Guía Inglés Técnico Mecánica - 1ro. 2013 -Pr

7/30/2019 Gua Ingls Tcnico Mecnica - 1ro. 2013 -Pr

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A Technical English course forMechanical Engineering

Professors

Ana FinolMara Teresa Len

University of ZuliaFaculty of Engineering

School of Mechanical Engineering

Maracaibo, 2013

Igniting English


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INTRODUCTORY UNITWHAT TECHNICAL ENGLISH IS ALL ABOUT:

ENGL ISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES (ESP)

ESP is an approach to language teaching in which all the decisions as to content and

method are based on the learners reason for learning, thus, it is focused on the

learners needs and interests to influence on their motivation and therefore in the

effectiveness of their learning, and aims to meet the needs of particular learners, so

teachers have to design courses for various groups of learners. (Excerpted from

Hutchinson, T and A. Waters. (1993) English for Specific Purposes, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press)

GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSETECHNICAL ENGLISH FOR MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING

1. To read materials written in the English Language in the field of Mechanical

Engineering

2. To value the importance of English as an instrument for accessing scientific

and technical information.

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ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES(ESP)vs.GENERAL ENGLISH

GENERAL ENGLISH ESP

-Elementary and high school English-Development of four skills ( listeningcomprehension, reading

comprehension, speaking and writing)-Conversational English Courses (ESL,EFL)

-Language of Science andTechnology-Language for OccupationalPurposes-Development of one skill: readingComprehension

READING COMPREHENSION vs. TRANSLATION

THE READING PROCESS THE TRANSLATIONPROCESS

-Reading is a communicative activity

where there is an active interaction

between the reader and a written text

(Widdowson, 1979).

-The reader perceives a written text in

order to understand its content. The

understanding that results is called

reading comprehension (Richards,

1985).

-Understanding a written text means

extracting the required information

from it as efficiently as possible

(Grellet, 1981).

-The process of changing speech or

writing from one language into

another.

-A translation which reproduces the

general meaning and intention of the

original but which does not closely

follow the grammar, style or

organization of it is known as a free

translation. A translation which

approximates to a word-for-word

representation of the original is known

as a literal translation (Richards,

1985).

MAIN READING STRATEGIES

SKIMMING Quickly running ones eyes over a text to getthe gist of it (Grellet, 1981).

SCANNING Quickly going through a text to find a

particular piece of information (Grellet, 1981).GUESSING An opinion reached by deducing (WebsterDictionary, 1981).

INTENSIVE READING Reading shorter texts, to extract specificinformation. This is more an accuracy activityinvolving reading for detail (Grellet, 1981).

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READING STRATEGIES

How do you deal with an unknown word in a text?1._______________________________2. _______________________________3. _______________________________

There are several ways to approach unknown words we find when we are reading.

GUESSINGGUESSING THROUGH COGNATES

Cognates are words that have the same or similar spelling and the same

meaning in English and Spanish

Examples: mechanic, fluid, reactor, viscosity

Occasionally we may also find false cognates which are words that have thesame or similar spelling in English and Spanish, but their meaning is different inboth.

Examples: large, actual, actually

Practice. Underline the cognates you find in the following sentence.

The materials selected for the manufacturing of TUCAL ice machine are firstclass, and they are subjected to a rigorous reception exam in order toguarantee high efficiency and minimum maintenance.

GUESSING BASED ON BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGEEvery one of us has some general knowledge about the world in which we liveand that background knowledge can help us guess the meaning of an unknownword.

Example:A gas turbine is an engine that employs gas flow as the working medium bywhich heat energy is transformed into mechanical energy. Gas is produced inthe engine by the combustion of certain fuels

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Now make our own guess.

Whats the meaning ofheat?_________________________________________________________The clue you followed was: ___________________________________

Whats the meaning of fuels ?_________________________________________________________The clue you followed was: ___________________________________

GUESSING BASED ON CONTEXT

Using context to understand unfamiliar wordsIf you are learning English as a second/foreignlanguage, meeting unfamiliar words is a regularexperience. With proper reading skills, this is not aproblem, but an excellent opportunity to rapidlyincrease your vocabulary. The most important skillfor this purpose is your ability to use context thewords and sentences which surround an unfamiliarword.

There are a number of different techniques forguessing an unfamiliar word's meaning fromcontext:

*. Read the sentence/passage and try to guess

the meaning of the highlighted word.

* Explain what part of the context surrounding the word allowed you to makeyour guess.

The context gives us lot of clues through which we can guess the meaning of anunknown word.

a. Definitions: A nuclear reactor which produces more fuel than it consumesis referred to as a breeder reactor.

b. Explanations: A four-cycle engine is an internal combustion engine inwhich the pistons complete four strokes__intake, compression,power and exhaust__for each complete cycle.

c. Examples: Propulsion is the action of propelling an object, e.g. a jetengine is used for the propulsion of an airplane.

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d. Synonyms: Dope, any of various viscous materials used on pipe ortubing threads as a lubricant, is used to prevent corrosion.

e. Antonyms: The efficiency of gas-turbine cycles can be enhanced by theuse of auxiliary equipment such as intercoolers, regenerators andreheaters. These devices are expensive, however and economic

considerations usually preclude their use.

f. Related Words: The usual fuels used in gas turbines are natural gas andliquids such as kerosene and diesel oil. Coal can be used after conversionto gas in a separate gasifier.

GUESSING THROUGH WORD FORMATIONOne of the ways to guess the meaning of the unfamiliar words you come acrosswhen you read is to analyze the way words in English are generally formed. AnEnglish word can be divided in three parts: a prefix, a stem and a suffix.

Pre- means before, a prefix, therefore, is what comes before the stem. Consideras an example the prefix de- (meaning reduce or reverse) in a word likedemagnetize (meaning to deprive of magnetism). A suffix is what is attached tothe end of the stem. Consider as an example the suffix er (meaning theperson/thing who/that) inproducer (the person or thing that produces).Suffixes, on the other hand, change the word from one part of speech toanother. For example, -ly added to the adjective tremendous forms the adverbtremendously.

The following is a list of the most common suffixes in English corresponding todifferent categories:

NOUNS (*) VERBS (**) ADJECTIVES ADVERBS-ance -ize -able -ly-ence -fy -ible-or -en -less-er -ful-ist -al,ic,ical

-ness -ish-ity -ive-ion -ous-ite

-ment

(*) may be in plural (**) may take s/-es (3rd. person singular)

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Practice. Read the following sentences and underline all the suffixes youfind.

1. For the production of ice blocks, water is frozen in an equipmentmanufactured with highly anticorrosive aluminium, employing a technology

related to the vertical plate freezers.

2. The gas turbine was installed with the major auxiliary systems in aspacious acoustic enclosure.

3. A displacement pump imparts energy by mechanical displacement.

4. The term standards has many implications. To the researcher and to thetechnical community it may mean fundamental test methodologies andunits of measure.

5. The meter is connected to the primary element in substantially the samemanner as is the conventional mercury manometer.

GUESSING BASED ON VISUAL AIDS

Figure 1

The Contessa is a portable, self-contained ice maker and requires no drain. You can get12 cubes in 12 mins and in 3 different sizes. Ideal for home, leisure and the office. Willmake 1kg ice in 80 mins (in correct conditions); approx 16kg ice per 24hrs.

What does Figure 1 refer to?_________________________________

(Adapted from: Pires M.: A Tool Kit to Extract Information from Petroleum Engineering Texts - June 2001)

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What do you use a bilingual dictionary for?

The function of a bilingual dictionary is to translate the meaning of words from

Spanish to English and from English to Spanish (these words are listed inalphabetical order). In addition, we can use it:

-To know word usage-To find out how words are spelled-To find out how words are pronounced-To know the grammatical function of the word.

Examine your dictionary. What is the organization of your bilingual dictionary?

-It has __________ sections.

-Other sections are: _____________________________________________-Other kind of supplementary information: ____________________________-Abbreviations : __________________________________________________

DICTIONARY ENTRIES. Read the following information carefully.

Chill [ t Il ] n. 1 fro 2 resfriado 3 escalofro

vt. 1 helar 2 vt.,vi. enfriar(se), refrigerar(se)

LOC to chill somebody to the bone/marrow; helar a

alguien hasta los huesos.

MEANING

Most words have more than one meaning depending on the context in whichthey are used. The bilingual dictionary indicates this meaning.How many meanings of the word chill are registered in your bilingual dictionary?_____________________________________________________________

USAGE

Your bilingual dictionary will indicate the different meanings a word might havedepending on the situation in which it is used. (For example LOC.)______________________________________________________________

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USING THE BILINGUAL DICTIONARY


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DERIVED WORDS

Dictionaries usually bring derived words from a root. Consult your dictionary to findderived words from chill.______________________________________________________________

GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION

The grammatical function of a word is generally labeled in terms of the eighttraditional parts of speech: noun (n), verb (v), adverb (adv.), adjective (adj.),pronoun (p.), preposition (prep.), conjunction (conj.) and interjection (interj.).

PRONUNCIATION

The information in brackets after a word entry shows its pronunciation. Dictionariesusually include a guide to understand the symbols used.

PRACTICE.1. Number the following words so as to organize them in alphabetical order.

Pressure flow mechanical volt valve pump assembly wheel watt pipegears grinding

2. Look up the following words and indicate their grammatical function

WORDS NounMeaning?

VerbMeaning?

AdjectiveMeaning?

AdverbMeaning?

Derived/Related word

Rotate X rotar, girarHardPotentialFastSetWeld

3. Look up the words in the first column and write words related to them inmeaning.

Energy Energetic, energizeFluidHeatElectricityViscosity

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4. Look up the words in the first column and find their meaning in Spanishaccording to their grammatical function.

MEANING IN SPANISHWORD NOUN VERB ADJECT. ADVERB DERIVED/REL

ATED WORD(In English)

BITCHANGECURRENTNUMBEROBJECTSOLID

5. Look up the words in bold face and account for their difference in meaning.. Say what the grammatical category of the word is and translate the whole

sentence into Spanish.- a. Baseball players usually pitch the ball very fast. (Category ____?)

__________________________________________________b. Pitch is a bituminous material found in natural beds.

__________________________________________________

- a. We saw the seals at the Seaquarium in Florida. (Category ____?)__________________________________________________

b. Seals are thin strips of metal imprinted with serial numbers.__________________________________________________

- a. Carbones del Guasare has a sea terminal in Sta. Cruz de Mara. Its

an offshore loading or unloading facility for large deep draft tankerstransporting coal. (Category ____?)

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. He was dying of a terminal illness. (Category ____?)

__________________________________________________

- a. I water the plants in my garden every day. (Category ____?)___________________________________________________

b. There is a lot of water in that pool over there. (Category ____?)__________________________________________________

-Some sections were adapted from: Pires M. : A Tool Kit to Extract Information fromPetroleum Engineering Texts - June 2001-On-line source: dictionary.reference.com/features/howtousedictionary

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The words engine and "ingenious" are derived from the same Latin root,"ingenerate", which means "to create". The early English verb engine meant "tocontrive". Thus the early "engineers" were the people who contrived (i.e. invented)new things.

The history of mechanical engineering can be traced directly to the ancient world,to the designers and inventors of the first mechanisms which were powered by humanor animal labour, water or wind energy, or a combination of these.

Although many of the mechanisms had a purely peaceful application, such as forflight, irrigation or building, the word "engineer" originally meant "military engineer"because it was derived from the term "engines of war". These were machines such ascatapults, floating bridges and assault towers. The invention of the steam engine in thelatter part of the 18th century provided a key source of power for the IndustrialRevolution and gave enormous impetus to the development of machinery of all types.

As a result, a new major classification of engineering dealing with tools and machines,namely mechanical engineering, received formal recognition in 1847.

Today's mechanical engineer is heavily involved in the development and use of

new materials and technologies, especially in computer aided engineering. A rapidlygrowing field for mechanical engineers is environmental control, comprising thedevelopment of machines and processes that will produce fewer pollutants, as well asthe development of new equipment and techniques to reduce or remove existingpollution. Although mechanical engineers may occasionally work alone on a smallproject, they are more likely to be working on large, multi-disciplinary projects, liaisingwith specialists from other areas.

In almost every sphere of modern life, from the air-conditioned office or home to themodern industrial plant or mode of transport, one sees the work of mechanical

engineers who continue to develop and apply new knowledge and technology toimprove the quality of life for society as a whole.

FUENTE: Buscador Google. www.ujti.ac.in/dept-mehh.asp

RECOGNIZING THE TOPIC AND THE

MAIN IDEA WITHIN A TEXT
http://www.ujti.ac.in/dept-mehh.asphttp://www.ujti.ac.in/dept-mehh.asp


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Recognizing the topic, the main idea and the general idea.

The topicis the single theme or subject discussed in a paragraph/passage.

The main idea of a passage is the central thought or message. In contrast to the

term topic, which refers to the subject under discussion, the term main idea refersto the point or thought being expressed.

The general idea expands on the main idea to give more details.

Practice

1. Give a title to the text above

_________________________________________________________

2. - Fill in the following boxes.

THE TOPIC OF THE TEXT IS

THE MAIN IDEA OFHE TEXT IS

THE GENERAL IDEAOF THE TEXT IS

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Very often nouns form chains with one ore more words called modifiers. Thefunction of theses modifiers is to describe the noun in more detail.Noun modifiers can be premodifiers (a beautifulgirl) or postmodifiers (the girl in thered dress).

A noun may be modified by:

1) An adjective

Examples:

Mechanical tools, chemical reaction, hazardous condition, sharp edge, large vessel,careful driver

2) Another noun

InEnglish we can put two nouns together. The first noun is used as an adjective tomodify the second noun and is called a noun adjunct. The first noun is almostalways singular because it follows the rule for adjectives, which do not have pluralforms in English.

a. N1 is a kind ofN2 (a grammar book is a kind ofbook)b. N1 is an object of an implied verb (an ice machine is a machine thatmakes ice)

It is important to understand that N2 is the thing and N1 is the kind or type:a grammar book is a bookan ice machine is a machineN1 is singular, even if the phrase is plural.

My teacher showed me a grammar book in class.

In the office there is a new ice machine.

Examples:

Foundry process, flow meter, cost reduction, energy distribution, pressurevalve, exhaust pipe

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RECOGNIZING NOUN MODIFIERS


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3) An -ing form

Examples:

Heating system, welding machine, cutting tool, engineering department, cooling

tower, braking device

4) An -ed form

Examples:

Threaded connector, condensed water, automated teller machine (ATM),damaged part, proposed strategy

Practice.a) Circle the modifiers of the underlined nouns

Before beginning a welding job, it is important to identify the hazards for that

particular welding operation. The hazards will depend on the type of welding, the

materials (base metals, surface coatings, electrodes) to be welded, and the

environmental conditions (outside or in a confined space, for instance).

Ask for material safety data sheets (MSDSs) to identify the hazardous materialsused in welding and cutting products, and the fumes that may be generated.

Eye protection should be used to protect the eyes from bright light, heat,

ultraviolet light, and flying sparks. For the best protection, wear face shields or

helmetsandgoggles. To keep particles out of your eyes when removing your face

shield, tip your head forward and keep your eyes closed.

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b) Find examples of each noun chain in the sentences provided. Try to find morethan one example for the first two patterns.

Many industries are beginning to use robot welders in place of workers on the

assembly line. This removes workers from the hazard, but focuses on job

elimination rather than workplace improvements. In addition, a number of injuredworkers can result from careless operation of industrial welding robots.

PATTERN EXAMPLE TRANSLATION

n + n

adj + n

adj + -ing + n

-ed + n

c) Can you think of any examples in English to fit different noun chain patterns?Write them down in the table below

PATTERN EXAMPLE TRANSLATION

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Follow-up activity.: Word families

Fill in the table with words related to the ones given

Noun Verb Adjective Adverb

ACCELERATE

ADDITION

BASIC

CORROSION

CURRENTDIRECT

DEVELOPMENT

FILL

MANAGE

OCCASIONAL

PRODUCTIVELY

REST

SOAK

TURN

WIDE

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The Rhetorical Functions or Macrofunctions (Trimble, 1985) are fundamentalcategories commonly used in paragraphs and/or texts in English for Science andTechnology. Each rhetorical function provides readers with different kinds and

amounts of information, therefore, each function can be clearly separated andidentified.The macrofunction of a paragraph or text expresses the authors intention: Doeshe/she want to define? describe? classify? give instructions? narrate?

MAIN GOAL KEY FEATURES/ELEMENTS TOIDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONS OF:

Recognizing the main functions of thetexts

DefinitionDescription

PhysicalFunctionProcess

ClassificationInstructionsNarrationVisual-Verbal Relationship

Exercise 1.- Read the following passages and identify the their macrofunctions.

The macrofunction of the text is: ___________________________________

The clues are: __________________________________________________- 17

Scottish veterinarian John Boyd Dunlop invented the first air-filled or pneumatic tires in

1888. He attached rubber hoses to wooden wheels and covered the contact patches with thick

canvas. The bead wire tire invented by C.K. Welch in 1891 marks an important breakthrough

in tire history. That same year, the Michelin brothers patented tires that could be mounted or

demounted by hand. In 1904, Firestone and Goodyear Tire Company developed straight sided

wire bead tires and almost all the tire manufacturers in the US were following their

manufacturing techniques by 1908.

Meanwhile in 1913, Britain developed the radial ply method (plies at right angles to the

sidewall) which broke from the previous bias ply method which used tire code fabric.

However, the radial ply method (crossed under the tread) only came into wide use some 35

years later, in 1948, when it was adopted by Michelin. The code fabric was made from a

weave of thick cotton thread. Due to high prices, the stronger silk thread could not be used in

manufacturin tire code fabric.

RECOGNIZING THE RETHORICAL

FUNCTION OF A TEXT


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The clues are: __________________________________________________


The clues are: __________________________________________________- 18

Disc Brake Basics

The main components of a disc brake are: The brake pads and the caliper,

which contains a piston and the rotor, which is mounted to the hub. The disc

brake is a lot like the brakes on a bicycle. Bicycle brakes have a caliper, which

squeezes the brake pads against the wheel. In a disc brake, the brake pads

squeeze the rotor instead of the wheel, and the force is transmitted

hydraulically instead of through a cable. Friction between the pads and the

disc slows the disc down.

Source: http://auto.howstuffworks.com/disc-brake1.htm

How to Change Your Air Filter

1. Open the hood.2. Locate your air filter, usually found on top of the engine. On cars with

carburetors it is in a round piece of metal about the size of a mediumpizza; fuel-injected cars have square or rectangular air filter housingsthat may be off to the side of the engine.

3. Unscrew or unclamp the top to the air filter housing.4. Lift out the air filter. It should be a round or rectangular filter made of

paper or plastic, with a rubber rim.5. Clean the area with a vacuum cleaner or seal the top of the carburetor.

This will keep debris out of the carburetor as you continue to clean thehousing.

6. Clean out any dirt or bugs from the inside of the air filter housing with arag

7. Replace the filter with a new filter. Consult your manual to determine theproper filter for your car.

8. Replace the cover and close the hood.

Source: http://www.ehow.com/how_1560_change-air-filter.html
http://auto.howstuffworks.com/bicycle.htmhttp://auto.howstuffworks.com/brake3.htmhttp://auto.howstuffworks.com/brake4.htmhttp://auto.howstuffworks.com/disc-brake1.htmhttp://www.ehow.com/how_1560_change-air-filter.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/how_1560_change-air-filter.htmlhttp://auto.howstuffworks.com/disc-brake1.htmhttp://auto.howstuffworks.com/brake4.htmhttp://auto.howstuffworks.com/brake3.htmhttp://auto.howstuffworks.com/bicycle.htm


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The clues are: __________________________________________________


The clues are: __________________________________________________

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Machine tools may be classified under three main categories: conventional

chip-making machine tools, presses, and unconventional machine tools.Conventional chip-making tools shape the workpiece by cutting away theunwanted portion in the form of chips. Presses employ a number of differentshaping processes, including shearing, pressing, or drawing (elongating).Unconventional machine tools employ light, electrical, chemical, and sonicenergy; superheated gases; and high-energy particle beams to shape theexotic materials and alloys that have been developed to meet the needs ofmodern technology (Machine Tools," Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 99. 1993-1998 Microsoft Corporation)

The refrigeration cycle

The pressure in the system drops as the water cools and absorbs ammoniavapor. Liquid ammonia flows into the evaporator, begins to evaporate, andcools it. Evaporated ammonia flows back through the tube. It is againabsorbed by the water in the generator. Refrigeration continues, usually untilthe next firing of the kerosene burner. The small restrictor performs twofunctions, it allows the liquid to enter the evaporator at a controlled level. Thisprotects the evaporator from getting flooded. The restrictor also acts as anexpansion valve which greats a pressure differential. A pressure differential isessential to the refrigeration cycle as it causes the liquid ammonia to changeits boiling point from a high pressure flash of temperature to a lower pressureflash of temperature. Without this change in pressures the refrigeration wouldnot be performed and the system would simply act as an ammonia container.

http://www.nh3tech.org/absorption.html
http://www.nh3tech.org/absorption.htmlhttp://www.nh3tech.org/absorption.htmlhttp://www.nh3tech.org/absorption.html


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DEFINITIONS

In a text whose main purpose is to define something, the author may use words,phrases, or statements to give the meaning of a word, key words, or signal wordsto do so, therefore you need to look for them within the text. Some examples ofthese words are:

is/are (verb TO BE/s.present) means/meanis/are called what this means isis/are known as consist(s) of

is/are defined as refer(s) tois/are referred to as involve(s), imply (ies)

deals with

Definitions may be classified as:

EXPANDED: they take more than one sentence. They may encompass a paragraph, a textor passage.

SIMPLE: these are completed in one sentence

STRUCTURE OF A SIMPLE DEFINITIONLet us consider a simple definition having three main components: the term being defined, theclass to which said term belongs and the characteristics that distinguish that term from all theother members of the class.The terms usually found at the beginning of the statement , but sometimes it is found at the end,introduced by expressions such as: is calledT, is known asT, is referred to asT...

Hence, we identify two types of definition: formal and semi-formal

Formaldefinitions are represented by the equation: T= C + D

Where T = the term being definedC = the class to which the term belongsD = the distinguishing characteristics that differentiate this

term from all the other members of the same classExample:

A hydrometer is an instrument designed to measure the specific gravity of liquids

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A defini t ion expresses the nature of a

person, a thing, a pro cess, etc.


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Semi-formaldefinitions are represented by the equation: T = D ,meaning that the class is implicitly stated in the definitions, as opposed to formal definitions inwhich the class is explicitly stated.

Example:Condensation is the transformation of a vapor or gas to a liquid by cooling or an increase in

pressure or both simultaneously.

Practice:a.-Underline the TERM being defines in each of the following definitions

b. Classify them accordingly and fill in the table with their main components

1. PH is a symbol used in expressing both acidity and alkalinity on a scale whose values runfrom 0 to 14, 7 representing neutrality.

2. Torque refers to a turning or twisting force3. The ease with which a liquid is converted into a gaseous state is known as volatility.4. A servomechanism is an automatic device used for controlling large amounts of power

with a small amount of force.5. Flash point is the temperature at which a given substance will ignite.6. A control panel is an assembly of indicators and recording instruments for monitoring and

controlling a system or process.

No. Type TERM CLASS DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS

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The Rhetorical Techniques establish a bond among the items of information found and

arranged within a text of English for Science and Technology. The latter allow the readerto identify the microfunctions that are present in EST paragraphs/texts in order to showthe cohesion or connection among said items and their connection to the main idea ofthe passage. They allow us to understand how ideas (secondary ideas) are linked or developedfrom one sentence to another, from one paragraph to the next. Connective elements provide us withinformation that helps further understand the main idea such as examples, comparisons,explanations, contrast, addition, cause/effect, etc.

COMMON CLUES OR CONNECTORS

Compar ison:as, similar to, , similar to the same, like, in comparison, alike, as, equal to,

similarly, equally, compared to, both, -er than/ more than/ less than/ asas.

Contrast, in spite of this, whereas, while, on the other hand, in contrast, but, :however,

nevertheless, yet, on the contrary, although, despite that, instead of, as opposed to, etc.

Time sequence:previous, preceding, earlier, former, before, before that, up to now, until,

until then, in the beginning, long ago, during, simultaneous, at present, today, now, when, at

the same time, meanwhile, later, then, afterwards, since (then), by the time, once, etc.

Time order:first, second, finally, next, during, before, after, at last, etc.

List ing:one, two, first(ly), second(ly), in the first place, in the second place, to begin, to start

with another, then, next, afterwards, lastly, finally, etc.

Space order: inside, outside, at the top, at the bottom, between, in, into, on, onto, inner,

outer, out, up, down, etc.

Causality and result /cause and effect:thus, for this reason, in order to, therefore,

consequently, because, because of, due to, as a result, consequently, for this reason, so that,

hence, etc.

Exempli f ication:such as, for example, for instance, e.g., as an example, like, exemplified

by, shown by, etc.

Explanation: that is, i.e. /that is to say, in other words, namely, it means, to explain this,

which, ( ), ,, -- etc.

Definit ion:is, is defined as, deals with, refers to, is referred to as, is called, is known as, is

concerned with, etc,

Addi t ion: and, or, furthermore, in addition, besides, too, also, another, etc. 22

RECOGNIZING THE CLUES FOR

RETHORICAL TECHNIQUES


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TEXT 1.- FUEL CELL

A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device similar to a

battery, but differing from the latter in that it is designed for continuous

replenishment of the reactants consumed; i.e. it produces electricity from an

external supply of fuel and oxygen as opposed to the limited internal energy

storage capacity of a battery. Additionally, the electrodes within a battery react

and change as a battery is charged or discharged, whereas a fuel cell's electrodes

are catalytic and relatively stable.

Typical reactants used in a fuel cell are hydrogen on the anode side and

oxygen on the cathode side (a hydrogen cell). Usually, reactants flow in and

reaction products flow out. Virtually continuous long-term operation is feasible as

long as these flows are maintained. Fuel cells are often considered to be very

attractive in modern applications because of their high efficiency and ideally

emission-free use, in contrast to currently more common fuels such as methane or

natural gas that generate carbon dioxide. The only by-product of a fuel cell

operating on pure hydrogen is water vapor.

(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell)

Toyota FCHV fuel cell vehicle

Hydrogen fuel cell. The actual fuel cell stack is the

layered cubic structure in the centre of the image.

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RETHORICAL TECHNIQUES IN THE

EST PARAGRAPHS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28electricity%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By-producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vaporhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vaporhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By-producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28electricity%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemistry


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Practice.. Locate the microfunctions mentioned below in the FUEL CELL text1.Defintion.- ___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

2. Cause & Effect relationship

Cause Effect Clue/Connector

Fuel cells are often consideredto be very attractive in modernapplications

their high efficiency andideally emission-free use

Because of

3. Explanation

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4 Comparison & Contrast

Items being compared or contrasted: ________________________________________Basis of comparison/contrast:______________________________________________Clues you followed;______________________________________________________

Items being compared or contrasted: ________________________________________Basis of comparison/contrast:______________________________________________Clues you followed;______________________________________________________

5 Exemplification

__ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6 Space Order

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 24


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J. Batista

1. BASED ON YOUR BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE FILL IN THE FOLLOWING

BOXES:

An abstract is ...

That offers the reader the

following advantages:

25

*********

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF ABSTRACTS


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2. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE WORDS GIVEN IN THE BOX TO HAVE A

COMPLETE DEFINITION OF ABSTRACTS AND THEIR MAIN

CHARACTERISTICS (WORDS MIGHT BE REPEATED).

BOX ABSTRACT

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It is a written ______________ of a research.

It provides us with a brief, precise and proper_____________ allowing searching, identifying and

selecting more relevant information in a shorter

________. Abstracts have three important

_____________:

Extension, type and organization.

__________: it refers to the number of words of

an abstract, The abstract _______ depends on the

publisher, commonly it varies between 100 and 250

words.__________ : there are two ______of abstracts

indicative and informative.

- The_______ abstract is used in documentary

investigations. It shows an outline of contents in a

general form. It explains neither the methodological

details nor the results,

- The ________ abstract is used in experimental

investigations. It includes specific information onmethodology results. Thus it is widely used in

scientific disciplines, sciences of health and social

sciences.

______________: The most common has 3 or 4

semantic moves, which include:

- Purpose or objective of the research

- Brief description of the method(s) used

- Synopsis of the results

- Conclusions

SummaryInformativeIndicativeTypes

OrganizationInformation

TimeExtensionCharacteristi

cs


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3. MATCH THE FOLLOWING TERMS WITH THEIR CORRESPONDING

DEFINITIONS: (Use arrows)

TERMS DEFINITIONS

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PURPOSE

CONCLUSIONS

RESULTS

METHODOLOG

Describes the procedures, ortools used to obtain the

Summarizes the resultsstatin their im ortance.

States the goal(s) to beachieved by the research.

Contains an objective andclear description ofexperimental findings.


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4. CHECK THE FOLLOWING ABSTRACTS TO IDENTIFY THE MOVES YOU FIND

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- Objective:

_____________________________________________________________- _____________________________________________________________

- _____________________________________________________________

- ______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

- Brief description of the method(s) used:

- _____________________________________________________________

- _____________________________________________________________

- ______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

- ______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

- Synopsis of the results:

- _____________________________________________________________

- _____________________________________________________________

- ______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

- ______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

- Conclusions:

- _____________________________________________________________- _____________________________________________________________

- ______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________


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Reading Abstracts:Practice Reading and analyzing the following abstracts

1. FEDSM20034th ASME/JSME Joint Fluids Engineering ConferenceJuly 2003, Honolulu, Hawaii USA

Acoustic and Hydrodynamic Response of an Annular Cascade to InflowDisturbances in Swirling FlowsBasman Elhadidi. University of Notre DameHafiz M. Atassi, University of Notre Dame

Abstract

A model is developed for the interaction of high frequency inflow disturbances with anannular cascade in swirling flows. The computational domain is decomposed into inner andouter subdomains. The outer subdomain scales with the radius of the duct R and the highfrequency approximation is used to simplify the governing equations. The inner subdomainscales with the blade chord c


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STRUCTURE OF A SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE

Abstract (*)

Introduction

Background Information

Problem Statement

Design or Method

Environment

Sample

Resources

Data Collection

Results

Conclusions

Recommendations

Acknowledgments

References

(*)What is an abstract? An abstract is a short summary of your completed research. If donewell, it makes the reader want to learn more about your research.

These are the basic components of an abstract in any discipline:

1) Motivation/problem statement: Why do we care about the problem? What practical,scientific, theoretical or artistic gap is your research filling?

2) Methods/procedure/approach: What did you actually do to get your results? (e.g.

analyzed 3 novels, completed a series of 5 oil paintings, interviewed 17 students)

3) Results/findings/product: As a result of completing the above procedure, what did youlearn/invent/create?

4) Conclusion/implications: What are the larger implications of your findings, especially forthe problem/gap identified in step 1?

Guía Inglés Técnico Mecánica - 1ro. 2013 -Pr

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