

S (issuer of

approval

TAS

(issuer of type approval certification)

MKK checks conformity of equipment with RCR STD-28

TELEC checks conformity of equipment with RCR STD-28

Japan Singapore

Issues a Certificate of Conformity together with Test Reports 1 & 2 to the applicant

MKK tests PHS equipment to determine technical standard conformity

TELEC tests PHS equipment to determine technical standard conformity

Certification authority for PHS equipment

Test Report 1

Testing bodies

Information about non - details of terminal equipment

Coordination

Supplier Supplier

A list of approved equipment that has been updated is sent periodically

Test Report 2

MKK conducts a conformance test on the PHS terminal

TELEC conducts a conformance test on the PHS terminal

Manufacturer prepares applicant's test report

Manufacturer prepares applicant’s test report

1

1

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confirmed, the TELEC will issue a Certificate of Conformity. It will also issue a test report that combines the test data of Table 7.4-1 collected by the TELEC with the test data of Table 7.4-2 that the TELEC endorsed for the applicant. The results from the Conformance Test provide a technical guarantee that the indoor-use PHS equipment, which is intended for use in confined spaces inside a building, can also be used as a public network terminal in the future. Table 7.4-1 Test Items for the Certificate Table 7.4-2 Additional Items for of Conformity with the Technical Standard the Applicant Test

1. Transmission characteristics Burst transmission transient

response characteristics Modulation accuracy ･ Housing radiation 2. Reception characteristics ･ Reception sensitivity ･ Adjacent channel selectivity ･ Intermodulation characteristics ･ Spurious sensitivity ･ Housing radiation ･ Reception-level detectivity ･ Bit-error-rate floor

characteristics 3. Antenna characteristics

1. Transmission characteristics ･ Frequency deviation

Occupied bandwidth ･ Spurious emission

intensity ･ Antenna power deviation ･ Adjacent channel leakage power ･ Leakage power when carrier wave is off ･ Transmission speed of

modulation signals 2. Reception characteristics ･ Limit of collateral radiation,

etc. 3. Others ･ Call-name memory device and

identification device

･･

･

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Appendix 1: Comparison with Other Systems

A1.1 Comparison of XGP and other systems

The major technical References of XGP (Comparison with Competing Technology) in Table A1.1-1.

Table A1.1-1 General Comparison of XGP and, other systems System

Items XGP Other BWA System Mobile System

Cell Structure

-Micro Cell + Macro Cell -Mainly adopting micro cells in places with heavy traffic

-Overlapped coverage of multiple cells is allowed

-Restricted to Macro Cell -One CS covers comparatively broad area

-To avoid interference between each other, overlapped coverage of multiple cells is not allowed

-Restricted to Macro Cell -One CS covers comparatively broad area -To avoid interference between each other, overlapped coverage of multiple cells is not allowed

Data

Communication

Speed

-Per user data speed can be maintained high in high traffic due to the multiple choices of CS that can diversify the traffic

-Per user data speed tends to fall when traffic is busy, as multiple users are concentrated on one CS

-Per user data speed tends to fall when traffic is busy, as multiple users are concentrated on one CS

Network Structure

-Investment on network facility can be kept low by making use of the existing IP network

-Investment on network facility can be kept low by making use of existing IP network

-Investment cost on network is enormous as network structure being independent

Utilizing Form

-Terminal to CS indoor or outdoor (Public Mode)

-Terminal to CS indoor or outdoor (Private Mode)*1

-Terminal to CS outdoor -Terminal to CS outdoor

Channel

Allotment Method

-No restriction on location of CS due to dynamic channel allotment, which makes amplification of CSs easy

-Delicate design is needed to install a CS due to fixed channel allotment -Amplification is difficult because adjustment with the existing cell stations is needed on adding a new CS

-Delicate design is needed to install a base station due to fixed channel allotment -Amplification is difficult because adjustment with the existing cell stations is needed on adding a new cell station

Trend

(Nov. 2007)

-Standardization process completed in September 2007

-WILLCOM Inc. has started studies jointly with AWC in Thailand to apply XGP system

-WiMAX is adopted in ITU advice as one of the IMT-2000 methods -Standardization of UMB is not completed

-Research and development concerning Super 3G、4G is undergoing, although the main stream is GSM of the 2nd generation

Item with *1 means standardization unexecuted.

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Figure A1.1-1 Micro cell method

Micro cell method uses multiple CSs to cover one area. As a result, users are dispersed on different base stations and data communication speed per user is maximized.

Figure A1.1-2 Macro cell method

A big amount of users are concentrated on one CS, as one base station covers a wide range of area in macro cell method. As a result, data-transfer velocity per one user tends to fall.

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Appendix 2: Standards and References The PHS technology was developed in Japan and standardized by Japanese standards organizations. The Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB: formerly RCR) drafted a standard for the PHS Common Air Interface which was published as RCR STD-28. Meanwhile, the Telecommunication Technology Committee (TTC) has formulated standards based on ITU-T Recommendations for the PHS User-Network and Network-Network Interfaces.

In order for PHS to be used commonly throughout the world, the PHS MoU Group has been elaborating on the PHS MoU Technical Specifications (PHS MoU TSs) which are based on ITU-T Recommendations, ARIB Standards, and TTC Standards. These PHS MoU TSs provide solutions to a wide variety of network and communication needs throughout the world. The PHS MoU TSs have the following document numbering scheme. “X-XXn.nn-mm-TS” where; X: Application area of PHS A=PHS General Description B=Public PHS system C=PHS Wireless Local Loop D=PHS Private System XX: Categories of Specifications GN= General SV= Service NW= Network IF= Interface

IW= Internetworking DT=Dual Mode Terminal

n.nn-mm: Document number and version number

In order to support a multi-manufacturer environment for the PHS equipment, the PHS MoU TSs define the interface points based on network models.

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◆ Interface Points of Public PHS System The network model of the public PHS system defined by the PHS MoU Group is shown in Figure A2-1. There are four major interface points that have IF1 as the common air interface, IF2 as the interface between the CS and the PSC, IF3 as another network interface from the PSC, and IF4 as another network interface from the service control point (SCP).

For example, PHS MoU TS referred to as “B-IF2.00-01-TS” means that it is the interface specification between the CS and the PSC.

Figure A2-1 Interface Points of Public PHS System

Interface Points of PHS-WLL/FWA System

In the same manner, the network model and major interface points of the PHS-WLL/FWA system are shown in the Figure A2-2. The system is applied as an Access Network (AN) of the existing network, therefore, the network model does not include the interface points to/from other networks.

Figure A2-2 Interface Points of PHS-WLL/FWA System

CS

CS

CS

CS

PS CS PHS Switching Center(PSC)

IF2 IF3IF1

Location Register(SCP)

IF4

PHS Network

Other Networks

WSU

WPS

WLL/FWA Access Controller (WAC)

Switching Office WCS

WIF2 WIF3

WIF1

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The PHS MoU TSs are occasionally revised. The latest document list is available from the PHS MoU Group for the MoU members and anyone else interested in the PHS business and its technologies.

The latest PHS MoU TSs can be obtained from the PHS MoU Group website: http://www.phsmou.org/admin/guest/tech_ts.php

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Appendix 3: Glossary AAS ADPCM

Adaptive Array system Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation

AN Access Network ATIS Alliance of Telecommunications Industry Solutions ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Businesses ARIB TR-T2 ARIB Technical Report-T2 (Test items and conditions for private

personal station compatibility confirmation) ARIB TR-T5 ARIB Technical Report-T5 (Test items and conditions for private cell

station compatibility confirmation) ARQ Automatic Repeat reQuest BA Basic Access (ISDN) BAIC Barring of All Incoming Calls BAOC Barring of All Outgoing Calls BIC-roam Barring of Incoming Calls on roaming outside home country BOIC Barring of Outgoing International Calls BOIC-exHC Barring of Outgoing International Calls except call to Home Country BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying BS Billing System / Base Station BWA Broadband Wireless Access CCH Control CHannel CCS No.7 Common Channel Signaling No.7/Signaling System No.7 (SS No.7) CDMA Code Division Multiple Access CDRS Call Details Recording System CFB Call Forwarding on PS Busy CFNRc Call Forwarding on PS Not Reachable CFNRy Call Forwarding on No Reply CFU Call Forwarding Unconditional CI Channel Identifier CLIP Calling Line Identification Presentation CODEC Coder DECoder COT Central Office Terminal CPU Central Processing Unit CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check

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CS Cell Station CS-ID Cell Station IDentification CUIP Calling User Identification Presentation CUIR Calling User Identification Restriction DB DataBase DCA Dynamic Channel Allocation/Dynamic Channel Assignment DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone (Telecommunications)/Digital

European Cordless Telephone DP Dial Pulse DP Distribution Point DTMF Dual Tone Multi-Frequency signaling ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute FDD Frequency Division Duplex GSM Global System for Mobile communications GMSK Gaussian filtered Minimum Shift Keying HC-SDMA High Capacity-Spatial Division Multiple Access HLR Home Location Register IAM Initial Address Message I-CDMA Internet Code Division Multiple Access IDLC Integrated Digital Loop Carrier system IMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunication-2000 IN Intelligent Network IP Internet Protocol IPR Intellectual Property Rights ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN-BA ISDN Basic Access ISUP ISDN User Part ITU International Telecommunication Union ITU-R ITU-Radiocommunication sector ITU-T ITU-Telecommunication standardization sector JATE Japan Approvals institute for Telecommunications Equipment LAN Local Area Network LCC Line Concentration Controller LCD Liquid Crystal Display LE Local Exchange/Local Switch (LS) MCSB Multi-Carrier Synchronous Beamforming

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MF Multi-Frequency MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface MITF Mobile Internet Access Forum MODEM Modulator DEModulator MoU Memorandum of Understanding MPHPT Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and

Telecommunications, Japan MS Mobile Station MSC Mobile service Switching Center/Mobile Switching Center OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access OMC Operation and Maintenance Center OMS Operation and Maintenance System PABX Private Automatic Branch eXchange (PABX) PC Personal Computer PCM Pulse Code Modulation PCT Personal Communication Telephone PDA Personal Digital Assistant PHS Personal Handyphone System PHS-UUS PHS User-to-User Signaling PHS-WLL/FWA PHS based Wireless Local Loop/Fixed Wireless Access PIAF PHS Internet Access Forum PIAFS PHS Internet Access Forum Standard PIU PHS Interface Unit PLMN Public Land Mobile Network PPP Point-to-Point Protocol PR Preamble PRU Physical Resource Unit PS Personal Station PSC PHS Switching Center PSK Phase Shift Keying PSN Personal Station Number/PHS Number PSPDN Packet Switched Public Data Network PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network/Plain Old Telephone Service

(POTS) QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

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QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QSAFA Quasi Static Autonomous Frequency Assignment RCR Research & development Center for Radio system RCR STD-28 RCR STandarD-28 (PHS ARIB standard) RCR TR-23 RCR Technical Report-23 (ARIB Public PS Compatibility

Confirmation) REP REPeater unit RF Radio Frequency R-ISDN Remote ISDN SA Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) SCP Service Control Point SC-FDMA Single Carrier - Frequency Division Multiple Access SD Subscriber Data SD Secure Digital SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDM Subscriber Data Management system SDMA Space Division Multiple Access SMS Short Message Service SO Service Order SSP Service Switching Point SSU Single Subscriber Unit STP Signaling Transfer Point/Signal Transfer Point Sub Subscriber TA Terminal Adapter TAP Terminal Adapter for PIAFS TAS Telecommunication Authority of Singapore TCH Traffic CHannel TDD Time Division Duplex TDMA Time Division Multiple Access TDSW Time Division SWitch TE Terminal Equipment TELEC TELECOM ENGINEERING CENTER TS Technical Specification TS Transit Switch TTC Telecommunication Technology Committee UNI User-Network Interface

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USB Universal Serial Bus UUI User-to-User Information UW Unique Word VLR Visitor Location Register VPN Virtual Private Network WAC WLL Access Controller W-CDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access W-OAM WILLCOM Optimized Adaptive Modulation W-SIM WILLCOM Subscriber Identity Module W-VPN WILLCOM Virtual Private Network WCS WLL Cell Station WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access WLL/FWA Wireless Local Loop/Fixed Wireless Access WPS WLL Personal Station WSU WLL Subscriber Unit WTSC Wireless Technology and Systems Committee’s XGP eXtended Global Platform 8PSK 8 Phase Shift Keying

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Editor’s Note It has been ten years since PHS service was first started in 1995. In the period, the service area successfully expanded to China, South East Asia and Central and South America. And the remarkable technical development has been achieved for this period from the beginning of the voice service to XGP, which has been standardized by PHS MoU NWG, through the data communication service of PIAFS and the packet service, Advanced PHS service and W-SIM concept. XGP is one of the prosperous solutions for the broadband era in future.

In Japan, the government has granted the potential operator of Next Generation PHS the frequency to operate the system commercially, and preparation work regarding the start of service in the year of 2009 is being pushed forward. Due to improvement made to PHS technology and the change of telecom environment facing PHS, some of the contents in the earlier published guidebook (Edition III) in 2004 become stale. This is the reason the SWG3 has revised the old guidebook and published as Edition IV with information on the latest trend regarding Next Generation PHS included. We wish this PHS guidebook would be globally used as an introduction to PHS for people interested in it. In closing, I would like to express my gratitude to every member of SWG3 who made efforts for editing this guidebook despite of the pressure of work and to other companies other than SWG3 members, including TELEC, who worked together with us. Chairperson of SWG3, Promotion WG, PHS MoU Group July, 2008 PWG SWG3 members list（Alphabet Order of Last Name） Atsushi Koseki WILLCOM, Inc. Genya Kotani*1 Mitsubishi Electric Corp. Ichiro Murata Hitachi, Ltd. Kenichi Ohno Toshiba Corporation Hiro Osawa PHSMoU Group V. Security General Kiyotaka Tsuji Toshiba Corporation Hiroyasu Yoshida*2 KYOCERA Corporation *1 : Vice Chairperson of SWG3, *2 : Chairperson of SWG3

Mr.A.Koseki

Mr. G.Kotani

Mr. I.Murata

Mr. K.Ohno

Mr. H.Osawa

Mr. K.Tsuji

Mr. H.Yoshida

Guidebook Paper... · 1995. 10. 20. · PHS MoU 1 Chapter 1 An Introduction to the World of PHS...

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