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A GUEST LECTURE ON

PERFORMANCE

AND

POTIENTIAL

APPRAISAL

P.B.S. KUMAR

B.Sc.MA(PM),MA(Ind.Eco.),MBA(HR),BGL,DLL,PGDIRPM

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THE STRATEGIC OVERVIEW:

All organisations use performance appraisal for various purposes. The main issue hovers around the

question of what criteria should be used to appraise performance. Given that all appraisals involve

judgments which are not always fair, orgnisations uses multifarious techniques and too old to

measure performance appraisal requires a consistent approach, clear standards and measures and bias

free ratings. A critical part of the evaluation process is the preparation of the rater. Raters must be

trained on the system being used and it’s purpose to ensure consistency and accuracy. Finally, if the

employees’ performance is to improve, they must be provided feedback on their performance and

advice on how to make improvements.

INTRODUCTION :

After an employee has been selected for a job, has been trained to do it and has worked on it for a

period of time, his performance should be evaluated. Performance Evaluation or Appraisal is the

process of deciding how employees do their, jobs. Performance here refers to the degree of

accomplishment of the tasks that make up an individual’s job. It indicates how well an individual in

fulfilling the job requirements. Remember the performance is always measured in terms of results.

DEFINITION :

Performance appraisal is method of evaluating the behavior of employees in the work spot, normally

including both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of job performance. It is systematic and

objectives way of evaluating both work related behavior and potential of employees. It is a process

that involves determining and communicating to an employee how he or she is performing the job

and ideally, establishing a plan of improvement.

FEATURES :

The main characteristics of performance appraisal may be listed thus:

� The appraised is a systematic process involving three steps :

� Setting work standards.

� Assessing employee’s actual performance relative to these standards.

� Offering feedback to the employees so that he can eliminate deficiencies and improve

performances in course of time.

� It tries to find out how well the employee is performing the job and tries to establish a plan

for further improvement.

� The appraisal is carried out periodically, according to a definite plan. It is certainly not a one

shot deal.

� Performance appraisal is not a past oriented activity, with the intention of putting poor

performance in a spot. Rather, it is a future oriented activity showing employees where things

have gone wrong, how to set everything in order, and deliver results using their potential in a

proper way.

� Performance appraisal is not job evaluation. Performance appraisal refers to how well

someone is doing an assigned job. Job evaluation, on the other hand determines how much a

job is worth to the organization and therefore, what range of pay should be assigned to the

job.

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� Performance appraisal is not limited to calling the fouls. Its focus is on employee

development. It forces managers to become coaches rather than judges.

� Performance appraisal may be formal or informal. The informal evaluation is more likely to

be subjective and influenced by personal factors. Some employees are liked better than

others and have, for that reason only, better chances of receiving various kinds of rewards

than others. The formal system is likely to be more fair and objective, since it s carried out in

a systematic manner, using printed appraisal forms.

OBJECTIVES :

Performance appraisal could be taken either for evaluating the performance of employees or for

developing them. The evaluation is of two types, telling the employees where he or she stands and

using the data for personnel decisions concerning pay, promotions, etc. The developmental

objectives focus on finding individual and organizational strengths and weaknesses; developing

healthy superior subordinate relations and offering appropriate counseling / coaching to the

employee with a view to develop his potential in future.

Appraisal of employees serves several useful purposes :

� Compensation decisions: It can serve as a basis for pay raises.

� Promotion decisions : It can serve as a useful basis for job change or promotion.

� Training and development programmes : It can serve as a guide for formulating a suitable

training and development programme need to an employee.

� Feedback : Performance appraisal enables the employees to know how well he/she is doing

on the job, it tells what he / she can do improve their present performance and go up the

‘organisation ladder’.

� Personal development : Performance appraisal can help reveal the causes of good and poor

employee performance. Through discussions with individual employees, a line manager can

find out why they perform as they do and what steps can be initiated to improve their

performance.

WHAT IS TO DO APPRAISED ?

Every organization has to decide upon the content to be appraised before the programme is

approved. Generally, the content to be appraised is determined on the basis of job analysis. The

content to be appraised may be in the form of contribution to orgnisational objectives (measures)

like production, savings in terms of cost, return on capital, etc., Other measures are based on :

� Behaviours which measure observable physical actions, movements.

� Objectives which measure job related results like amount of deposits mobilized, and

� Traits which are measured in terms of personal characteristics observable in employee’s

job activities.

The content to be appraised may vary with the purpose of appraisal and type and level of

employees.

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WHO WILL APPRAISE ?

The appraiser may be any person who has thorough knowledge about the job content, contents to be

appraised, standards of contents and who observes the employee while performing a job. The appraiser should

be capable of determining what is more important and what is relatively less important. He should prepare

reposts and make judgments without bias. Typical appraisers are : Supervisors, Peers, Subordinates,

Employees themselves and users of services and consultants.

� Supervisors : Supervisors include superiors of the employee, other superiors having knowledge about

the work of the employee and departmental head or manager. In general it is that immediate superiors

appraise the performance, which in turn, is reviewed by the departmental head / manager.

� Peers : Peer appraisal may be reliable if the work group is stable over a reasonable long period of time

and performs tasks that require interaction.

� Subordinates : The concept of having superiors rated by subordinates is being used in most

orgnanisations today, especially in developed countries.

� Self-appraisal : if individuals understand the objectives they are expected to achieve and the standards

by which they are to be evaluated, they are to a great extent, in the best position to appraise their own

performance. Also since employee development means self-development, employees who appraise

their own performance may become highly motivated.

� Users of services : Employees’ performance in service organizations relating to behaviours,

promptness, speed in doing the job and accuracy can be better judged by the customers or users of

services.

� Consultants : Sometimes , consultants may be engaged for appraisal when employees or employers do

not trust the supervisory appraisal and management does not trust the self-appraisals or peer

appraisals or subordinate appraisals. In this situation, consultants are trained and they observe the

employee at work for sufficiently long periods for the purpose of appraisal.

WHEN TO APPRAISE ?

Informal appraisals are conducted whenever the supervisor or Personnel Managers feel it is necessary.

However, systematic appraisals are conducted on a regular basis, say, for example, every six months or

annually.

THE PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL PROCESS :

Performance appraisal is planned, developed and implemented through a series of steps.

• Establish performance standards : Appraisal systems require performance standards, which serve as

benchmarks against which performance is measured. To be useful, standards should relate to the

desired results of each job.

• Communicate the standards : Performance appraisal involves at least two parties, the appraiser who

does the appraisal and the appraisee whose performance is being evaluated. Both are expected to do

certain things. The appraiser should prepare job descriptions clearely; help the appraises set his goals

and targets; analyse results objectively; ofter coaching and guidance to the appraisee whenever

required and reward good results. The appraise should be very clear about what he is doing and why

he doing it. For this purpose, performance standards must be communicated to appraises and their

reactions should be noted down right way.

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• Measure actual performance : After the performance standards are set and accepted, the next step is to

measure actual performance. This requires the use of dependable performance measures, the ratings

used to evaluate performance. Performance measures – to be helpful – must be easy to use, reliable ,

and report on the critical behaviours determine performance. Performance measures may be objective

or subjective. Objective performance measures are indications of job performance that can be verified

by others and are usually quantitative. Objective criteria include quality of production, degree of

training needed and accidents in a given period, absenteeism, length of service, etc.

• Compare actual performance with standards and discuss the appraisal : Actual performance may be

better than expected and sometimes it may go off the track. Whatever be the consequences, there is a

way to communicate and discuss the final outcome.

• Taking corrective action, if necessary : Corrective action is of two types; one puts out the fires

immediately, while the other destroys the root of the problem permanently. Immediate action sets

things right and get things back on track whereas the basic corrective action gets to the source of

deviations and seeks to adjust the difference permanently.

METHODS OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL :

The performance appraisal methods may be classified into three categories:

_________________________________

PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL METHODS

INDIVIDUAL EVALUATION MULTIPLE PERSON EVALUATION OTHER

METHODS METHODS METHODS

1. Confidential report 9. Ranking 12. Group Appraisal

2. Essay evaluation 10. Paired comparison 13. HRA

3. Critical incidents 11. Forced distribution 14. Assessment centre

4. Checklists 15. Field review

5. Graphic rating scale

6. Behaviourally anchored

Rating scales

7. Forced choice method

8. MBO

INDIVIDUAL EVALUATION METHODS :

Under the individual evaluation methods of merit rating, employees are evaluated one at a time without

comparing them with other employees in the organisation.

1. Confidential report : It is mostly used in government organization. It is a descriptive report prepared,

generally at the end of every year, by the employee’s immediate superior. The report highlights the

strengths and weaknesses of the subordinate.

2. Essay evaluation : Under this method, the rater is asked to express the strong as well as weak points of

the employee’s behaviour. This technique is normally used with a combination of the graphic rating

scale because the rater can elaborately present the scale by substantiating an explanation for his rating,

while preparing the essay on the employee, the rater considers the following factors: (i) Job

knowledge, (ii) Employee’s understanding about the company, (iii) The employee’s relations with co-

workers and superiors, (iv) The employee’s general planning, organizing and controlling ability and

(v) The attitudes and perceptions of the employee.

3. Critical incident technique : Under this method, the manager prepares lists of statements of every

effective and ineffective behaviour of an employee. These critical incidents or events represent the

outstanding or poor behaviour of employees on the job.

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4. Checklist and weighted checklists : Another simple type of individual evaluation method is the

checklist. A checklist represents, in its simplest form, a set of objectives or descriptive statements

about the employee and his behaviour.

5. Graphic rating scale : Under this method, a printed forms will be used and evaluate the performance

of an employee. A variety of traits may be used in these types of rating devices, the most common

being the quality of work. The rating scales can also be adapted by including traits that the company

considers important for effectiveness on the job.

6. Behaviourally anchored rating scales (BARS): Also known as the behavioural expectations scale, this

method represents the latest innovation in performance appraisal. It is a combination of the rating

scale and critical incident techniques of employee performance evaluation.

7. Forced choice method : This method was developed to eliminate bias and the preponderance of high

ratings that might occur in some organisations. The primary purpose of the forced choice method is to

correct the tendency of rater to give consistently high or low ratings to all the employees.

8. Management by objectives (MBO) : MBO requires the management to set specific, measurable goals

with each employee and then periodically discuss the latter’s progress towards these goals. This

technique emphasises participatively set goals (that are agreed upon by the superior and the

employee) that are tangible, verifiable and measurable. MBO focuses attention on what must be

accomplished (goals rather than how it is to be accomplished. It is, thus, a kind of goals setting and

appraisal programme involving six steps: (i) set the organisation’ goals, (ii) set departmental goals,

(iii) discuss departmental goals, (iv) define expected results, (v) performance reviews and (vi) provide

feedback.

MULTIPLE-PERSON EVALUATION TECHNIQUES :

9. Ranking method : This is a relatively easy method of performance evaluation. Under this method, the

ranking of an employee in a work group is done against that of another employee. The relative

position of each employee is expressed in terms of his numerical rank.

10. Paired comparison method : Ranking becomes more reliable and easier under the paired comparison

method. Each worker is compared with all other employees in the group, or every trait, the worker is

compared with all other employees.

11. Forced distribution method : Under this system, the rater is asked to appraise the employee according

to a predetermined distribution scale. The rater’s bias is sought to be eliminated here because workers

are not placed at a higher or lower end of the scale.

12. Group appraisal : In this method, an employee is appraised by a group of appraisers. This group

consists of the immediate supervisor of the employee, other supervisors who have close contact with

the employee’s work, manager or head of the department and consultants. The head of the department

or manager may be the Chairman of the group and the immediate supervisor may act as the

coordinator for the group activities.

13. Human Resource Accounting (HRA): HRA is a sophisticated way to measure (in financial terms) the

effectiveness of personnel management activities and the use of people in an organization. It is the

process of accounting for people as an organizational resource. It tries to place a value on

organisational human resources as assets and not an expense. The HRA process shows the investment

the organization makes in its people and how the value of these people changes over time. The

acquisition cost of employees is compared to the replacement cost from time to time.

14. Assessment centre: This method of appraising was first applied in German Army in 1930. Later

business and industrial houses started using this method. This is not a technique of performance

appraisal by itself. In fact it is a system or organization, where assessment of several individuals is

done by various experts using various techniques. These techniques include the methods discussed

before in addition to in basket, role playing case studies, simulation exercises, structured in sight,

transactional analysis, etc.

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15. Field review method : Where subjective performance measures are used, there is scope for rater’s

biases influencing the evaluation process. To avoid this, some employees use the field review method.

In this method, a trained, skilled representative of the HR department goes into the ‘field’and assists

line supervisors with their ratings of their respective subordinates. The HR specialist requests from the

immediate supervisor specific information about the employees performance. Based on this

information, the expert prepares a report which is sent to the supervisor for review, changes, approval

and discussion with the employee who is being rated. The ratings are done on standardized forms.

360 – DEGREE FEEDBACK SYSTEM:

A 360-degree feedback, system collects performance information from multiple parties, including one’s

subordinates peers, supervisor and customers. The 360-degree feedback is also currently used to design

promotion and reward. A major advantage of this system is that the feedback comes from multiple sources. If

a manager has six subordinates, the manager does not know which subordinate said what, as the results are

summarized and average. For example, one may criticise the boss for standing too close to people, another

may comment on the boss’s aggressive tone, the third may take objection to the boss’s naughty ways of

attending telephone calls and shuffling papers while a meeting is on. Since such feedback is offered

anonymously, the subordinates may unburden themselves of negative ratings somewhat freely.

APPRAISAL INTERVIEW AND FEEDBACK:

The post appraisal interview is an essential part of the performance appraisal system. The employee gets

useful feedback information about how effectively and efficiently he is able to discharge the assigned duties.

It also gives the opportunity to the employee to explain his views about the ratings, standards, rating methods,

internal and external causes for low level of performance. The appraiser gets a chance to explain the employee

his rating, the traits and behaviours he has taken into account for appraisal, etc.

PROBLEMS WITH PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL:

The problems inherent in performance appraisal may be listed thus;

� Judgement errors.

� Poor appraisal forms.

� Lack of rater preparedness.

� Manager lacks information concerning an employee’s actual performance

� Standards to evaluate an employee’s performance are not clear.

� Manager does not take appraisal seriously.

� Manager is not prepared for the appraisal review with the employee.

� Manager is not honest / sincere during the evaluation.

� Manager lacks appraisal skills.

� Employee does not receive ongoing performance feedback.

� Insufficient resources offered to reward performance.

� There is ineffective discussion of employee development.

� Manager uses unclear / ambiguous language in the evaluation process.

POTIENTIAL APPRAISAL:

In most of the Indian organizations, people earn promotions on the basis of their past performance. The past

performance is considered a good indicator of future job success. This could be true, if the job to be performed

by the promote is similar. However, in actual practice, the roles that a person played in the past may not be the

same as the one(s) he / she is expected to play if he is assigned a different job after his transfer or promotion to

a new position. Past performance, therefore, may not be a good indicator of the suitable for a higher role.

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The potential appraisals are required to :

� Inform employees about their future prospects;

� Help the organization chalk out a suitable succession plan;

� Update training efforts from time to time;

� Advise employees about what they must do to improve their career prospects.

A PATH OF GOOD POTENTIAL APPRAISAL SYSTEM:

� Role Descriptions : Organistional roles and functions must be defined clearly. To this end, job

descriptions must be prepared for each job.

� Qualities needed to perform the roles : Based on job descriptions, the roles to be played by people must be

prepared (i.e. technical, managerial jobs and behavioural dimensions).

� Rating mechanisms : Besides listing the function and qualities, the potential appraisal system must list

mechanisms of judging the qualities of employees such as : i. Rating by others, ii. Tests, iii. Games and

iv. Records.

� Organising the system : After covering the above preliminaries, the HR manager must set up a system that

will allow the introduction the scheme smoothly incorporating answers to some complex questions such

as;

i. How much weightage to accord to merit in place of seniority in promotions?

ii. How much weightage to accord to each of the performance dimensions – technical, managerial,

behavioural qualities ?

iii. What are the mechanisms of assessing the individual on different indicators of his potential, and with what

degree of reliability ?

THE CHALLENGES IN PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT

In present day organizations, the twin principles of motivating employees are common at all levels:

acknowledge unique contributions and alleviate personal concerns that impact professional performances. To

get the best out of people, the CEOs should;

� Create a culture of excellence that motivates employees at all levels.

� Match orgnisational objectives with individual aspirations.

� Equip people with requisite skills to discharge their duties well.

� Clear growth paths for talented employees.

� Provide new challenges to rejuvenate flattening corners.

� Empower employees to take decisions without fear of failing.

� Encourage teamwork and team spirit and open communication.

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TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING :

Name of the Institution:_______________________________________________________

Name of the Student / Employee / Trainer :________________________________________ (Male / Female)

A. Multiple Choice Questions – Select � the most appropriate one

1. The basis for performance standards is

� Managers

� HR Plans

� Employees

� Compensation plan

� Job analysis

2. One of the following is a future – oriented appraisal technique

� M B O

� Rating scale

� Checklist

� BARS

� Field review method

3. Performance appraisals serve as building blocks of

� Recruiting

� Career Planning

� Manpower Planning

� Selecting

� Job Analysis

4. Which of the following techniques is least susceptible to personal bias ?

� Forced choice

� Critical incidents

� Rating scales

� Checklists

� BARS

5. A disadvantage of rating scales is

� Cost

� Feedback

� Time involved

� Quantification of scores

� Little training needed

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B. Put True (T) / False (F) in the blank space given below

Subjective measures in performance appraisal are most desirable.

Performance appraisals can reduce bias.

Employee self appraisals are a good way to decide promotions.

Using multiple raters improves evaluations.

Assessment centre technique is costly and time – consuming.

Rating scales are particularly subject to bias.

Evaluation interviews require careful preparation.

Behavioural techniques focus attention on ratings rather than on observation.

Objective appraisal measures are always popular with employees.

Job analysis is the basis for performance standards.

C . Key Terms Exercise

Match the term below with its appropriate definition. Place the letter of the correct definition in the space

to the left of the term.

1. Narrative essay. a. Comparing rates to one another.

2. 360-degree appraisal b. Order of ranking from best to worst.

3. Assessment centers c. Rating in beharioural terms.

4. Graphic rating scale d. Evaluation based on key incidents.

5. Central tendency e. Evaluation by boss, peers and subordinates.

6. Self appraisal f. A candid statement from a rater.

7. Paired comparison g. Assessment based on response to a battery of tests.

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8. BARS h. A scale that lists a number of traits and a range of

performance for each.

9. Critical incident i. Evaluation by rates.

10. Simple ranking j. When raters rate practically all employees above average.

D. Activity Exercise (If the space is insufficient please attach some more papers)

You are heading a 250 member medium sized company that has just, had a fantastic year. Everyone

pulled together and worked hard to give a big boost to company profits. Unfortunately, due to raise in

input cost, you are forced to offer only a per cent rise in salaries across the board. At appraisal time, how

would you communicate praise for a job well done coupled with your limited ability to reward such

outstanding performance ? Now assume you can afford to hand out some handsome bonuses or raises.

What would be the best way to evaluate employees when everyone has done exceptionally well ?

ANS:

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KEY FOR OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (The Lecturer should keep this confidentially)

A. Multiple Choice Questions

1-e, 2. A, 3. B, 4.e, 5. b

B. True / Flase

1-f, 2-t, 3.-f, 4-t, 5-t, 6-t, 7-t, 8-f, 9-f, 10-t

C. Key Term Exercise

1-f, 2-e, 3-g, 4-h, 5-j, 6-i, 7-a, 8-e, 9-d, 10-b