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Transcript of Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e1 Chapter 7 The Role of the System Administrator.
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 1
Chapter 7
The Role of the System Administrator
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 2
Objectives
In this chapter, you will:
• Explain the role of a system administrator
• Discuss the responsibilities of a system administrator
• Use basic system administration commands in Linux
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 3
Working as a System Administrator
• The role of a Linux system administrator is to keep Linux-based computer systems running efficiently
• A system administrator works as part of the Information Systems (IS) or Information Technology (IT) department of an organization
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 4
Working as a System Administrator
• The IS or IT departments work in two areas:– Internal information systems– Organizational information viewed by the public
over the Internet• The help desk team directly solves problems for
end users
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 5
The Position of a System Administrator within Small Company
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 6
The Position of a System Administrator within Large Company
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 7
Tasks of a System Administrator
• System administrators perform the following tasks:– Help users solve problems
– Train users
– Inform management of technical developments
– Maintain system hardware
– Create new user accounts
– Define procedures and policies
– Plan systems
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 8
Ethics and the System Administrator
• System administrators are trusted employees• System administrators have access to valuable
personal and business data• Legal and ethical rules control work of a system
administrator
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 9
Principles of Maintaininga Linux System
• Linux utilities are programs used for system administration
• Linux system is designed to be used by multiple users
• Each program or system service relies on a separate plain-text configuration file
• Most Linux command-line utilities are designed to do one task very well
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 10
Linux Configuration Files
• Program and system services create and maintain its own configuration information
• The configuration files for programs managed by the system administrator are stored in the /etc directory
• Configuration files for programs that are used by only a single user are stored in that user’s home directory
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 11
Some Configuration Files Used by Linux
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 12
Advantages of Multiple Plain-Text Configuration Files
• Using plain-text configuration files has several advantages:– Allow complex configurations
– Permit modifications using any text editor
– Easy to write a program to manipulate the configuration
– Each file is small and independent
– Flexibility
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 13
Advantages of Multiple Plain-Text Configuration Files
• Other utilities designed to provide a framework for configuring all Linux programs:– KDE
– Gnome
– Webmin
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 14
Configuring a Program with a Graphical Utility
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 15
The KDE Control Center
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 16
A Gnome Configuration Utility
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 17
Understanding Files, Devices, and Processes
• A device is a hardware peripheral• Devices are accessed via the /dev directory,
either directly or by creating an association with another system resource
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 18
Understanding Files, Devices, and Processes
• Processes are the programs running on Linux• Program is a piece of software that executes on
the Linux system• A daemon is a background process• A thread is a part of a process, or subprocess
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 19
Daemons Running on Linux
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 20
Multiple Users, Multiple Processes
• Linux supports multiple users working at the same time
• Each user account can execute multiple programs, and each of these processes is associated with the user that started it
• System administrator can log in as root to manage all processes on the system
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 21
Using Small, Efficient Utilities
• To provide flexibility, Linux commands have numerous options
• All command options are focused on a single type of task
• Each option is represented by:– a hyphen followed by a single letter
– two hyphens followed by a word describing the option
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 22
Common Options of the ls Command Options
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 23
Combining Command Options
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 24
Standard Input and Output
• Channels of communication in Linux can be redirected
• The standard input channel (STDN) data provided by the kernel comes from the keyboard
• A program sends data to the standard output channel (STDOUT) to display that information on-screen
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 25
Standard Input and Output
• Error messages are written to standard error (STDERR)
• A pipe connects the output channel of one command to the input channel
• Pipes are used to connect the output of one application to the input of another application
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 26
Creating a Pipe between Two Applications
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 27
Redirecting Input and Output
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 28
Using Basic Administration Tools
• A system administrator should know about a number of basic Linux utilities and the options supported by those utilities
• A single utility has a simple function• Multiple utilities can be combined together using
redirection
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 29
Case Sensitivity in Linux
• Everything in Linux is case sensitive• Program names and commands in Linux are all
lowercase
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 30
Filenames and File Extensions
• File extensions can be used for convenience in Linux, but they are not important
• Filenames in Linux can be up to 256 characters, include most special characters except a forward slash
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 31
Learning about Linux Commands
• To learn about Linux commands:– Use a command’s -- help option
– View the online manual pages
– Use the info command
• The apropos command can help you locate an appropriate command based on a keyword search of man pages
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 32
Using Regular Expressions
• A regular expression provides a flexible way to encode many types of complex patterns
• Regular expression can be used as parameters to Linux commands
• Regular expressions operate in the same way as wildcards
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 33
Common Regular Expressions in Linux
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 34
Example Regular Expressions
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 35
Deleting Files in Linux
• Deleting files using the rm command in Linux is permanent
• After using rm, deleted files cannot be recovered
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 36
Deleting Files in Linux
• To protect users from accidentally erasing files:– Use the safedelete utility
– Use the rm command with the –i option, which prompts you for confirmation before deleting a file
– Use the trashcan on the KDE or Gnome Desktop
– Use a low-level disk editing tool
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 37
Finding What You Need
• The locate and find commands help you locate files within Linux
• The locate command is used to search an index of all files on your Linux system
• The find command lets you specify properties of the file to match
• The grep command searches within text files for patterns that you specify using regular expressions
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 38
Reviewing System Processes
• Process ID (PID) is a unique number identifying a process
• The ps command provides a PID and other information about each process running on Linux
• The kill command is used to end a process
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 39
Summary
• The role of a Linux system administrator is to keep Linux-based computer systems running efficiently
• System administrators maintain end-user systems, Internet systems, train and support users, and solve system problems
• Each program and service in Linux is configured using plain-text configuration files
• Graphical configuration utilities are used for system administration
• A single task performed by a process cab be split into multiple threads, or subtasks
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Guide to Linux Installation and Administration, 2e 40
Summary
• Linux supports multiple users working at the same time
• Communications to and from program is provided by standardized channels STDN, STDOUT, and STDERR
• To learn about Linux commands, review the online documentation and view command’s options
• Regular expressions provide a flexible way to encode many types of complex patterns
• Linux provides the locate, find, and grep tools to help you locate specific files and search within files