GTLD .

• gTLD

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GTLD

1 A 'generic top-level domain' ('gTLD') is one of the categories of top-level domains (TLDs) maintained by the

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for use in the Domain Name

System of the Internet. It is visible to Internet users as the suffix at the end

of a domain name.


GTLD

1 Overall, IANA currently distinguishes the following groups of top-level domains:


GTLD

1 *top-level domain#Infrastructure domain|infrastructure top-level domain (.arpa|arpa)


GTLD

1 *country code top-level domains (ccTLD)


GTLD

1 **internationalized country code top-level domains


GTLD

1 The core group of generic top-level domains consists of the .com|

com, .info|info, .net|net, and .org|org domains. In addition, the

domains .biz|biz, .name|name, and .pro|pro are also considered

generic; however, these are designated as restricted, because registrations within them require

proof of eligibility within the guidelines set for each.


GTLD

1 Historically, the group of generic top-level domains included domains,

created in the early development of the domain name system, that are

now sponsored by designated agencies or organizations and are

restricted to specific types of registrants


GTLD - History

1 The initial set of top-level domains, defined by RFC 920 in October 1984,

was a set of general purpose domains: .com|com, .edu|edu, .gov|gov, .mil|mil, .org|org. The .net|net

domain was added with the first implementation of these domains.

The com, net, and org TLDs, despite their originally specific goals, are now open for use for any purpose.


GTLD - History

1 In November 1988, another TLD was introduced, .int|int


GTLD - History

1 Jon Postel, as head of Internet Assigned Numbers Authority|IANA, invited applications from interested

parties.[http://www.gtld-mou.org/gtld-discuss/mail-archive/00990.html] In

early 1995, Postel created Draft Postel, an Internet draft containing

the procedures to create new domain name registries and new TLDs


GTLD - History

1 In September 1998, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

was created to take over the task of managing domain names. After a call for proposals (August 15, 2000) and a brief

period of public consultation, ICANN announced on November 16, 2000, its selection of the following seven new

TLDs: .aero|aero, .biz|biz, .coop|coop, .info|info, .museum|museum, .name|name, .pro|

pro.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

GTLD - History

1 Biz, info, and museum were activated in June 2001, name and coop in January 2002, pro in May 2002, and aero later in 2002. pro

became a gTLD in May 2002, but did not become fully operational until June 2004. xxx was approved in

March 2011 and went into operation on April 15, 2011.


GTLD - History

1 ICANN added further TLDs, starting with a

set of sponsored top-level domains


GTLD - History

1 On June 26, 2008, during the 32nd International Public ICANN Meeting in Paris, ICANN started a new process of

TLD naming policy to take a significant step forward on the introduction of new generic top-level domains. This program envisions the availability of many new or already proposed domains, as well as a

new application and implementation process.


GTLD - History

1 Observers believed that the new rules could result in hundreds of new

gTLDs being registered.[http://www.circleid.com/posts/86269_icann_approves_overhaul

_top_level_domains/ ICANN Board Approves Sweeping Overhaul of Top-

level Domains], CircleID, June 26, 2008.


GTLD - Unrestricted gTLD

1 Unrestricted generic top-level domains are those domains that are available for

registrations by any person or organization for any use. The prominent gTLDs in this group are .com|com, .net|net, .org|org, and .info|

info. However, info was the only one of these, and the first, that was explicitly chartered as

unrestricted. The others initially had a specific target audience. However, due to lack of

enforcement, they acquired an unrestricted character, which was later grandfathered.


GTLD - Sponsored gTLD

1 The term sponsored top-level domain is derived from the fact that these domains

are based on theme concepts proposed by private agencies or organizations that

establish and enforce rules restricting the eligibility of registrants to use the TLD. For

example, the .aero|aero TLD is sponsored by the Société Internationale de

Télécommunications Aéronautiques, which limits registrations to members of the air-

transport industry.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

GTLD - Sponsored gTLD

1 The new gTLD programme saw the arrival of many sponsored Top-level

domains or restricted open, with strings active in a regulated industry, such as .pharma or .bank, or in other

industrial domains such as .safety


GTLD - Geographic gTLD

1 A geographic TLD (or GeoTLD) is a generic top-level domain using the name of or

invoking an association with a geographical, geopolitical, ethnic, linguistic or cultural

community. As of 2009, only two GeoTLDs existed: the sponsored domains .cat, for the

Catalan language|Catalan language and culture and .asia; as of 2014 there were ten more, including .kiwi, .paris and .gal, but

many others have been proposed (see also proposed top-level domain).


GTLD - New top-level domains

1 The introduction of several generic top-level domains over the years has

not stopped the demand for more gTLDs and ICANN has received many proposals for establishment of new top-level domains. Proponents have

argued for a variety of models ranging from adoption of policies for unrestricted gTLDs (see above) to

chartered gTLDs for specialized uses by specialized organizations.



1 An open gTLD may or may not have a formal relationship with an exclusive registrant or user

population



1 The establishment of new gTLDs under this program requires the

operation of a domain registry and a demonstration of technical and

financial capacity for such operations and the management of registrar

relationships.



1 A fourth version of the draft applicant guidebook (DAG4) was published in May

2011.


GTLD - Expansion of gTLDs

1 ICANN expects that the first batch of new gTLDs will be operational by September 2013



1 However, some companies, like Pepsi,

have ruled out a branded gTLD.



1 The new generic top level domain (gTLD) application system opened on January 12,

2012. The application window was to initially close on April 12, 2012. However ICANN's

Chief Operating Officer, Akram Atallah stated there was a glitch in the TLD

application system leaving applicant's information visible to others. The system

was shut down to protect applicant's information, and measures were taken to

resolve the situation.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html


1 ICANN re-opened the TLD Application System on May 21, allowing

applicants to submit and review their applications until May 30, 2012.



1 On Reveal Day June 13, 2012, it was announced that ICANN received about 1,930 applications for new

gTLD's, 751 of which were contested.



1 It was expected for the new gTLD's to go live on June 2013. However as

of March 2013 only non Latin domains have gone through Initial Evaluation. The updated timeline

suggests the new TLD's will go live in November 2013.



1 A lottery was held in December 2012 to determine the order in which ICANN would evaluate the 1,930

applications.



1 After the Application Window there was a public comment period from June 13, 2012, to September 26, 2012, in which the public could

express their views on the individual new gTLD applications submitted.



1 Concerns were raised over Closed Generic Strings in which the applicant would be the sole

registrant for the TLD. In particular objections were raised by publishers

over Amazon's .book application.


GTLD - Applicants

1 Of the technology giants, Google has filed for 101 new gTLD strings,

Amazon.com|Amazon comes 2nd with 76 strings, and Microsoft has

filed for 11. Of the more specialized domain name companies, the following have applied for a

significant number of new gTLDs:


GTLD - Applicants

1 * [http://donuts.co Donuts] co-founded by Paul Stahura, has the most applications submitting 307

gTLDs


GTLD - Applicants

1 * [http://www.tldh.org Top Level Domains Holding] (TLDH) led by

[http://www.tldh.org/management/ Fred Krueger] have applied for 92

gTLDs.


GTLD - Applicants

1 * Famous Four Media, co-founded by [http://www.domainventurepartners.net/dvp-team/iain-roache/ Iain Roache]

and Geir Rasmussen, have filed for 57 gTLDs.


GTLD - Applicants

1 * Uniregistry headed by its Managing Director Frank Schilling is pursuing 54 gTLDs.


GTLD - Applicants

1 * [http://www.radixregistry.com Radix Registry] led by its CEO Bhavin Turakhia has filed for 31 gTLDs.


GTLD - Applicants

1 * [http://www.unitedtld.com/ United TLD Holdco] led by Richard Rosenblatt have filed for 26

applications to the new gTLD system.


GTLD - New gTLD launch

1 On July 15, 2013, the four first new gTLD agreements were signed in

Durban.http://newgtlds.icann.org/en/announcements-and-media/announc

ement-15jul13-en dotstories blog They concerned Top Level Domains in

non-Latin characters:



1 * Core Association's онлайн, Russian for online



1 * Core Association's сайт, Russian for

website



1 On July 10, 2014 the 330th string was delegated

http://newgtlds.icann.org/en/program-status/delegated-strings dotstories

blog



1 The most popular gTLD has been .guru, launched in February 2014 and reaching 50,000 domains in

April 2014, briefly surpassed by .club between June 2 and June 9, 2014, with around 55,000

domains; .club was then surpassed by .xyz, which had more than 300,000 domains after one and a half months of existence. The growth of .xyz has

been concentrated on one registrar due to a promotion they

ran.http://domainnamewire.com/2014/06/19/free-xyz-domain-name/ I got my first free .XYZ domain

name offer today


GTLD - Problems with universal acceptance of new gTLD's

1 Some browsers and software applications do not properly recognize new gTLD's as top level domains.https://community.icann.org/display/T

UA/TLD+Universal+Acceptance+Home For example, the browser found on most Android

phones will not recognize many new gTLD's as of August 2014, and instead treats them as a

search query. Prefixing the domain with http://, or including a trailing slash will usually force the browser to perform a DNS lookup rather

than a search.


GTLD - Problems with universal acceptance of new gTLD's

1 Additionally, some hosting companies are not currently

equipped to handle associating new gTLD domains with existing hosting

packages, even though those companies offer registration of domains under new gTLD's.11

technical support, August 7, 2014


GTLD - Opposition to gTLD expansion

1 In a statement to the US Congress on December 9, 2011, National

Restaurant Association vice president Scott DeFife stated, Even beyond the financial toll the gTLD program will

exact on millions of U.S


UDRP - Domain Name Disputes under new gTLDs

1 According to WIPO, of 42,000 UDRP filings to date, 80% were for .com domains, and of the new gTLDs,

only .info has attracted any volume of UDRP disputes (3% of cases filed)


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