Guidebook and Quizzes

Westfield Studios

BIOLOGY 101

Guidebook and Quizzes

A companion guide to the Biology 101 DVD set

Wes Olson

BIOLOGY 101

Guidebook and Quizzes

Copyright 2006 by Westfield Studios. All rights reserved. You are free to make copies of this guidebook and tests for your family only.

Otherwise, no other part of this guidebook may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission, except for brief quotations in articles and reviews.

www.the101series.com

A guide to the Guidebook

Flying Vertebrates The text on this particular page is just filler. I thought I’d

provide a source of mild entertainment for those of you who occasionally read everything. I remember making up stuff like this in some of my college term papers. I’d make some outrageous comment halfway through the manuscript to see if the professor was actually reading my whole paper. Some did. Some didn’t. Some thought it was mildly entertaining. Some didn’t.

1.1.1.1. IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction 1. Insects are in the kingdom Animalia1, which may seem kind of weird because, really, who thinks of insects as animals?

2. There are thousands of different insects. In fact, if all the insects in the world were put on the Hawaiian Islands, the tourist industry in Honolulu would take a drastic nose dive.

3. The rear legs on Orthopteran insects are used for hopping. Scientists often refer to these legs as the insect’s “hopping legs.” This designation helps scientists to differentiate these legs from the insect’s “non-hopping legs.”

Biology Trivia. Trivia is information that is interesting but not necessarily important. For instance, if I said that flamingo birds are in the class Aves and that there are four distinct species living in the United States, that would be interesting information, especially if it showed up on a test. But if I told you that the flamingo’s eye is larger than its brain (which it is) or that the word flamingo comes from the Latin word for flame (which it does), that would be interesting but not necessarily important. This stuff goes in the trivia category.

Flopsy, Mopsy and Cottontail. Helen Beatrix Potter, the author of Peter Rabbit is not to be confused with Wes Olson, the author of Biology 101. To begin with, Mrs. Potter lived 100 years before Mr. Olson was even born. Secondly, Beatrix isn’t even close to the name Wes so keeping these two apart should be relatively easy. In fact, to our knowledge, confusing these two people has never really been an issue for anyone.

1. Dr. Bob Schwartz, Fun with Stinging Creatures. P. 28. Dr. Schwartz shows how a sea wasp can make an entertaining and friendly companion for your whole family.

Film Information. This area with black text is information from the film. This is where most of the quiz questions come from.

Side Bar Trivia. The text on the left side of the page contains interesting facts on a whole host of biology related (and unrelated!) subjects. None of this information is on a quiz.

Stories & Commentary The text in a box contains interesting biographies and observations. None of this information is on a quiz.

Footnotes. Footnotes show where I obtained much of my information. They are another source of trivia, commentary and information. None of this information is on a quiz.

Table of ContentsIntroduction

LIFE DEFINED........................................................... 1

LIFE CLASSIFIED ..................................................... 2

1. COMPELLED TO CLASSIFY........................................ 2 2. MODERN CLASSIFICATION ....................................... 3 3. BIBLICAL CLASSIFICATION ...................................... 4 4. HISTORY AND FAITH................................................ 5

WHAT JESUS BELIEVED. ....................................... 6

The 3rd Day - Plants

THE PLANT KINGDOM........................................... 7

CLASSIFYING PLANTS ........................................... 8

VASCULAR PLANTS ................................................ 9

1. PLANT PARTS ........................................................ 10 2. GRASSES................................................................ 12 3. ANNUALS & PERENNIALS ...................................... 12 4. TREES .................................................................... 13

NONVASCULAR PLANTS...................................... 14

1. MOSS & LIVERWORTS ........................................... 15 2. ALGAE ................................................................... 15 3. FUNGI .................................................................... 16 4. LICHEN .................................................................. 17

PLANTS QUIZ .......................................................... 18

The 5th Day - Aquatic Creatures

THE AQUATIC KINGDOM.................................... 21

AQUATIC VERTEBRATES.................................... 22

1. OSTEICHTHYES (BONY FISH) .................................. 22 2. CHONDRICHTHYES (CARTILAGE FISH) ................... 23 3. AGNATHA (JAWLESS FISH) ..................................... 24 4. AQUATIC MAMMALS ............................................. 25 5. AQUATIC REPTILES ............................................... 26

AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES ............................... 27

1. MOLLUSKS ............................................................ 28 2. AQUATIC ARTHROPODS......................................... 30 3. PROTOZOA............................................................. 30 4. WORMS ................................................................. 32 5. CNIDARIANS (STINGING)........................................ 33 6. PORIFERA (WITH PORES) ........................................ 35 7. ECHINODERM (PRICKLY SKIN) ............................... 36 8. EXTINCT AQUATICS............................................... 37

AQUATICS QUIZ..................................................... 38

The 5th Day - Avian Creatures

THE AVIAN KINGDOM.......................................... 41

FLYING VERTEBRATES ....................................... 42

1. OUTSIDE THE BIRD (EXTERNAL ANATOMY)............ 42 2. INSIDE THE BIRD (INTERNAL ANATOMY) ................ 43 3. REPRODUCTION ..................................................... 45 4. OCEAN & FRESH WATER BIRDS ............................ 46 5. GRASSLAND, DESERT AND FOREST BIRDS ............. 47 6. COUNTRY AND CITY BIRDS ................................... 48 7. BIRDS OF PREY ...................................................... 49 8. TROPICAL & EXOTIC BIRDS ................................... 50 9. EXTINCT BIRDS...................................................... 51

FLYING INVERTEBRATES................................... 52

1. INTRODUCING INSECTS .......................................... 52 2. INSECT ANATOMY ................................................. 53 3. COMMON INSECT CLASSIFICATION ........................ 55

AVIAN QUIZ ............................................................. 58

The 6th Day - Land Animals

THE LAND ANIMAL KINGDOM.......................... 61

LAND VERTEBRATES............................................ 62

1. WARM-BLOODED – (CATTLE AND BEASTS) ............ 63 2. COLD-BLOODED (CREEPING THINGS) ..................... 70

LAND INVERTEBRATES ....................................... 74

1. LAND ARTHROPODS............................................... 74 2. LAND MOLLUSKS .................................................. 76 3. LAND WORMS........................................................ 76 4. BACTERIA AND VIRUSES........................................ 76

LAND ANIMAL QUIZ ............................................. 77

continued...

The 6th Day - Mankind

MANKIND ................................................................. 79

1. THE BRAIN ............................................................ 80 2. THE FIVE SENSES .................................................. 81 3. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM ........................................ 84 4. THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM....................................... 85 5. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM .................................. 85 6. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM........................................ 87 7. THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM (IMMUNITY) .................. 89 8. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (HORMONES)................. 89 9. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT......................................... 90

MANKIND QUIZ ...................................................... 91

Genetics

GENETICS................................................................. 93

1. FROM GENESIS TO GENES...................................... 93 2. CELLS .................................................................... 96 3. DNA...................................................................... 97 4. GENETIC ENGINEERING ......................................... 98 5. CLONING ............................................................... 98 6. BIBLICAL RESPONSES ............................................ 99

GENETICS QUIZ ................................................... 100

ANSWERS TO THE QUIZZES............................. 103

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND WORKS CITED ............ 105

INDEX ...................................................................... 107

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Life Defined

efining life is almost impossible. All definitions fall short of nailing down exactly what life is. The best we can seem to come up with is defining what living things do.

1. Biologists generally define life as being associated with things like the ability to take in energy, to do work, respond to the environment, develop and reproduce.

2. Some dictionaries define life as “That quality that distinguishes a living organism from a dead organism.” Look it up in your dictionary and see what it says.

3.3.3.3. Biology comes from two Greek words: bios meaning life and logos which means word or study. Biology is the study of life.

4. Perhaps life is difficult to define because it may be that life is essentially a spiritual, not a material quality.

Introduction

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Life Classified

cience may not do well at accurately defining what life is, but it excels at taking it apart, analyzing the parts and classifying it into various categories for further study.

1. Compelled to classify

A. People seem driven to find patterns and systems in everything we touch. We are compelled to classify and categorize.

B. We categorize our home, garages, clothes, dresser drawers and the kitchen utensil drawer. It keeps life orderly.

C. Biologists classify living creatures. They call this system of categorizing life, taxonomy.

D. Taxonomy comes from two Greek words: taxis meaning to arrange or classify and nomos meaning the laws. Taxonomy is the law of classification.

E. Life can be classified by habitat, creation date, physical structure, their early embryonic properties, genetics or any other method one wishes to choose.

There is no absolute way to classify things. Organizing items, including life forms, largely reflects the interests and personality of the organizer far more than it reflects any objective standard. There are legitimate ways to classify things. That includes living organisms too.

S Call me a cab

The Greek word taxis from which we get taxonomy, has no relationship to the Latin word we use for a hired cab, taxi. The word taxi is a shortened word for taxicab which itself was a shortened form of the word taximeter cab which itself was a short for taximeter cabriolet. A cabriolet was a two-wheeled, horse-drawn carriage with a hood that came over to protect the passengers. The taximeter part was introduced around 1900 as a mechanical device to measure the amount owed to the driver of the cabriolet. It was a metered tax on the cab…a taximeter cab…a taxicab…a taxi.

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2. Modern classification

A. Modern taxonomy classifies life according to physical structure.

B. Although this type of system was toyed with for many centuries, a Christian biologist named Carolus Linnaeus systematized the living world into distinct categories. His book was called Systema naturae.

C. Linnaeus was greatly influenced by the writings of another biologist, a Christian clergyman named John Ray. Ray’s book, The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of the Creation, recognized that similarity in structure was evidence of a common Designer.

D. Linnaeus also came up with a system of naming all the kinds of organisms. Using a unique Latin two-name identifier for every species, every animal and plant in the world has a unique name. Latin is an effective language for classification because it is a “dead” language. It is no longer in use by any culture and therefore it never changes.

Linnaeus’ Categories Kingdom ► The largest category like animal or plant. Currently there are 5 kingdoms.1

Phylum ► Greek for tribe. mollusks, arthropods and echinoderms are all phylum names. The plant kingdom used division in place of phylum.

Class ► Osteichthyes, chondrichthyes and reptiles are all class names.

Order ► Things like orthopterans, lepidopterans, marsupials, rodents and carnivores.

Family ► Family distinctions are the least familiar of the groupings.

Genus ► related to our word gender. The genus provides the first of Linnaeus’ two-name label.

Species ► related to our word special. This provides the second name of the “binomial” label.

1 Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista and Monera (includes bacteria)

� Restless Classifications. Scientists are always toying with classification systems and there are constant additions of subclasses, subphylum, super-orders. They’ve suggested an eight kingdom system, an eleven kingdom system, a two kingdom system again or even scrapping the whole thing for something else. No better system has yet emerged to replace it.

Linnaeus and Humans

Linnaeus listed man as having a structure similar to primates. Linnaeus also subcategorized men into what are often called “races”: African, Asian, Native American and European with a regrettable emphasis, like most Europeans in his day, on the superiority of Europeans. There is no dispute, from any source, that Linnaeus was a devoted Christian. He took the scriptures seriously, even if some of his ideas were based more on the culture of his day rather than sound theology or science. In spite of his shortcomings, Linnaeus recognized all creation as ordered by a Divine plan where man is in the unique position of administrator over that creation.

Kind vs. Species

The Biblical kind is a broader category than the modern species and the terms are not entirely interchangeable. Biblical kinds generally represent animals that can interbreed with one another. .

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3. Biblical Classification

A. The Bible classifies the major groups of life according to the day they were created.

B. God also classifies life according to value. Man is preeminent among creation because he reflects God’s image. Next are animals with nephesh 2 life and finally plants; organisms with a degree of life but created as food for the other creatures. Scientists tend to see plants as “self-replicating systems” that provide food, oxygen, medicines, and other resources.

♦God made man to have dominion over all the other creatures and care for them.3

♦Jesus specifically said that man was of more value than the other creatures.4

C. The hierarchy of value is reflected in the creation account itself as God builds the backdrops or sets in preparation for the actors, the creatures. This culminates in the creation of mankind.

2 Nephesh is a Hebrew word that basically means soul or the immaterial part of a creature as opposed to the flesh or body. Another Hebrew word, ruwach, is also used to mean soul. These two words are often used interchangeably like in Isaiah 26:9, “with my nephesh (soul) have I desired you in the night, yes by my ruwach (spirit) within me I will seek you early.” source: Strong’s #7307 3 Gen 1:26 and Psalm 8:6 4 Matt 6:26 (you are more valuable than birds); Matthew 10:31 (you are more valuable than many sparrows) Matthew 12:12 (you are more valuable than sheep) 5 Leviticus 20:24,25 spells out what the clean/unclean animal symbolism meant. 6 Acts 10:14,28

Clean and Unclean

The classification of clean or unclean animals is another method of classification found throughout the Bible: ●At the flood. Gen 7:2 ●In the law. Lev 11 ●In the prophets. Isa 52:11 ●In the Epistles. Acts 10:14 That’s because this distinction was an allegory, a symbol. God says the meaning of the allegory is that He wants good separate from evil., the clean from the unclean.5 Israel acted out this allegory for 1500 years. The fulfillment of the symbol came through Jesus Christ who makes all clean by faith, not by birth or nationality, or any other distinction.6 Redeemed humanity are “the clean.”

Scenery :

Actors :

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4. History and Faith.

A. The Bible is a reliable document. This is a historically verifiable statement. It is the most reliable document in existence with thousands of manuscripts in existence to verify its reliability. You may disagree with its content, but its reliability as a historical document is beyond the dispute of knowledgeable scholars.

B. The central figure of the Bible, Jesus Christ, believed in the literal six-day creation account.7 We believe Him. This is why we use the creation day account as the primary classification--because that’s the way it really happened.

�� Fact:

All descriptions of Biblical evidences in this text box are accurate.

A reliable, historical document is one that accurately and honestly tells what happened in the past. The manuscript evidence verifies that the Bible we have is the unaltered work of the original authors. The archeological evidence verifies that the Bible is accurate in its historical accounts. The historical predictions that came true verify that the Bible was directed by someone outside of time. The unending universal appeal of the Bible verifies that this document was engineered by someone who is intimately familiar with the deepest needs of all mankind.

7 Jesus believed the scriptures were literal, historical records (see next page) and Exodus 20:11 explicitly states that God created the heavens, the earth and the seas in six 24 hour days.

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What Jesus Believed.

Jesus said, “A disciple...who is perfectly trained will be like his teacher.” 8

1. He believed the Scriptures were a historical fact. Adam & Eve were real ....................................................................Mark 10:6 Cain & Abel were real ....................................................................Luke 11:51 Noah was real ...................................................................................Luke 17:26 Abraham was real.............................................................................John 8:56 Lot’s wife was real............................................................................Luke 17:32 Moses and the wilderness wanderings were real .........................John 3:14 Jonah was real ..................................................................................Matthew 12:40

2. He believed that:

Moses wrote the Pentateuch ..........................................................Matthew 19:8, Luke 24:27 One Isaiah wrote all of Isaiah ........................................................John 12:38-40 Daniel wrote Daniel.........................................................................Matthew 24:15

3. He believed the Bible 9 was the word of God.........................................Matt. 22:31; John 10:35

“If you don’t believe Moses’ writings, how will you believe my words?” 10 -Jesus

8 Luke 6:40 9 The Bible, in Jesus’ day, is what we call the “Old Testament.” It means, “old contract”. The New Testament (“new contract”) was verified by Jesus when He gave authority to the Apostles and said the Spirit would remind them of everything He said. John 14:26. 10 John 5:47

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The Plant Kingdom

ach day of the creation account begins, mysteriously, at night; “and there was evening and morning.” This seems contrary to our method of starting the day in the morning and ending in the evening, but this is the pattern God established

for the creation week and is also reflected in the culture He established for the Jews.

1. The Bible states that the entire plant kingdom was created in a single twenty-four hour period on day three.

2. Although all plants were created on the third day, it appears that the vegetation in the Garden of Eden was awaiting cultivation by farmer Adam.12

3. Tall forest trees are the first living things you can see from space.13

4. One out of five living organisms are plants.14

5. Unlike animals, plants make their own food using sunlight and they can’t voluntarily move. These are two factors that define a plant.

6. Botany is the section of biology that deals with plants. It means plant in Greek.

7. People who specialize in the study of plants are called plant scientists, though they used to be called botanists.

11 Webster’s New World Dictionary, Second Collegiate Edition p. 1089

12 See Genesis 2:5

13 Jonathan Bocknek, The Science of Plants. P5 14 Boyce Rensberger, Instant Biology, p. 3

The 3rd Day

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Gardening by Foot

Plant comes from an Indo-European root word meaning sole of the foot as in planting seeds and smoothing over the dirt with your foot.11 This method of sowing seed is suggested in Deut. 11:10 “…for the land which you go to possess is not like the land of Egypt from which you have come, where you sowed your seed and watered it, by foot, as a vegetable garden…"

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Classifying Plants

ust as animals and people are categorized as either vertebrates or invertebrates, so plants are easily categorized as being either vascular or nonvascular plants.

1. The plant kingdom has two main groups: vascular and nonvascular.

2. Vascular plants are in a division called Tracheophyta.

3. Tracheophyta comes from the same word we get trachea because they both refer to hollow tubes to move air and/or water around.

4. Vascular means “a slender tube or vessel.” It’s related to the word vase.

5. Nonvascular plants absorb water through their surfaces.

Unpronounceables

Tracheophyta is the division name for all vascular plants and it is easy to remember because everyone can relate to a trachea. What about the division name for the nonvascular plants? The fact is that scientists continue to change these names with amazing regularity. Even Tracheophyta is used less in many circles. As of this writing, scientists are classifying nonvascular plants as Marchantiophyta Thocerotophyta Bryophyta and other unpronounceable words. Vascular plants have other equally confusing names. We’re sticking with vascular and nonvascular.

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Vascular Plants

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Vascular Plants

hese are the majority of all plants; plants with a trachea or tubes for transporting water and nutrients to all the cells of a plant.

1. Plants that have seeds hidden inside them are called angiosperms, which literally means “hidden seeds.” 9 out of 10 plants are angiosperms.15

2. Genesis chapter one specifically talks about vascular plants like trees, herbs and grasses; but all vegetation, or at least the seeds for it, was created on the third day.

15 . Louise and Richard Spilsbury, Plant Classification. P.11

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Vascular Plants

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1. Plant Parts

Flowers

A. Flowers are very diverse in how they work. The ones we described in the film are a common and simple type of flower design.

B. Flowers are just one part of the plant. Their function, besides looking nice to people, is to reproduce the plant. They make and scatter seeds. Flowers attract pollinators. Birds see reds and yellows while many insects see the ultraviolet parts of the flower.

C. Two main part of a plant are the male Stamen (which has the pollen on it) and the female Stigma (which is the top of the stalk where the eggs are).

D. Fertilized or pollinated eggs turn into new seeds and the protecting area becomes fruit.

E. Fruit is generally thought of as oranges and bananas. But fruit really means the ripening base that protects the seed.16

F. A vegetable means the edible part of any plant such as leaves, stems and roots.

G. Vegetative reproduction means starting a plant using a piece of the plant like a stem or root or rhizome like Iris flowers. Grafting is another method which attaches one plant part into another plant

H. Spores are a very different kind of seed that can reproduce a plant all on their own. Fern leaves have spores on them. Although spore actually means seed, plant scientists make a clear distinction between regular seeds (flowering and cone-bearing plants) and spores (ferns). Thus, spore plants do not have hidden seeds and thus are not angiosperms.

16 Fruit is technically the ripe ovary of the plant. Ovary is Latin for egg. 17 Source: Furmanos Tomato Corporation www.furmanos.com

Achoo!

Allergies are caused from an immunity system on overload. Your body produces antibodies to fight infections. Allergens are usually neutral substances, like pollen or dust. An allergic overreaction in the nose is what we call hay fever; in the lungs it’s called asthma. If your skin reacts it’s called hives and in your stomach we call it food allergy. If your whole body reacts, it’s called anaphylactic shock and can be life threatening.

Juicy Fruit

Succulent or juicy fruits are brightly colored and moist, with a fleshy tissue surrounding their seeds. Oranges are a great example. Dry “fruits” have a hard, dry wall around their seeds, like nuts, grains and legumes.

World Records

The top five most produced fruits in the world are: #1 Tomato 60 MTY* #2 Bananas 44 MTY #3 Apples 36 MTY #4 Oranges 34 MTY #5 Watermelons 22 MTY *MTY=million tons per year17 The world record for a tomato is nearly 8 lbs, the weight of a youth’s bowling ball.

Vascular Plants

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Leaves

A. Plants use sugar in the form of glucose, not too much different than the sugar people like to eat. This is the primary function of leaves; to manufacture sugar from their environment so the plant can eat.

B. The main parts of a leaf are the blade and the petiole which means little foot.

C. Some leaves “eat” insects, like sundews and the Venus fly trap. Actually, the leaves digest the insect and absorb the liquefied material.

D. Photosynthesis is the process whereby leaves make sugar for food. Here’s the formula:

Carbon dioxide (in the air) + water + sunshine = sugar and oxygen (back in the air.)

E. Any extra sugar produced by plants is stored as starch. Potatoes are a starch storage. Carrots, beets and radishes are a kind of root storage.

F. The chemical inside each leaf that makes photosynthesis possible is called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll means green leaf and is responsible for the green color in most plants.

G. Colder weather stops photosynthesis, causing the brilliant colors associated with fall to emerge. The petiole is cut off from the plant forming a leaf scar and the leaf falls off.

H. Evergreen needles remain green year around and very slowly photosynthesize throughout the winter.

Stems

A. Stems hold the plant up…but you probably already knew that.

B. Stems are the plant’s link between the water and minerals below the ground with the light and air above the ground. Water and minerals are transported through their vascular tissue.

C. Woody stems include trees, shrubs and vines. In areas where summer and winter are present, (as opposed to the tropics for example) trees will form annual rings indicating their age.19

D. There are also herbaceous stems like grape vines, flowers, beans and cucumbers. We often think of herbs as a plant used for medicine. But technically, any non-woody plant is an herb.

18 A Beka Books. Biology: God’s Living Creation. P. 42 and Richard Spilsbury, Plant Classification. P. 36 19 Yes, that means that in some tropical regions with year round growth, annual tree rings don’t form.

Little Foot

The petiole, the little foot, will twist and turn so that each leaf faces the sun for greatest absorption.

Leaf Blade

The blade of a leaf is technically

called the lamina meaning “thin or spread out.” This is also where we get the

word laminate meaning a thin sheet or layer of wood or plastic.

Energy Machines

Plants only use about 1% of the entire light spectrum to produce their food, yet plants produce billions and billions of tons of food per year.18 Fossils exist of giant 99 foot tall horsetail plants and enormous fern forests. Fossilized vegetation has even been found in the polar regions. It is evident that the climatic growing conditions of the past were far superior to what we experience today.

Score

Xylem is the technical word for what we call wood or lumber. Xylem is pronounced ZIE-lum, and it’s an important word because it starts with the letter ‘X’ and is worth 28 points on a double-word score in a game of Scrabble.®

Vascular Plants

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Roots

A. Roots anchor a plant to the soil and absorb water & minerals for plant growth.

B. There are two basic kinds of roots: tap roots like carrots and fibrous roots like grass.

2. Grasses

A. Grasses are some of the most important plants in the world. All grains are grass plants and are usually classified as cereal grasses. They include wheat, rice, corn, oats, barley, rye and millet. Columbus called corn, Indian grain. 350 million tons are produced annually in the world.20

B. Fermented grasses make alcoholic beverages, including beer and hard liquor. Wine is made by fermenting grapes.

C. Sugar cane, where we get most of our crystalline sugar, is a grass. Corn is a grass and so is bamboo.

D. Animals eat forage grass like Timothy grass, fescue, brome, millet, corn, oat, rye, hay and sorghum grass.

E. Humanity depends on an uninterrupted harvest of grass. In developing countries, nine out of ten people live almost entirely from grass grains.

F. Rice feeds over ½ of the world’s population.22

3. Annuals & Perennials

A. Annuals last only one year. They flower, produce seed and die in one season. Plants like peas, beans , marigolds, sweet peas and zinnias are annuals.

B. Perennials come back year after year. They are “permanently perennial.” Trees, asparagus, asters, black-eyed susans and lavender are examples of perennials.

C. Biennials are a third group of flowering plants which take two years to complete their life cycle. In year one, they only form a ring of leaves. In year two, they produce their flowers and seeds. Cabbage, carrots and beets are biennials.

20 Augusta Goldin. Grass, the Everything, Everywhere Plant. P 46 21 The New Book of Knowledge. Vol. 7 P. 318 22 Augusta Goldin. Grass, the Everything, Everywhere Plant. P 63

Grass Qualifications

A plant qualifies as a grass if it is self-pollinating, with long narrow leaves, jointed stems, flowers forming in small spikes and generally growing densely in meadows. Grasses cover nearly 1/3 of the earth’s land area.

Fast Grass

Bamboo is the tallest grass growing over 100 feet tall with a 3 foot diameter base. Bamboo is one of the fastest growing plants known, with some varieties growing 3 feet per day.21

Film Trivia

The man on the riding lawn mower in this segment is John Olson, Wes’ Father.

Vascular Plants

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4. Trees

A. Trees are the oldest living things on the planet. Biblical chronology places the world-wide flood about 4,500 years ago. The oldest trees in the world, bristlecone pines, are 4,500 years old.

B. Some trees, like pine trees, have pine cones where the seeds are exposed and not enclosed in a fruit. These are “gymnosperms” meaning naked or exposed seeds.

C. Trees are the largest living things on the planet. Some redwoods are over 350 feet tall.

D. Woody plants that shed leaves and remain leafless in winter are called deciduous which means “to fall off.” Apple trees are an example.

E. Woody plants that retain leaf coverage throughout the year, like pine trees, are called evergreens. Sometimes they are called conifers which means “cone bearing” since most conifers are also evergreen trees. Ivy plants are also evergreens.

Trees are prominent throughout the Bible. Two trees were central to the rise and fall of Adam and Eve. The Jews were forbidden to cut down fruit trees in war.24 Deborah judged Israel under a tree and Rebekah’s nurse was buried under a tree named “The Oak of Weeping.” Noah’s ark and the Ark of the Covenant were made from trees. Jesus Christ died on a tree and his betrayer, Judas Iscariot, hung himself on a tree. At the end of time, mankind will at last have access to the Tree of Life. Trees will be with us in heaven and for all eternity.25

23 New Book of Knowledge. Volume 18, P 307 24 Deuteronomy 20:19 25 Revelation 22:2

Thirsty Trees

On a sunny day, a single medium-sized oak tree will give off nearly 150 gallons of water as the water evaporates through its leaves.23

How to Water a Tree

Watering a tree by hosing down the leaves is like quenching your thirst by taking a shower. Trees, like most plants, take up their water through their extensive root systems. Water in the ground is water in the tree.

Nonvascular Plants

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Nonvascular Plants

1. Nonvascular plants include things like algae, moss, fungi, liverworts and mold.

2. There’s a variety of reasons that some biologists won’t classify many of these organisms as plants: because they have no leaves, flowers, stems or roots or because some (like fungi) don’t use photosynthesis, or because their cells have a different material than most plants, etc.

3. Algae are in three entirely different kingdoms as of this writing. Fungi currently have a kingdom all to themselves. But they were probably made on day three right along with other plants—“replicating systems” that lack the traits associated with animals like voluntary movement and nephesh life (see page 4 footnote for a description of nephesh).

Nonvascular Plants

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1. Moss & Liverworts

A. Everyone agrees these belong in the plant kingdom even though they have no true leaves, stems, roots or vascular tissues. They use photosynthesis which gives just about anything a free ride to the plant kingdom.

B. Moss is the soft green plant that carpets damp rocks, walls and roofs. It can act like grass in keeping soil erosion down.

C. Liverworts look like clumps of little, dark green leaves. They are a small, low-growing plant filled with moisture and green chlorophyll.

2. Algae

A. Algae actually means moldy and putrid which is why algae are often called scum, because scum is any thin layer of impurities that forms on the top of liquids.

B. In the food chain, algae are on the bottom. The smallest fish eat algae and then the bigger fish eat smaller fish.

C. Algae are thickeners in many foods including mayonnaise, ice cream and salad dressings. Scientists call them “produce proteins.”

D. Algae blooms are caused by the rapid reproduction of various algae in both fresh and salt water. They can clog filters and poison the water.

E. Classification of algae is often difficult depending on your classification system. Today, you can find various algae scattered throughout kingdoms Monera, Protista and Plantae.

F. Diatoms are a microscopic algae eaten by many larger life forms. Their skeletons pile up by the billions and can be harvested as diatomaceous earth.

G. Algae is the plural word as in “lots of algae.” It is pronounced al-jee. The singular is alga and it is pronounced al-guh.

All about Peat

Peat Moss is the accumulation of a type of moss called sphagnum. As the plants die, new ones grow on top of them and the dead layers are packed down into a spongy mass called peat. Sphagnum is Greek meaning a kind of moss. This odd word is pronounced s-FAG-num. Moss farmers drain the swamps and use special machines to dig it out. Peat is commonly used as fertilizer and can be cut into chunks to burn when other fuel sources are scarce. Germany and Canada are the world’s biggest suppliers of peat moss.

Warts and Worts

A wart is a small growth on your skin probably caused by a virus. The wort of Liverwort and St. John’s Wort is an obsolete Old English word that means plant, vegetable or herb.

Using Diatoms

Diatomaceous earth is used in filtration systems because it is filled with millions of microscopic pores. It’s also used as an abrasive filler in toothpaste, as an absorbent in kitty litter and to help soak up toxic spills. As a pest killer, diatomaceous earth causes small cuts in the waxy outer layer of insects, causing them to dehydrate and die. There is even a food grade version that kills worms in people and pets.

Nonvascular Plants

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3. Fungi

A. Let’s get it straight. Fungus is singular; “one fungus.” Fungi is the plural form, “three fungi” and can be said either FUN-jeye or FUN-guy.

B. Fungi were homeless parasites; they were never included in the animal kingdom and since they don’t photosynthesize, some scientists removed them from the plant kingdom. Generally, these exiled parasites reside in their own fungi kingdom.

C. Fungi include mold, mildew, puffballs, mushrooms, stinkhorns, athlete’s foot, ringworm, rusts and smuts.

D. Some fungi can grow at the astonishing rate of ½ mile per day.26

E. Mushrooms are fungi and about 1 out of 100 mushrooms are poisonous to humans.

F. The antibiotic penicillin is made from a specific mold (named, not surprisingly, as penicillium).

The Nobel Prizes. Alfred Nobel (1833-96) was the man who invented dynamite using diatomaceous earth to stabilize the nitroglycerine. Nobel became a very wealthy man through this invention and at his death, he left nearly 95% his entire estate (he was unmarried) to the establishment of five special prizes. They were to be awarded every year to “those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.”

This was the start of the famed Nobel Prizes which have been awarded every year since 1901. The five categories for the prizes are physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and peace. The one you hear the most about is the Nobel Peace Prize. Anybody can be nominated for a Nobel Prize but nominees are never publicly announced and they are not supposed to be told that they were ever even considered for the prize. Plus, the records are sealed for 50 years to avoid turning the prize into a popularity contest.

The nominees are voted on by the Norwegian Nobel Committee. The winners (which are publicly announced) receive a gold medal, a diploma and a sum of money currently worth about $1.3 million US dollars. Nearly 800 Nobel Prizes have been awarded since the beginning of this foundation.

26 D.A. Sousa, What is a Fungus? P. 16

Stinks and Rusts

Stinkhorns are just what they sound like, a foul smelling fungus. Rusts and smuts are a plant disease attacking grain. This fungus makes a black sooty growth that destroys the crop.

Eating Fungus

Mushroom is a word some people use for an edible fungus and toadstool is used for the poisonous ones. Technically only fungi with the gills under their bells are called mushrooms.

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4. Lichen

A. Lichen is an alga and fungus sharing the same room. The alga provides the food for itself and the fungus using photosynthesis. The fungus supplies the water, minerals and shelter.

B. Some lichen can be eaten when food supplies are scarce.

C. Beatrix Potter was an accomplished scientific illustrator who studied fungus and lichen (when she wasn’t writing bunny stories). She loved to draw mushrooms in particular. Her science paper on lichen verified that it was in fact two life forms working together.

Flopsy, Mopsy and Cottontail. Helen Beatrix Potter (1866-1943) was the author and illustrator of more than 20 famous children’s books, the first and most famous being The Tale of Peter Rabbit. She and her brother Bertram were raised in England, mostly by nannies and governesses. The family summer vacations to Scotland opened her eyes to nature and the animals that would eventually be featured in her stories. As a child, she would often entertain herself with her real pet animals who included two pet rabbits named Benjamin Bouncer and Peter Buck, a tea-drinking hedgehog named Mrs. Tiggy-winkle, a spaniel dog named Spot, a Berkshire pig named Pig-Wig and a mouse named Xarifa.

Her first story about Peter Rabbit was an immediate success. She completed many scientific illustrations for a naturalist named Charles McIntosh and eventually completed her paper on lichen.

Potter married at 47 but never had any children. In her will, a significant part of her property—cottages, 15 farms, 4000 acres of land — were given to the England National Trust to ensure that its beauty could remain unspoiled. Her legacy is now part of the Lake District National Park in England.

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Plants Quiz

1. The primary function of flowers is to a) Hold the plant upright b) Feed the plant c) Reproduce the plant d) Defend the plant

2. The stigma is which part of the plant?

a) Male b) Female c) Neither

3. “Botany” is a Greek word that means

a) Vascular b) Plant c) Created d) Bean sprout

4. Why is the stamen considered the male part?

a) It carries the eggs b) It carries the ovary c) It gets carried away d) It carries the pollen e) The stamen isn’t the male part.

5. Vegetation was created on which day?

a) 1st b) 2nd c) 3rd d) 4th e) 5th

6. The botanical function of fruit is

a) To protect the seeds b) To water the plant c) To defend the plant d) To hold the plant up e) None of the above

7. The stalk attaching a leaf to the limb is called a

a) Stick b) Lichen c) Lamina d) Blade e) Petiole

8. The division name of vascular plants is

a) Tracheophyta b) Trachea c) Thallophyta d) Angiosperm

9. Circle the nonvascular plant

a) Cattail b) Apple c) Tulip d) Moss

10. Chlorophyll is the chemical responsible for

a) Pollinating plants b) Transporting water in plants c) Photosynthesis in plants d) Purifying water in plants

11. The formula for photosynthesis is

a) Carbon dioxide + water + sunshine = sugar and oxygen b) Carbon dioxide + salt + sugar = water and oxygen c) Carbon monoxide + water + tar = sugar and oxygen

12. The primary function of leaves is

a) To cool the plant down b) To make food for the plant c) To reproduce the plant d) To defend the plant

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13. Technically, fruit is a) The ripening base around the seed of any plant b) Just stuff like apples and oranges c) Fruit is not a technical term

14. Which of these is NOT a grass?

a) Wheat b) Rice c) Alfalfa d) Corn e) Ivy

15. 9 out of 10 plants have hidden seeds and are called

a) Annuals b) Angiosperms c) Gymnasiums d) Algae e) Nonvascular plants

16. A plant is considered nonvascular when

a) It has small leaves b) It lacks the trachea-like tubes to transport water

c) It absorbs water from its roots d) It spreads to other organisms

17. Diatoms were once living creatures.

a) True b) False

18. Penicillin is an antibiotic made from

a) Photosynthesis b) Pinecones c) Fungus mold d) Smuts

19. Lichen is a kind of

a) Nonvascular plant b) Vascular plant c) Creeping ivy d) Perennial grass e) None of the above

20. A perennial is a plant that comes back year after year. a) True b) False

21. Which of these is NOT a part of a plant? a) Stem b) Flower c) Root d) Lard e) Leaf

22. Fungi don’t use photosynthesis to make their food.

a) True b) False

23. “Conifer” means

a) With seed b) With fur c) Hidden seeds d) Cone bearing e) None of the above

24. Two of the main features that define a

plant are: a) They make their own food and they can’t move voluntarily

b) They are yellow and eaten by other animals

c) They smell and look nice. d) They absorb water and oxygen. .

25. Jesus believed that God made the world in six days. a) True b) False

Answers are on page 99

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Possible Discussion Questions

-How is eating a plant the same or different than eating an animal?

-What did Jesus believe about creation and the Bible? Why is it important to believe what He believed?

-How do we know the Bible is a reliable document?

-God made all vegetation on the day before He made the sun. How could the plants have survived this?

-Discuss a few of your favorite ways plants are talked about in the Bible.

END OF PLANT SEGMENT

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The Aquatic Kingdom

he fifth day starts the creation of living beings. Plants are indeed alive, but this life is different. These creatures have a higher life essence about them; they can move on their own and display a degree of intelligence and self motivation.

We begin by examining God’s population of the waters below...the aquatic creatures.

1. Aquatics is the term used to cover all creatures living in water.

2.2.2.2. The creatures in the ocean and lakes were created in a single twenty-four hour period, on day five.

3. All aquatic creatures can be classified into two groups: those with a backbone, vertebrates and those without a backbone, invertebrates.

The 5th Day

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T Water Lands

Aquatic comes from the Latin word aqua meaning water and can be used to mean anything that grows or lives in the water. Other words that come from aqua include aquarium, Aquarius and aqueduct. Island means water land.

Aquatic Vertebrates

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Aquatic Vertebrates

quatic vertebrates are what most people call “fish,” and for good reason. A fish is a cold-blooded water-creature that has bones, fins, scales and gills for breathing.

1. Osteichthyes (bony fish)

A. The word Osteichthyes comes from two Greek words. Osteo means bone and is where we get words like “osteoporosis” which causes a reduction in bone density. The other word is ichthus, the Greek word for fish.

B. Bony fish include minnows, goldfish, swordfish, tuna, salmon, bass, trout, piranha, herring, seahorses and about 9000 others.

C. Oxygen gas is dissolved inside water and gills absorb this oxygen so the fish can breathe. Since water only has 1/30 the oxygen that air does, they must constantly pump water over their gills to get enough oxygen.

D. A fish’s nose is very sensitive to smell…even underwater. This is how they find food and smell their way home.

E. Scales on a fish are transparent bone with ring segments indicating the age of the fish, just like trees.

F. Fins keep a fish from tipping over in the water and allow them to swim and navigate.

G. The air bladder is a fairly unique organ to fish although some animals and even plants have air sacs. The air bladder is filled with gas and allows the fish to remain buoyant at various depths without struggling to stay there.

A

IXOYE Symbol

Ichthus is the English pronunciation of the Greek word for fish which is spelled ICQUS (These five Greek letters are Iota, Chi, Theta, Upsilon, Sigma). As you can see, the Greek letters have a similar appearance to our English letters IXOYE. The early Christians used their word for fish as a clever acronym to spell: IIIIhsou~ - Jesus CCCCristo~ - Christ QQQQeo~ - God’s UUUUio~ - Son SSSSwthr - Savior Christians today continue the tradition using the IXOYE and the fish symbol to communicate their faith in the “fisher of men,” Jesus Christ.

Aquatic Vertebrates

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● Seahorses

A seahorse is a fish that looks nothing like a fish. They swim vertically and the male carries the eggs in a pouch much like a kangaroo. Seahorses appear to mate for life. Some seahorses are actually poisonous.

● Deep Sea Fish

Most deep sea fish are bizarre and fierce looking. They usually have huge eyes or no eyes at all, they produce their own bioluminescent light in various patterns depending on the species and many, but not all, have long razor teeth. The high water pressure where they live makes studying and catching them extremely difficult. Deep sea fish tend to burst when they are taken to the surface because of the change to a lower pressure.

● Eels

There are hundreds of different kinds of eels. Their long snake-like bodies produce a slippery slime and most have no scales. The moray eel has sharp teeth, strong jaws and are known to bite divers. Electric eels generate enough electricity to badly shock a grown man, 600 volts at 2 amps.

● Flying fish

It seems impossible but these lightweight, fast swimming fish can actually glide in the air nearly 500 feet. Sometimes 20 or 30 will suddenly burst from the surface and all glide together then fall back into the water.

2. Chondrichthyes (cartilage fish)

A. Chondrichthyes are regarded as fish but their skeletons are made of cartilage, which is fairly soft and flexible as opposed to bone which is stiff and inflexible.

B. Sharks have no air bladder, so they must always swim to keep buoyant.

C. Rays are another Chondrichthyes, cartilage fish. The giant manta ray can grow 25 feet long and weigh 3000 lbs.

D. Smaller rays are anywhere from 5 inches to 7 feet across.

E. Rays tend to cover themselves in sand in shallow sea water. Most ray injuries occur when someone accidentally steps on a ray. The ray’s tail can reach all the way to the front of their head for protection, wounding the intruder’s foot or lower leg.

Sharks and Cartilage

Chondrichthyes is a literal translation from Greek. Chondro means cartilage and ichthus means fish. Shark is thought to come from the German word schurke meaning villain or wicked person. Sharks are mostly made of cartilage which is a whitish, tough, elastic tissue that’s more flexible than bone. If you gently twist your nose back and forth, you’ll notice how ridged, yet flexible cartilage is. Cartilage has a flexibility limit which you’ll also notice if you get too rough with your nose.

Aquatic Vertebrates

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3. Agnatha (jawless fish)

A. Agnatha are actually a type of cartilage fish and are sometimes classed with the other chondrichthyes.

B. Lampreys are a terrible kind of fish. They have a round mouth with rows of rasping teeth. Gripping onto a living fish, they rasp into their skin and feed.

C. Lampreys mostly live in the Atlantic Ocean but have migrated and thrived in the Great Lakes area, causing a lot of damage to the local fish population.

D. Like their name implies, Hagfish are ugly eel-like creatures. Fortunately they eat only dead fish but they also produce a thick smelly slime all over their bodies.

E. Agnatha rarely, if ever, bother swimmers.

No Jaws

Gnathos is Greek for jaw. This is where we get words like gnaw and gnash. If you put the letter ‘a’ before a Greek word, it means no. Thus, a-Gnatha means no jaw.

Aquatic Vertebrates

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4. Aquatic Mammals

A. Carolus Linnaeus invented the mammal category to show that God used several common themes in creating many otherwise unconnected animals.

B. Here are the design similarities that get you into the mammal category: warm-blooded, hairy, vertebrates, nursed by milk from the female, often two pair of limbs, a four-chambered heart and large lungs.27

C. This definition covers a huge variety of very diverse animals like elephants, rats, kangaroos, armadillos, grizzly bears, bats and whales.

D. Modern biologists put people in the mammal category, right alongside of rats and sea cows. From God’s point-of-view, this is not only an inaccurate categorization but reflects a disregard for who man is and ultimately, who God is, since man is made in His image.

E. The mammal category is, otherwise, extremely useful for biologists who are studying physically similar body and structural systems.

F. There are flying mammals, land mammals and aquatic mammals.

● Whales

The world’s largest animal ever created is the giant blue whale, weighing up to 160 tons vs. 50-75 tons for the biggest confirmed dinosaur. Whales are divided into two categories according to how they eat: filter feeders like humpback whales and toothed whales like killer whales and sperm whales.

● Dolphins

Dolphins use sonar to locate food, often called “echo location.” They can grow up to 12 feet long and can swim nearly 30 mph.

● Seals & Walruses

The scientific name for a walrus28 means “tooth walker,” referring to the walrus’ habit of pulling themselves up on ice floes with their tusks. The meaning of “walrus” is a bit obscure, but a commonly accepted meaning is from an Old Norse word meaning “horse whale.” However, it’s difficult to see why someone would look at a walrus and think of a horse. An alternate theory is from the Dutch word “wal-r(e)us” meaning “shore giant.”

27 There are exceptions to the standard definition. The platypus, for example, is always in the mammal group, but they lay eggs and don’t nurse.

28 Obodenus rosmarus, in case you were really curious.

Flipper was a Dolphin

Dolphins are the playful creatures with a beaklike snout and often leap out of the water. “Flipper” was a bottlenose dolphin. Porpoises have flat noses and are more somber than dolphins.

Aquatic Vertebrates

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5. Aquatic Reptiles

A. There are almost 6,000 species of reptiles in the world. Only a few of them are marine or aquatic creatures and nearly all of the sea snakes are venomous. Because they breathe air like other land creatures, it is possible they should be categorized as terrestrial creepers.

B. There are about 50 kinds of sea snakes found in tropical waters of the Pacific and Indian Ocean. None live in the cold Atlantic.

C. Sea turtles are the other aquatic reptiles. They are the largest living turtles, weighing nearly 1,500 lbs. There are also fresh water turtles, which are categorized as true land creatures along with amphibians.

Aquatic Invertebrates

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nvertebrates are the second major grouping of aquatic creatures. These are all the creatures who have no internal skeleton or central spine.

1. There are flying invertebrates (like butterflies) , land invertebrates (like spiders) and aquatic invertebrates (like squid).

2. If we had one of every species of animal, 90% of them would be invertebrates...over 1 million different species. If we count every single living animal, 99.99% of them are insects.

I


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1. Mollusks

A. Mollusk means soft body and is named after a soft nut, because they’re both soft inside.

B. The three types of mollusks are the belly foots, the head foots and the double-doors.

● Gastropods (belly foots)

Named because their belly sits on top of their single foot. Snails are the perfect example.

29 Paleontology is the branch of geology that studies ancient life, usually through the fossil record. The word means “study of ancient things.” 30 Henry Morris. Men of Science, Men of God. P. 38

Man Behind the Mollusk

Georges Cuvier was the man who gave us the name mollusk. Cuvier (pronounced COO-vee-eh) was a founder of paleontology29 and comparative anatomy. He firmly believed the earth geology was shaped by a series of catastrophes, the last of which was the global flood. Cuvier was a good friend of Linnaeus and was a firm creationist, participating in debates against evolution.30


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● Cephalopods (head foots)

Named because their head and their feet look like a single unit. Octopuses and squid are the two most common.

♦Squid. Squid have a single bone in their body called a pen. Most squid are about one foot long with eight arms. They have two long tentacles to grab fish with and eat with their sharp beak. Squid produce their own bioluminescent light.

♦Giant Squid. The giant squid is a favorite food of Sperm Whales.

♦Octopus. Let’s get it straight. Octopus is singular, “one octopus.” Then, depending on the dictionary you use, there are three possible plural forms. Everyone agrees that octopuses is correct, as in “here are three octopuses.” Octopods or octopodes is also acceptable especially in academic circles. Then there is the controversial octopi. Many dictionaries list this as acceptable but recognize that it is technically incorrect because octopus is Greek and not Latin. Stick with octopuses (and hippopotamuses for that matter) and you won’t go wrong.

Octopuses are beyond weird. Their body is like a sloppy, half-filled rubbery bag which can rapidly change colors at will. They have eight arms that come out of that bag and a double row of suckers down each arm used to grasp and taste things. They can shoot out a stream of inky black fluid as a smoke screen and their mouth looks like a large version of a parrot’s beak. Plus, for an animal, they display an intelligence that considers options, plans and can strategize.

♦The Nautilus. (The plural is nautiloids) You almost never see a live nautilus but you almost always see their empty, mathematically symmetrical shell. Each empty chamber can be filled with gas allowing vertical movement through the water.

● Bivalves (double doors)

Most people assume that the term bivalve refers to how these creatures pull water in through one siphon and squirt the water out of another siphon. Actually, the term valve means “a door”; something that opens and closes. Water valves were named after this door-idea of opening and shutting, allowing things in and out. Bivalves were so named because of their two shells with a hinge in the middle.

♦Clams and Oysters. These are often called shellfish. As mentioned above, they eat by siphoning water and food particles in and out of their shells. Oysters often get a piece of sand caught inside and the secretion they produce to isolate the irritant eventually builds up until a valuable pearl is formed. Thus, inside every valuable pearl, is a common grain of sand.

Fighting Cephalopods

When two octopuses fight, their colors change rapidly, flashing from one color to the next: green to purple to white and back again. Octopuses make their house by propping up a large flat rock with several supporting rocks under it. Divers have seen entire octopus cities off the shallows of the Mediterranean Sea.

Pigs or Pears

Pearl is Latin and means ham. A pearl comes from an oyster shell which is roughly shaped like a ham. Another theory says it means pear, also based on the shape of the shell.


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2. Aquatic Arthropods

A. Arthropod means jointed foot and there are thousands of different kinds of creatures with this design feature: land, air and aquatic arthropods.

B. The aquatic arthropods are commonly called crustaceans which literally means, with a crust.

C. Lobsters, crabs and crayfish are common crustaceans. They have three distinct body sections; head, thorax (chest) and abdomen (belly). Their shells are made of chitin (pronounced KITE-n) which doesn’t stretch. This is why these creatures shed, or molt their exterior shell from time to time when they outgrow the old shell.

D. Barnacles are another crustacean. The actual creature lives inside the hard, cone shaped shell. When the tide comes in, a little wand-like appendage with a rake on the end waves through the water collecting bits of food. Barnacle glue is some of the strongest in the world.

3. Protozoa

A. Protozoa are microscopic, unimaginably complex one-celled mini-beasts.

B. The word protozoa means first animal which reflects an evolutionary philosophy and not a scientific observation. Small animals would probably be more accurate.

C. Most protozoa reproduce by dividing directly in half, a process that takes about 20 minutes.

D. Although there are over 30,000 identified protozoa, the three most well known members are: euglena, amoeba and paramecium.


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● Euglena “good eye”

An aquatic animal that moves around with a little whipping tail called a flagellum. They actually use photosynthesis to make food, just like plants. Plus they can eat microscopic bits of food if they need to. They have an eye spot that directs them to sunlight to aid in photosynthesizing their food.

● Amoeba “to change”

The amoeba looks like a slowly moving blob. They’re known for their pseudopods or fake feet which slowly reach out and envelop a food bit. The surrounded area is called a vacuole (meaning empty). Enzymes break the food down so the amoeba can ingest it.

● Paramecium “oval”

Paramecias move rapidly around using wavy hairs called cilia. For their size, their speed is the equivalent of a man running about 70 mph.31 Paramecium have a mouth (the oral groove), a nucleus that directs basic activities (sort of like a basic brain…but not really), vacuoles to sponge up excess water and weapons that shoot out from the edges to attack or defend.32

31 Protists and Fungi. Discovery Books. P. 18 32 The paramecium’s weapons are known as Trichocysts.


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4. Worms Worms come in several varieties. Flatworms, roundworms and segmented worms. Most parasites that are small enough, will embed themselves in body tissue. This helps them hide from the immunity system. Icky.

● Flatworms.

Flatworms include flukes and tapeworms. They are usually ingested by eating improperly cooked meat. They cause internal problems in animals and people.

● Roundworms.

Roundworms are also known as nematodes meaning thread worm…round like an earthworm but no segments…just like a thread. Most roundworms are terrestrial but for convenience they are here with the other worms.

Pinworms are among the most prevalent parasitic problem in American children but medicine can cure the problem. Hookworms are a disgusting worm that lives in unsanitary conditions. They pierce into bare feet, then burrow inside and--you can look up the rest on your own.

● Segmented worms – leeches.

Leeches are in the same phylum as earthworms, Annelida, meaning ringed, and are considered a flat worm.33 Leeches live in water or very wet earth and attach to the outside of their host where they eat blood. They are such tenacious parasites that the word leech, has come to mean someone who clings to another in order to get what he can from him.

� Important Parasite Info.

Parasites are organisms that live on or in another animal or plant, obtaining their sustenance from that host. Parasites are corruptions of creatures that were originally part of God’s “very good” creation. Exactly what they were before the fall or if they were aquatic or land creatures is anybody’s guess. We have classified them as being primarily 5th day aquatic creatures.

33 Webster’s New World Dictionary. Second Collegiate Edition. P.805

Doctor in the Family

The family name Leach is an occupational name meaning physician. It comes from the practice of using medicinal leeches to help eliminate impurities from a sick person.


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5. Cnidarians (stinging) Cnidarians are a group of sea creatures with stinging tentacles. They include seajellies, the Portuguese man-of-war, sea wasp, sea anemones and coral. The word is pronounced nye-DARE-ee-uns.

● Jellyfish (seajellies)

Jellyfish are not, of course, fish. They are more properly called seajellies and there are over 200 different kinds of seajellies. They swim by contracting their bells allowing their long stinging tentacles to gracefully follow behind them. The stinging cells are actually spring-loaded and can fire even if the seajelly (jellyfish) is dead.

● Portuguese Man-Of-War

The man-of-war is a colony of four creatures that work together to make this one creature. They are completely at the mercy of the wind and travel in groups of 1000 or more. Their sting is painful but rarely fatal. The Portuguese man-of-war got its name from medieval sailors who compared it to a Portuguese sailing ship.

● Sea Wasp

This is possibly the most venomous creature in the Indian Ocean and surrounding seas. The sting from the sea wasp causes respiratory paralysis and death within 2-3 minutes.

Blue Bottle

The man-of-war is also called the bluebottle due to it’s transparent blue color. Once the man-of-war is beached on the sand, the animals that made up the colony die. The tentacles can still fire for some time after the animal dies. The man-of-war is a favorite food of sea turtles.

Eat or Inject

Poison is something you eat or absorb in your skin. Venom is injected into your skin through fangs, stinging cells or stinging spines.


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● Sea Anemones

Sea anemones are found in a wide variety of shapes and colors but all are stationary stinging creatures that eat smaller creatures. They are sometimes called an upside down jellyfish and their class name (anthozoan) means “flower animal.” Some crabs will actually pick up anemones and use them as weapons against attacking animals.34

● Coral

We generally don’t think of coral as stinging creatures, in fact we hardly think of them as creatures at all. Coral reefs, made up of thousands and millions of little stinging creatures hidden inside these hard limestone tubes, are what we usually see and think of when it comes to coral.

Stung by a Cnidarian?

1. Never rub the affected area. 2. Use a credit card or driver's license to scrape off the tentacles, which are almost invisible.

3. Rinse off with vinegar (or even saltwater) to stop the cells from firing. Do not use fresh water which can cause more venom to be released.

4. Applying alcohol, meat tenderizer, ammonia or baking soda are

common solutions to ease the pain but results are mixed and still under study. 5. If itching or allergic reaction occur, many doctors recommend keeping an

antihistamine like Benadryl® handy. Get to a physician as soon as possible. Remember: The tentacles can continue to sting for some time even after the animal is dead and drying or if the tentacles are broken off.

34 Source: Oceanographer Jean-Michel Cousteau-see www.oceanfutures.org


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6. Porifera (with pores)

A. Sponges are such unusual animals they get their very own phylum, Porifera.

B. There are nearly 6,000 different kinds of sponges but only six are sold as bath sponges.

C. Once the sponge dies, it leaves a skeleton made of tough fiber. This is the part we know and use as natural sponges.

D. Sponge ‘farmers’ divide living sponges in pieces and attach the pieces to cement blocks which act as an anchor. The blocks are thrown back into the sea and in about four years, the pieces will have grown into larger sponges again.

�� Sponges pump water in and out to filter food. They are so efficient at pumping that a sponge the size of a one gallon milk jug, can pump enough water everyday to fill a residential swimming pool.36

35 A Beka Books. Biology: God’s Living Creation. P. 535 36 Source: Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/SG045

Barely an Animal

A sponge appears to be the only multicelled animal that does not have any kind of a nervous system or brain. If you touch a sponge, only those cells you actually touch will respond. The rest of the animal seems completely unaware of what’s happening.35 In fact, a sponge has no heart, stomach or muscles either. It’s classified as an animal only because it sort of captures its food and has no photosynthesis. Sponge cells more resemble a collection of protozoa - single-celled animals!

Original Cancer Drug

One of the first drugs for treating cancer, and still widely in use today, is cytosine arabinoside. It was isolated from sponges.


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7. Echinoderm (prickly skin) There are three important animals in the echinoderm phylum: Starfish, Sand Dollars and Sea Urchins. All have a rough bumpy skin which is why they’re in the prickly skin category.

● Seastars (“starfish”)

Starfish are not fish and are more properly called “seastars.” Seastars are in the class Asteroidea which means star shaped. They are carnivorous predators and fairly voracious eaters, consuming a dozen or more clams and oysters daily. Clam and oyster fishermen aren’t particularly fond of seastars. They straddle the clam (the seastar, not the fishermen) and using their powerful suction tube arms, they pry the clam apart. The seastar’s stomach attaches to the clam and digests it, right there inside the clam’s own shell.

● Sand Dollars

Sand dollars like to live in the sand and in shallow water. This is why they are so common on the shore. A living sand dollar looks a lot like their skeleton but covered with little spines. They move about using these spines and gripping tube feet.

● Sea Urchins

Sea urchins are like sand dollars except they have much a rounder body and longer spines…like a spiky tennis ball. They move around scraping algae off rocks and looking for an occasional slow moving morsel. The scraping jaws of a sea urchin look a little like a lantern, according to the Greek philosopher Aristotle who studied them. They have been called Aristotle’s Lantern ever since.

Extinct Aquatics

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8. Extinct Aquatics There is evidence that many different marine creatures once existed that are no longer on earth. The Flood wiped out a huge number of aquatic creatures as evidenced by the millions and millions of aquatic fossils found all over the world that were suddenly buried in tons of silt and water. These aquatic creatures include Trilobites, Elasmosaurus, Ichthyosaurus, Dinichthys, Orthacanthus, the Megaladon, Plesiosaurus, Kronosaurus and Leviathan.37

Some creatures, like the Coelacanth (SEE-luh-kanth), were thought to be extinct. However, in 1938, a woman found one in a Madagascar fish market and showed it to scientists. Many have been found since then.

The Okapi is a land animal also thought to be extinct. They too, were found alive deep in the Congo River basin in 1901.

● The Ocean is Large

No doubt there are many other marine animals hiding somewhere in the ocean depths. The world’s oceans cover more than 2/3 of the entire planet. At the deepest known point, Mount Everest would be completely submerged with a mile of water still on top. 38

The well known marine biologist Dr. Clyde Roper said scientists have been scanning the ocean for over 50 years and in all that time, they’ve observed less than 50 square miles of the entire ocean floor39 …and the oceans cover 140 million square miles.

37 Leviathan is described in the book of Job, though, to our knowledge, no fossils of this awesome creature have yet been found. If they have been found, they are identified by another name. 38 Mt. Everest is 29,000 feet tall and the Marianas Trench is 36,200 feet deep. A mile is 5,300 feet. 39 Discovery Channel School Science. Invertebrates. p. 11

Extinct Aquatics

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Aquatics Quiz

1. All aquatic creatures were created on the____day. a) 1st b) 2nd c) 3rd d) 4th e) 5th f) 6th

2. Aquatic creatures are easily categorized as a) Shelled & non-shelled b) Seed & spore producing c) Vertebrates & invertebrates d) Fish & mammals

3. Circle the invertebrate

a) Bony fish b) Seahorse c) Goldfish d) Seajelly e) Whale

4. Why do fish always open and close their mouths?

a) They are communicating b) They are tasting the water c) They are breathing d) They are eating plankton e) Nobody knows

5. Agnatha are

a) Sharks b) Bony fish c) Jawless fish d) Mollusks e) None of the above

6. All aquatic creatures come from a common ancestor and thus, are related. a) True b) False

7. Circle all the design features that define the mammal category. a) Nurse their young b) Exoskeleton c) Backbone d) Prickly skin e) Four-chambered heart

8. Invertebrates have no bones.

a) True b) False

9. Circle all that are invertebrates

a) Sponges-porifera b) Octopus-mollusk c) Crab-arthropods d) Seajelly-cnidarians e) Tuna-osteichthyes

10. Gastropod is a mollusk and means

a) Belly foot b) Double foot c) Gas creature

11. Cephalopod means

a) Stinging creature b) Head foot c) Bony fish d) Two left feet

12. Arthropod means a) Jawless fish b) Jointed foot c) With a crust d) Artist’s door

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13. Typical crustaceans include a) Lobsters and sharks b) Crabs and worms c) Lobsters and crabs

14. “Protozoa are the earliest life forms.” This statement is:

a) An evolutionary belief. b) A scientific observation. c) A fact proven by fossil records. d) A repeatable phenomena.

15. Circle all protozoans.

a) Amoeba b) Paramecium c) Euglena d) Leeches

16. Which of these is NOT a cnidarian (stinging creature)?

a) Seajelly b) Coral c) Man-of war d) Sea anemone e) Sponge

17. Porifera is another name for what? a) Algae b) Sponges c) Amoebas d) Echinoderms e) A Shakespearean character

18. Echinoderm means:

a) With pores b) Stinging creature c) Creeping thing d) Prickly skin e) None of the above

19. The world’s largest animal ever created is: a) Tyrannosaurus rex b) Blue whale c) African elephant d) Brachiosaurus Answers on Page 99

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-Discuss the different body designs between mollusks and crustaceans.

-What is the difference between what was created on the 3rd day versus the 5th day?

- How does a person’s belief system influence the way he interprets scientific information?

-Sharks bite. Seajellies sting. Are these things part of a “good and perfect” creation? Where did they come from and why are they here?

-The film talks about the mammal category. Did God make mammals as a distinct classification or is this class more a reflection of Man’s categorization process? In other words, did God make “mammals” or did men make “mammals”?

END OF AQUATIC SEGMENT

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The Avian Kingdom

reation on the fifth day continues with creatures that fly.40 Birds are the flying vertebrates and are in the class called Aves, meaning bird. This is also where we get words like aviation and aviator. Flying creatures include both flying

vertebrates (birds) and flying invertebrates (insects). Avian creatures also include bats and extinct flying reptiles like pterosaurs.

40 It is presumed that God made aquatic creatures before avian creatures since they are listed first on the 5th day.

The 5th Day

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The “firmament”

Firmament comes from the word firm. It’s a poetic image of the sky as a solid arch or vaulted ceiling. The actual Hebrew word is raqiya (raw-KEE-uh), which is a metal smith’s word meaning to expand or spread thin sheets of metal by hammering. So outer space and the sky are stretched out, fixed and secure.

C

Flying Vertebrates: Birds

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Flying Vertebrates

bird is defined as an egg-laying, warm-blooded vertebrate, with two legs, a beak, feathers and wings. Bats are also flying vertebrates though they don’t fit the definition of a bird.

1. Outside the bird (external anatomy)

A. Warm-blooded means a creature’s body temperature stays fairly warm regardless of the temperature outside, so they need fur and coats to be comfortable. Cold-blooded means their body temperature will rise and fall with the outside temperature. Scientists like to use the words ectothermic for cold-blooded creatures and endothermic for warm-blooded creatures.

B.B.B.B. Eyesight. As a group, birds are gifted with eyesight far superior to man. It is thought to be the best in the animal kingdom. In fact, some birds have eyes that outweigh their brain.

♦Most have an additional, transparent eyelid to protect the eye. ♦Birds of prey can see 8 times the detail that people can. ♦Woodcocks can see almost 360°. ♦Birds have extremely acute color perception. Many, like hummingbirds, can see ultraviolet colors.

C.C.C.C. Hearing. Birds also have keen hearing, using ear openings located on the sides of their heads.

D. Perching. Birds perch using a tendon that snaps their feet around a branch. When they stand to fly, the tendon unlocks, and they can fly away.

E.E.E.E. Wings. When gliding, bird wings act like airfoils creating lift. Thrust or forward movement is created using their powerful flapping wing strokes. Robins can fly 25 mph; ducks 50mph and racing pigeons 110 mph. Peregrine falcons can dive 150 mph.

F.F.F.F. Feathers. Though other creatures fly, God covered no other creature with feathers. Feathers are made of a central shaft with vanes attached to the shaft. They zip together like Velcro and are oiled continually by the bird to keep them water resistant. A single pigeon wing feather has more than 1 million parts. Birds have 3 basic types of feathers:

♦Down feathers for warmth. ♦Body (contour) feathers for streamlined flight. ♦Flight feathers on the wings and tail.

Bird Silhouettes

Many birds can be recognized just by their silhouettes.

Cardinal

Wren

Swallow

Blue jay

Robin

Mourning dove

A


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2. Inside the bird (internal anatomy)

A. Digestion. It’s uncertain if birds can enjoy or even taste food like we do. Their food goes down their esophagus and into the crop for storage, though not all birds have a crop.

B. The food passes into the stomach where it gets broken down by chemicals.

C. The gizzard is the next stop. Birds have no teeth. Instead, they often swallow grit and small stones that go into this gizzard where the food is ground into mush.

D. The mush goes into the small intestine where the nutrients are absorbed. The undigested matter passes into the large intestine and exits as waste along with undigested seeds that later sprout.

E. Complete digestion of fruit takes only about 15 minutes! Nuts take several hours. Birds are extremely athletic. They generate a lot of heat and require a lot of oxygen.

F. Respiration. Air goes into their lungs then the oxygen goes into the blood stream. But some air goes into their air sacs. This cools their blood which lowers the temperature of internal organs, kind of like your car radiator. Air sacs also assist in fine-tuning the bird’s balance.

G. The little heart of the black-capped chickadee can beat 1,000 beats per minute during exercise. A chicken heart beats about 250 beats per minute.

Excellence in DesignExcellence in DesignExcellence in DesignExcellence in Design

The efficiency of the avian respiratory system is astounding. Bar-headed geese have been seen by airline pilots flying over Mt. Everest – over 29,000 feet high! Many details of the bird respiratory system are still not understood by modern science.


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H. Instinct. Birds seem to be governed almost entirely by instinct, though they can outperform similarly sized land animals in tests. Crows and ravens are recognized as the smartest of all birds.

I. Singing. Birds use a syrinx to “sing” their songs. They prefer to sing more on cloudy days and in the woods rather than open fields. As usual, their songs are thought to attract mates, establish territory and ward off rivals.

J. A robin’s territory is about two house lots or ¼ acre.

K. Bones. The bones of birds are unusually light and strong. A frigate bird has a 7’ wing span, but all its bones weigh less than all its feathers. The large keel bone supports the muscles that power the bird’s wings.


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3. Reproduction

A. Migration. Birds are programmed to avoid the cold winters by migrating south. They often find mates and fatten up during this period.

B. Storks tend to return to the same nesting areas every year and pair up with the same mate. This has given the stork the reputation of marital faithfulness which is why the stork is often the symbol of a new-born child. The Hebrew word for stork means maternal bird.

C. Proving that certain birds mate for life is difficult, but research indicates that many do, including certain hawks, owls, crows, storks, cranes and doves.

D. Birds fly north when it is actually still quite cold, sometime in February and March. Anticipating spring, they return to build nests and lay eggs.

E. Nests. Nests are bird incubators where the young are hatched and raised.

F. A cup nest is the nest people are most familiar with, though there are hundreds of different nest building methods.

♦Goldfinches build nests so tight they hold water. ♦Eagles have huge nests, weighing up to 2 tons. ♦The smallest is the thimble sized nest of the bee hummingbird.

G. The largest egg from a living animal is the ostrich egg. The smallest is from the hummingbird. The extinct elephant bird egg is twice as heavy as any known dinosaur egg. A group of eggs is called a clutch.

H. In October, it’s time to go south again. Most birds migrate several thousand miles every year. The Arctic Tern has the longest trip with a round trip from pole to pole of 25,000 miles.

�� The average life span of birds is difficult to determine, but recoveries of banded birds give the most accurate information. Most songbirds can live 10-12 years, though most will only survive about two years in the wild. One wild American robin lived to be nearly 14 years old.42 Mortality in smaller birds is quite high and only 20-30% of young birds ever reach adulthood.

41 Wikipedia.com. An online encyclopedia. Stork. 42 source: Sallabanks, R., R. James. Birds of North America. American Robin (Turdus Migratorius). 1999. 462:1-20

Birds of Valor

It was often noted in ancient natural history that a stork pair would choose to be consumed in a burning nest rather than abandon the young.41

Looking for a Home

Over 5 billion birds migrate every year between South and North America in search of nesting sites. Nest means to sit down.


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4. Ocean & Fresh Water Birds

A. Ocean Birds. These birds generally make nests in rocky cliffs. Ocean birds include the: •cormorant •pelican •puffin •plover •sandpiper •gull •tern and •frigate bird.

♦The guillemot lays a single egg on a cliff edge and holds it between its feet until it hatches.

B. Fresh Water Birds. Fresh water birds live on or near ponds, rivers and streams. Some are waders and some are floaters like ducks. Fresh water birds include the: •king fisher •bittern •coot •crane •goose •heron •loon •red-wing blackbird •snipe •spoonbill •stork •swan and •duck.

� There are nearly 9,000 different species of known birds; 90% of these live somewhere other than North America. That may seem bad for North Americans, but that still leaves over 900 different bird kinds, more than even avid bird watchers are likely to see in a lifetime.


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5. Grassland, Desert and Forest Birds

A. Grassland and Desert Birds. These include the •swallow •finch •partridge •jay •meadowlark •quail •pheasant •grouse •ostrich •roadrunner.

♦Ostriches: largest bird (8’ tall) and fastest two-legged runner (45 mph). ♦Roadrunners: max speed is about 17 mph. Coyotes run about 30 mph.

B. Forest birds. Some live in dense evergreen trees, others live in open areas or in leafy trees. Some build high in trees or in lower branches, others under rocks and logs. A gigantic category that includes the •black-capped chickadee •blue bird •blue jay •bob white •cardinal •catbird •cowbird •crossbill •dark-eyed junco •grosbeak •hummingbird •mockingbird •mourning dove •nuthatch •nutcracker •oriole •ovenbird •purple martin •thrushes •warbler •wild turkey • yellow-bellied sapsucker •northern flicker and •woodpeckers.

♦Woodpeckers experience 10g’s of deceleration when pecking wood. ♦Homing pigeons can locate their own home base over 600 miles away. ♦Dove is simply a common name for a small pigeon ♦Hummingbird wings beat about 200 times per second (most birds flap about 4 times per second.) They can fly in any direction including backwards and upside down. They weigh about the same as a penny. By-the-way, hummingbirds don’t get all their nutrition from sugar water feeders. They eat lots of insects to get their required protein.

43 Standards have been proposed to limit amusement ride g-forces to 5g’s for no more than 1 second and 2.5g’s for no more than 1 minute. The fastest roller coaster to date is in Japan and travels over 105 mph.

The G-force. Woodpeckers can take an exceptional amount of g-force. G-force is the measure of gravity on your body. As you quickly accelerate or decelerate, the g-force increases. At 2gs you weight twice as much as normal. As the g-force increases, it’s harder for your heart to pump blood to the brain.

0g-weightlessness 1g-normal gravity 2g-typical roller coaster ride 4g-space shuttle reentry 5g-top roller coaster limits43 6g-average blackout point 9g-fighter pilots with g-suits 10g-woodpecker’s hammering 20-40g-human survivable limit 100g-virtually 100% lethal

Col. John Stapp sustained 45.4 g in a research rocket sled in 1954. In 1977, racecar driver David Purley barely survived after his throttle stuck open and his car struck a wall. In a distance of only 26 inches, Purley’s body went from 107 mph to 0, enduring an estimated 179.8g in deceleration.


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6. Country and City Birds Many birds like to be around where man lives and works: noisy cities, suburbs and your backyard. These birds include the •crow •raven •robin •sparrow •chicken •house wren •mourning dove and •starling.

“The king forbade my tongue to speak of Mortimer. But I will find him when he is asleep, and in his ear I’ll holler ‘Mortimer!’ Nay I’ll have a starling shall be taught to speak nothing but Mortimer, and give it to him to keep his anger still in motion.” -Shakespeare, Henry IV

The Bard’s Birds. In 1890, Eugene Schieffelin, who headed the American Acclimatization Society, wanted to populate America with every bird mentioned by Shakespeare. The section quoted above is the only instance where the starling is named by William Shakespeare. This was the source of the original 40 starlings released in New York City’s Central Park. That 40 became 200 million in less than 100 years. Bird Thugs. Many bird groups are losing nesting sites to the aggressive starlings. They often attack in large groups and drive out local populations including bluebirds, swallows, martins and other songbirds.

� House sparrows are not native to America either. Starting in 1850, English sparrows were deliberately imported from Britain as a means of protecting trees from a destructive moth caterpillar. They are thought to be the most abundant bird in the USA with estimates between 200 and 400 million. While not as destructive as starlings, the house sparrow is a rival to the bluebird and is partly responsible for their near extinction in the US. Three birds in the US are not protected by law and are open game at any time: common starlings, house sparrows and wild pigeons.44

44 source: www.npwrc.usgs.gov - Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center at the US Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey.


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7. Birds of Prey

A. Birds of prey are known for their expert hunting abilities. Though many birds eat meat, these are known for eating larger game like rabbits, rodents and snakes.

B. They have strong, hooked beaks, powerful talons and most have exceptional eyesight including night vision.

C. The birds of prey include the •eagle •falcon •owl •harrier •hawk •kestrel and •osprey.

D. Vultures are weaker that most birds of prey and are carrion eaters.

� ANOTHER important commentary…Tooth and Fang.

Sharp claws, poison fangs, meat-eating beasts, parasites, poisonous tentacles--if there was no death in Eden, where did these things come from? The Bible is not explicit on how these elements came about, though it gives a few hints. God afflicted or cursed the world in response to sin45 and here are a few of the results:

1. Humans were altered Man started dying and living in pain. Man was not originally designed to decay and die.

2. Plant kingdom altered. The introduction of thorns and thistles indicate an enormous genetic alteration.

3. Soil altered. The soil itself no longer peaceably yielded its crops. Somehow, the very foundation of soil was corrupted.

4. Animals altered. The punishment of the serpent is shrouded in mystery but it was clearly biologically altered.

5. Universe altered. The entire universe started dying. Paul says this was a result of the fall.46

Conclusion:

This information suggests two possibilities for the origin of these “defense & attack structures.” 47

►Before the fall, the genetic information for these structures preexisted but was not expressed...OR…

►God introduced new genetic information or altered existing information to bring about the mechanisms of disease and death, of attack and defense.

The world will again be restored to it’s perfect condition where there will be no more sorrow, disease or death of any kind. This is a promise from God.48

45 Genesis 3:14-19 chronicles the results of the curse.

46 Scientists call this decay “entropy,” meaning that all energy now went from order to neutrality. The universe is slowly winding down. Paul calls it the futility of the creation and the bondage of corruption. Romans 8:20,21. 47 The phrase, “defense and attack structures” was coined by authors Ken Ham, Jonathan Sarfati, and Carl Wieland of Answers in Genesis. www.answersingenesis.org 48 Isaiah 11:6-9 (lion lays down with the lamb); Romans 8:21 (creation will be delivered); Revelation 22:3 (no more curse).


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8. Tropical & Exotic Birds

A. Tropical and exotic birds. These include the •flamingo •parrot •parakeet •toucan •cockatoo •scarlet macaw •guinea fowl •African spoonbill •ibis •bluebird of paradise •African crowned crane •lyrebird •exotic hummingbirds and bats.

B. Mimicking Birds. There are quite a few birds who not only are able to mimic other birds, but can mimic just about any noise: chain saws, car horns, cell phones, piano concertos and people’s voices. The most common mimicking birds are the •parrot •mockingbird •marsh warbler and even the •crow and •raven.

C. Bats. Okay, bats aren’t really birds and they are normally classified as a mammal since their peculiarities qualify them to fit in that category. Still, they are fairly exotic flying creatures and were made on the 5th day along with all other flying creatures.

D. Flightless Birds. A seeming contradiction in terms. One of the conditions of being a bird is that you normally fly. This is just another reminder that God’s creation doesn’t fit into one tidy box. Most (but not all) have long legs and are missing the keel bone which is needed for flight. Flightless birds include •kiwis •emus and •cassowaries.

♦Penguins. Penguins are another so-called flightless bird. They lay eggs and have very small, tight feathers, but otherwise, their behavior seems quite unbirdlike. For example, they •stay out at sea for weeks •swim 25 mph •dive 700 feet •do not fly •have flippers, not wings •have flipper bones that form paddles •have a heavy layer of insulating fat •and are completely at home swimming under water.

More About Bats.

Incredibly, about 20% of all animals in the mammal category are bats! An estimated 1,100 species of bats are known to exist. Vampire bats are probably the most famous tropical bat. They make a shallow bite (often unnoticed while the “victim” sleeps) and the bat laps up the small amount of blood. Most bats live on insects but some eat just fruit and a few eat flower nectar. Bats send out ultrasonic (beyond human hearing) squeaks which echo off objects, allowing the bat to accurately locate them, even in darkness. It’s called (not surprisingly) echolocation. While some bats migrate to escape the cold, many hibernate in large colonies deep in caves, tightly wrapped up in their wings, hanging head downward.

Flying Invertebrates: Insects

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9. Extinct Birds There are at least 50 known varieties of birds that have become extinct. Here are a few of the more well known varieties.

● Dodo

A large, flightless pigeon near the island of Madagascar and other neighboring islands in the Indian Ocean. It was first recorded by Portuguese sailors in 1507 and was extinct within 100 years.

● Passenger pigeon

The French named this bird “pigeón de pâsságe” or “pigeon of passage” because they migrated or passed in such huge numbers. Two hundred years ago, there were thought to be more passenger pigeons than any other bird on earth, in flocks more than a billion strong. They were hunted to extinction by 1900. The last passenger pigeon, Martha, died in captivity in 1914 and is now on display at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington D.C.

● Archaeopteryx

A perching bird fossil discovered in shale rock in Germany around 1861. This crow-sized bird had scales on its legs, teeth and clear imprints of feathers. Well researched evidence confirms that it is not a transitional link of any kind-- it’s just a bird.

Dr. Alan Feduccia is the former head of biology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and a world authority on birds. Dr. Feduccia is an evolutionist and an outspoken critic of dinosaur-to-bird evolution. Regarding Archaeopteryx, Feduccia said:

"…Archaeopteryx was, in a modern sense, a bird."49

and again:

“Paleontologists have tried to turn Archaeopteryx into an earthbound, feathered dinosaur. But it’s not. It is a bird, a perching bird.”50

The name Archaeopteryx means ancient wing.

49 Archaeopteryx: Early Bird Catches a Can of Worms quoted by V. Morell, Science 259(5096):790-793 5 February 1993.

50 Science 259(5096):764–65, 5 February 1993.


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Flying Invertebrates

he creation account in Genesis literally reads that on the 5th day, God created “the winged things.” The Hebrew word is owph51, meaning covered with wings. We discover this same word in Leviticus 11:13 in describing unclean birds and

again in verse 20 in describing unclean insects--things with wings. From these descriptions, we conclude that on the 5th day, God created all winged things: flying vertebrates and flying invertebrates.

1. Introducing Insects

A. Insects are in the kingdom Animalia and in the phylum Arthropoda, just like other joint footed creatures like crabs. They are in the class, Insecta.

B. Insect is Latin for cut in or more accurately, in sections. Their bodies actually

look like they come in three distinct sections: head, thorax (which is Greek for chest), and abdomen (which is Greek for belly). By definition, insects have six legs and three body parts. All insects have an exoskeleton.

C. On hopping insects, the Israelites only counted the front four legs as true

legs. The rear hopping legs they counted as a different kind of appendage. That’s why the Bible often refers to insects as having only four legs (see Leviticus 11:20).

51 Strong’s Concordance #5775 52 Strong’s Concordance #6855. Tsipporah is the feminine version of Tsippowr, little bird.

T

Moses’ Little Bird

A specific Hebrew word for bird is Tsippowr. From this word, we get the name Zipporah, who was Moses’ wife. Her name means, little bird.52

Almost Perfect

Some theorize that invertebrates do not carry the same life essence as vertebrate animals. Their “life” would be categorized similarly to plants. Because insects lack true blood that carries oxygen some scientists think there may be some truth to insects not being “animals” in this sense. However, the idea of butterflies being regularly torn apart and eaten by other insects somehow doesn’t fit with most people’s idea of a perfectly “good” world.


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2. Insect Anatomy

A. Sight. Most insects have a set of antennae, two large compound eyes with hundreds of lenses on each eye. Plus, many have a second set of smaller eyes allowing them to more accurately see light and shadows.

B. Most research indicates that insects see one large, blended image with their

multifaceted eyes, much like we see one image with our two eyes.

C. Hearing. Insects hear with little eardrums that can be located just about anywhere on their bodies (except their head!). Grasshoppers have them on their sides and crickets have them on their knees.

D. Taste. Special taste sensors are located on their feet. Step on a donut and

you get a taste test!

E. Digestion. Food enters their mouth and is stored in their crop. The spit a grasshopper puts in your hand was food from the crop.

F. Food then moves into their grinding gizzard, like a bird.

G. From the gizzard, it goes into the stomach, to the colon and exits as waste.

The Foot Connection

Paul the apostle, also known as Saul, was from Tarsus, the capitol city of Cilicia. A tarsus is a flat basket used to dry fruit or fish. When biologists needed a generic name for an insect’s flat foot, this feature of a flat basket came to mind. Today the name for an insect’s foot is the tarsus. By-the-way, after his amazing conversion to Christianity, Saul, a name that means to ask or demand, began using his Greek name, Paul, which means little.


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H. Respiration. Most insects breathe through little holes in the sides of their chest (thorax) where it fills a system of tubes and then gets distributed through the body.

I. Reproduction. The female grasshopper lays about 100 eggs in the ground during the fall which hatch in spring. Other insects, especially ants, can lay millions of eggs every season.

J. Incomplete Metamorphosis. Some insects hatch and look just like a miniature version of the adult insect. This is called the nymph stage. Nymph roughly means of marriageable age meaning that they “look” like an adult so they’re ready to “act” like an adult. This is incomplete metamorphosis.

K. Complete Metamorphosis part 1. Some insects go through a series of drastic changes before looking like an adult. A fly, for example, hatches and is a whitish grub or maggot called a larvae. Larvae is Latin for ghost because the grub is ghostly looking.

L. Complete Metamorphosis part 2. At some point, the larvae is secluded in a cell or cocoon. This is the pupa stage. Pupa means a doll or puppet. Perhaps the idea is that cocoons have silk strings on them like puppets have strings on them. The insects then emerge from the cocoon looking like the adult. This complete change from one form into another is called complete metamorphosis. Larvae/Pupa/Adult.


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3. Common Insect Classifications Most insects are ordered based on the design of their wings. The orders that do this usually have names that end with ptera which means wing.

A. Straight Wings -“Orthoptera” (or-THOP-teruh) ♦Wings that fold straight back along their bodies when they aren’t flying. ♦Grasshoppers, crickets, locusts, cockroaches and mantids. ♦Grasshoppers can leap 20x their body length, like a man jumping 120 feet. ♦The cockroach is the fastest species on earth for its size. Its speed is equivalent to a man running 220 mph!53

♦Locust swarms number in the billions. ♦Orthoptera eat vegetation and cause enormous crop damage every year.

B. Scale Wings -“Lepidoptera” (lepuh-DOP-teruh) ♦Named because butterflies and moth wings are covered with microscopic scales. ♦Butterflies are daytime insects that fold their wings when resting. ♦Moths are generally night time insects and lay their wings flat when resting. ♦Butterflies are beneficial pollinators. Moths are pests, eating food and clothes. ♦Apple “worms” are actually the larvae of the Codling Moth.

C. Toothed – “Odonata” (oh-duh-NAY-tuh)

♦Named because their mouthparts have toothy projections on them. ♦Dragonflies are the main insect in this order. ♦They start life underwater as aggressive aquatic predators. In a few years, they move to the land, living briefly as aggressive avian predators.

♦Some fossils of dragonflies are nearly 2½ ’ long . The early earth was an environment where life prospered big and lived long.

53 Discovery Channel School Science, Invertebrates. p 23


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D. Same Wings – “Homoptera” (hoe-MOP-trun)

♦These insects have similarly shaped, clear front and back wings. The wings also come to a peak over their bodies like the roof of a house.

♦Aphids and cicadas are the well known Homopteran. ♦Aphids, also known as plant lice, are small plant-feeding pests. They destroy plants by sucking the juice and spread plant diseases. Lady Bugs can eat 50 aphids per day.

♦Cicadas live underground as nymphs for up to 17 years. After hatching they live only a few weeks. The male cicada makes its noise using a drum-like membrane on their abdomen, snapping this drum back and forth nearly 500 times per second. This buzzing noise is thought to be the loudest sound made by any insect in the world, carrying up to a mile away.

Two Wings – “Diptera” (DIP-teruh)

♦Most flying insects have four wings. This order has only two wings. ♦Flies and mosquitoes are in this order, so are gnats and lice. This order has some of the most disease spreading pests known to man.

♦Flies are disgusting because they love filth: dead flesh and dung. The microbes that live in these environments are picked up by the fly and carried wherever.

♦The World Health Organization estimates that mosquito-borne diseases, like malaria, kill 2 million and infect 500 million every year.54

E. Sheathed Wings – “Coleopterah” (koe-lee-OP-teruh)

♦Meet the Beetles. ♦The clear, flying wings of beetles are covered, or sheathed with a pair of hard front wings. That’s what makes a beetle, a beetle.

♦There are over 300,000 different kinds of beetles, making them the largest group of animals in the world.

♦The Goliath beetle is the biggest, weighing as much as an apple and about as big as your open hand.

♦The word Beetle means to bite.

54 World Health Organization 1997. Quoted in United Nations Environmental Program GEO-2000 www.unep.org/geo2000/english/0041.htm


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F. Membrane Wings – “Hymenoptera” (high-men-OP-teruh)

♦The name comes from their transparent, flimsy looking wings. ♦These are the “social insects”- insects that live in large colonies like bees, ants, termites, wasps and others.

♦The adults in these colonies tend the young. Many of these insects have specialized tasks like being a worker bee or a drone or a queen bee.

♦The ant workers are wingless but since the queens and males have wings, they were probably created as 5th day avian creatures.

G. Half Wings – “Hemiptera” (hem-IP-teruh)

♦Hemiptera are named such because half of their wings are clear and the other half is more opaque and leathery looking.

♦These are the “true bugs.” A bug is defined as an insect with piercing-sucking mouthparts used to suck up plant juice and animal fluids (totally disgusting, I agree.) Most have triangular heads also. There are about 45,000 species of true bugs.

♦Bedbugs. Small nocturnal biting bugs that are known to live in beds, where food is readily accessible.

♦Water Striders. Also called Water Skimmers, Skaters, Water Skeeters, Water Skooters and a whole host of other names. They live on the surface of calm water searching for other insects to eat. They don’t bite people.

♦Stink bug. Also known as “shield bugs.” They prefer plant juices but will turn to other insects from time to time. They produce a potent, foul-smelling odor if threatened or stepped on.

♦You’ll be happy to know that lady bugs aren’t bugs. They’re beetles.

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Avian Quiz

1. All avian creatures were created on the _____ day. a) 1st b) 2nd c) 3rd d) 4th e) 5th f) 6th

2. The word aves means a) Biting b) Bird c) Vertebrates d) Insect

3. All avian creatures are birds. a) True b) False

4. Birds are cold-blooded vertebrates. a) True b) False

5. Circle the part that is NOT a part of a bird’s digestive system. a) crop b) gizzard c) small intestine d) stomach e) 4 chambered heart

6. A bird’s vocal organ is called the a) Syrinx b) Syringe c) Sphinx d) Syntax

7. The primary bone allowing for bird flight is the_______ bone. a) Wing b) Keel c) Scapula d) Tarsus

8. Most birds return north in the a) Winter b) Spring c) Summer d) Fall

9. The bird with the longest migration is the a) Common starling b) Snow goose c) Arctic tern d) Lyre bird

10. Which is not an ocean or water bird? a) Loon b) Puffin c) Sparrow d) Cormorant

11. The largest living bird is the a) Penguin b) Ostrich c) Kiwi d) American flamingo e) Bald eagle

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12. Circle the birds NOT native to America. a) Common snipe b) Common starling c) Eastern meadowlark d) House sparrow e) Golden eagle

13. What is the most likely origin of animals that eat other animals? a) They’ve always existed like that. b) They evolved over eons of time c) They were altered at the Fall.

14. Circle the elements that changed at the fall of man. a) Humans altered b) Plants altered c) Soil altered d) Animals altered e) Universe altered f) All of the above

15. Archaeopteryx is a a) Half reptile half bird. b) Link between species c) Perching bird d) Flightless bird

16. Insects are arthropods. Arthropod means: a) Jointed foot b) Hard shell c) Soft body d) Multi-legged

17. Insects are defined by modern biology as having a) Six legs; three body parts b) Four legs, six body parts c) Six legs, six body parts d) Two heads, no body parts

18. A young insect that looks like the adult version is called a a) Nymph b) Pupa c) Larvae d) Thorax

19. Changing from a nymph to the adult stage is called a) Complete metamorphosis b) Incomplete metamorphosis

20. The cycle of complete metamorphosis is: a) larva, pupa, adult b) nymph, cocoon, adult c) larva, nymph, windshield d) cocoon, maggot, adult

21. Circle the one that is NOT an Orthopteran (straight wing). a) Grasshopper b) Cricket c) Cockroach d) Butterfly

Answers on Page 99

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-Do you think insects should be classed as 5th day flying creatures or 6th day creepers?

-Name a couple of other ways you could classify living creatures.

- Discuss the film’s presentation of penguins. How would you classify them?

-How would you classify bats? As birds or mammals or something else?

-Before the fall, what possible things were insects doing if they weren’t eating each other? Were there spider webs, scorpion claws, mosquitoes and wasp stingers?

END OF AVIAN SEGMENT

Land Vertebrates

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The Land Animal Kingdom

his marks the final day of creation. The day begins with the creation of land animals: the cattle, creeping things and the beasts of the earth.

1. Cattle. The word in Genesis for cattle is almost always (but not exclusively) used for tame animals like oxen, cattle, goats, sheep and other hoofed livestock.55

2. Creeping Thing. Creeping thing refers to animals that move with short, rapid steps suggesting a close proximity to the ground: snakes, amphibians, spiders, etc.56 Insects also creep, but the presence of wings mark them as avian, or 5th day creatures. We mainly use this category for the cold-blooded creepers so rodents are in with the warm-blooded vertebrates.

3. Beasts of the earth. “Beast” has a wide range of meanings but in reference to animals, it generally refers to wild animals: predatory beasts like bears and lions and probably includes many extinct land dinosaurs. This category would also include those beasts that become pets like dogs, cats and rabbits.57

55 “Cattle” or the Hebrew Behamah (be-HAY-maw). James Strong. Strong’s Concordance #929. 56 “Creeping Thing” or the Hebrew Rhemes (REH-mus). James Strong. Strong’s Concordance #7431. 57 “Beast” or the Hebrew Chay (CAW-ee). James Strong. Strong’s Concordance #2416.

The 6th Day

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Land Vertebrates

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Land Vertebrates

ext to man, land vertebrates are probably the most obvious creatures on the planet. This is due to their size, not their number. Vertebrates make up only 5% of the total number of species in all of creation. That 5%

makes up some of the most wonderful and useful creatures to man. (If you added up the total number of individual creatures that exist, insects would probably account for 99.99% of all creatures!)

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Land Vertebrates > Warm-blooded

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1. Warm-blooded - Cattle & Beasts

A. Even-toes + cud chewers All hoofed animals are called ungulates which is Latin for hoof or toenail. These animals have a split hoof, or two toes on each foot. They include •sheep •buffalo •goats •cattle •oxen •gazelle •bison •wildebeest •antelope •elk •deer •giraffe and others.

B. Most even-toed ungulates chew cud or ruminate. A rumen is one of their four stomachs (see picture below) and is where cud is stored. Cud is a mouthful of previously swallowed food which the animal regurgitates and chews some more. Cud means a ball.

C. Even toes + non-cud chewers A few animals have split hooves but don’t chew the cud. These include •pigs and •hippopotamuses.

58 Leviticus 20:24,25

Chew and Divide

The Bible specifically states that marking some animals as clean or unclean was a picture of separation between God’s people and the other nations.58 The Bible does not specifically state what “chewing the cud” spiritually means, but we can speculate. A common interpretation is that believers are to be different (divided hoof) based on their meditation or knowledge of God’s word (chewing cud). It’s not enough just to be different or just to know what God says. You must be both.


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D.D.D.D. Odd-toes. Odd-toed animals are those with a single (one) toe or three toes. These include •rhinoceroses •tapirs •horses •donkeys and •zebras.

♦Horses are some of the most useful animals to mankind. They are easily tamed, have a high degree of intelligence and are strong. Like dogs, horses have a wide genetic range allowing man to successfully develop many different varieties.

♦Zebras are wild, untamable and bad-tempered.

E.E.E.E. Carnivores. This is something of a catch-all category. These animals are grouped together based on the fact that they eat other animals. Their digestive tract is different than plant eaters as meat is somewhat easier to digest than tough plant material. It is also common to classify them according to tooth formation. We classified them according to having retractable or immovable claws.

♦Retractable Claws. These animals include •house cats •cougars •leopards •lynx •lions •bobcats •tigers and •mongooses. Cheetahs are unique among this group having only semi-retractable claws.

♦Immovable Claws. These animals include •dogs •jackals •coyotes •wolves •foxes •skunks •raccoons •weasels •hyenas and •bears.

♦Favorite Pets. Our favorite pets are carnivores—cats and dogs. In the United States alone, there are about 66 million cats and 58 million dogs.59

59 2003/2004 National Pet Owners Survey. http://www.appma.org/

� Carnivals Carni-vore means “flesh-eater” and is also the root where we get the word Carnival which is Italian>Latin meaning “goodbye flesh” or “farewell to meat.” Early Roman Catholic tradition established a meat fast for 40 days before they observed Easter. This fast always starts on a Wednesday in the spring, when daylight gets longer or lengthens. The fast became associated with the ancient word for spring, lengten, or Lent. Since the fast starts on a Wednesday, people wanted a time of indulgence the Tuesday before to say goodbye to meat—“carni-vale.” This was the start of “Fat Tuesday” or in French, Mardi gras.

Horses in America

It is widely believed that horses mysteriously disappeared from the North American continent several thousand years ago. As Spanish and other European settlers arrived around 1500, they brought more horses and reintroduced these animals to America.

Hyena Retraction

In the DVD, we accidentally put hyenas in with the retractable claw animals. Hyenas have four toes with immovable claws that help them run on the open plains.


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F. Aardvarks, Anteaters and Armadillos. People often confuse these three animals because their names are similar plus they have similar eating habits. Biologists usually group sloths with them also but because they live in trees, we placed them with other tree dwellers. See the sidebar for more information.

♦Aardvarks. Literally “the earth pig.” They have a long, sticky tongue used to eat termites and ants. They look like a small bear with a pig’s nose. Aardvarks live in Africa and are the first animals listed in your dictionary.

♦Anteaters. Solitary creatures with a 2 foot tongue used to eat insects. The giant anteater has a huge bushy tail and long, sharp claws to dig for ants and termites. They walk on their knuckles to protect their claws. They live in South America and Mexico. Oddly enough, some smaller anteaters prefer to live in trees.

♦Armadillos. Literally “the little armored one.” They are a shy, timid creature that works the night shift eating worms and spiders. They can curl into a tight armored ball when feeling threatened. Armadillos can be found in the Southern United States all the way down to South America

G. Pangolins. Another long-tongued ant eating animal. Like armadillos and anteaters, they are very solitary and shy. They have hard, overlapping plates that make them look like an anteater dressed in a pinecone. Pangolin means to roll since they roll up in a ball like an armadillo. Pangolins live in Asia and parts of Africa.

H. Marsupials. Literally “the pouched one” since they have a pouch on their abdomen where the young are raised, sort of like a traveling nest. Marsupials live exclusively in Australia, except for opossums which seem to live in the middle of the road. Marsupials include •kangaroos •opossums •koalas •wombats •numbats •dibblers •bandicoots and •tasmanian devils.

♦Kangaroos. Kangaroos can move 25-30 mph and they can hop for hours on end. They stay in cool caves during the day then hop during the evenings.

♦Koalas. Koalas sleep about 22 hours every day and exclusively eat the leaves and buds of eucalyptus trees. A newborn koala is the size of a bumblebee, and stays in its mother’s pouch for about 6 months. Then it gets to ride piggy back for about a year until it can get around on its own.

Same Animals, New Label

Aardvarks and pangolins used to be classified with armadillos, sloths and anteaters based on their teeth. They were called the Edentata. Lately, scientists have decided that the later three have a unique backbone which aardvarks and pangolins lack. So, they created a new order called Xenarthra which means strange joints and put those three in it. Aardvarks and pangolins were placed in separate orders. Same animals, new label.

Teeth Talk

Scientists can learn a lot about an animal because of the shape and organization of the animal’s teeth. This includes a bit of the animal’s life history, how it lives, what it eats, how it gets food and even a rough idea about its behavior.. All based on teeth!

Australians call a young kangaroo a joey, a large male is called a boomer and the females are called blue flyers.


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I. Tree Dwellers. Lots of animals live, climb and eat in trees but are not included in this classification. Koalas live in trees but are classed with marsupials. Most recognized tree-dwellers come from the primate class--monkeys and apes. They are often divided as Old World Monkeys meaning Africa and Asia and New World Monkeys meaning the Americas.

♦Monkeys. Monkeys are smaller than apes, with long tails that can curl around and grasp branches. Like apes, they have five fingers and a thumb to grasp branches and other objects. Monkeys include •tamarins •mandrills •baboons •spider monkeys and many others.

♦Apes. Apes are defined as large, tailless monkeys. They are mostly vegetarian but eat insects and lizards from time to time. Apes include •gorillas •chimpanzees •gibbons and •orangutans.

♦Sloths. Sloths are usually grouped with aardvarks and anteaters. Sloths live exclusively in trees unless required to slowly drag themselves about on the ground. They are terrifically slow animals moving 6-8 feet per minute. They hang backside down from branches eating fruit and vegetation. Sloths live in Central and South America.

♦Colugos (also known as Flying Lemurs). At one time, colugos were mistaken as lemurs and the name stuck. Unable to walk, they expertly glide from tree to tree, averaging about 200 feet per flight, though one was seen gliding 450 feet and not losing more than 40 feet in altitude.60

J. Rodents. Rodents are gnawing animals and represent the largest class of warm-blooded vertebrates. Rodent means to gnaw. Rodents include •mice •rats •porcupines •squirrels •chipmunks •gophers •beavers •woodchucks •voles (called ‘field mice’) •gerbils •hamsters •capybara and many, many others.

♦Capybara. These are the world’s largest rodent weighing over 100 pounds. Capybara are easily tamed, good-natured, and are no threat to people. They are also expert swimmers. The name is Portuguese and is pronounced cap-uh-BAR-uh.

60 Tribune India On-line. Sunday, May 21, 2000. Flying Wonders by Nutan Shukla. www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000521/spectrum/nature.htm


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K. Hedgehogs, Shrews and Moles. Here’s an odd grouping of animals. They’re called insectivora because they eat lots of insects and worms.

♦Hedgehogs. Sort of like a porcupine but with softer quills. Like armadillos, porcupines and pangolins, hedgehogs roll into a ball when threatened. They tend to be very stout, long-lived creatures (15 years) and are immune to most poisons.

♦Shrews. Shrews need to eat constantly, day and night. Their metabolism is so high they can starve to death in a few hours. They tunnel in the dirt and many like to swim looking for aquatic food. The pygmy shrew is the smallest of the group. They weigh about the same as a penny (like a hummingbird). They grow about two inches long.

♦Moles. The underground animal. Moles have terrible eyesight but a great sense of smell and hearing. They eat earthworms and like shrews, will die within hours if they miss a meal. They make annoying mounds in gardens and lawns when they surface. In fact, mole means mound maker.

L. Rabbit Shaped Group. This may not seem like a very scientific name for a group, but if you use the Latin word lagomorph, you’ll probably feel better about it. Lagomorph means rabbit-shaped.

♦Hares. What’s the difference between rabbits and hares? Hares are generally larger than rabbits and have longer ears. Not much difference at a glance. At birth (which you don’t often see) hares are born ready to hop and look about. Rabbits are blind and helpless at birth. Jackrabbits are a hare with powerful hind legs.

♦Rabbits. People sometimes think that rabbits are like rodents…and they are. They both have those gnawing teeth except lagomorphs have a second pair of upper teeth. Rabbits and hares are strict vegetarians.

♦Pikas. This little creature looks way more like a rodent than a rabbit, but their teeth, diet and a few other differences earn them the lagomorph title. They like to live in colonies around rocky areas. Pikas are also known as a:

-coney (the hyrax are also called coneys.) -rock rabbit -haymaker (they gather and dry hay outside their dens for food) -and the whistling hare (they have a high-pitched alarm call).

M. Hyrax. The hyrax is also known as the rock badger and the coney (just to confuse you with a pika). Their foot pads are like little suction cups that allow them to stick to rocks. Oddly, they have small hooves which cause some scientists to seriously classify them alongside horses and other hoofed animals. Do they chew the cud like the Bible says? Look at the next page to find out.

Same Animals, New Label

In just a few short years, the hedgehog/shrew/mole group was changed from Insectavora to a host of different orders which have almost unpronounceable names. These changes in modern taxonomy will continue. Theories change and new generations of students challenge the older models. Same animals, new label.


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� The Hyrax and the Hare In Leviticus 11, Moses describes various animals that are either clean or unclean to Jews. He says,

“…the shafan , because he chews the cud, but does not divide the hoof; it is unclean to you; and the arnebeth, because it chews the cud but does not divide the hoof; it is unclean to you.” Lev 11:5,6

The shafan (shaw-fawn) and arnebeth (are-NEB-eth) are usually identified as the hyrax and the hare. Biologists tell us that neither the hyrax nor the hare are true, cud-chewing ruminants. Here are five possible explanations to this dilemma:

1. Wrong Animal. The words shafan and arnebeth are used only twice each in the Bible and their precise identification has been open to debate. While most scholars have settled on the hyrax and the hare, there is not absolute agreement on this.

2. Wrong Verb. There is debate as to the precise meaning of the Hebrew phrase Ma'aleh gerah which is usually translated as “chews the cud.” Apparently it can also mean “raising into the mouth,” or even “dissolving in the mouth,” which would incorporate the recycling issue discussed in the next answer.61

3. They recycle. It is well known that hares recycle certain kinds of their droppings to extract all the nutrients from the food. The green pellets are quickly swallowed again but the black pellets are not. This is called refection and is a kind of rumination though not in the technical sense of bringing food through the esophagus.

4. Observational language. It is common for people to use “phenomenal” or observational language in describing things. For example: “What time did the sun rise?” Technically, the earth rotates, the sun doesn’t “rise,” but we all use this kind of observational language. Moses may have been stating that, from an observational stand point, the hare and hyrax make a chewing motion that’s associated with true cud chewers.

5. Cud-chewing has been observed. Although the research is far from exhaustive, there have been a number of zoologists that have identified cud-chewing in both of these middle east animals, even though neither are ruminants in the modern, technical sense.62

The Bible has a stellar track record regarding accuracy in biology, zoology, history and any other subject it addresses. Though skeptics and critics relentlessly attack it, the Bible is always vindicated in the end. It will be the same with the ‘shafan’ and the ‘arnebeth.’

61 Source: “Torat Emet,” www.aishdas.org A Jewish Site giving commentary on passages in the Torah. See pamphlet #2. An on-line search reveals others that have made this same linguistic observation.

62 Biological Abstracts, Abstract 72891 84 (6): 671-751 Illus. 1965 states that Zoologist Hubert Hendrichs observed hyraxes at the Munich zoo in Germany briefly chewing cud; Dr. Bernard Grzimek, Director of the Frankfurt Zoological Gardens in Germany, states that the hyrax does ruminate. Grzimek, Bernard, ed. (1975), Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold) pp.421-422.


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N. Platypus and Echidna. The platypus and echidna lay eggs unlike anybody else in the mammal category. Modern taxonomy has a real challenge in trying to classify these animals as being physically related to other animals.

♦Platypus. The name means flat foot. They lay eggs like a penguin, have a tail similar to a beaver, a rubbery bill and sharp venomous spurs on each foot. They are voracious eaters and, as unlikely as it sounds, they can consume up to 50 crayfish, 40 tadpoles and 1,400 worms daily.63 They live in Australia and the island of Tasmania.

♦Echidna. Nobody hears much about the echidna probably because they get upstaged by the platypus. They live in the same region and look like a hedgehog with the snout and tongue of an anteater. They are called “the spiny anteater” and they can roll into a ball for protection just like armadillos, porcupines, pangolins and hedgehogs.

O. Elephants. The largest living land animals are elephants. They can weigh over 8 tons and stand 13 feet at their shoulders; their trunk can weigh over 300 pounds and hold nearly 2 gallons of water. Elephants eat about 500 pounds of food daily. There are basically two kinds of elephants: African and Indian. African elephants are the larger and can be distinguished by their larger ears.

How Then Shall We Eat 1. Genesis says that God gave vegetables to both man and animals as their first food. 2. About 1600 years later, after the flood, God told Noah that just as He gave them green “herbs” for food, now He gave them animal flesh for food.64

3. 1000 years after that, when the Passover was instituted, the Jews were required to eat meat for that particular meal.

4. Jesus ate meat. Paul says Christians are free to eat meat or vegetables or both. What God wants is a clear conscience and a people who live by faith.65

63 Discovery Channel Books. Mammals P. 30 64 Genesis 1:29,30. Genesis 9:3 65 Romans 14

Land Vertebrates > Cold-blooded

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2. Cold-blooded - Creeping things Leviticus 11:29 lists two animals in the “creeping thing” category that are not cold-blooded; the weasel and the mouse. But the majority of creepers are cold-blooded, so we’ve kept this category simple and left weasels and mice with their warm-blooded cohorts.

The Reptiles Reptiles are cold-blooded vertebrates with lungs, an internal skeleton, a tough, dry skin and they lay eggs. Reptile means ‘creeping thing.’

A. Snakes. Snakes are the limbless reptiles, having a long body and no eyelids. They also have a digestive system, heart, liver, muscles and a body skeleton. Though they have nostrils, the snake largely smells with its tongue, which picks up odors and, when retracted, sensitive organs analyze the scent particles.

♦Nonvenomous Snakes. About 85% of all snake types are nonvenomous. They include the •bull snake. •king snake and •garter snake. Garter snakes have a striped pattern resembling the garters that men commonly wore to keep their socks up.

♦Constrictor Snakes. Constrictor snakes don’t crush their prey. They wrap several coils around the animal and slowly squeeze. Every time the victim exhales, the snake squeezes a bit more and takes up the slack. The victim eventually suffocates. Constrictor snakes include •boas •pythons and the •anaconda. 20 foot constrictors are common and unconfirmed descriptions of 50 foot constrictors are reported.

♦Venomous Snakes. There are over 400 kinds of venomous snakes and about half of these are deadly to man. They include •cobras •mambas •kraits and vipers like •copperheads •cottonmouths and •rattlesnakes.

B. Lizards. Lizards are short bodied reptiles with four legs, dry scaly skin and a tapered tail. (Some lizards are actually legless but since they have eyelids and ear openings, they are distinguished from snakes.) Many lizards can detach their tail if it’s grabbed and a new one will grow back in time. Lizards include •chameleons •iguanas •geckos •skinks •frilled lizards and •komodo dragons .

♦Gila Monster. This is the only poisonous lizard in the United States. It’s found in the southwest and in Mexico. It’s pronounced HEE-luh monster.

C. Tuatara. The Tuatara is a lizard-like reptile living near the islands of New Zealand. They look like lizards but have a few differences like a stronger skull and a spiny back. It’s pronounced too-uh-TAR uh.

Snake Bites

Many venomous snakes have a triangular head and the mean, “cat eye.” Nonvenomous snakes often have a round head and a round pupil. But there is no absolute rule to tell the difference between venomous and nonvenomous snakes…unless you get bit, of course. Then you can pretty well tell the difference.


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D. Turtles. Turtles are toothless reptiles in a shell. Many turtles spend lots of time in water and are called turtles or terrapins. Some prefer living mostly on land and are often called tortoises. Because turtles breathe air and creep, we classified them as 6th day terrestrial land creepers. The sea turtle is an exception. It only comes to land to lay eggs, plus it has real fins like an aquatic creature.

E. Crocodiles and Alligators. Collectively called crocodilian. These are among the largest reptiles in the world averaging 500 pounds and can exceed 20 feet. They come to land to lay eggs but prefer to remain in the water. They could possibly be aquatic creatures but 6th day land creature seems to be a better fit. Crocodilian are the •alligators •crocodiles and •gavials.

♦Crocodiles have bad tempers and teeth sticking out of their closed mouth. ♦Crocodile means “lizard of the Nile.” ♦Alligators are more even tempered with no teeth sticking from their closed mouth. ♦Alligator is from the Spanish “El Legarto” meaning “The lizard.” ♦Gavials live mostly in India and have a very long, slender snout.

Remembering the difference

Crocodiles are Cranky with Crooked Crocodile teeth.


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F. Dinosaurs. The word dinosaur was first coined around 1850 and it means dreadful or terrible lizard. There are persistent but unconfirmed reports of dinosaurs living in Africa’s Congo and in the oceans. Many historians and ancient writers have written eye-witness accounts on dinosaurs-like creatures.

♦Job. Job probably lived during the time of Abraham, around 2000 B.C. In chapter 40:15, Job made the following description of a creature alive in his day;

“Behold now at the Behemoth, which I made with you; he eats grass like an ox. See now, his strength is in his hips, and his power is in his stomach muscles. He moves his tail like a cedar; the sinews of his thighs are tightly knit. His bones are like beams of bronze; his ribs are like bars of iron. He is the chief of the ways of God.”

Plus the entire 41st chapter describes another living beast even more formidable. Job is seriously describing a creature that sounds like a fearless, fire-breathing dragon.

♦Herodotus. Known as the “Father of History,” Herodotus was a Greek historian that lived somewhere around 450 years before Christ was born. In his book Histories Volume I, Book II Paragraph 75, he wrote the following account:

“There is a place in Arabia, situated very near the city of Buto, to which I went, on hearing of some winged serpents; and when I arrived there, I saw bones and spines of serpents, in such quantities as it would be impossible to describe. The form of the serpent is like that of the water-snake; but he has wings without feathers, and as like as possible to the wings of a bat.”

Herodotus is describing what we often call a pterosaur, the unburied remains of which were available in vast quantities in his day.

. ♦Alexander the Great and Marco Polo. It is widely reported that Alexander’s army was frightened by a hissing dragon which was kept in a cave and was reported to be over 100 feet long. It is also alleged that Marco Polo, the Italian explorer of the 13th century described seeing dragons without wings as “Swifter than it looks and easily able to take down a man on a galloping horse."

♦Pliny the Elder. Pliny was a Roman historian and naturalist alive during the time of Jesus. In his Natural History Book VIII chapter 9 he wrote:

“India produces the largest [elephant] as well as the dragon, who is perpetually at war with the elephant, and is itself so enormous that it easily envelops the elephant with its folds, and encircles them in its coils. The contest is equally fatal to both; the elephant vanquished, falls to the earth, and by its weight crushes the dragon which is entwined around it.”66

“The extinction of the dinosaurs was probably not part of the normal course of evolutionary fluctuations, nor was it just another result of random extraterrestrial disruptions. Instead, it remains one of the most extraordinary and inexplicable events in Earth history.”67 -Gregory S. Paul Paleontologist & Author

66 Dennis Peterson, Unlocking the Mysteries of Creation, (El Dorado, CA. Creation Resources Publication, 2002) p. 164 67 G.S.Paul Dinosaur reproduction in the fast lane: implications of size, success and extinction. In: Dinosaur Eggs and Babies, K.Carpenter, K.F. Hirsch and J.R. HGorner (eds). Cambridge University Press, London, pp.252-253, 1994

Some Dinosaur Names

ALLOSAURUS AL-uh-SAWR-us Other Lizard APATOSAURUS ah-PAT-uh-SAWR-us Deceptive Lizard BAROSAURUS BARE-uh-SAWR-us Heavy Lizard BRACHIOSAURUS BRACK-ee-uh-SAWR-us Arm Lizard DIPLODOCUS dih-PLOD-uh-kus Double Beam IGUANODON ig-WAN-oh-don Teeth like an Iguana MAMENCHISAURUS mah-MEN-chih-SAWR-us Lizard from Mamenchi China PACHYCEPHALOSAURUS pak-ee-SEF-uh-lo-SAWR-us Thick-headed Lizard PARASAUROLOPHUS par-ah-SAWR-OL-uh-fus Crested like a Saurolophus SPINOSAURUS SPY-nuh-SAWR-us Spine Lizard STEGOSAURUS STEG-uh-SAWR-us Lizard with a thatched roof TRICERATOPS try-SAIR-uh-tops Three Eye-horns TUOJIANGOSAURUS too-WHANG-uh-saurus Lizard from Tuojiang China TYRANNOSAURUS tye-RAN-uh-SAWR-us Tyrant Lizard VELOCIRAPTOR veh-loss-ih-RAP-tor Fast Attacker


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The Amphibians Amphibians are cold-blooded, scaleless vertebrates that usually live part of their life as tadpoles with gills and later develop lungs and move to the land. Since they live their adult lives on land and have a body mass creeping close to the ground, we place them as 6th day land animals. Amphibian means both life.

A. Frogs and Toads. Frogs and toads are cold-blooded vertebrates with neckless bodies, strong hopping hind legs, webbed feet and a long sticky tongue used to catch insects.

♦Tadpole Stage. They spend their larvae stage underwater as tadpoles. Tadpole means toad head. Eventually they grow lungs and move onto the land. This complete metamorphosis can take several weeks or even years depending on the kind.

♦Always exceptions to the Rule. Not all amphibians fit the standard definition of living partly in water and partly on land. The Surinam toad is always in water and some toads live far away from water. There is at least one frog that bypasses the tadpole stage completely and some frogs never entirely lose their gills. 68

♦Frog or Toad. Frogs usually have smooth skin and a strong leap. Toads tend to be much bigger with bumpy or warty skin and have a much less graceful hop. Plus, toads have large, visible glands on their heads right in back of their eye.

♦Toxic. Most frogs and toads are toxic or poisonous to one degree or another, but not all harm humans. The marine toad is lethal to people in 15 minutes if eaten. Poison dart frogs are used by some South American tribes to coat their hunting darts.

B.B.B.B. Salamanders and Newts. Salamanders and newts are amphibians with a tail, smooth skin and a neck. They prefer water, swamps and like the shelter of logs and rocks. The difference between a salamander and newt is very small. Salamanders have grooves on their sides where their ribs are located and newts don’t.

♦Caecilian. A fairly obscure amphibian that looks much more like a worm than anything else. They have teeth and jaws and burrow in the ground or swim in water. They grow from 3 inches to over 5 feet long. Caecilians live in the tropics. Incidentally, caecilians are actually sold in many pet stores. They are often called “rubber eels” and they reportedly make popular aquatic pets!

68The Discovery Channel. Frogs and Amphibians P. 22,23

Land Vertebrates > Arthropods

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Land Invertebrates

ost invertebrates were made as 5th day aquatic creatures: jellyfish, crustaceans, mollusks. Or they were made as flying creatures: insects like grasshoppers, beetles and butterflies. But there are several kinds of

invertebrates made to live primarily on the land. Nearly all of them have jointed legs—more arthropods.

1. Land Arthropods

● Spiders

Very few people actually like spiders. Gardeners tolerate them but they make poor pets. Spider means to spin referring to their silky webs. Spider silk is stronger than steel of the same diameter.

♦Arachnid. Spiders are sometimes called arachnids. Arachnida is the class name based on the Greek word for spider. Technically, spiders, ticks, mites and scorpions are all arachnids.

♦Not an insect. Spiders do not fit the modern definition of an insect which is three body parts and six legs. They have two body parts and eight legs.

♦Lots of spiders. There are over 30,000 different kinds of spiders and they are all carnivorous. Many have venom that is harmful or lethal to humans. Two of the most well known are the brown recluse and the black widow.

♦Tarantulas. Tarantulas are named after the Italian seaport in Taranto, Italy. In the 1600’s, a strange disease hit Europe for about 300 years. The symptoms included an uncontrollable urge to frantically dance. Some thought dancing was the cure. The disease was thought to have been caused by the bite of a large, hairy wolf spider. Since then, all large, hairy spiders have been named tarantulas.

● Mites and Ticks

These arthropods feed on the blood of animals, people, other insects and even plant juice. They are known for spreading diseases like Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Lyme Disease.

● Scorpions

These formidable looking creatures are found in all tropical climates and in the southern United States and their painful sting can be fatal to the young or the weak.

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Land Vertebrates > Arthropods

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● Centipedes and Millipedes

These are small, worm-like creatures with many legs. Centipede means 100 legs and millipede means 1000 legs but they range from 30 to 400 (15 to 200 pair).

♦Centipedes. These are flat with long antennae (“feelers”) front and back. They have two legs per segment and venomous fangs that are painful but not fatal to people. Centipedes move faster than millipedes.

♦Millipede. These are round with no rear feelers and only a short set of front antennae. They have four legs per segment and have no fangs, although they do have poison/stink glands located on each body segment that can repel small insects. They can also roll into a little ball to protect themselves.

● Sow bug

These are familiar bugs to many people. They like to live in damp places and under rocks in the soil. Sow bugs eat decaying plant matter and they roll into a little ball when you handle them. They are also known as the pill bug, roly-poly, potato bug, woodlouse, armadillo bug and cheeselog. They have multiple legs thus they are not true insects in spite of the name bug. They are actually a land crustacean with gills requiring moisture for respiration.

● Land Insects

True insects have three body parts and six legs. Most of these are 5th day flying creatures but there are a few insects that appear to have been made exclusively as land creatures.

♦Weta. One of the largest insects in modern history. They are found only in New Zealand and average 3-4 inches long not counting their long legs. They weigh about the same as a mouse and are reported to be fairly amiable insects.

♦Silverfish. Found in houses, especially around the bathroom and kitchen floors where it tends to be damp. Silverfish are soft-bodied insects that eat rubbish, paper, wallpaper glue and other starchy material. They can live over 5 years.

♦Fleas. Fleas are bloodsucking parasites that spread disease. They feed on the blood from people and animals. Fleas carried the black plague in Europe in the 1300’s and killed 25 million people. Within the last century, China and India suffered 12 million dead from the plague. Flea comes from the word to flee because they can jump, and suddenly disappear—they can flee.

♦Walking stick. Here’s a peaceful insect that doesn’t hurt anyone. They resemble a twig and spend their day hanging on branches eating leaves and berries. They live mostly in the tropics.

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2. Land Mollusks

● Snails and Slugs

These are the land gastropods or belly foots and they look very much like their aquatic counterparts. Snails move slowly about on a single muscular foot that secretes a slimy lubricant. 69

♦Snails speed along at 1 mile in 22 days. ♦Most snails and slugs eat their own body weight in food every day.

3. Land Worms

● Earthworms

Earthworms belong to a taxonomy group called annelids (pronounced ANN-uh-lids) which means little rings. Like many aquatic worms, their bodies are divided into little ring segments.

♦Earthworms have no eyes, ears or nose. ♦One acre of land contains up to 1 million earthworms. ♦Those earthworms will turn 10-15 tons of soil every year.70

4. Bacteria and Viruses

● Bacteria

Bacteria are the most abundant form of life on earth. They are living organisms, smaller than most protozoa. In fact, protozoa eat bacteria. Bacteria are usually classified in their own kingdom called Monera though they used to be classified as plants and perhaps should still be there.

♦Bacteria make cheese, yogurt, vinegar and help digestion. ♦Bacteria also cause plague, pneumonia, cholera and food poisoning. ♦Bacteria are everywhere: boiling hot springs, Antarctica, water, your nose.

● Viruses

Viruses appear to be living things, but scientists debate this. Unless a virus is inside a living cell, they appear completely lifeless.72 For a virus to work, it must attach to a host and introduce its genetic material inside. When the host cell divides, the virus’ information is reproduced along with it.

♦Viruses are thought to be pieces of escaped DNA looking for a home. ♦Viruses cause smallpox, colds, mumps, polio, measles and plant diseases.

69 Discovery Channel Books. Invertebrates. P.9 snails move at 10 feet per hour 70 The New Book of Knowledge, Vol. 20 P. 310 “22-40 tons of soil in 1 hectare (2.5 acres)" 71 Paramecium .20mm; adenovirus 0.00009mm; staphylococcus 0.0005mm

blood cell 0.01mm; hair 0.1mm wide. 72 The New Book of Knowledge, Vol. 19 P. 360

Pretty Small Stuff

A paramecium is extremely small, about .2 millimeters wide. You can almost see it. But viruses and bacteria are much, much smaller. If we enlarged the paramecium to the size of a football field (300’), an average bacteria would take up about 10 inches of the field and an average virus would take up about 3 ½ inches of the field. By contrast, a blood cell would be over 16 feet across and the width of one of your hairs would cover more than half of the whole football field.71

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Land Animal Quiz

1. What day were land animals made? a) 1st b) 2nd c) 3rd d) 4th e) 5th f) 6th

2. Most creatures are a) Vertebrates b) Invertebrates

3. “Beasts of the earth” usually refers to which animals? a) Cold-blooded vertebrates b) Domesticated animals c) Wild, undomesticated animals d) Terrestrial creepers

4. Ungulates are all a) Hoofed animals b) Land mollusks c) Aquatic creatures d) Avian creatures

5. Aardvark means a) Solitary creature b) With a crust c) Cheese log d) Earth pig

6. Circle the marsupial a) Kangaroo b) Elephant c) Walking stick d) Hyrax

7. If you’re a lagomorph that means you could be a a) Dodo b) Rabbit c) Platypus d) Hyrax

8. Which would make the best pet? a) Flea b) Capybara c) Tasmanian Devil d) Colugo

9. Apes are defined as a) Tree dwelling marsupials b) Hairy knuckle draggers c) Fierce carnivores d) Large, tailless monkeys e) Cold-blooded vertebrates

10. The platypus and echidna are the only egg-laying mammals a) True b) False

11. Which elephant kind has the largest ears? a) African b) Asian c) Neither

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12. Reptile literally means a) To bite b) Warm-blooded c) With a tail d) Creeping thing

13. Which is NOT a reptile? a) Bull snake b) Turtle c) Crocodile d) Potato bug

14. Crocodiles have bad tempers and teeth sticking out of their closed mouth. a) True b) False

15. Amphibian means a) Neckless vertebrate. b) Cold-blooded c) Both life d) Water creature

16. Most land invertebrates are arthropods which means a) Soft bodied b) Jointed leg c) With a crust d) Ring segments

17. Which insect was responsible for the black plague? a) Weta b) Silverfish c) Flea d) Beetle

18. Mollusks are gastropods and gastropod means a) With a crust b) Belly foot c) Double window d) Little rings

19. All bacteria are harmful. a) True b) False

20. Viruses are complete living organisms. a) True b) False

Answers on Page 100


-Discuss the validity of classifying a platypus as an “egg-laying mammal” if mammals don’t lay eggs. -Birds sing, animals growl and grunt. Is there any evidence that an animal ever spoke intelligible language? If so, do you believe it actually happened? -Does changing from a tadpole to a frog give evidence of evolution? Why or why not? What about a caterpillar to a butterfly? -Why are there no (or so few) dinosaurs today? If a living T-rex were found, how would it affect science? What about your faith?

END OF LAND

ANIMAL

SEGMENT

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Mankind

here is no creature like man. The fact that you are watching this DVD series and reading this guidebook is evidence of that. No other creature even comes close to the intelligence, creativity, moral capacity, self-awareness,

inventive power and future insight as man. Because of these gifts, no other creature has the ability to bring so much honor or harm to the name of the Creator. This is a survey of the physical structure of man; the only creature that embodies the image of God.

1. There are over 1 ½ million species of living organisms. About 50% are insects, 20% are plants, 20% are animals other than insects and 10% are fungus and bacteria. But only man carries the image of God.

2. Human comes from the same root word where we get the word humus which means earth. It’s also related to the word homage meaning to show allegiance and reverence to their lord. A human, then, can be defined as a creature from the earth designed to show allegiance and reverence to their Lord.

3. Anatomy is the study of all the parts of an organism. Physiology is how all those parts work together.

The 6th Day

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Mankind > The Brain

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1. The Brain

A. A 3 ½ lb. mystery organ that serves as the command center for the body. The brain is intimately connected with your will, emotions, memory and personality in ways that still confound even our best scientists.

B. The brain can be divided into three parts: cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord.

C. The Cerebrum. This is the largest part of the brain and the part we normally think of when we think “brain.” The following are approximate areas where brain functions operate. The brain is an integrated unit. Virtually no section works without affecting another part in some way.

♦Voluntary or conscious efforts are controlled by the cerebrum. ♦Left side. This controls everything on the right side of the body and mostly deals with logic, math and language. You can remember this because they all start with the letter “L”: Left, Logic, Language.

♦Right side. This controls the left side of the body and deals with artistic issues like imagination, intuition, creativity and appreciation of music.

♦ Front portion. Personality, judgment, self-control, future planning. ♦ Sides. Sensory data like heat, pressure, pain and texture. Also hearing, taste and smell are around this area.

♦ Rear of the brain. Sight. ♦ Brain Center. Background operations like body temperature, water balance, sleeping rhythms.

D. The Cerebellum. “I can do that without even thinking about it.” That’s your cerebellum at work. At the base of the brain sits the little cerebellum. Learning how to juggle balls, walk or brush your teeth requires a lot of training and repetition in order to ‘get it down.’ This process is the cerebrum training the little brain how to do the job. Once the cerebellum learns it, you can do the task “without even thinking about it.”

E. Spinal Cord. The spinal cord is actually an extension of the brain and has authority to make emergency override decisions without consulting the brain.

♦Nerves. Nerves are made up of many tiny nerve cells called neurons. These nerves branch out from the spine and connect to every organ, bone, hair and skin cell in your body.

♦ Sensory Nerves. They pick up sensory information from your eyes, skin, ears, nose and tongue.

♦ Motor Nerves. These nerves tell your muscles when to contract. ♦ Synapse. Nerves are the electrical paths joining your brain (central nervous system) to all the receptors in your body (peripheral nervous system). At the place where two neurons meet, there is a gap called the synapse Here, the electrical information is translated to chemical information which drifts across the gap, joins the neighboring neuron and continues on as electrical information. This happens at nearly 275 mph with up to 300 impulses per neuron per second.

Mankind > The Five Senses

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2. The Five Senses

A. Touch. Your skin is the largest and heaviest organ of your body. An organ is any specialized, living tissue that performs a specific function. It’s a protective barrier weighing between 9-15 pounds.

♦Sensory cells. One inch of skin has nearly 450 touch or sensory cells.

♦Epidermis. This is the top of the skin. It has the exits for hair, oil and sweat glands.

♦Dermis. This has all the blood vessels, sweat & oil glands, hair follicles and millions of nerve cells detecting pain, cold, heat and pressure.

♦ Fat. Immediately under the dermis, is a layer of fat that binds the skin to your body and acts as insulation.

♦Skin color. There are two basic skin pigments. Melanin produces black to brownish colors. Carotene produces golden, reddish or yellowish tints.

♦ Replacement. Everyday your skin replaces about 50 million cells. By the end of the year, you’ll lose about 9 lbs. of skin.

♦ Hair. Two kinds of hair melanin color your hair brown to black or blonde to red. Grey hair is the loss of melanin.

You lose about 70-100 hairs daily and the average head has around 120,000 hairs. Hair grows about 6 inches per year.

Straight hair is round, curly hair is oval and kinky hair is nearly flat.

♦ Fingernails. Finger and toenails are made from the same material as your hair, keratin. It takes about 6 months to grow a new fingernail compared with 1 year for a healthy toenail.

Skin Color Meanings

Melanin means black and carotene means like a carrot.

Getting Goose Bumps

Goose bumps are the bumps on a person's skin created when tiny muscles at the base of each hair contract and stand straight. They are involuntary (you can’t control your goose bumps). They develop in reaction to cold or strong emotions like excitement or fear. This helps trap heat in your body . It also brings oil to the surface helping with insulation from the cold.


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B. Sight. Given the choice, most people would give up nearly any other sense before their sight. The ability to see is one of the most amazing and miraculous gifts from God.

♦Cornea. The cornea is the curved lens on the outside of your eye and is easily visible by looking at someone’s eye from the side. It does 2/3 of your focusing.

♦Iris. Right behind the cornea is your iris. Iris means rainbow and is the colored part of your eye.

♦Pupil. The pupil is the black hole in the center of the iris. The iris opens and closes adjusting the size of the hole. When you look in the pupil, you’re looking inside a person’ s eye.

♦ Lens. Behind the iris/pupil is a living lens. It stretches to see things far away, and relaxes to see things close up.

♦Inside the eyeball. The inside is filled with a clear, jelly-like fluid. The image is projected on the back of the eyeball, but upside-down and backwards. You brain then corrects the image.

♦Retina. The retina is the back of the eyeball. It is coated with light sensitive cells called rods and cones. Rods work best in dim light. Cones work best in bright light picking out detail and color. The macula is the most sensitive part of the eye with 50,000 detail sensing cones and not one rod.

♦Optic Nerve. The light is transmitted into electrical impulses and leaves the back of the eye through the optic nerve The hole it leaves through is a blind spot and your brain averages the surrounding information to ‘make up’ what it thinks is probably there.

The Tears You Make

There are basically three different kinds of tears: 1. Reflex tears that are produced to wash the eye in response to irritation like onion gas or a foreign object. 2. Lubrication tears that keep the cornea wet. 3. Emotional tears come as a result of strong emotional stress. It is usually negative stress though people are known to cry when extremely happy. It is thought that humans are the only creature that produce emotional tears.


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C. Taste and Smell. Taste and smell are closely linked senses and much of what you think is taste, is really smell. When you have a cold, food often seems tasteless, because your nose is plugged up.

♦Tasting. For the most part, the back of the tongue tastes bitter things, the sides taste salty and sour things and the front is good at tasting sweet things.

♦Smelling. The nose recognizes about 10,000 different smells in nearly ½ million combinations. The gasses from foods rise up in the back of your mouth and stimulate nerve cells in your nose. If any of these irritate your nose, you sneeze at nearly 100 mph to clear the passage.

D. Sound. Sound is air in motion. As air vibrates, it sends out waves, just like water sends out rippling waves when you drop a stone in it.

• Outer ear. The outside of your ear acts and looks like a dish antenna, collecting the sound waves and channeling them down the ear canal.

♦Ear Canal. This inch long tube has little hairs and a waxy substance in it to keep dust and other particles from clogging the eardrum. The ear canal ends at the eardrum.

♦Eardrum. This is a tight piece of tissue that the sound waves beat against. The motion is transferred to your middle ear.

• Middle ear. The middle ear has three small bones that are attached together to pass the movement from the eardrum to the inner ear.

♦Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup. These are named such because they pretty much look like these items. The hammer is attached to the eardrum and the stirrup is attached to the inner ear.

♦Eustachian Tube. The middle ear is filled with air and a tube goes from the middle ear directly to your throat. This keeps air pressure equal inside the middle ear and also is where you can most easily get ear infections.

• Inner ear. This is where the mechanical vibrations get changed into electrical impulses to be sent to your brain.

♦Cochlea. The vibrations from the stirrup are passed onto the cochlea. Inside the cochlea are nearly 15,000 sensitive hairs that move with the vibrations. Attached to each hair is a nerve that translates this movement to electrical impulses and sends this information to your brain.

♦Semicircular Canals. Oddly enough, the organ that keeps you in balance is located in your ear. The three looping canals are filled with liquid and more sensitive hairs. These detect movement and send the information to your brain.

A Tasteless Experiment

Slice an onion and apple into similar sized cubes. Blindfold and plug the nose of your assistant. They won’t be able to tell which they are eating because the nose is what tells them the flavor of the food.

The Speed of Sound

Sound travels about 750 mph through the air at sea level. The higher you go, the slower sound moves because there is less air. Sound goes about 3,000 mph through water because water is so dense. That’s faster than the fastest rifle bullet! The fastest rifle bullet (probably the Winchester .223 Super Short Magnum) has a muzzle velocity of 2,700 mph. While we’re comparing speeds, rockets go at least 25 times faster than the fastest bullet, about 25,000 mph. If a bullet went this fast it would escape Earth’s gravity and just on keep going.

Mankind > The Skeletal System

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3. The Skeletal System

A. Your bones are wet and alive, they are living tissue. Bones have nerves and are fed by blood vessels just like every other tissue in your body. There is a rigid part of your bone made of calcium phosphate and other minerals.

B. Blood Factory. The inside of your bones have thousands of channels

where blood is manufactured--200 million blood cells every day. C. Support. Your skeleton gives you structure. It’s your internal

scaffolding system. D. Protection. The skull protects the brain, the vertebrae protect the

spine and the rib cage protects the vital organs. E. Movement. Bones don’t bend. Where two bones come

together is a joint. The elbow is a pivoting joint and the shoulder is a ball & socket joint.

F. Total Bones. You had about 300 bones at birth. Now you have

206 bones, because they slowly fuse together to arrive at an adult skeleton. The longest is the femur, going from the pelvis to your kneecap. The smallest is the stirrup in your inner ear. Half of your bones are in your hands and feet.

Mankind > The Circulatory System

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4. The Muscular System

A. Your have nearly 600 muscles, accounting for almost ½ of your total body weight.

B. Variety of Muscles. Your heart and tongue are muscles. There

are muscles surrounding your eyes, in your veins and arteries regulating blood flow, muscles pushing food through your digestive system, and even a muscle at the base of every hair.

C. Three kinds of Muscle.

♦Cardiac. Your heart is an involuntary muscle. ♦Smooth. These are involuntary muscles in your intestines and organs. ♦Skeletal. At last, something you can do! These are your 400 voluntary muscles that allow you to move your body and give you the six basic expressions of enjoyment, anger, fear, surprise, disgust and sadness.

5. The Circulatory System

A. Your heart, lungs and blood make up the circulatory or cardio-vascular system.

B. Blood. You have nearly 60,000 miles of blood vessels in your body. C. An adult has about 6 quarts of blood.

D. All together, your blood travels a total of 12,000 miles every day. That’s like crossing the United States coast to coast four times every day.

E. Blood is made of red blood cells which carry oxygen, white blood cells which fight infection and platelets which clot your blood when you get a cut. These cells travel in a river of fluid called plasma.

F. Red blood cells live about four months before they are removed by your spleen.

G. Blood turns red because the iron in it reacts with the oxygen,

similar to how tools left in the rain turn red with rust.

73 Source: an unauthoritative trivia website at http://www.straightdope.com/columns/040116.

Smiling and Frowning

Does it take more muscles to smile or frown? David H. Song, a plastic surgeon and assistant professor at the University of Chicago Hospitals counted up the muscles to do both. He counted 12 muscles needed to smile and 11 to frown, so they’re about even with smiling taking just a little, tiny bit of extra effort.73

Mankind > The Circulatory System

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H. Heart. The heart is a four-chambered muscle that circulates blood. When the top contracts (squeezes), it fills the bottom chambers. When the bottom contracts, it fills the top chambers.

I. All Arteries go Away from the heart. Veins return blood to the heart. Arteries carry fresh oxygen away from your heart to feed your hungry cells. The only arteries that carry oxygen depleted blood is in the short trip between your heart and lungs. But even there, the arteries go away from the heart.

J. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels. They are 1 cell thick, allowing gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide, to slip through and feed the cells. The blood cells act like delivery trucks for these products. They stay in the street (the blood vessels) and just drop off or pick up the freight, then move on down the road.

K. Your heart beats about 35 million times every year, non-stop.

L. Lungs. The air inside your lungs end at the alveoli. Alveoli resemble a cluster of grapes. Like capillaries, they are one-cell thick. These thin membranes allow the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your blood.

M. Lungs have no muscle even though it feels like you’re moving your lungs when you breathe. Lungs depend on the diaphragm and the muscles between your ribs to squeeze air in and out of them.

N. Inhaling. Your diaphragm is a muscle that contracts and relaxes.

When it tightens, your lungs drop down (expand) to fill the space. Air naturally rushes in your lungs because the air pressure in the chest decreased. The rib muscles expand outward at the same time to give your lungs even more room.

O. Exhaling. When the diaphragm relaxes, it expands back and pushes the lungs up. This forces air out. The rib muscles also relax, squeezing the air out of your lungs.

Courtyard of the Heart

An atrium is the main entrance or courtyard into a building. That’s why scientists call the top chambers of the heart the atria (atrium is singular). The atria are the courtyard of the heart. Ventricle is the name given to the bottom chamber and it means belly. The two bottom ventricles are the belly of the heart.

Mankind > The Digestive System

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6. The Digestive System

A. We eat to satisfy our hunger and we get hungry to satisfy the body’s need for energy. We also eat because it is a pleasurable activity, a gift from God.

B. Food is only useful to your body when it is completely liquefied and broken

down into vitamins, minerals and nutrients. Digestion is the process that liquefies, then absorbs your food.

C. Nutrients are protein, carbohydrates (like sugars), and fats. Minerals are

inorganic earth stuff, like metal and rock. This includes copper, zinc and iron. About 4% of your body is made from minerals. Vitamins are essential micro-foods commonly called Vitamin A, B, C, etc.

D. Chewing. Chewing starts the breakdown process. Saliva helps

break down the food into simple sugars. Your mouth is the beginning of a 30 foot tube that runs through your body.

E. Stomach. This is a ‘J’ shaped holding tank and blender. It holds a maximum of about 3 pints of food. Strong hydrochloric acid is added to help liquefy the meal. Your stomach has a strong coating that is replaced every few days to keep it from being dissolved along with your lunch. Food generally stays in the stomach for 1to 4 hours.

Casmir Funk’s Vitamins

The word vitamin comes from the Polish scientist, Casmir Funk, who discovered that the disease, beriberi, could be cured by feeding people with the hulls from rice. He wrongly concluded that the rice hulls contained a substance derived from ammonia, called amines, but rightly concluded that the hulls contained a vital component which overcame the disease. He called these important elements, “vital amines” or vitamins.

Mankind > The Digestive System

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F. Small Intestine. This is really where you eat. The small intestine

makes up 20 feet of your digestive tract and is where the food is absorbed into your body. Food remains here for 3 to 5 hours. Several digestive factories are attached to your small intestine.

♦Liver. The biggest organ inside your body (skin is the largest) and probably the most complex chemical factory in the world. For digestion the liver produces bile and stores it in the gall bladder.

♦Gall Bladder. Gall bladder is Old English meaning the bile sack. The yellowish, bitter bile helps dissolve fats.

♦Pancreas. The pancreas neutralizes the hydrochloric acid from your stomach. It also makes many complex chemicals to break down food.

G. Large Intestine. Whatever is not absorbed by your body moves into the large intestine where material can stay up to 24 hours. Excess water is removed here before being eliminated from your body. The entire digestive process takes about a day and a half.

� Kidneys. Often called the renal system which is Latin for kidney. The two bean-shaped kidneys filter your blood and remove excess salt and chemicals. Plus they keep your blood at 51% water. Urea is filtered out by kidneys and combined with water, it makes urine, which passes down to the bladder and is then eliminated from your body. This is why kidneys are actually not part of the digestive system but a part of the excretory system.

Living with Your Liver

More than 500 vital functions are associated with your liver. Here are some of the more well known functions. -bile manufacturing -assisting digestion -storing iron & vitamins -cleansing the blood -neutralizing toxins -controlling fats -regulating blood clotting -producing cholesterol You would live about 1 day without your liver.

Mankind > The Lymphatic System

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7. The Lymphatic System (immunity)

A. A nearly invisible system that almost never attracts any attention. Maybe that’s because one of its primary jobs is drainage. See, you’re already losing interest.

B. Drains. When it rains in your neighborhood, water eventually finds its way to the sidewalk drains. If there were no drains installed, the water would eventually flood your neighborhood.

Blood is mostly water and this water often sneaks through the capillaries and into the tissues. To keep the water drained, and returned to the bloodstream, God installed the lymphatic system.

C. Immunity. But wait, there’s more. Since all this fluid is being

collected, it passes through several filters on the way back. These filters are the lymph nodes and the spleen. These special areas help clean the fluid of harmful particles and bacteria.

♦Lymph nodes. Your tonsils are lymph nodes. The lymph nodes house special white blood cells that make up a major part of your immune system.

♦Spleen. This is the largest lymph organ. It stores an emergency supply of red blood cells and also releases infection fighting white blood cells (lymphocytes). The spleen also helps the liver in disposing of dead or worn-out blood cells.

8. The Endocrine System (hormones) This is your hormonal system. The word hormone means to motivate. This system produces body motivating chemicals.

Land of the Glands Here’s a list of some hormone glands and a brief job description of each. PITUITARY “The master gland” -body growth -pregnancy preparation -controls other hormones HYPOTHALAMUS -helps control the master gland -blood pressure -birthing chemicals THYROID -metabolism (fuel burning)

ADRENAL -fight or flight chemicals -sugar regulation PANCREAS -produce insulin -produce digestive juices

OVARIES and TESTES -help make babies PINEAL -regulates normal body rhythms -assists the central nervous system -kind of a mysterious gland

Mankind > Human Development

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9. Human Development

A. The total number of people ever born is unknown but the number must be in the tens of billions. With the exception of Adam, Eve and Jesus Christ, everyone is conceived and develops in the same way.

B. At Conception. At the moment of conception, two halves of a human blueprint join and start a biological timer. The blueprint tells what color hair, eyes and skin you have, your height, what you’ll look like at various ages and even much of your personality and talents.

C. In Hours. Within hours, your cells double, then double again. In three days, you’re only 10 cells big. Within 30 days, you’ll be 50 million cells big.

D. Week 6. A human is about the size of a peanut. E. Week 8. At this point, all the major systems are formed: heart, brain,

liver, ears, fingers, the beginning of eyes. Now you are 1 ½ inches big and it’s just a matter of getting bigger.

F. Week 18. The mother can feel the baby moving inside. G. 9 months. Your birthday…and your mother’s birth day. H. 2 days after birth. You can identify your own mother by smell

and taste. Within 90 days, you can smile in response to a smile. I. 1-20 years. Learning and development build almost exponentially

for the first 6 years, then taper off until we reach about 20. J. 20-40 years. Some place the beginning of death around our mid-

20’s. Joints begin to wear, skin starts losing elasticity and injuries take longer to recover from.

K. 40-70. By now, eye glasses are common--then hearing aids. The

digestive system ‘changes’ and the memory starts to weaken. L. The End. Most of us die after a mere 75 years, though a very small

percentage actually reach age 100. Five thousand years ago people were living to be about 1000 years old and originally, death was not even in the picture.

M. A New Beginning. “I am the resurrection, and the life: he that believes in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live.” -a promise from Jesus Christ.

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Mankind Quiz

1. What day was man made? a) 1st b) 2nd c) 3rd d) 4th e) 5th f) 6th

2. According to the Bible, man is an animal. a) True b) False

3. What are the three main parts of the brain? a) Cerebrum, Cortex, Cnidarian b) Cerebrum, Colon, Spine c) Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Spine. d) Atrium, Cerebrum, Synapse.

4. The cerebellum is the mini-brain. a) True b) False

5. The back of the eye is called the a) Pupil b) Retina c) Lens d) Iris

6. The hammer, anvil and stirrup are located in the a) Outer ear b) Middle ear c) Inner ear

7. What organ is responsible for your sense of balance? a) Cochlea b) Semicircular canals c) Eustachian Tube d) Optic Nerve

8. Your sense of taste comes from the a) Taste buds b) Tongue c) Nose d) All of the above

9. Most of the focusing of your eye happens with the cornea. a) True b) False

10. The largest organ of all is a) Your brain b) Your stomach c) Your skin d) Your pancreas

11. Where is blood manufactured in your body? a) Spleen b) Bones c) Liver d) Pancreas

12. Which are involuntary muscles? a) Thigh b) Bicep c) Heart d) Tongue

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13. Blood cells travel in a river of fluid called a) Lymph b) Platelets c) Carotene d) Adrenaline e) Plasma

14. The lungs end with microscopic air sacs called a) Alveoli b) Bronchi c) Arteries d) Anchovies

15. Arteries carry blood away from your heart. a) True b) False

16. Most absorption of your food happens in your a) Liver b) Small Intestine c) Mouth d) Esophagus

17. The gall bladder is mostly responsible for a) Digestion b) Water balance c) Fighting infection d) Hormone balance

18. The lymphatic system primarily does what? a) Produces red blood cells b) Fluid drainage & fights infection c) Monitors salt levels d) Helps in digestion

19. The Endocrine system is also called your a) Circulatory system b) Hormonal system c) Respiratory system d) Cardio-vascular system

20. God says a man is of more value than many animals. a) True b) False Answers on Page 100 Possible Discussion Questions

-How are humans different than animals? -What does it mean to “have dominion” over the other creatures? -God made man male and female. Why do you think this was important to God? -The film names 3 people who were exceptions to how people normally come into the world. Who are they? Do you think this was literal history?

END OF

MANKIND SEGMENT

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Genetics

enetics can be hard to understand. First of all, genes and cells are invisible to most of us. We don’t see them on a daily basis. But also, genetics is a complex and difficult science. People spend a life time of rigorous study and

experimentation to understand even the basics of what the Creator has done.

1. From Genesis to Genes74

A. In the past 50 years, biology has found itself on the frontiers of a new science--the ability to alter the software of life. Here is a brief overview of the history of biology and genetics.

B. The Beginning. The earliest record to “do science” is found in the book of Genesis when God told our early parents, Adam and Eve, to rule over creation, to understand and care for the environment and the organisms in it.75 about 4000 B.C.

C. The Flood. This was the destruction of nearly all life—an incredibly sad day in our history. The biological gene pool was reduced to whatever was on the ark and whatever swam in the waters. 2400 B.C.

74 From Genesis to Genes was the original prototype for this film. From Genesis to Genes was a 12 minute short film that won 1st place in the Creation Category at the 2004 San Antonio Independent Christian Film Festival. Based on that success, the complete film Biology 101 was made. 75 Genesis 1:26-28; Psalm 8:6. See also 1 Timothy 3:5 where ‘ruling’ over one’s house is a prerequisite in being able to ‘care for’ God’s people. In other words, a primary aspect of ruling, is caring and nurturing.

BIOLOGY 101

6

G

Genetics > From Genesis to Genes

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D. Solomon. King David’s son, Solomon was a biologist, among other things, and he conducted extensive studies with plants and animals. Kings came from all over the world to listen to his lectures.76 1000 B.C.

E. Aristotle. Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and a student of Plato.77 Aristotle studied the behavior of bees and aquatic animals like whales, dolphins and (incredibly) the octopus. He is also noted for his works on logic, ethics and politics. 350 B.C.

F. Galen. Another Greek who studied the flow of blood and researched the cause and cure of spinal injuries. 100 A.D.

G. Middle Ages. Rome was destroyed and along with it, hundreds of years of civilization and technological progress. In spite of this, many advances were made during this time: the crossbow, clocks, the compass, violins and the perfected use of waterwheels, windmills and other important innovations. 500-1500 A.D.

H. The Renaissance. The word literally means rebirth as it was a revival of art, literature and learning throughout Europe, especially centered in Italy. The renaissance marks the transition between the Middle Ages and the Modern era. 1500 A.D.

♦Famous discoverers. Columbus and Magellan ♦Famous art work. The Mona Lisa and the Pieta. ♦The Reformation in the Church. ♦Science. Copernicus proved that the earth revolved around the sun. ♦Printing press invented. The Bible being the first book printed. ♦Biology makes a come back. Leonardo da Vinci made detailed drawings of the human anatomy.

I. William Harvey. Harvey demonstrated that blood circulated around the body. Up until this time, it was thought that the blood ebbed and flowed out of the heart, like tides in the ocean. Harvey was a scientist committed to the scriptures and to Christ.78 1600 A.D.

76 1 Kings 4:33,34 77 Plato was probably the most famous Greek philosopher. 78 Dr. Henry M. Morris. Men of Science, Men of God. P. 22. Dr. Henry Morris (1918-2006) was a respected scientist and founder of the Institute for Creation Research.

Genetics > From Genesis to Genes

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J. Galileo. Galileo was an Italian astronomer, mathematician and physicist but his extensive work with the new telescope and microscope paved the way for future biologists. 1600 A.D

K. Robert Hooke. Using the new microscope, Hooke discovered cells. He called them cells because they reminded him of the small rooms where monks prayed at the local monastery. Hooke was another Bible believing scientist.79 1700 A.D.

L. Anton Leeuwenhoek. First, you pronounce his last name LAY-wen-hook. Second, though he isn’t mentioned in the film, I had to give him credit here. Leeuwenhoek made his own microscopes and discovered bacteria and other protozoa. He called them “wretched beasties” and opened the world of mini animals to man. 1700 A.D.

M. John Ray. Ray was another Christian and is called “the father of English natural history.” His interest was plants but he studied animal life as well. His book The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Work of Creation, influenced Linnaeus in developing his classification system. 1700 A.D.

N. Carolus Linnaeus. Linnaeus developed the foundation of our modern classification system. Linnaeus was a Christian. His work of classification continues to this day. 1750 A.D.

O. Georges Cuvier. Cuvier was a friend of Linnaeus, a firm creationist, paleontologist and a father of comparative anatomy. 1800 A.D.

P. Charles Darwin. Darwin was not ignorant of the Bible. He studied for the clergy and graduated from Cambridge University in 1831, but his real interest was geology and biology. In 1859 he published a book on his theory of evolution through natural selection. Jesus believed and taught that Genesis was literal history. Darwin believed and taught that all life evolved over millions of years from a single ancestor. Both cannot be right. 1850 A.D.

79 ibid.

Genetics >Genesis to Genes

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Q. Louis Pasteur. Pasteur was a French chemist, microbiologist and a devoted creationist. He proved that life only comes from life, and he developed vaccines and other methods of killing germs. 1850 A.D.

R. Gregor Mendel. Mendel was an Augustinian monk who studied mathematics and botany at the University of Vienna. His work with pea plants demonstrated that generational characteristics follow a predictable pattern known as the Laws of Heredity. We call that pattern, genetics. 1850 A.D.

S. Crick and Watson. If you know how something is happening, you stand a good chance of being able to alter it. Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA which showed how the information was getting copied. This allowed biologist to influence the copying process. 1962 A.D.

2. Cells

A. Cells are the smallest living unit, so small that 1000’s can fit on the head of a pin.

B. People are made of an estimated 50-75 trillion cells. This chart will give you an idea of just how big 1 trillion is.

♦ 1 thousand seconds= 16 minutes

♦ 1 million seconds= 12 days

♦ 1 billion seconds= 32 years

♦ 1 trillion seconds= entire history of mankind 5x over

C. Cells divide constantly, nearly 25 million every second in your body. The process is called mitosis meaning thread. Technically, mitosis only refers to the division of the nucleus.

♦ You have 46 chromosomes in every cell nucleus. 23 pair. At this point, they look like loose threads.

♦ To divide, the 46 chromosomes tighten together. Now they look like little sausage shapes.

♦ They duplicate. Now there are 92 chromosomes and they look like little ‘X’s.

♦ The cell divides in half, taking half of each ‘X’ with it. ♦ The cells close off with 46 chromosomes in each nucleus again. The chromosomes relax and mitosis, or cell nuclear division, is complete.

D. The chromosomes reside inside the nucleus. Walter Fleming colored the cells with dye allowing certain regions to be seen easily. He named these regions chroma soma or colorful bodies.

E. Chromosome is the word we use for a bundle of DNA.

Genetics > DNA

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3. DNA

A. DNA is one of the foundational chemicals that make life possible.

B. DNA itself is made up of four chemicals that are known by their first letter: C, A, T and G. The various combinations of these chemicals are chemical codes which your body can read to make body parts. It’s sort of like reading a cooking recipe or Morse code.

C. Each chemical code is called a gene. A gene is a chemical instruction on how to build a part of you.

D. A messenger copies the gene from the DNA and takes the copy out of the nucleus. A ribosome reads the messenger and starts grabbing amino acids to assemble the component. Assembled amino acid chains are called protein and protein makes your body tissues, cells and enzymes.

E. DNA is similar in all living things. The human DNA code is 92% similar to a mouse, 44% similar to a fruit fly and 50% similar to a banana.

F. Pair #23 is the gender chromosome. Girls have two ‘X’ chromosomes and boys have one ‘X’ and one ‘Y.’ The father determines gender.

G. Some genes are dominant, others are recessive. Anytime a dominant gene is paired with another dominant gene or with a recessive gene, the dominant gene is expressed-that’s why they’re called dominant. Recessive genes must be paired together to get expressed. Having freckles is dominant over not having freckles. If you have the freckle gene, you get freckles.

� The Morse Code In the 1800’s it was not possible to send messages quickly to someone far away. Samuel Morse invented a way of sending a combination of electrical signals called dots and dashes to a receiving machine located many miles away. In 1844, Morse demonstrated to the U.S. Congress the practicality of his invention by sending a message over a wire between Washington and Baltimore. The first message was "What hath God wrought." Here’s the international code: A .- B -… C -.-. D -.. E. F ..-. G --. H …. I .. J .--- K-.- L.-.. M-- N-. O--- P.--. Q --.- R -.- S… T - U ..- V …- W .-- X -..- Y -.-- Z--..

Their Real Names

The chemicals that make DNA are called nucleotides. Their real names are: Cytosine (SITE-oh-seen) Adenine (AD-uh-neen) Thymine (THIGH-mean) Guanine (GWA-neen)

Genetics > Genetic Engineering

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4. Genetic Engineering

A. The ability to manipulate and alter DNA for the improvement of an organism is why biologists are so interested in genetics.

B. Geneticists can bombard a cell with millions of microscopic gold particles that are coated with some specific DNA. This is the shotgun approach to genetic engineering. Bombard a seed, plant it, and the plant accepts the new DNA as its own. The plant then expresses the new characteristic, like being disease resistant.

C. Viruses are naturally clever at getting inside a cell. Scientists can take a virus, add some new DNA and then release the virus into the organism. The virus naturally gets inside the cell, and hopefully, the new DNA will be accepted.

D. These methods are the basis for gene therapy and the hope is that cures for diseases will be found this way. Headway with cancer research, heart disease and other diseases has been made and the research continues.

E. The Human Genome Project was a multi-billion dollar project to identify every letter on every chromosome and to identify each of the 30,000+ gene sentences. This would give researchers a kind of “map” or “parts manual” for doing future research. The project was principally completed in 2003. Much of the information is even available on the internet.80

5. Cloning

A. Cloning takes the desired gene information from just one creature to make a duplicate of that creature.

B. Normal reproduction combines the DNA from a male and female. Cloning allows you to make an exact copy of an organism using DNA from just one creature.

80 It is widely reported that a full 97% of the DNA is called “junk DNA” because nobody knew what it did. There are some theories, but only 3% is coded for making proteins. source: Gibbs W.W. (2003) “The unseen genome: gems among the junk”, Scientific American, 289(5):46-53 as reported in Wikipedia article on “junk DNA.”

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6. Biblical Responses These new technologies raise many questions that are difficult to answer. Fortunately, there are some basic principles that the Scriptures provide which can help us navigate through many of these dilemmas. Here are two such principles:

� Man has dominion over the creatures.

� Human life is sacred.

A. CLONING

Cloning animals and plants. God encourages us to keep, breed, work and eat animals. Cloning animals and plants is probably an acceptable extension of our dominion over creatures.

Cloning humans. 1. Every cloning failure results in the death of that creature. Human cloning failures result in dead people who are in their embryo stage. 2. Cloning bypasses the family unit which is God’s design to bring people into the world. Families bring emotional, cultural and historical stability. God’s design is that children be produced and raised by a husband and wife through their marriage covenant.

B. GENETIC ENGINEERING

Animals & plants. It is still very uncertain how modifying animals and foods will ultimately affect these creatures and mankind in the long run. There is no overt Biblical roadblock to this but the greatest of caution should be used by science (and industry) as they move ahead.

Humanity. Man’s identity is connected to God’s identity. It is therefore sacred and must be protected. Any attempt to alter mankind itself or create a superior class or “improve the species” is probably not within the boundaries God has set for us.

C. HUMAN STEM CELLS

Adult stem cells. Adult stem cells are already used to treat scores of diseases and conditions. There are many sources of these early cells which do not involve the destruction of human life.

Embryo stem cells. Taking stem cells from human embryos results in the death of that person. It is currently illegal to use Federal Funding to conduct embryonic stem cell research though it is legal to do so with private funds.

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Genetics Quiz

1. Circle the one that was not a biologist. a) King Solomon b) William Harvey c) Robert Hooke d) Marco Polo e) Carolus Linnaeus

2. The approximate time of the renaissance was a) 2000 B.C. b) 3 B.C. c) 1500 A.D. d) 2000 A.D.

3. Cells, including bacterial cells, are the smallest known living unit. a) True b) False

4. How many chromosomes are in a normal human cell? a) 46 b) 99 c) 13 d) 480

5. The process of normal cell division is called a) Genetic Engineering b) Ribosome c) Mitosis d) Mitochondria

6. Chromosomes are a) Living organisms b) Digestive enzymes c) Bundles of DNA

7. The four chemical bases that make up DNA are a) X, Y, A, G b) C, A, T, G c) R, N, A, G d) D, O, G, S

8. The chemical instructions located on the chromosomes are called a) Genes b) Mitosis c) Keratin

9. Amino acids make proteins and proteins make body parts. a) True b) False

10. Genes that express themselves over other genes are called a) Ribosomes b) Dominant genes c) Chromosomes d) Recessive genes

11. Cloning uses the genetic information from only one creature. a) True

b) False 12. Watching Biology 101 was a) Educational b) Fun c) Challenging d) Interesting e) Sometimes a little goofy f) All of the above

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-200 years ago, it was common for a biologist to openly confess his belief in Christ and the Bible. Why is this not the case today? -Discuss the title of Darwin’s book, “The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life.” What is implied by each of these words? -The film states that Louis Pasteur proved something very important. What is it and what impact does it have on the theory of evolution? -If you came across a watch, you’d have evidence that an intelligent designer made it. What evidence can you think of that indicates an intelligent Designer created the earth and all the creatures on it? -Why is an understanding of the DNA code so important to scientists? -Discuss the “clone dilemmas” mentioned in the film and try to resolve them using the “cloning solutions” also mentioned in the film. Now resolve them without reference to God or the Bible using just your own personal opinion or feelings.

END OF GENETICS SEGMENT

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ANSWERS TO QUIZZES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX

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Answers to the Quizzes

Plants 1.C 2. B 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. A 7. E 8. A 9. D 10. C 11. A 12. B 13. A 14. E 15. B 16. B 17. A 18. C 19. A 20. A 21. D 22. A 23. D 24. A 25. A

Aquatics 1.E 2.C 3.D 4.C 5.C 6.B 7.A,C,E 8.A 9.A,B,C,D 10.A 11.B 12.B 13.C 14.A 15.A,B,C 16.E 17.B 18.D 19.B

Avian 1.E 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.E 6.A 7.B 8.B 9.C 10.C 11.B 12.B,D 13.C 14.F 15.C 16.A 17.A 18.A 19.B 20.A 21.D

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Land

Animals 1.F 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.B 9.D 10.A 11.A 12.D 13.D 14.A 15.C 16.B 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.B

Mankind 1.F 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.C 11.B 12.C 13.E 14.A 15.A 16.B 17.A 18.B 19.B 20.A

Genetics 1.D 2.C 3.A 4.A 5.C 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.A 10.B 11.A 12.your choice!

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Bibliography and Works Cited

• A Beka Books. Biology: God’s Living Creation. Florida: Pensacola Christian College, 1986.

• Alderton, David. Plants. New York: Ladybird Books, 1997.

• Bailey, Jacqui. Amazing Animal Facts. New York: DK Publishing, 2003.

• Bailey, Jill. Plants and Plant Life Volume 1. Danbury, CT: Grolier International, 2001.

• -----. Plants and Plant Life Volume 2. Danbury, CT: Grolier International, 2001.

• Berndt, Chard. Biblical Classification of Life. USA: Elihu Publishing, 2000.

• Bocknek, Jonathan. The Science of Plants. Milwaukie, Wisconsin: Gaerth Stevens Publishing, 1999.

• Clyne, Densey. Plants of Prey. Milwaukee, WI: Gareth Stevens Press, 1998.

• Collier’s Encyclopedia. Crowell-Collier Educational Corporation, 1970.

• Dorling Kindersly. The Visual Dictionary of Plants. New York: 1992.

• Dorros, Arthus. A Tree Is Growing. New York: Scholastic Press, 1997.

• Gallimard, Editions. Atlas of Plants. New York: Cartwheel Books, 1994.

• Geneva College, Biology Introduction. Beaver Falls, PA: [http://www.geneva.edu/academics/undergraduate/biology/integration.html.]

• Glover, J. Warwick. “A Surgeon General’s Reflections. The Human Vermiform Appendix.” Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, 1988.

• Goldin, Augusta. Grass, the Everything, Everywhere Plant. New York: Thomas Nelson Inc., 1977.

• Greenaway, Theresa. Grasses and Grains. Austin, Texas: Steck-Vaughn Library, 1990.

• Haslam, Andrew. Plants! Chicago, Illinois: World Book Inc. 1997.

• Helbrough. How Flowers Grow. London, England: Usborn Publishing, 2003.

• Hutchins, Ross E. This is a Leaf. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1962.

• Jamieson, Rev. Robert and Fausset, Rev. A.R. and Brown, Rev. David. Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House. Date unknown

• Javor, George T. Biblical Approaches to Biology. Loma Linda CA: 26th Faith and Learning Seminar, July 20, 2000.

• King, Rita Mary. Biology Made Simple. New York, NY: Random House Inc., 2003.

• Knapp, Edward. How Speedy is A Cheetah? Fascinating facts about animals. Platt & Munk Publishers, 1987.

• Loeffler, Carol. “Darwin vs Design: The Human Genome.” Personal Update News Journal. Coeur d’ Lane, Idaho: Khouse Publishers, 2001.

• Maddox, Dr. Rob. The Place of Science in Biblical Education. Louisiana: [ article delivered at Auburn Avenue Presbyterian Church], 2003.

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• Missler, Chuck. “DNA Tampering: Altering Our Genes.” Personal Update News Journal. Coeur d’ Lane, Idaho: Khouse Publishers, 1994.

• -----. “Through a Glass Darkly.” Personal Update News Journal, Volume 14, No.2. Coeur d’ Lane, Idaho: Khouse Publishers, Feb. 2004.

• Morris, Dr. Henry M. "The Bible and Biology.” Impact. #312: ICR, 1999.

• -----. Men of Science Men of God. El Cajon, CA: Master Books, 1988.

• Discovery Channel Books. Protists and Fungi. Milwaukee, WI: Gareth Stevens Publishing, 2004.

• ---. Mammals. Milwaukee, WI: Gareth Stevens Publishing, 2004.

• Reader’s Digest. ABC’s of Nature. New York: Reader’s Digest, 1984.

• Rensberger, Boyce. Instant Biology. New York: Ballantine Books Group, 1996.

• Ruiz, Andres Llamas. Trees. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., 1996.

• Siegfried, Donna Rae. Biology for Dummies. New York: Hungry Minds, Inc, 2001.

• Simmons, Dr. Geoffrey. What Darwin Didn’t Know. Eugene, Oregon: Harvest House Publishers, 2004.

• Snelling, Dr. Andrew. The Revised Quote Book. Queensland, Australia: Creation Science Foundation, 1980.

• Souza, D.M. What is a Fungus? New York: Franklin Watts a div, of Scholastic Inc., 2002.

• Spellenberg, Richard. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1979.

• Spilsbury, Louise and Richard. Plant Classification. Chicago, Illinois: Heinman Library, 2003.

• New Book of Knowledge,The. Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier Incorporated, 1992.

• Time for Kids-Almanac. Time Publishers, 2003.

• Webster, Noah. An American Dictionary of the English Language. 1828 Edition, San Francisco, California: Foundation for American Christian Education, 1993.

• Webster’s New World Dictionary. Second Collegiate Edition. New York: Simon and Schuster Publishing, 1984.

• Wile, Dr. Jay L. and Durnell, Marilyn F., Exploring Creation with Biology. Indiana: Apologia Educational Ministries. 1998.

• Wright, Richard T. Biology. Through the Eyes of Faith. New York: HarperCollins, 1989.

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Index

A

abdomen

defined........................................................52

Adam & Eve

historical people............................................6

agnatha ...........................................................24

air bladder ......................................................22

Alexander the Great

dinosaur rumor............................................72

algae ...............................................................15

alveoli.............................................................86

amino acids ......................................................97

amoeba ...........................................................31

amphibians .....................................................73

anemones ...............................See sea anemones

angiosperm .........................................................9

annelids ............................See worm/earthworm

annuals.............................................................12

anteater...........................................................65

apes ................................................................66

aquatic

definition ..............................................21, 41

arachnid............................................ See spiders

archaeopteryx.................................................51

Aristotle

as a biologist ................................................94

lantern.........................................................36

armadillos.......................................................65

arnebeth

the hare .......................................................68

arteries............................................................86

arthropod

aquatic ........................................................30

asteroidea .........................................See starfish

atrium ............................................................86

aves

defined........................................................41

B

bacteria..............................................................76

bamboo...........................................................12

barnacle..........................................................30

bats...........................................................42, 50

beasts of the earth...........................................61

Beatrix Potter ....................... See Potter, Beatrix

Bible

as a reliable document ..................................5

classification.................................................4

biology

definition ...................................................... 1

bird

definition .................................................... 42

extinct ......................................................... 51

flightless ..................................................... 50

life span ...................................................... 45

meaning of word in Genesis ....................... 52

various speeds of .......................................... 42

birth................................................................. 90

bivalve............................................................ 29

blade............................................................... 11

blood

manufactured................................................. 84

bluebottle ..............See Portuguese Man-of-War

bones.............................................................. 84

bony fish ..................................See osteichthyes

brain ............................................................... 80

bristlecone pines............................................. 13

C

caecilians......................................................... 73

capillaries ....................................................... 86

capybara ......................................................... 66

cardio-vascular................................................. 85

carnival .......................................................... 64

carnivore ........................................................ 64

carotene .......................................................... 81

cattle............................................................... 61

cells ................................................................ 96

red blood cells ............................................ 85

centipede ........................................................ 75

cerebellum....................................................... 80

cerebrum.......................................................... 80

chitin .............................................................. 30

chlorophyll ..................................................... 11

chondrichthyes ............................................... 23

chromosomes..................................................... 96

circulatory system ............................................. 85

clam ............................................................... 29

starfish food................................................ 36

class

in taxonomy.................................................. 3

cloning............................................................. 98

Biblical response ........................................ 99

cnidarians.......................................................... 33

cochlea............................................................ 83

coelacanth ...................................................... 37

cold-blooded

defined........................................................ 42

colugos........................................................... 66

108108108108

Columbus

indian grain.................................................12

conception........................................................90

conifer ............................................................13

coral ...............................................................34

cornea.............................................................82

creeping thing...........................................61, 70

crocodile.........................................................71

crop

bird .............................................................43

insects .........................................................53

crustacean

aquatic arthropods ......................................30

land..............................................................75

cud

defined........................................................63

hyrax and hare as cud chewers ...................68

cud chewing

spiritual meaning .............................................63

Cuvier, Georges

creation scientist .........................................28

D

Darwin, Charles..................................................95

deciduous .......................................................13

defense & attack structures ............................49

dermis .............................................................81

diaphragm ......................................................86

diatomaceous earth.........................................15

diatoms.............................................................15

digestive system................................................87

dinosaurs .........................................................72

DNA...............................................................97

genetic engineering.....................................98

dodo ...............................................................51

dolphins..........................................................25

E

ear canal ..........................................................83

echidna...........................................................69

echinoderm.....................................................36

Eden

results of the fall ......................................49

eels .................................................................23

elephants .........................................................69

endocrine system...............................................89

epidermis........................................................81

euglena ...........................................................31

Eustacian tube..................................................83

evergreens ......................................................13

extinct

aquatics.......................................................37

F

fall of man

attack structures.......................................... 49

family

in taxonomy.................................................. 3

fastest animal

cockroach ................................................... 55

feathers........................................................... 42

ferns ............................................................... 10

Fingernails ..................................................... 81

five senses ........................................................ 81

flagellum ........................................................ 31

flatworm ........................................................ 32

fleas.................................................................. 75

flood ............................................................... 93

flowers ........................................................... 10

flukes ..........................................See flatworms

flying fish....................................................... 23

frogs ............................................................... 73

fruit

technical definition ..................................... 10

fungi............................................................... 16

Funk, Casmir

vitamin discoverer ......................................... 87

G

Galen .............................................................. 94

Galileo............................................................. 95

garter snake

meaning of name ........................................ 70

gastropod........................................................ 28

gavial .............................................................. 71

gene

defined........................................................ 97

genetic engineering

Biblical response ........................................ 99

genetics .......................................................... 93

genus

in taxonomy.................................................. 3

g-force............................................................ 47

giant squid...................................................... 29

gila monster.................................................... 70

gizzard

bird ............................................................. 43

grasses............................................................ 12

gravity .............................................. See g-force

gymnosperms ................................................. 13

H

hagfish............................................. See agnatha

hair ................................................................. 81

hammer, anvil, stirrup....................................... 83

109109109109

hare

a lagomorph..................................................67

as a cud chewer...........................................68

Harvey, William..............................................94

hearing ............................................................83

heart ...............................................................86

hedgehog .........................................................67

Hemiptera.......................................................57

Herodotus

dinosaur quote ............................................72

hoof, dividing

spiritual meaning ........................................63

Hooke, Robert ..................................................95

hormone ............................See endocrine system

horse

in North America..........................................64

useful animal ..............................................64

human

defined..........................................................79

human development..........................................90

hyrax...............................................................67

as a cud chewer...........................................68

I

ichthus .............................................................22

immunity ...........................See lymphatic system

insect

99.99% of all animals ............................27,62

anatomy ..................................................... .53

classification...............................................55

defined.........................................................52

Hebrew leg count........................................52

insectarova

name changes...............................................67

invertebrates

90% of all animals........................................27

aquatic ........................................................27

land.............................................................74

iris ..................................................................82

island

definition........................................................21

IXOYE...........................................................22

J

jellyfish ..........................................................33

emergency help if stung..............................34

Jesus

and meat .....................................................69

belief about the Bible....................................6

believed a six-day creation ...........................5

Job

dinosaur quote ............................................72

Jonah

historical person............................................6

junk DNA.............................................See DNA

K

kangaroos ....................................................... 65

kidneys ........................................................... 88

kind vs species ................................................. 3

kingdom

5 current-in footnote ..................................... 3

in taxonomy.................................................. 3

koalas ............................................................. 65

L

lagomorph....................................................... 67

lamina ................................................See blade

lampreys.......................................... See agnatha

large intestine.................................................... 88

larvae.............................................................. 54

leach............................................................... 32

family name................................................ 32

leaves ............................................................. 11

Leeuwenhoek, Anton .................................... 95

lent ................................................................. 64

Lepidoptera .................................................... 55

lichen.............................................................. 17

life

defining ........................................................ 1

Linnaeus, Carolus

beliefs ........................................................... 3

classification system................................... 95

liver ................................................................ 88

liverworts ....................................................... 15

lizards.............................................................. 70

lymph nodes ...................................................... 89

lymphatic system .............................................. 89

M

macula ........................................................... 82

mammal........................................................... 25

man-of-war............. See Portuguese man-of-war

Marco Polo

dinosaur rumor ........................................... 72

mardi gras ...................................................... 64

marsupials ...................................................... 65

melanin ........................................................... 81

metamorphosis ............................................... 54

microbes

size comparison .......................................... 76

millipede ........................................................ 75

mimic birds..................................................... 50

mitosis............................................................ 96

moles............................................................... 67

mollusk

definition .................................................... 28

land snails................................................... 76

110110110110

Monera

algae classified in ....................................15

monkeys .........................................................66

Morse code .......................................................97

Moses

wife's name ...............................................52

moss ...............................................................15

Mount Everest

and ocean depth ..........................................37

muscles

number needed to smile or frown..................85

total number.................................................85

mushroom ......................................................16

N

nautilus...........................................................29

nematode .....................................See roundworms

nephesh..............................................................4

nerves...............................................................80

nest

definition ....................................................45

neurons ............................................................80

newt................................................................73

Noah

and meat .....................................................69

historical person............................................6

Nobel, Alfred

dynamite inventor.......................................16

nobel prizes.................................................16

nonvascular plants ...............................................14

nucleotides .......................................................97

nymph ............................................................54

O

ocean

depth...........................................................37

octopus .........................................................29

Odonata..........................................................55

okapi ..............................................................37

optic nerve......................................................82

order

in taxonomy..................................................3

organ

defined........................................................81

Orthoptera ......................................................55

osteichthyes ......................................................22

ovary

plant fruit ....................................................10

oyster..............................................................29

starfish food................................................36

P

paleontology

Cuvier a founder of.....................................28

defined in footnote...................................... 28

pancreas ......................................................... 88

pangolin ......................................................... 65

paramecium ..................................................... 31

size comparison .......................................... 76

passenger pigeon............................................ 51

Passover

required to eat meat .................................... 69

Pasteur, Louis................................................... 96

Paul, Apostle

and meat....................................................... 69

meaning of name............................................ 53

pearl

definition .................................................... 29

peat moss ......................................................... 15

penguin .......................................................... 50

perennials....................................................... 12

Peter Rabbit.......................... See Potter, Beatrix

petiole ............................................................. 11

photosynthesis

defined........................................................ 11

in euglena protozoa..................................... 31

moss............................................................. 15

phylum

in taxonomy.................................................. 3

pika................................................................. 67

plant

definition ...................................................... 7

Plantae

algae classified in ....................................... 15

platypus.......................................................... 69

Pliny the Elder

dinosaur quote ............................................ 72

poisonous

definition........................................................ 33

porifera........................................................... 35

porpoise.......................................................... 25

Portuguese man-of-war .................................. 33

Potter, Beatrix ................................................ 17

primate ............................................................ 66

Protista

algae classified in ....................................... 15

Protozoa........................................................... 30

pseudopod ...................................................... 31

pupa ............................................................... 54

pupil ............................................................... 82

R

rabbits.............................................................. 67

Ray, John ................................................... 3, 95

rays

accidents from ............................................ 23

renaissance...................................................... 94

renal system .................................... See kidneys

reptiles............................................................ 70

aquatic ........................................................ 26

retina.............................................................. 82

111111111111

rodents............................................................66

rollercoasters

g-force ........................................................47

roots.................................................................12

Roper, Clyde Dr. ............................................37

roundworms.....................................................32

ruminate .........................................................63

rusts..................................................... See fungi

S

salamander .....................................................73

sand dollars ....................................................36

Saul of Tarsus....................................................53

scorpions ........................................................74

sea anemones ...............................See anemones

sea urchin .......................................... See urchin

sea wasp .........................................................33

seahorses...........................................................23

seastar.............................................................36

semicircular canals ...........................................83

shafan

the hyrax .....................................................68

shafan and arnebeth........................................68

Shakespeare

and starlings................................................48

shark

definition ..................................................23

shrew...............................................................67

sight.................................................................82

silverfish.........................................................75

skeletal system ...............................................84

skin..................................................................81

sloths ..............................................................66

small intestine ..................................................88

smell...............................................................83

smile

muscles needed to.......................................85

smuts ...................................................See fungi

snake

sea...............................................................26

venomous....................................................70

snakes ..............................................................70

Solomon.........................................................94

sound ..............................................................83

speed of sound..............................................83

sow bugs..........................................................75

species

in taxonomy..................................................3

total number or ...............................................79

species vs. kind ................................................3

speed of sound ...................................... See sound

sphagnum.........................................See peat moss

spiders ............................................................74

spine ................................................................80

spleen ..............................................................89

sponge ............................................................35

spores ..............................................................10

squid............................................................... 29

stamen............................................................. 10

starfish.............................................. See seastar

stem cells ....................................................... 99

stems .............................................................. 11

stigma.............................................................. 10

stinkhorns............................................ See fungi

stomach ........................................................... 87

stork ............................................................... 45

syrinx ............................................................. 44

Systema naturae ............................................... 3

T

tadpole ............................................................. 73

tapeworms ..................................See flatworms

tarantula ......................................................... 74

tarsus

and Paul ...................................................... 53

taste ................................................................ 83

taxi

definition ...................................................... 2

taxonomy

definition......................................................... 2

tears ................................................................ 82

terrapin............................................................ 71

thorax

defined........................................................ 52

time

seconds in trillion years ................................. 96

toad ................................................................ 73

toenails........................................................... 81

tortoise ............................................................ 71

tracheophyta..................................................... 8

trees

first visible from space ................................. 7

oldest and largest living things ................... 13

tuatara.............................................................. 70

turtles

land............................................................. 71

sea............................................................... 26

U

unclean and clean

purpose of..................................................... 4

ungulates ........................................................ 63

urchins............................................................ 36

V

vascular

defined.......................................................... 8

vascular plants.................................................. 9

vegetable

defined.......................................................... 10

veins............................................................... 86

112112112112

venomous

definition........................................................33

ventricle.........................................................86

vertebrates

total number................................................62

viruses.............................................................76

vitamins...........................................................87

W

walking stick ..................................................75

walrus

name meaning ..............................................25

wart ......................................................... See wort

water

1/3 amount of oxygen ....................................22

Watson & Crick

DNA model ................................................ 96

weta................................................................ 75

whales ............................................................ 25

worm

aquatic ........................................................ 32

earthworms ................................................. 76

wort ................................................................ 15

X

xylem ............................................................. 11

Z

zebra............................................................... 64

Guidebook and Quizzes

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Transcript of Guidebook and Quizzes