«Guberina's Theorw in the Context of Contemporary Spoken Language Studies//Guberinina teorija u kontekstu suvremenih istraživanja govornog jezika», znanstveno-stručna monografija VII. Međunarodnog simpozija verbotonalnog sistema, poglavlje u monografiji s međunarodnom recenzijom Čovjek i govor, Zagreb (2012), 43-62. Monograph of the VII International Symposium of the Verbotonal system Man and

Speech, Zagreb (2012) 43-62. Article written in Croatian and English. Bogdanka Pavelin Lešić Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Zagreb Ivana Lučića 3 GUBERINA'S THEORY IN THE CONTEXT OF CONTEMPORARY SPOKEN LANGUAGE STUDIES SUMMARY From his earliest studies, Petar Guberina pointed out the importance of spoken language (langue parlée) and the primacy of oral discourse. In the context of his research, the Saussurean term parole is at the same time a social and an individual phenomenon out of which language grows and through which it is realized. Therefore, both the Verbo-Tonal and the Structuro-Global Audio-Visual Approaches (SGAV) to foreign language teaching are grounded in the linguistics of speech – linguistique de la parole. Parole, in the sense of discourse, is at the center of contemporary linguistic research, especially with regard to the dialogical approach to the study of discourse, which takes into consideration spoken discourse, the enunciator and the enunciatee, the speaker and the interlocutor, and the study of language in its everyday use. In his 1939 PhD thesis, “Valeurs logiques et valeurs stylistiques des propositions complexes”, Guberina took two important steps forward from what was then the dominant approach to linguistic research:

• He focused on the sentence as part of the global utterance, • He explicitly pointed out the role of non-lexicological language means in constituting

the qualities of spoken language: facial expressions, body positions and movement, intonation, rhythm, intensity and pitch, pauses and silences, speech tempo, and situation.

Guberina considered that these qualities represent the advantages of oral discourse over written discourse. They guarantee the richness of oral discourse both on the level of expression and on the level of content, regardless of the economy and the momentary character of the interactions. So Guberina was opposed to neglecting non-lexicological means of language when studying linguistic expression. The non-lexicological elements create the impression that the speaker’s thoughts and affections are visible and tangible, which gives the utterance a synthetic phenomenal appearance – naturally, always and only in solidarity with other elements of language.

His valorization of multidisciplinarity, multimodality, affectivity, and thus subjectivity in the study of spoken language, makes the work of Petar Guberina contemporary and of permanent value. Key words : linguistics, affectivity, multidisciplinarity, multimodality, qualities of spoken language

INTRODUCTION In the center of Petar Guberina's linguistic theory is the human individual and his/her dynamic creativity which originates from affectivity and is reflected in linguistic expression. Guberina examines the language as an inseparable living part of a human being and a social being who, creatively, through his biopsychosocial structure, manifests himself in communicational usage through multimodal means of expression which are at his disposal. At the biological level, the human being exists as a species and possesses symbolic communicational structures of expression which constitute human language. At the sociological level the human being belongs to a certain social community and uses the language and spoken varieties of that community. At the psychological level, the spoken activity of an individual is characterized by personal traits of a speaker who uses the language of the community in his own way, giving it his personality. Bearing in mind the complex dynamic structuration of language and speech, Guberina's linguistic theory, within the elaborated procedures of the verbo-tonal approach, permanently opens new types of practical application in teaching foreign languages, in the diagnostics and rehabilitation of hearing and speech, as well as in fundamental research in language and speech. More than a Romance language scholar and linguist, beyond the narrow circles of his primary academic field, Petar Guberina is more famous for the application of his theory of language and speech. He is known as the author of the structural-global, audio-visual (SGAV) approach in foreign language teaching and as the author of the verbo-tonal (VT) approach as a theoretical base for the procedures of diagnostics and treatment of impairments in speech and hearing, as well as procedures for the phonetic correction of pronunciation in foreign language teaching. Guberina entered different areas of scientific study, and he extensively contributed to their research by examining the issues of general and French linguistics. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to show the importance of studying the work of Petar Guberina from the contemporary linguistic viewpoint. Although he did not place himself in any specific linguistic movement, Petar Guberina took many scientific initiatives in his substantial life’s work. SCIENTIFIC BEGINNINGS Guberina studied in the 1930s in the context of the positivist, diachronic and atomistic Neogrammarian tradition that was highly developed at the Department of Romance Languages of the University of Zagreb. His study visits to Geneva and later on to Paris, the foci of linguistic research of the first half of the twentieth century, enabled him to learn directly the latest trends in linguistic research. At the Sorbonne, the young Guberina was introduced to the French linguistic school through the works of professors Jules Vendryes, Ferdinand Brunot, Charles Bruneau, Jules Marouzeau and Pierre Fouché. Their approach to the study of linguistic phenomena took into account the psychological, physiological and sociological factors by which these phenomena are formed. Vendryes emphasized the affective, emotional component in scientific observations of linguistic phenomena and agreed with Charles Bally in his statement that every spoken act is

affectively colored, so that it is impossible to utter the same sentence twice in the same manner. Affectivity in linguistic expression will remain one of the fundamental axes of Guberina's study of language and speech. The young scientist adopted the latest heritage of linguistic science of that time, in its very origins, and acquired solid foundations for further departures, reviews and scientific development. SPOKEN LANGUAGE: LANGUAGE ACTIVITY, LANGUAGE SYSTEM AND SPEECH In order to encompass Guberina’s contribution, let us recall the basic terminological postulates which modern linguistics is based on. Linguistics is the scientific study of human language (French: langage). However, the subject of linguistics exists only in the form of specific spoken languages that are based on an arbitrary and self-sufficient language system (langue). Speech (parole) is a concrete realization of the language that is performed by real participants in real circumstances. Any associated part of speech in an oral or written form is discourse (discours). Realizing a language system by speech through concrete discourse is called enunciation (énonciation), and the smallest unit of discourse is an utterance (énoncé). From his scientific beginnings, Guberina uses the term spoken language

(langue parlée) because the language arises from spoken discourse and it is realized through it. By doing so, he immediately places the field of his research into the linguistics of speech (linguistique de la parole), or to be more precise, into the linguistics of spoken language (de la langue parlée), since, according to Guberina, language and speech should not be studied separately. THE TERM SPEECH (FRENCH: PAROLE) IN DE SAUSSURE AND GUBERINA Ferdinand de Saussure was one of the first linguists to differentiate language activity in the wider sense (langage) from the language system (langue) and its realization in speech (parole). According to Saussure, speech is a completely individual phenomenon, and the language system itself is primarily a social phenomenon which exists beyond and independently from the particular individual and his/her particular use of it. Therefore, Saussure differentiates the linguistics of a language (linguistique de la langue) from the linguistics of speech (linguistique de la parole) and explicitly advocates focusing the language studies of his time on the study of the linguistic system or linguistique de la langue. This is exactly what followed. Charles Bally and Albert Séchehaye gathered Saussure's lectures from his students´ notes and published them as the Course in General Linguistics /Cours de linguistique générale in 1916, three years after the author's death. The Course in

General Linguistics provided the incentive for the development of structuralism, an influential linguistic theory in the mid-twentieth century.

The predecessors of structuralism, the Neogrammarians, observed the language atomistically as a sum of several elements (phonemes, morphemes), not observing it as a whole in which the elements were in correlation within the whole. Saussure and the structuralists observed the language as a structured system in which every single part is determined in correlation with other parts of that whole. Guberina adopts Saussure's viewpoint of the language as a whole whose constituent parts have to be observed in correlation within the whole, and the fact that language is primarily a communicational phenomenon which is created in oral form. Guberina, however, distances himself from the structuralist concept of language as a social abstraction and studies language as an invisible living part of a human being who uses his body, brain, and feelings creatively to manifest himself in communicational usage through multimodal means of expression. That is, along with verbal, linear, and segmental elements, we also come across vertical, suprasegmental, acoustic and visual elements, i.e., qualities of

spoken language: intonation, intensity, tempo, pause, facial expressions, body movement and situation. Guberina observes that pause is also a spoken activity which functions at the level of expression and at the level of content of the utterance in a given communicational situation. Studying the Romance languages, Guberina was thus introduced to Saussure's linguistic theory; he immediately adopted Saussure's theoretical legacy (synchronic study of a language, the primacy of the oral over the written language, the idea of language as a structural whole). From these foundations, Guberina set his path towards the linguistics of speech while Saussure’s theory was still being discovered, interpreted and adopted in linguistic circles at home and abroad. PETAR GUBERINA AND CHARLES BALLY Charles Bally, de Saussure´s student and inheritor of his university chair, founder and editor of the influential Course in General Linguistics, observed the system of spoken language from the point of view of affectivity. He named this approach linguistic stylistics. „En somme, je reste fidèle à la distinction saussurienne entre la langue et la parole, mais

j’annexe au domaine de la langue une province qu’on a beaucoup de peine à lui attribuer : la

langue parlée envisagée dans son contenu affectif et subjectif. Elle réclame une étude

spéciale : c’est cette étude que j’appelle la stylistique. Un des objets de mon enseignement

sera de montrer comment la stylistique s’emboîte dans la linguistique générale.“ (Langage et vie, 1965, p. 159) Translation by the author of this paper: '' In short, I remain faithful to the Saussurean

distinction between language and speech; however, I add to it an area of language which

many are reluctant to attribut to it: spoken language with its affective and subjective content.

This area demands a special field study called stylistics. One of the topics of my teaching will

show how stylistics fits into general linguistics.“ Bally introduced psychological and sociological criteria into his research of language, and by doing so, the human individual and his/her subjective, affective, cognitive and social dimension. He restricted his study to the analysis of words and the valorization of intonation which, in the beginning, Bally set into means of indirect expression (moyens indirects

d´expression) and later on, in his book Linguistique générale et linguistique française (1944), he included them among the basic elements of language expression. Besides intonation, Bally also emphasized context, situation, facial expressions and body movement in general as means of indirect expression. Not only Petar Guberina, but also Emile Benveniste and Oswald Ducrot, significant representatives of linguistic enunciation (linguistique énonciative) and pragmatic theories of meaning in language, converged with Bally's theoretical legacy.. Guberina again made a step forward in the valorization of affectivity and subjectivity in language studies with his theoretical elaboration of the qualities of spoken language, placing them in the category of affective and subjective elements of content resulting from multimodal manifestations of spoken language. For Guberina, language is manifested in dynamic structuration, and it should be studied within the linguistics of speech and spoken language. Guberina does not separate verbal speech from ' body language'. According to him the verbal and the non-verbal are part of the global body language of human beings in dialogue, in the space and overall circumstances of the communicational situation. In this way he took the initiative toward adopting the multidisciplinary and multimodal approach in language studies. These tendencies were intensified during the 1980s. In the meantime, Guberina implicitly appealed for pluridisciplinarity in his book The Solidarity of Linguistic Elements (1952:20): „Stručnjaci iz eksperimentalne fizike, psiholozi, filozofi, logičari i logističari, sociolozi i

ekonomisti povezuju vrlo često svoje nauke s jezikom, dok lingvisti vrlo rijetko povezuju svoju

nauku s drugima.“ Translation by the author of this paper : ''Experts in experimental physics, psychology,

philosophy, logic and logistics, sociology and economy, very often associate their sciences

with language, whereas linguists rarely associate their science with others.“ Since the 1950´s Guberina himself practised multidisciplinarity in his own scientific research, first at the Institute for Phonetics and then at the Suvag Centre, today's Suvag Polyclinic. Both Bally and Guberina pointed out that all elements of language can be best structured when communicating in your mother tongue. Only in their mother tongue can speakers fully master what Bally calls ''effet par evocation“ i.e. the effect of evocation which words have within a specific sociocultural linguistic community. Thus, before the Second World War, both Bally and Guberina emphasized the importance of the native speaker in the reliable production and interpretation of linguistic expression. This point would especially be stressed within the framework of Noam Chomsky’s transformational-generative grammar in the 1950s and the 1960s.

LOGIC AND STYLISTIC VALUES OF COMPLEX SENTENCES In his 1939 PhD thesis entitled Valeur logique et valeur stylistique des propositions

complexes, Guberina immediately ventured further from the traditions of the Genevan and French linguistics of the first three decades of the twentieth century, constantly expanding the directions of his research. Dealing with the structure of French complex sentences, Guberina systematically carried out a parallel comparative study in the Croatian language and in this way announced the development of contrastive linguistics, which would become more significant in America twenty years later. Guberina examined sentences embedded in context and situation and naturally in conjunction with the values or qualities of the spoken language. In fact, using contemporary linguistic terminology, he studied the utterance (énoncé) within a given discourse. Therefore, he was one of the pioneers in textual linguistics and in the linguistics of discourse. In his PhD thesis Guberina rejects the formalistic and positivistic analysis of the sentence based on the categorization of formal connective elements and by a priori division into types of words without much attention being paid to communicational circumstances, qualities of the spoken language and the logical-affective values of complex sentences. According to Ferdinand de Saussure, every sign within the language system has a value in relation to the other signs in the structure of that system. All members of the system are jointly, i.e. mutually, strongly connected so that the value of every single member derives from the simultaneous virtual presence of the others. Guberina analyses the value of the sentence within its context. He observes the dynamics of the structuration of the sentence in context (i.e. the utterance in discourse) and situation, and with concrete examples shows that the values or qualities of the spoken language participate in this structuration and influence the stylistic and logical value of the sentence. He stresses that a living language emerges from the dynamics of the spoken language and that it lives and develops in the spoken language. THE STRUCTURE OF THE SPOKEN LANGUAGE IN STRUCTURALISM AND THE LINGUISTICS OF

SPEECH Guberina starts from the concept of studying a language as a structure, but he speaks of a dynamic, multidimensional structure, or rather, of dynamic structuring in which the segmental language material is connected with the suprasegmental values (qualities) of the spoken language, with the real context and situation, and with the dialogical relations of the interlocutors. In fact, language structure according to Guberina is globally (multidimensionally) structural and inseparable from the human being in his/her affective, cognitive, physical, and spatial reality. With this attitude, he confronted the staticity and reductionism of linguistic theories which aimed at achieving objectivity by eliminating man. According to Guberina, the qualities of the spoken language witness the presence of the human individual in the particular situation of spoken language realization. THE LINGUISTICS OF SPEECH, PHONETICS, PRAGMATICS, TRADUCTOLOGY

Verbotonal phonetics is grounded in the linguistics of speech. Meanwhile, the linguistics of speech is an area of study which goes beyond the field of phonetics. Besides the multimodality at the level of spoken linguistic expression, the linguistics of speech also includes the study of its multilayered content: the stylistic, affective, semantic, logical, expressive and pragmatic layers of content in discourse and in the utterance. The study of speech acts was initiated by the philosopher of language J. L. Austin in his work How to do

Things with Words (1962). Let us recall that the domain of speech act theory belongs in linguistics to the field of pragmatics. Pragmatics is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of context-embedded utterances. However, ten years earlier, in his book The Solidarity of the Elements of Language (1952: 120), Guberina explicitly states that, besides expressing reality (the reality of thought and external reality), language can also express an action i.e. the attempt to do something with speech alone: „Jezik dakle izražava stvarnost (i akciju), odnosno poziv drugome da izvrši neku stvarnost (akciju). Riječ, jezik toliko je povezan sa stvarnošću, da se ili izmjenjuje sa stvarnošću ili je uopće zamjenjuje u stanovitom smislu.“ ‘’Language thus expresses reality (and action), or an invitation to perform a reality (action). The word, the language, is so tied to reality that it alternates with it, or even replaces it in some sense." Thus Guberina was a pioneer in the pragmatic dimension of language studies. He is known for his opinion that there are no true synonyms in language. Even if we find synonyms at the semantic level, their pragmatic and stylistic content is never the same. The same applies at the level of the utterance i.e. the context-embedded sentence. Furthermore, Guberina maintains that spoken language emerged from actions, i.e. the screams and movements that were man's earliest actions and which gradually became the basis for man's symbols (Stylistics, 1967: 17; first edition of 1958 as a university textbook). Thus Guberina quoted J. Vendryes (Langage, 1950: 17): „Avant d’être un moyen de raisonner, le langage a dû être en effet un moyen d’action, et l’un des plus efficaces dont l’homme pût disposer“. Translation by the author '' Before it became a means of thought, language had to be, in fact, a means of activity, and one of the most efficient ones that the man could possess“ J. Vendryes, Langage, 1950 : 17. Guberina entitles On Translation the second chapter of the second part of the same university textbook (Stylistics), published by the then Department of Phonetics, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb. The chapter deals with the concept of the theory of translation. Besides the theoretical framework of the new scientific discipline that we now call traductology or translation studies, Guberina examines the specific problems of translation and illustrates them with examples of translations from Jean-Dayre’s French translation of Nazor’s narrative “Water”. The origins of translation studies as new scientific theory go back to the 1960s, and by the end of the century, the science of translation became an increasingly important disciplineand

an integral part of numerous university curricula. Again, we can say that in his theory and practice Guberina pioneered a new scientific direction - which he explicitly and theoretically elaborated and implemented as part of his university course at the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb. His close associate Raymond Renard founded Ecole d'Interprètes Internationaux de Mons in Belgium in 1962. Guberina cooperated with R. Renard from the very beginning in the development and strengthening of the newly founded institution. Since the foundation of Ecole d'Interprètes Internationaux de Mons, Guberina organized the departure of twelve of his close associates to Mons for support. Eventually, the Ecole d'Interprètes Internationaux de Mons became the Faculty of Interpreters and Translators at the University of Mons (Faculté de traduction et d'interpretation de l'Université de Mons). The Faculty of Interpreters and Translators at the University of Mons now includes Departments of English, German, French, Danish, Italian, Spanish, Russian and Dutch language and offers internationally recognized undergraduate and graduate programs for professional translators and interpreters. EXTERNAL PHENOMENAL APPEARANCE IN LANGUAGE: REALITY-THOUGHT-FEELING BECOME

EXPRESSION „Tako dolazimo do zaključka da je jezik kao izraz pojavnog karaktera i da je misao kao misao-izraz opet pojavnog karaktera. Prema tome kad govorimo o pojavnom liku jezičnog izraza, onda tu podrazumijevamo i pojavni lik misli, misaone operacije, i obratno.“ "Thus we come to the conclusion that the formal expression of language is phenomenal in character and that thought as a thought-expression is also phenomenal. So when we talk about the phenomenal appearance of linguistic expressions, then we also think of the phenomenal appearance of thought, cognitive operations, and vice versa.(Solidarity of the Elements of Language, 1952: 152). This quote sounds as if it was extracted from the text of a contemporary cognitive linguist. Cognitive Linguistics, in fact, emerges from the study of language moulded by human perception and understanding of the world. Since 1980, this new direction in linguistics has been trying to explain the human ability to perceive, categorize and understand reality through the study of the structure of language expression. And here the work of Petar Guberina is a great source of fresh insight. Reality, thought and feeling are closely connected in the spoken language, so aside from other things, we use speech to express an objective or cognitive reality. From this solidarity the language in speech gains a real, external phenomenal appearance. By discovering and discontinuing the phenomenal world, we gradually come to the conceptual and symbolic discontinuation of our internal cognitive and affective world. Every language in its own way structures the events from the experience of our external spatial reality and then the structuration is transposed at an abstract level of content and linguistic organization in general: „Kako je prostor u kojemu čovjek živi i koji ga okružuje točka prema kojoj se određuje kad ga podražuje vanjski svijet, osjet spaciocepcije obuhvaća sve osjete.

Koliko vladamo prostorom, toliko razvijamo svoje osjete, svoj govor i svoju osobnost.“ „As the space in which the man lives and which surrounds him is the point according to which it is determined when he is stimulated by the external world, the feeling of spacioception encompasses all senses. To what extent we master space, is to what extent we develop our senses, our speech and our personality.“ (P. Guberina : The Role of the Body in Learning Foreign Languages, RAP, n°73-74-75, Mons, 1985:37). Mihovil Pansini, a longtime close associate of Petar Guberina, elaborated the notion of spatioception realized by watching, hearing, and the vestibular, tactile, and proprioceptive senses. These senses are important units for the rehabilitation of hearing and speech because they allow the perception of space on which hearing and speaking is based. From this Pansini derives a neuroscientific argument: an action is a pre-verb (prvotni glagol), an object is a pre-noun, an event a pre-sentence and topography pre-syntax — course, within the particular structure of experiential reality in the concrete spoken language. Today's contemporary linguistic research has branched in different directions, and in scientific and technical literature in French linguistics the word linguistics is often found used in the plural, we are in fact talking about modern linguistics in the plural. Let us mention, for example, the book by Catherine Fuchs & Pierre Le Goffic, Les linguistiques contemporaines (1992). However, if we observe it from the perspective of contemporary theoretical sources in the works of Saussure, Bally, Benveniste and Guberina, we shall find that these contemporary directions concern spoken language studies embedded in context, and thus the linguistics of language or the language system and the linguistics of speech seem to constitute an inseparable whole. This is what Petar Guberina realized at the outset of his scientific studies of language, and therefore his work was pioneering in a number of directions in modern language studies. CONCLUSION Petar Guberina’s huge body of work is difficult to summarize, but four fundamental postulates could be pointed out: 1. spoken language cannot be observed as a separate unit, separate from the beings who use it, from the qualities of spoken language and the socio-cultural heritage it results from, 2. spoken language is a dynamic co-activity of participants in communication, 3. teaching and the rehabilitation of speech and hearing includes working on hearing and speech activity as a polysensoric process involving the human being as a whole, 4. in the center of all considerations of language is the human being in his (or her) creativity and the constant dynamics of the body, brain and affectivity which result in the human desire to be in connection with oneself, others and the surroundings. Thanks to his global and dynamic vision of language and speech, the linguistic theory of Petar Guberina represents an important milestone in any scientific pursuit of speech and language issues. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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