Table of Content: Abstract Introduction Growing conditions Climate Soil Cultivation and Harvesting Production of Guar seed and Guar gum Guar production in India and Pakistan Guar production in different states of India Guar gum Uses of Guar Consumption Export of Guar Guar in Pakistan References

ABSTRACT:

More than forty uses of guar have been discovered. Guar is mostly cultivated in India and than in Pakistan. It is kharif season corp. Africa is thought to be as origin place of Guar. Guar has ability to tolerate dry and arid conditions.Guar bean has large endosperm as compared to other seeds and guar gum is present in endosperm. Guar gum has many industrial uses. India and Pakistan are major world exporter of Guar.This crop is considered as soil building crop.Production and price of Guar fluctuates every year. It has variety of industrial uses.

Introduction:

Guar scientifically named as Cyamopsis tetragonoba is an annual legume which belongs to family Fabaceae. In Urdu, Hindi and in Marathi Guar is commonly known as Gawar while it is termed as Goruchikkudu in Telugu,javalykaayi in kannada,kotthavarai in tamil.It belongs to order Fabales and genus is cyamopsis.Guar is known as cow food in hindi and urdu.

Growing conditions:

Favorable conditions for best Guar growth are frequent rainfall and in arid or semi arid areas. (Mudgil D, Baraks and Khatkar B.S.2011). It is also known as monsoon crop as it needs 8-15 inch of rain. Most important time when crop needs rain is it at the time when crop buds and when flowering starts. When flowering or blossoming starts then crop needs sunshine. For better production of crop well drained soil is required. Guar has ability to tolerate arid conditions.This crop is susceptible to water logging conditions.

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Climate:

Guar is adapted to semi arid conditions. Guar bean requires full sunshine and moderate rain fall.If there is shortage of moisture or water plant will not die but it stops growing. 77f to 95f temperature is best for its root development. It is 90 days crop but it may be delayed to 120 to 150 days. When Guar plant become mature it does not needs rain or excessive humidity and moisture but if there is excess of theses things then plant turns black and it loses its quality.(D.G.Under Sander, AR Kaminski, K.A Kelling, JD.Doll, E.S Oplinger from department of Agronomy and soil of Agriculture and Life Sciences and cooperative extension service, University of Wisconsin. Madison, WI53706, DH Putnam, J.L Gonsolous from department of Agronomy and Plant genetics, University of Minnesota, st Paul, MN55108.FEB,1991).

SOIL:

Guar crop needs fertile, sandy 100m soil for its best production. It can grow in moderate alkaline condition. (Under Sander D.J.Potham, D.H Kaminski). Guar ability to tolerate unfavorable conditions like soil salinity and alkalinity. (D.J.Under Sander, DH Putnam, AR Kaminski, K.A Kelling, JD.Doll, E.Soplinnger and J.L Gonsolus).Guar requires high level of phosphorous and medium amount of potash is needed.When the soil temperature is above 70F then guar should be planted where as the optimum soil temperature for germinatin of

guar is 86F.Guar is considered as an excellent soil improving crop it fits in crop rotation system.

Cultivation and harvesting:

Guar is cultivated in kharif season (Aurther Purushottam). It is considered that mostly after first rainfall in July is best time for Guar cultivation. It is estimated that 90 days are the time duration for this crop and it is harvested in late October.In rainy season during summers the seed is sown 2-3cm deep in ridges and forrows.In feb-march, june-july the seeds are planted at a spacing of 45-60*20-30 cm.If there is too much precipitation then it causes crop to become more leafy and hence reducing the number of seeds per pod therefore it effects directly on the yeild and size of seed. At maturity seed pod is brown in colour and is dry.The moisture content at the maturity of seed is less than 14 percent.It is easy to harvest this crop as the guar beans do not shatter so crop is combined soon after maturity.Guar crop pre harvest interval is of four days.If seed is white in color then it is preffered in various food industrys but if seed is black in color and is shrunken then seed quality is decreased.If seed is small then obviously it will have small endosperm therefore this type of seed is leess desireable in milling.

Production of Guar seed and Guar gum:

YearGuar seed

Guar gum

2005 5 1652006 7 2.32007 8.5 2.82008 10.1 3.332009 2.5 0.832010 15 4.952011 12.1 3.99

Source: www.hindubosinessline.com

Global production of Guar:

Country ProductionIndia 80%Pakistan 155Sudan, Aus and 5%

USA

Agriculture, Economics research review vol.25 (no1) Jan- Jun 2012.

Guar production in India and Pakistan:

India is considered as the largest Guar producer. (Author for correspondence: Email: Purushottamji@gmail.com) then Pakistan). Guar is grown mostly in north western areas of India and Pakistan (Guar gum mid wets herbs). Dry areas of Punjab in Pakistan are best areas for Guar cultivation. Where as Rajasthan is the largest Guar cultivation area in India. It occupies 82.1% of total Guar cultivation area of India. Guar is also used as cash crop in other parts of world (Pathaketal 2010). India is largest there is 10-16 lakh tones (AERR vol.25 no1). Production of Guar seed in India Punjab and Sindh are the provinces of Pakistan where mainly Guar seed is grown. According to estimation there is about 150,000 tons/year Guar market and out of it 70% contribution is from India and Pakistan. If we consider last five years Guar production data it is clearly seen that Rajasthan is at top in production of Guar. Other district of India like Ganganagor, Hanuman garh, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Pali, Barmer, Bikaner, contributes mainly in Guar production.

1

Source: NMCE

Guar gum:

Guar seed contains an important gum inside it known as “Guar gum”. Which is odorless and its color is white to yellowish white. According to the chemical composition it is polysaccharide which contains mannose and sugar glactose.Guar gum remains stable in a solution that contains ph ranges betwwen 5-7 where as it degrades at high PH and temperature.It is insoluble inn most of hydrocarbon solvents where as strong acids causes hydrolysis and low viscosity.Guar gum is good stabilizer and is soluble because it contains many glactose branch points.It is not self gelling(Martin Chaplin, london South Bank university).It is found in endosperm of guar seed.Guar gum is useful in many ways like it is used in pharmaceutical industry, cosmetics, thickener, stabilizer, as an emulsifier, it is also considered as natural source of hydrocolloid, it is used in ice creams and other dairy products. It is mostly used in bakery industry (AERR). It is also used in textile industry due to its thickening property. It is used in paper industry. Guar gum has high viscosity and it is easily soluble in hot and cold water. It has great resistance power for oils and other solvents. One of the most important characters of Guar gum is that it has water binding capacity. Guar gum can be made more stable by making cross link of Guar with chromium ion boron, due to this Guar also become more heat resistant. NMCE (national multi commodity exchange of India limited).Guar gum is also used in treatment of various diseases like diabetes,obesity,irritable bewel syndrome, diarrhea, atherosclerosis.Guar gum is also used in reducing the amount of cholesterol ang glucose that is absorbed in stomatch and intestine.

Different Names Of Guar gumThere are various names that are used for guar gum which are: Goma Guar, Gomme de Guar, Gomme de Jaguar, Guar Flour, Indian Guar Plant, Jaguar Gum, Psoralea tetragonoloba. Cyamopsis psoraloides, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Cyamopsis tetragonolobus, Dietary Fiber, Dolichos psoraloides, Farine de Guar, Fibre Alimentaire.

Uses of guar:Guar has many industrial uses. Guar is mainly grown in arid regions like in India. It is mostly grown in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab etc but out of all these Rajasthan is largest producer of Guar so industry are also mostly found in Jodhpur and areas near to it. So India is a largest exporter of Guar and its products.Guar is also used in a sugar paste which is used for epilation. Beside industrial uses mature Guar bean is also used as fodder to feed cattle. It is also used as green manure as it conserves soil nutrient content. (Whistler and Hymowitzt.1979 Purdue University press). Guar beans are also used as salad vegetable (Guar bohne Ccyamppsis tetragonolobuscl). Guar beans are the major source of Guar gum which is useful in various ways like it is used as stabilizer in cheese and cold meat processing.

Guar crop enhances the soil fertility. Nitrogen fixing bacteria are present in root nodules of Guar. In Guar processing chori and korma are it’s by products which are food of cattle. Author for correspondence: (Email: Purushottamji@gmail.com Information is taken from final report of the in hoose research study on Guar industry vision 2020: single vision strategies conducted by authors). Sharma and Gummagolmath: Reforming Guar industry in India.

Industrial Uses Of Guar It is used in hydrolysic fracturing.(Ram Narayan university of pennsylvania law

School) It is used in mining. It is used in hydro seeding. It is used in cosmetics like as a thickner in tooth paste. It is used in textile industry as it helps in printing , sizing etc. It is used in paper industry. It is used in nursing house as a thickner in liquids, in medical instituets. It is used in explosives industry as water proof. It is used in pharmaceutical industry as it is good binder.

Guar Used In Food Industry It functions as binder in meat. It is used in frozen food item,barbecue sauces, ketchups and it also improves the stability and appereance of salad dressings. It is used in baked products as it increses dough yield. It is used in dairy products like icecreams,yogurt,kefir,cheese etc.

Varities Of Guar

Brooks: It is used since 1996 but is now replaced by new varities.It is resistant to major guar diseases.Plant from this seed has fine branching along with medium sized pods.Plant possess glaborous leaves and stems.

Hall: It is resistant to some diseases like alternaria leaf spot and bacterial blight.Plant possess medium sized pods, plant is tall and fine branching is present.like brooks stems and leaves are glaborous and this type is adapted more to heavy soil types and at higher elevations.

Mills:

Plant is finely branched and are short.the stems and leaves are hairy.this varity is also resistant to alternaria leaf spot and bacterial blight.Seed is larger then those of brook and hall.It grows short so its yield is lower as compared to brook and hall.

Kinman: It is released in 1975.It matures 7 days earlier then hall.It consist of coarser stems and is slightly tall.It produces smalll to medium stzed racemes.Fine branching is present.7 to 9 seeds are present in seed pod that are medium sized.Kinman produces 17 percent more seed then brook as it is also slightly larger then brook.

Esser: It is also released in 1975 by brook and mill cross.main stem is stronger and few lateral branching,fine branching is present.Esser shows high resistance towards disease as compared to brook and kinman.

Lewis: It is released in 1986 through a cross of glaborous parent with hairy parent.Its leaves , stems along with its pods are glaborous.Short inter nodes are present at main stem and basal branches.they possess average hight and recenes and pods are medium sized.It is tolerant to bacterial blight and alternaria leaf spot.Its seed yield is 25percent more than kinman and 21 percent more than esser.

Consumption and export of Guar:

There is big demand of India Guar products and its largest exporter of guar and its products therefore export of Guar products from India has been increasing day by day. (Agriculture economics research review vol.25 no 1). Annually it exports 7.6% in quantity terms and 17.7% in value terms. Guar gum is the most important and major product of export. Being largest exporter India exports Guar gum and mucilage’s of about 38% where as 14% by Spain, 9% by USA, 7% by Italy, 55 by Pakistan and 45 contribution from Germany, USA consumes 45,000 tones of Guar gum annually and is declared as largest consumer. It is estimated to about Rs.1000 crore per anum is Guar global market where as according to an estimation about 1.5 lakh per anum is its global consumption. (Agriculture economics research review vol.25 no 1). It is estimated that the annual market of guar is about 150,000tonns.The countries that import guar,guar gum and its derivatives ::Brazil,China,Unitedstates,Greece,Australia,Austria,ChileCanada,Germany,Italy,France,Ireland,Mexico,Portugal,Netherland,South africa,Sweden and United kingdom.

2Guar use of value change3

Guar in Pakistan:

Pakistan gum and chemical limited (Pak chem.) is company of Guar industry that produces large amount of Guar gum in Pakistan. It produces Guar gum, Guar splits and hence is extensively used in food and different industries. (www.pakchem.com.pk). A survey was done on Guar crop in Pakistan by collective efforts of KGI (Karachi Guar industry), PNGI and KPK region so according to this survey the production of Guar crop in Punjab and KPK regions is three to four times in comparison to last few years. Therefore it was estimated that there is 1.8 million to 2.0 million bags of Guar each containing 100 KGs each are produced from Punjab and KPK region. According to the surveys done in Pakistan the production of Guar seed crop is about 2.8 million to 3.2 million bags (100 KGs).

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