GUIDE TO INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT

PLANNING

FOR EXTENSION AND ADVISORY STAFF

IntroductionThis document is designed to assist advisors and extension staff who are developing Integrated Weed Management Plans using the SRA 2020 Integrated Weed Management Plan template. The intention is to familiarise advisors and growers with the process of developing weed management strategies and an Integrated Weed Management Plan. Understanding the possible situations that a grower may face allows both the grower and advisor to make appropriate weed control decisions including both strategy and product selection.

The SRA 2020 Integrated Weed Management Plan template has been endorsed and is recognised by SmartCane BMP.

Accompanying documents can be found at these links

Integrated Weed Management Plan Demonstration Example

Integrated Weed Management Plan Grower Template

ContentsIntroduction...........................................................................................................................................1

BMP Weed Management......................................................................................................................3

Part 1: Grower information...................................................................................................................5

What is the farming system?.............................................................................................................6

What is the fallow management system?......................................................................................6

What is the plant cane system?.....................................................................................................9

What is the ratoon cane system?..................................................................................................9

What is the row spacing?.............................................................................................................11

What equipment does the grower use?..........................................................................................12

Pre-season checklist........................................................................................................................13

Part 2: Identification of environmental risks.......................................................................................14

Environmental risks.........................................................................................................................14

High weed pressure zones...............................................................................................................14

Tips for managing weeds on along waterways............................................................................15

Crop risks.........................................................................................................................................15

Part 3: Weed management strategies and stewardship......................................................................16

Chemical risk management.............................................................................................................16

Timing..............................................................................................................................................17

Know your weeds............................................................................................................................18

Know your herbicides......................................................................................................................19

Think about the risk of herbicide resistance....................................................................................19

Some herbicides have time periods when they cannot be used or have restricted usage..............19

Know the plant back periods...........................................................................................................20

Farm weed management strategy...................................................................................................21

Identify blocks to fallow...............................................................................................................21

Plant cane....................................................................................................................................21

Ratoon cane.................................................................................................................................23

Weed harbourages and sources..................................................................................................24

BMP Weed Management Best management practices for weed management utilise a combination of herbicides in conjunction with cultural practices such as trash blanketing, strategic tillage and farm hygiene. This combination of practices is known as Integrated Weed Management (IWM). To truly achieve IWM, planning is essential.

IWM is supported by the Smartcane BMP program. Smartcane Industry Standard statements (2020) for weed planning are:

Industry Standard:A weed management plan, in line with the SRA Integrated Weed Management Plan, is developed and implemented with consideration of known weed pressures. Specific management strategies implemented for fallow, plant cane and ratoons. Use of knockdown or residual herbicides is based on risk assessment of weed pressure. Spray equipment is selected to suit crop stage. The management strategy identifies environmentally sensitive areas and required buffer zones

Above Industry Standard:

Integrated Weed Management Plan is developed and implemented with a focus on controlling weeds in the fallow period, including the use of break crops.

Risk assessment of weed pressure informs actions to reduce environmental impacts, such as:

o Use of knockdowns instead of residual herbicides, where practicalo Limiting residual herbicides to banded applications on the row with knockdown used in

inter-rowso Choice of residual chemicals based on relative eco-risk depending on position in the

landscape and timing of application in relation to run-off events. o Weed mapping and GPS/ variable rate technology used to identify and manage areas of

weed.

There are various descriptions of IWM in the literature but for sugarcane it is important to follow these principles:

Know what weed species are present Identify the cause and pressure of the weed issue The critical crop stage to minimise weed competition is during the first three to four months

after cane germination (to approximately 12 cm height to top visible dewlap) Prevent new weeds entering the farm and the spread of weeds across a farm Deplete the soil weed seed bank by controlling weeds before they set seed Rotate herbicide groups to reduce the risk of resistance Use fallow crops to supress weeds and to allow for different herbicide selection Make the most of cultural practices (e.g. trash blankets) to reduce the need for herbicides Select herbicides that have lower environmental footprints, given efficacy and cost

considerations Record herbicide usage and review effectiveness for different situations and conditions Always read the label and the Safety Data Sheet

The BMP Weed Management Plan should aid growers in achieving or exceeding industry standard management in a practical and useful way.

Record keeping is an integral component of an IWM program. As well as a requirement on product labels, record keeping is also a requirement under Queensland reef protection regulations.

Part 1: Grower informationDiscuss and collate farm information that will influence weed management. Ask questions to understand why growers have made management decisions.

Your Weed Management Plan should have the following components: 1. Identifies sensitive areas, buffer zones, problem pest areas 2. Identify the weeds causing the problem3. Strategies to control weeds at the optimum time to break the weed cycle and reduce spread.4. Considers timing and other strategies to reduce off site movement of chemicals. 5. Identifies weed harbourages and attempts to prevent new weeds entering the farm. 6. Optimises control measures by:

a. Quality spray water b. Using recommended adjuvants c. Targeting weed size and vigour d. Ensuring conditions are correct for herbicide/s selectede. Using appropriate nozzles that are within specification.

What is the farming system?It is important to understand the farming system that the Integrated Weed Management Plan is being developed for. By understanding the system, strategies and recommendations can be tailored to that system.

What is the fallow management system?

☐ Cover green manure crop – E.g. soy, lab lab, cowpea, and mixed species.

Why a grower should consider this practice: cover crops protect the soil from erosion, contribute to soil health, and suppress weeds.

Weed management considerations:

Eliminate volunteer cane Opportunity to use grass selective herbicides in broadleaf cover crops – reduce grass species

seed bank making grass control in subsequent cane crops easier (cane is a grass so grass control during the cane crop is more difficult than during fallow)

Some fallow crops can become weeds in cane if spray out is not done well. Do not attempt to destroy green manure crops, such as lab lab, through ‘working in,’ they will re-grow.

Why a grower may consider to not implement this practice: Certain blocks or areas of the farm may be inundated over the wet season making cover cropping difficult. Spray-out of standing cane with retention of trash blanket is a more reliable way of retaining cover in these circumstances.

☐ Fallow crop grown for harvest (soy, peanut, chickpea, mung beans, rice).

Why a grower may consider this practice: as above plus provides an income stream for fallow land

Weed management considerations:

Comments:

Comments:

Comments:

As above but a more diligent weed control program may be needed in a fallow crop grown for harvest, to minimize yield losses.

Fungicide and/or insecticide management program may also be required. Check the cane plant back period for herbicides used in fallow crops Be aware that there may be withholding periods for some pesticides when growing crops for

human consumption and stockfeed.

Why a grower may consider to not implement this practice: No convenient market for harvested crop. Certain blocks or areas of the farm may be inundated over the wet season making cover cropping difficult. Spray-out standing cane with retention of trash blanket is a more reliable way of retaining cover in these circumstances.

☐ Standing cane stubble fallow or grassy fallow.

Why a grower may consider this practice: Certain blocks or areas of the farm may be inundated over the wet season making cover cropping difficult. Spray-out standing cane with retention of trash blanket is a more reliable way of retaining cover in these circumstances. Very weedy blocks with problem weeds (i.e. Guinea grass) should not be planted with legumes; rather get on top of the weed problem through successive glyphosate applications during the fallow period.

Management considerations:

Benefits of maintaining soil cover with a living cover crop – erosion, soil health, weed suppression, possible fuel savings – a true bare fallow is a lot of work.

Maintaining a bare fallow throughout out the wet season is un-likely. Potential for build-up of weed pressure/weed seedbank is high.

Weeds/grass may provide some cover to prevent soil erosion. Important to achieve good spray out to reduce disease build up that may occur if cane is not

killed. Retention of trash and stubble will reduce erosion and assist in suppressing weeds. Best to minimise or eliminate weeds during this period to reduce weed pressure throughout

the cane cycle.

Why a grower may consider to not implement this practice: successfully growing cover crops during the fallow period or practices plough-out replant.

Comments:

Comments:

Comments:

☐ Bare fallow (cultivated)

Why a grower should not consider this practice: exposes soil to increased erosion risk, depletes soil biology through reduced soil carbon and root exudates. Under Queensland reef protection regulations, from 1st December 2019, cane farmers in Wet Tropics, Burdekin, Mackay Whitsunday must maintain a cover crop or maintain trash, that maintains adequate surface cover, on all fallow blocks. This requirement will also apply to cane farmers in the Fitzroy and Burnett Mary regions from 1st December 2022.

Management considerations:

Benefits of maintaining soil cover with a living cover crop – erosion, soil health, weed suppression, possible fuel savings – a true bare fallow is a lot of work.

Maintaining a bare fallow throughout out the wet season is un-likely. Potential for build-up of weed pressure/weed seedbank is high.

Increased risk of erosion during the wet season.

☐ Plough out replant (PORP)

Why a grower should not consider this practice: disease / pest carry-over from previous cane crop, soil health compromised through monocultures. No opportunity to address weed seed bank.

Management considerations:

Problem weeds e.g. Guinea or Hamil grass may carry over into the next cane crop.

Why a grower may consider this practice: maintain income from the total farm area, don’t believe fallow is beneficial.

Comments:

Comments:

What is the plant cane system?

☐ Permanent beds, plant through trash with weed control by herbicides.

Usually a component of a controlled traffic, minimum tillage system. Cane planted using double disc planters and no bed cultivation occurs. Reduces costs, allows more flexibility in planting timing, and assists in improving soil health. Conserves moisture and suppresses weeds.

Management considerations:

As there is no cultivation, herbicides may be needed before or at cane emergence and at established crop stage near out-of-hand crop stage.

☐ Plant into cultivated soil, weed control through some or all of: early tillage, cut-a-way, fill-in, hill-up, herbicides at or near out-of-hand crop stage.

Early weed control can be either with herbicides or cultivation. Knowing if the grower intends to weeder rake, cut-away and when they intend to fill-in and hill-up allows you to determine the timing of herbicides.

A cultivation intensive system may only require herbicides after the final hill-up operation and at or near out-of-hand crop stage.

Management considerations:

Planting into furrows with subsequent filling-in and hilling-up allows for mechanical weed control early in plant cane growth stage.

What is the ratoon cane system?

☐ Burnt cane or burnt trash – bare soil ratoons

Comments:

Comments:

Generally, in the Burdekin to assist in harvesting efficiency and to allow effective furrow irrigation (large trash loads may impede these operations).

Burning of trash in other areas may reduce seed banks of problem weeds and assist in ratoon emergence in wetter or cooler soils.

Herbicides that may struggle in green cane trash blanket (GCTB) systems will work well in a burnt cane system (i.e. pendimethalin).

☐ Trash blanket retained – Green Cane Trash Blanket (GCTB)

Provides soil cover reducing erosion risk Suppresses weeds May contribute to soil carbon Conserves soil moisture

Management considerations:

Trash blankets change the weed spectrum over time, generally with a shift away from grasses to broadleaves and vines

Problem grasses like Guinea / Hamil grass and Wild Sorghum will still germinate through trash

If the trash cover is sufficient, it may suppress weeds enough to allow the use of knockdowns only, generally near or at the out-of-hand crop stage.

Comments:

Comments:

What is the row spacing?

☐ Conventional row spacing (likely 1.75m or less).

Most common way of growing cane Not likely to match wheel spacing of heavy machinery and can lead to compaction in the

growing area, inhibiting growth of cane.

Management considerations:

Growers may comment that they are able to ‘shade in’ the area earlier reducing weed pressure.

Compaction in the growing area can reduce canes’ ability to compete with weeds.

☐ Wide rows (1.8m or wider).

Wide row spacing, that match the wheel spacing of heavy machinery, will reduce compaction in the growing area facilitating improved moisture retention.

Favourable conditions for soil flora and fauna and greater crop rooting ability. May be concerns from growers about greater weed pressure in this system due to increased

light reception from the soil as a result of a more open canopy.

Management considerations:

If weeds are a problem, consider wide shoot planting or dual row planting to provide adequate competition for potential weeds.

Controlled traffic farming may result in concentration of compaction in the wheel track, reducing weed pressure in this area over time.

Note: Controlled traffic farming (CTF) can be achieved with any row spacing. The key feature of a CTF system is that the row spacings match with the wheel spacings of heavy machinery used on farm and the compaction is confined to a singular area for each row.

Comments:

Comments:

What equipment does the grower use?☐ Weeder rake / grubber

A mechanical implement is needed if intending to recommend mechanical weed control

☐ Boom spray rig

All growers should own a boom spray, for blanket spraying.

☐ High clearance spray rig

Some growers may have specialist equipment to allow access to tall cane.

☐ Inter row spray rig

Some growers may use an inter row tractor or motorbike for spraying.

☐ Aerial spraying

At times aerial spraying may be required using a helicopter or fixed wing.

☐ GPS or drone mapping capability

GPS used to develop weed maps or weed management zones

☐ Directed spray equipment

Often mounted off the same toolbar as a boom spray. Can be Irvin legs or droppers. Directed spraying allows for the application of herbicides below the cane leaf

canopy, allowing use of herbicides that could otherwise cause crop injury. Directed sprays can either provide blanket coverage beneath the canopy or apply

herbicide in a band, depending on their set-up.

☐ Banded spray equipment

Usually set up as droppers over the row to apply a band of herbicide.

☐ Spray shielded/hoods or DAF dual sprayer

Twin tank shielded/hooded spray systems allow the application of two different herbicides to the row and inter-row.

Shield or hoods allow for the safer application of herbicides that cause crop injury via foliar uptake.

The DAF dual tank sprayer is designed to achieve this without the use of shields or hoods.

☐ Are any of these operations done by a contractor?

If contractors are used, it may impact on timing or ability to change practices

Comments:

Pre-season checklist(Grower to complete checklist annually)

☐ Spray rig fitted with appropriate nozzles (nozzles in sound condition, nozzles available for intended products and rates)

☐ Even flow rate / pressure across nozzles☐ Calibration record sheet (calibration of each product and rate change)☐ Suitable chemical storage facility☐ Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)☐ Current product labels and Safety Data Sheet (SDS) available for all chemicals in store☐ Familiar with restrictions on use of Schedule 7 poisons ☐ Wind meter/weather station/access to local BOM data

Part 2: Identification of environmental risksUse the growers’ farm map and satellite image to identify the following areas on farm. Growers and advisors are encouraged to familiarise themselves with chemical labels as new products are continually becoming available.

Environmental risks Slope risk

o Many herbicides are only registered for use on slopes less than 3%. Proximity to water ways

o Locate blocks that are within 20 to 60m of a waterway. Some herbicides have buffer zones between the crop and waterways.

Is there non-target vegetation within 200m downwind? (natural or agricultural)o Some herbicides have restrictions for use in this situation

Are there aquatic / wetland areas including aquaculture ponds, surface streams and rivers dams or lakes within 100m downwind?

o Some herbicides have restrictions for use in these situations Is there non-target vegetation within 50m downwind? (natural or agricultural)

o Some herbicides have restrictions for use in these situations Are there aquatic / wetland areas including aquaculture ponds, surface streams and rivers,

dams or lakes within 25m downwind?o Some herbicides have restrictions for use in these situations

Proximity to other cropso Phenoxy herbicides, in particular 2,4-D based products, can cause severe damage to

native vegetation and other crops. Follow label instructions carefully.

High weed pressure zones Mark areas with persistent high weed pressure on the map and target with a specific strategy. High weed pressure zones may be associated with one of the following issues. Where possible a strategy should rectify the issue. Some issues, such as regular inundation from a nearby waterway, may not be solvable and a suitable herbicide strategy should acknowledge and target the issue.

Regular inundation results in regular weed seed replenishment, potential for washing off of trash blanket and potential for impact on crop growth resulting in poor competition with weeds, less potential for early shading out of weeds and poor trash blanket.

Poor drainage areas result in waterlogging affecting crop growth and favouring certain weeds.

Non-crop sources of weed seeds may include weedy vegetation nearby, infrastructure, fence lines, roadways and train lines. These areas are often a harbourage for weeds such as Guinea grass as well as rats, providing a regular source of new weed seeds.

The reason for weed pressure may not be obvious. Discuss potential reasons with grower, e.g. check soil test for pH issues.

Comments:

Tips for managing weeds on along waterways. Reduce weed pressure by planting suitable trees and glasses along drains, creeks and rivers. Use selective knock down herbicide such as haloxyfop (e.g. Verdict®) to kill off Guinea grass and other grass weeds leaving and encouraging native vegetation.

Native species to plant: Plant native species such as a selection of a dense medium-height species, such as lomandra, native vetiver or couch found in the area; planting taller native grass species up against riparian vegetation to assist in shading out invasive weeds.

Maintain the grass at a height of at least 10-15 cm: if kept too short, the grassed filter strip will be much less effective in trapping sediment containing nutrients and pesticides.

Mowing of grass filter strips may be required for cane rat control, and there is little benefit to sediment trapping in allowing grasses to grow higher than about 20 centimetres.

For areas with intense run-off, hedges of upright grasses or similar species can be used. A combination of grass filter strip with trees directly adjacent to the stream may be the best combination possible where space is limited.

Trees planted along stream banks and suitable drains will shade out weeds, help to filter nutrients and pesticides and stabilise banks.

Suitable species for the area Mossman to Townsville: feather palm, lilli-pilli, river oak, glue berry, northern laurel, brown laurel, ivory laurel, blue quandong, water fig, white fig, cluster fig, mat rush, narrow leaf paperbark, Leichhardt tree, creek cherry, river cherry, damson plum and golden penda.

For dry areas (I.e. west of Mareeba): Moreton Bay ash, silver leaf paperbark, narrow leaf paperbark, weeping bottlebrush, river oak and scrub turpentine.

(Source: Managing riparian lands in the sugar industry, Lovett. S)

Crop risksSoil textures: Mark soils that may have limitations for herbicide use on the farm map. Use the list as a guide and stay up to date with any new herbicides.

☐ Are there soils of cation exchange capacity (C.E.C.) less than 3 meq/100 g or with clay content less than 10%, or with organic carbon content of less than 0.8%? Balance® should not be used at all on these soils

☐ Are there soils with organic carbon content of less than 1.0 %, and with the cation exchange capacity (C.E.C) less than 9.5 meq/100 g? Balance® must only be used at rates less than 125 g/ha

☐ Are there soils of cation exchange capacity (C.E.C.) less than 4.5 meq/100 g? Balance® must only be applied at rates less than 125 g/ha

☐ Are there sandy soils with > 90% sand? AmiTron® may cause crop injury via root uptake

☐ Are there other lighter / sandy soils? Some other pre-emergent herbicides (e.g. products containing imazapic) may also cause

crop injury via root uptake☐ Soils with high organic carbon percentage (peat)

Some pre-emergent herbicides are affected by high organic carbon %. Local advisors can supply more information.

Part 3: Weed management strategies and stewardshipPlan a range of weed management strategies targeting different areas of the farm/s. Consider environmental stewardship of your land and water part of this plan.

Chemical risk management Aim to reduce the use of high-risk herbicides where weed pressure allows, particularly when applying close to the wet season.

Individual chemical risk is a factor of:

Environmental toxicity Rate Mobility Half Life/persistence

Refer to the Herbicide Risk Matrix for a risk ranking of commonly used herbicides in sugarcane. Knock down herbicides generally pose much less risk than pre-emergent herbicides as they are designed to kill weeds on contact, so have no requirement to persist in the environment for long periods of time. Pre-emergent herbicides are designed to be applied prior to weed emergence in order to kill weeds as they germinate; and are generally active for longer periods than most knockdowns. Actual length of activity depends on application rate, the active ingredient involved and environmental conditions.

Pre-emergent herbicides that are able to work effectively at lower rates generally pose less risk to the environment than those (usually older herbicides) that require high rates to be effective. The higher application rate means that there is more product to move in the case of a rainfall run-off event.

The right place The right time The right product The right rate

TimingChemical risk to the environment is closely linked to the onset of the wet season. Research shows that chemicals that are applied well before rainfall that runs off (20 days is a good guide) have limited risk of loss to runoff.

Choose chemicals carefully in the lead up and during the wet season. Where possible utilise knock down herbicides and if there is a need for pre-emergent herbicides try to use those with lower risk and consider banding or strategic management that targets problem areas. Remember: Less on = Less off.

This graph shows the benefit of applying herbicide well before rainfall that runs off. It shows that all herbicides pose must less risk if applied three weeks before the wet season. This data comes from demonstrations undertaken in the Wet Tropics as a part of the Protecting our chemicals for the future through the accelerated adoption of best management practice project.

Atrazine/Atradex 3.3kg/ha

Diuron/Barrage 900g/ha

Hexazinone/Barrage 900g/ha

Flumioxazin/Valor 700g/ha

Isoxaflutole/Balance 200g/ha

Isoxaflutole/Balance DKN

Isoxaflutole BA

Isoxaflutole + DKN + BA 200g/ha

Imazapic 400g/ha

Metribuzin/Mentor 2kg/ha

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Timing and Product Selection Ratoon

Day 21+ Day 3

grams active lost/hectare

Activ

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Know your weedsMajor weeds in your cane blocks

Herbicides selected should target the weeds present, or likely to be present on the block. A good weed identification tool will help advisors and growers identify and target weeds.

Grass Nutgrass / sedges Broadleaf Vine

☐ Guinea / Hamil ☐ Nutgrass ☐ Square weed ☐ Pink convolvulus

☐ Couch grass ☐ Navua sedge ☐ Blackberry nightshade

☐ Red convolvulus

☐ Summer grass ☐ Other sedges ☐ Wild rose ☐ Calopo

☐ Green summer grass

☐ Sicklepod ☐ Siratro

☐ Crowsfoot grass ☐ Blue top ☐ Balsam pear

☐ Barnyard grass ☐ Billygoat weed ☐ Star of Bethlehem

☐ Awnless Barnyard grass

☐ Milkweed ☐ Balloon vine

☐ Feathertop Rhodes grass

☐ Para grass

☐ Sour grass

☐ Wild sorghum

Other problem weeds in your cane blocks:

Emerging weed problems:

Know your herbicidesRead the label to find out what weeds each herbicide controls. SRA has done trials for various herbicides to check effectiveness on a range of weeds. Local advisors, growers and resellers will also provide invaluable advice from long term experience.

Is the herbicide effective on the weeds you want to control? Pre-emergent herbicides

o Amicarbazone gives better control of broadleaves and vines than grasseso Isoxaflutole is not so good on convolvulus vineso Isoxaflutole gives poor control of square weedo Imazapic gives poor control of crowsfoot grasso Imazapic gives poor control of calopo vineo Metribuzin gives poor pre-emergent control of Balsam pear

Read label for list of weeds controlled by each product and see your productivity service herbicide guide for local information.

Some products are factory mixes where-by the product contains two active ingredients to achieve a broader control spectrum. For example, Bobcat® i-MAXX contains both imazapic and hexazinone.

Think about the risk of herbicide resistanceIn 2015 paraquat resistance was identified in cudweed, blackberry nightshade and crowsfoot grass growing in blocks used to grow sugarcane and tomatoes; in the Bundaberg region. Paraquat is likely the most regularly used herbicide in most cane paddocks.

Resistance management: - rotate Herbicide Groups to reduce risk of resistance See SRA Weed Management in Sugarcane Manual for herbicide groups and other

information

Some herbicides have time periods when they cannot be used or have restricted usageHerbicides containing the active ingredients diuron, amicarbazone or 2,4-D have restrictions for usage at certain times of the year, depending on which sugarcane region you are in.

See SRA Weed Management in Sugarcane Manual for restrictions on use Check labels carefully for products containing these active ingredients

Know the plant back periodsDoes the grower intend to grow rotational crops?

Some herbicides have plant back periods for either sugarcane and/or other crops. As well as herbicides used in sugarcane, check plant back times for herbicides used in rotational crops.

Some examples of re-cropping intervals taken from product labels are:

Active ingredient

Minimum plant back period (Months after application)4 5 7 8 12 24

diuron pineapplesugarcane

Any other crop apart from cotton, corn or grain sorghum

imazapic chickpeapeanut

mungbean sorghumsunflower

Imazapic + hexazinone

SunflowerMungbeanPeanutSoy beanSorghumChick pea

isoxaflutole mung beansorghumsunflower(plus at least 250 mm rainfall)

flumioxazin peanutsoybean

mung beansweet potato

rockmelon

imazethapyr chickpeaThis example is not exhaustive; always check product label.

Farm weed management strategy Each strategy should target specific issues, weed pressure and/or soil types across your farm.

Identify blocks to fallowFallows are an opportunity to reduce weed pressure, particularly grass pressure and will also provide a break from pests and diseases that favour sugarcane. This is also an opportunity to fix issues such as drainage which will impact on weed pressure and crop growth.

Block number Any issues to address

Identify situations that may arise in plant cane and ratoons. This situation may be related to weed pressure and/or weather conditions

Plant caneSituation 1 – Describe the situation and tick activities that apply to this strategy targeting:

Situation 2 –Describe the situation and tick activities that apply to this strategy targeting:

First spray out of fallow (legume or weed/grass)

Second spray out of fallow (legume or

weed/grass) Third spray out of fallow (legume or

weed/grass) □ □ □ □ □ Cultivation/tillage zonal □ □ □ □ □ Cultivation/tillage Pre-emerge post plant □ □ □ Weeder rake/cultivation post plant Out of hand spray pre-emerge + knock-

First spray out of fallow (legume or weed/grass)

Second spray out of fallow (legume or

weed/grass) Third spray out of fallow (legume or

weed/grass) □ □ □ □ □ Cultivation/tillage zonal □ □ □ □ □ Cultivation/tillage Pre-emerge post plant □ □ □ Weeder rake/cultivation post plant Out of hand spray pre-emerge + knock-

down Out of hand spray knock down only Late pass pre-emerge + knock-down Late pass knock-down only Spot spray

down Out of hand spray knock down only Late pass pre-emerge + knock-down Late pass knock-down only Spot spray

Comments: Comments:

Ratoon caneConsider different strategies for early, mid and late harvested ratoons to address timing in relation to efficacy and higher risk of environmental losses.

Situation 1 – Describe the situation and tick activities that apply to this strategy targeting:

Situation 2 – Describe the situation and tick activities that apply to this strategy targeting:

Utilise trash blanket after harvest Pre-emerge after harvest □ □ □ Weeder rake/cultivation Banding of residuals/dual spray Strategic (zones within block) Utilise trash blanket at out of hand Out of hand spray pre-emerge + knock-

down Out of hand spray knock-down only Out of hand banding of residuals/dual spray Out of hand strategic (zones within block) Late pass pre-emerge + knock-down Late pass knock-down only Spot spray

Utilise trash blanket after harvest Pre-emerge after harvest □ □ □ Weeder rake/cultivation Banding of residuals/dual spray Strategic (zones within block) Utilise trash blanket at out of hand Out of hand spray pre-emerge + knock-

down Out of hand spray knock-down only Out of hand banding of residuals/dual spray Out of hand strategic (zones within block) Late pass pre-emerge + knock-down Late pass knock-down only Spot spray

Comments: Comments:

Situation 3 – Describe the situation and tick activities that apply to this strategy

Situation 4 –Describe the situation and tick activities that apply to this strategy

Utilise trash blanket after harvest Pre-emerge after harvest □ □ □ Weeder rake/cultivation Banding of residuals/dual spray Strategic (zones within block) Utilise trash blanket at out of hand Out of hand spray pre-emerge + knock-

down Out of hand spray knock-down only Out of hand banding of residuals/dual spray Out of hand strategic (zones within block) Late pass pre-emerge + knock-down Late pass knock-down only Spot spray

Utilise trash blanket after harvest Pre-emerge after harvest □ □ □ Weeder rake/cultivation Banding of residuals/dual spray Strategic (zones within block) Utilise trash blanket at out of hand Out of hand spray pre-emerge + knock-

down Out of hand spray knock-down only Out of hand banding of residuals/dual

spray Out of hand strategic (zones within block) Late pass pre-emerge + knock-down Late pass knock-down only Spot spray

Comments: Comments:

Weed harbourages and sources Use your map to identify source areas for weed seeds and select a strategy for management. More than one solution may apply to any given area.

Strategy Location on farm

Spray weeds with appropriate chemicals

Revegetate area to reduce weed pressure

Slash before grasses set seed

Talk to other landowners about community-based solution

Ensure clean machinery

Other