GTA | Grain Trade Australia - Visual Recogni on Standards Guide...III Grain Trade Australia (GTA)...

I

Visual Recogni on Standards GuideFOR GRAIN COMMODITY SAMPLING & ASSESSMENTIssued as at 1st August 2017

III

Grain Trade Australia (GTA)

These photographs and illustra ons are produced as a set of visual standards for the purpose of facilita ng the trading of commodi es depicted within Australia.

Disclaimer: The photographs and illustra ons reproduced in this Guide are produced to supplement the Grain Trade Australia Commodity Standards and for the purpose of facilita ng the trade of the depicted commodi es, within Australia. These images may not be used in part or full for commercial uses without the expressed permission of the Grain Trade Australia Standards Commi ee.

Visual Recogni on Standards Guide Issued 1st August 2017

Designed by BLVB

V

Introduc on 1Document Calibra on 2

BARLEY: Common Defects 3Sec on 1.1 4Varietal Iden fi ca on: Barley

Sec on 1.2 5Sprouted 5Dark Tipped (WA - Germ End Stained) 5Shot 5Field Fungi (WA - Spo ed/Field Fungi Aff ected) 5

Sec on 1.3Skinnings (WA - Skinned) 6Cleaved (front, back and side) 6

Sec on 1.4Insect Damaged 7Distorted 7Dry Green or Sappy 7Broken 7

Sec on 1.5WA - Heavily Discoloured 8Severely Damaged 8Pink Fungal Staining 8

Sec on 1.6Pickling Compounds or Ar fi cial Colour (WA - Pickled Barley) 9

WHEAT: Common Defects 10Sec on 2.1 Commodity: Durum Iden fi ca on from Bread Wheat 11

Sec on 2.2 Pink Stained 12Stained 12Insect Damaged 12

Sec on 2.3 Distorted 13Sprouted 13Dry Green or Sappy 13

Sec on 2.4 Field Fungi 14Severely Damaged 14

Sec on 2.5 White Grain Disorder / Head Scab 15

Sec on 2.6 Ball Smuts 16Pickling Compounds or Ar fi cial Colouring (WA - Pickled Wheat) 16

SORGHUM: Common Defects 17Sec on 3.1 Severely Damaged 18Insect Damaged 18Sprouted 18

TABLE OF CONTENTS

VI

Sec on 3.2 Mould 19Field Fungi 19

Sec on 3.3 Honeydew 20Sorghum Ergot 20

OATS: Common Defects 21Sec on 4.1 Damaged Grains 22Heat Damaged or Bin Burnt 22Field Fungi (WA - Spo ed Mould Aff ected) 22

Sec on 4.2 Stained Grains (WA - Heavily Discoloured) 23Stained Groats 23

Sec on 4.3 Insect Damaged 24Dry Green or Sappy 24Sprouted 24Shot 24

CANOLA: Common Defects 25Sec on 5.1 Broken or Split 26Sprouted 26Heat Damaged, Bin Burnt or Badly Damaged 26Weather Damaged 26

Sec on 5.2 Mould 27Green Seeds 27

DESI CHICKPEAS: Common Defects 28Sec on 6.1 Bin Burnt and Heat Damaged 29Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled 29

Sec on 6.2 Broken, Chipped, Loose Seed Coat and Split 30

Sec on 6.3 Insect Damaged 31Hail Damaged 31Sprouted 31

Sec on 6.4 Mouldy and Caked 32Green - Desi Chickpeas 32

Sec on 6.5 Poor Colour 33

Sec on 6.6 Stained and Weather Damaged 34Fungal Aff ected 34

KABULI CHICKPEAS: Common Defects 35Sec on 7.1Poor Colour - Seed Coat 36Insect Damaged 36


Sec on 7.3 Mouldy and Caked 38Sprouted 38Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled 38

VII

FEED MAIZE: Common Defects 39Sec on 8.1 Heat Damaged / Bin Burnt 40Broken 40Insect Damaged 40Sprouted 40

Sec on 8.2Storage Mould 41Fungal Aff ected 41Silk Cut 41Starburst 41Dead 41

Sec on 8.3Pickling Compounds or Ar fi cial Colouring 42Field Fungi 42Kernel Red Streak 42

ANGUSTIFOLIUS LUPINS: Common Defects 43Sec on 9.1Broken, Chipped, Loose Seed Coat and Split 44Manganese Defi ciency 44

Sec on 9.2 Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled 45Insect Damaged 45

Sec on 9.3 Phomopsis 46Bi er Dark 46Poor Colour 46

Sec on 9.4 Pickling Compounds 47Sprouted 47Mouldy and Caked 47

RED LENTILS: Common Defects 48Sec on 10.1 Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled 49


Sec on 10.3 Insect Damaged 51Mouldy and Caked 51Bin Burnt and Heat Damaged 51Sprouted 51

Sec on 10.4 Poor Colour Seed Coat 52Poor Colour Kernel - Dehulled Len l 52Blonde Kernel 52

Sec on 10.5 Contras ng Colours

Sec on 10.6 Fungal Aff ected 54Stained and Weather Damaged 54

FIELD PEAS: Common Defects 55Sec on 11.1 Bin Burnt / Heat Damaged 56Insect Damaged 56Mouldy and Caked 56

Sec on 11.2Broken, Chipped, Loose Seed Coat and Split 57

Sec on 11.3 Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled 58Sprouted 58

VIII


FABA BEANS: Common Defects 60Sec on 12.1 Bin Burnt and Heat Damaged 61Fungal Aff ected 61

Sec on 12.2 Mouldy and Caked 62Sprouted 62Insect Damaged 62


Sec on 12.4 Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled 64Frost Damaged/Stained 64


MUNG BEANS: Common Defects 66Sec on 13.1 Cracked / Missing / Chipped 67Insect Damage 67Shot and Sprung 67

Sec on 13.2 Stained 68Wrinkled 68 Sec on 13.3 Pod Scale 69

1

INTRODUCTION

Defec ve GrainsThis guide is produced to assist samplers and assessors of grain in the determina on of defec ve grains which are covered by the Grain Trade Australia (GTA), Australian Oilseeds Federa on (AOF), and Pulse Australia standards.

All images in this guide (unless otherwise iden fi ed) are defec ve. These photographs depict the minimum standard for a grain to be assessed as defec ve. If a grain defect does not meet the physical a ributes depicted in the photograph it is to be assessed as sound.

Pictures shown at this size are an approximate size of the original grain only. These pictures are enlarged to assist in illustra on of the defect.

Calibra onA calibra on sheet is provided for those who are downloading and prin ng these guides. Careful calibra on of these photographs is vital as monitors and printers may vary.

Issued: 1st August 2017

2

Document Calibra on

CMYK Value:C=15 M=100 Y=100 K=0

Minolta Value:L= 48.59 a= +51.21 b= +31.27


Minolta Value:L= 55.41 a= -17.28 b= -43.99


Minolta Value:L= 87.53 a= -10.50 b= +80.56

NOTE: The hardware (monitor, graphics card, etc.) Used to display the images in Inspector Standardisa on content infl uences the appearance of the images. As a result the images may have a slightly diff erent appearance when viewed on diff erent makes/models of computer and display. These images where created using a Dino-Lite Pro AM-413T, calibrated LCD display with 1680x1050, 32 Bit, 60 Hz resolu on and the following calibra on se ngs:

Brightness: 0 Contrast: 50 Gamma: 1.0 Hue: 0 Satura on: 0

The VRSG should be viewed using a computer with digital video (DVI) output and an EIZO CG19, EIZO S1921, EIZO S1932, EIZO S1961, or EIZO CE210W display.

Paper Type for Prin ng: Brand: Offi ce Elements GSM: 80gsm Colour: White

Laminate material: Brand: Offi ceMax 125 Micron lamina ng pouches Re-Order Code: 1950630

Disclaimer: The men on of fi rm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended

aleurone

endosperm

scutellumhusk

embryo

Barley Grain

3

Sec on 1BARLEY: Common Defects


Ventral Crease

Palea

Rachilla

Ventral Crease

Palea

Rachilla

4

Long Long

ShortShort

Bass, Baudin, Buloke, Compass, Dhow, Fairview, Fitzroy, Flagship, Flinders, GrangeR, Hamelin, Henley, Navigator, Scope, Tallon, Wimmera

Arapiles, Commander, Gairdner, Grimme , Hindmarsh, LaTrobe, Schooner, Sloop, SloopSA, SloopVIC, S rling, Westminster

“Awn End of Grain”

“Germ End of Grain”

Sec on 1.1 - Varietal Iden fi ca on: BarleyDefi ni on: The main characteris c used in iden fying barley varie es is the length of the hairs on the Rachilla. The Rachilla is white in colour and found running along the grain furrow from the germ end. There are two main types of Rachilla hair length, that being long hairs, and short woollyhairs.

For a complete list of all Barley varie es, please visit the Barley Australia website.

h p://www.barleyaustralia.com.au

Common Varie es including:

Common Varie es including:

Ventral(Front)

Dorsal(Back)


1mm

5

Sec on 1.2 - Barley: Common Defects Shot

Defi ni on: Barley grains exhibi ng the following outward signs of having commenced germina on are classifi ed as Shot:

• Opening of the grain at the germ endand/or• The husk has ‘tramlines’ on bothsides where the husk has begun to li on each side on the back of the grain atthe germ end.

Field Fungi (WA - Spo ed/Field Fungi Aff ected)

Defi ni on: Field Fungi refers to individual kernels where the seed coat has the appearance of black spo ng occurring anywhere on the grain or a grey surface discoloura on of the kernel.Coverage greater than approximately 10% of the grain surface is considered defec ve. Grains that show a coverage of approximately 10% or less are to be classifi ed as sound.

Dark Tipped (WA - Germ End Stained)

Defi ni on: Grains exhibit a dis nct dark brown to black discoloura on. This mainly occurs at the germ end of the grain however in severe cases it may progress to other parts of the grain. Dark pping equal to or greater than 1mm is classifi ed as defec ve grain.

Sprouted

Defi ni on: Sprouted grains are those with any visible evidence of the shoot or root system beginning to emerge from the germ.

Note: image represents the minimal level of intensity of colour and 1mm length.

“tram lines”

Black Spo ngBlack Spo ng Grey Discoloura on


6

Sec on 1.3 - Barley: Common Defects Skinnings (WA - Skinned)

Defi ni on: Skinnings is defi ned as damage to the protec ve husk of the barley.

Each grain exhibi ng one or more of the following characteris cs is assessed as a skinned grain:

• Skinnings - 1/3 or more of the total surface area of the husk is missing • Germ Exposed - The husk is removed from the germ end of the grain or has been damaged

(other than Shot or Sprouted) or the germ itself has been removed.

Germ Exposed

Cleaved (front, back and side)

Defi ni on: A split along the crease or a split down the back, front or side of the grain exposing the white endosperm.

Any visible cleaving is considered defec ve.

SideVentral (Front)

Ventral (Front)

Dorsal (back)

Dorsal (back)


7

Sec on 1.4 - Barley: Common Defects Insect Damaged

Defi ni on: Any visible insect damage penetra ng through to the white endosperm is to be classifi ed as defec ve.

Broken

Defi ni on: Grain that has 1/3 or more missing from the kernel.

Distorted

Defi ni on: Grain which is collapsed on the dorsal side.

Dorsal Side

Sound Grain

Sound GrainSound Side Grain

Dry Green or Sappy

Defi ni on: Dry Green grains are those whose surface is dis nc vely green. Dry Green grains are usually dry and hard.

Sappy grains are generally so when pressed. They may or may not be green. Any level of sappiness is classifi ed as defec ve.


8

Sec on 1.5 - Barley: Common Defects

Severely Damaged

Defi ni on: Mould, heat damaged / burnt, diseased or other serious visual defects. Refers to those grains that have become severely discoloured. Aff ected grainsappear dark brown or in severe cases, blackened. May also appear discoloured under the husk on the kernel.

Does not include Field Fungi aff ectedgrains, refer to Field Fungi common defect.

Diseased Fusarium Heat Damaged MouldBlackenedSound Grain

WA - Heavily Discoloured

Defi ni on: These are grains where the staining is dark and burnt in appearance. Usually aff ec ng more than the germ end.

Pink Fungal Staining

Defi ni on: These are otherwise healthy grains which show an orange, pink to red discoloura on found anywhere on the surface.


9

Pickling Compounds or Ar fi cial Colour (WA - Pickled Barley)

Defi ni on: Grains contaminated in this way may be iden fi ed by an unnatural surface colour and/or colour that rubs off . Any grains that are ar fi cially coloured regardless of intensity are defec ve.

Note: These photographs are to illustrate ar fi cial colours and appearance only. A nil tolerance applies to any pickling compounds, regardless of intensity or coverage or colour.

Sec on 1.6 - Barley: Pickling

endosperm

aleurone

nucellar tissue

seed coat (testa)

Tube cellscross cellshypodermis

epidermis

scutellumshealth of shoot

germ

Wheat Grain10

Sec on 2WHEAT: Common Defects


11

“Germ End”

“Brush End”

Sec on 2.1 - Durum Iden fi ca on

Commodity: Durum Iden fi ca on from Bread Wheat

Descrip on: Bread Wheat can be visually dis nguished from Durum by the “fi ne hairs” on the brush end of the grain. These hairs are only associated with Bread Wheat varie es.

Bread Wheat Durum

“Fine hairs”


12

Sec on 2.2 - Wheat: Common Defects Pink Stained

Defi ni on: This is a grain that has a dis nct pink discoloura on. Grains that are pink but also contain a white to light grey fungal like discoloura on over more than approximately 50% of the seed coat surface are to be classifi ed as “White Grain Disorder/Head Scab”.

Stained

Defi ni on: A dis nct dark brown to black discoloura on on the germ end that, in severe cases, may progress to other parts of the grain such as the crease. These grains are commonly referred to as “black point” or “black p”.

Includes any staining beyond the minimum up to 50% of the en re grain surface.

For grains showing more than approximately 50% coverage of the en re grain surface refer to Field Fungi.

Brush VentralStreaking Black TipStained CreaseBrush DorsalDiscoloura on must be 50%

or more of the germ

1/2 the germ

Insect Damaged



Above 2mm screen only“Blue Hue”

Sound wheat

Scalloped (not defec ve)

13

Sec on 2.3 - Wheat: Common Defects

Dry Green or Sappy

Defi ni on: Dry Green grains are those whose surface is dis nc vely green. Dry green grains are usually dry and hard.


Distorted

Defi ni on: Grains generally have the appearance of full sized kernels with li le or no structure on both dorsal sides of the grain, and are typically grey to blue in colour. This defi ni on does not include pinched grain.

Sprouted

Defi ni on: Sprouted grains are those in which the covering of the germ is split. It includes early and any further advanced stage of growth of the germ. Kernels exhibi ng early stages of sprou ng are those where the covering of the germ is split, but without further development of the shoot.


Sound

14

Field Fungi

Defi ni on: Field Fungi refers to individual kernels where more than half of the seed coat is discoloured. The visible discoloura on of aff ected grains can vary from dark grey, brown to black in colour.

Grains that are approximately 50% or less discoloured are to be classifi ed as Stained.

Severely Damaged

Defi ni on: Mould, heat damaged / burnt, or other serious visual defects. Refers to those grains that have become severely discoloured. Aff ected grains appear reddish brown, dark brown or in severe cases, blackened. Does not include Field Fungi aff ected grains, refer to Field Fungi common defect.



15


White Grain Disorder / Head Scab

Grains appear white to light grey but may also contain a pink discoloura on. Grains are only to be classifi ed as “White Grain Disorder/Head Scab” if the discoloura onis over more than approximately 50% of the seed coat surface. If the discoloura on is less than approximately 50% of the seed coat surface, grains may be classifi edas sound.

Grains may also appear fl aky with a white discoloura on or resemble tombstones.

Bleached(not defec ve)

Mo led(not defec ve)

White Grain Disorder / Head ScabSound wheat

Note: The Sound, Mo led and Bleached kernels are provided for contrast and are not to be considered defec ve.

Note: above grains are all classifi ed as defec ve. These depict the various defects as defi ned above.


16


Pickling Compounds or Ar fi cial Colouring (WA - Pickled Wheat)



Ball Smuts

Defi ni on: Are those infected by the spores of the fungus Tille a caries. They have the appearance of pale, plump, slightly oversized grains. These grains are easily crushed between the fi ngers and contain a mass of black powder (spores) with a dis nc ve ro en egg smell. This may also be called S nking Smut or Bunt.

17

Sound Sorghum

Sec on 3SORGHUM: Common Defects


18

Sec on 3.1 - Sorghum: Common DefectsSeverely Damaged

Defi ni on: Heat damaged / bin burnt, diseased or other serious visual defects.

Refers to those kernels that have become severely discoloured. Aff ected grains appear dark brown or in severe cases, blackened.

Insect Damaged


Sprouted

Defi ni on: Sprouted grains are those in which the shoot is visibly extending from any part of the germ.

Grains with pin holes are not included in this defi ni on.


19

Sec on 3.2 - Sorghum: Common Defects

Field Fungi

Defi ni on: Field Fungi refers to kernels aff ected by the growth of fungi on the seed coat. The fungal growth can vary in colour from white, to grey, to black. It does not refer to the more serious Mould.

Stained (Not defec ve,

Not to be assessed)

Field Fungi(Defec ve)

Mould

Defi ni on: Aff ected grains appear discoloured and visibly aff ected by mould.


Claviceps africana

These pictures are typical of ergot but are not a minimum standard.

Cerebella spp.

20

Sec on 3.3 - Sorghum: Common DefectsHoneydew

Defi ni on: Honeydew is a s cky exudate produced by the sorghum plant in response to any predator a ack, including Ergot. Honeydew oozes out of the fl owers and drips onto leaves of the sorghum plant. It causes seeds to s ck together and can make crops diffi cult to harvest and prevent harvested grain from running through equipment.

Honeydew is acceptable if the grain is able to fl ow freely.

Sorghum Ergot

Defi ni on: Sorghum Ergot, Claviceps africana, occurs during fl owering and results in the accumula on of a grey/white fungal mass, o en found in empty seed glumes. Another ergot, Cerebella spp. is not a true ergot as such, but it is a fungus that o en grows on the Claviceps africana, producing a large black mass. Note that there may be separate tolerances for Sorghum Ergot and Cereal Ergot.

Note: Any visible ergot to the grain is to be classifi ed as defec ve.

Groat Oat

apex (awn)

hull

bran

endosperm

germ (embryo)

21

Sec on 4OATS: Common Defects


Sound Grain

Sound Grain - Varie es Diff er

22

Septoria Oat (WA - Only) Defi ni on: Aff ected grains appear with light and dark Septoria discoloura on.

Sec on 4.1 - Oats: Common DefectsDamaged Grains

Defi ni on: Refers to grain with a quarter or more of the grain missing. This includes any mechanical damage to the germ.

Heat Damaged or Bin Burnt

Defi ni on: Aff ected grains appear discoloured and/or visibly aff ected by mould.

Refers to those kernels that have become severely discoloured. Aff ected grains appear reddish brown, or in severe cases, blackened.

Field Fungi (WA - Spo ed Mould Aff ected)

Defi ni on: Field Fungi refers to individual kernels where the seed coat has grey to black spo ng occurring anywhere on the grain. Coverage greater than approximately 10% of the grain surface is considered defec ve.

Grains that show approximately 10% or less discoloura on are to be classifi ed as sound.

Grains that are so (that are not classifi ed as Sappy) and/or emit a mouldy odour are to be classifi ed as Musty or Mouldy.


Sound Groat Ventral

Sound Groat Dorsal

Groat DorsalGroat DorsalGroat Dorsal Groat Ventral

23

Sec on 4.2 - Oats: Common DefectsStained Grains (WA - Heavily Discoloured)

Defi ni on: Stained Grains are those grains where greater than approximately 50% of the grain surface is discoloured. Various colours may be exhibited such as brown to black.

Grains that are aff ected by Field Fungi or Mould are not included in the defi ni on of Stained Grains.

Where Stained Grains are present in a sample the husk is to be removed and the Groat examined to determine if the defect is present.

Stained Groats

Defi ni on: This defect is checked where Stained Grains are present in the sample. Where this staining has occurred, the husk is to be removed and the Groat examined.

Any discoloura on from the normal colour of the Groat is defec ve.


24

Sec on 4.3 - Oats: Common Defects Insect Damaged


Sprouted

Defi ni on: Sprouted grains are those in which the grain has begun the germina on process. A kernel that is Sprouted is one where the shoot is visibly seen growing out from the germ.

Shot

Defi ni on: Grains that are Shot are those where the covering of the germ is split, but without further development of the shoot.

Dry Green or Sappy

Defi ni on: Dry Green grains are those whose surface is dis nc vely green. Dry Green grains are usually dry and hard.


25

Sec on 5CANOLA: Common Defects

Sound Crushed Canola


26

Sec on 5.1 - Canola: Common Defects Broken or Split

Defi ni on: All hulls, kernels or parts thereof, not otherwise damaged shall be classifi ed as Broken or Split seed (except fi nes classifi ed as Impuri es). This includes Insect Damaged.

Weather Damaged

Defi ni on: When seeds are crushed, they may have a grey washed out appearance and a chalky texture.

Heat Damaged, Bin Burnt or Badly Damaged

Defi ni on: Heat Damaged or Bin Burnt seed are those seeds and pieces of seedthat are materially discoloured and damaged by heat. Seeds may have a heatedodour or a brown powdery appearance when crushed.


Defec ve Crushed Canola

Defec ve Crushed Canola


Sprouted

Defi ni on: The seed coat has split and the primary root has emerged. This includes early and any further advanced stage of growth of the primary root. Includes grains where the primary root has been knocked off during the harves ng or handling process.


27

Sec on 5.2 - Canola: Common Defects Mould

Defi ni on: Aff ected seeds may appear discoloured, ro en, swollen and so , feel spongy under pressure, show the presence of fungal spores or visibly aff ected by mould on the seed coat. Includes Field Fungi seeds.

Green Seeds

Defi ni on: Green seeds are those that are dis nc vely green when crushed. Seeds that are yellow-green are not considered green.

Defec ve Crushed CanolaGreen Seed – dis nctly green when crushed

Sound Crushed CanolaYellow when crushed

Chickpea - Desi

28

Sec on 6DESI CHICKPEAS: Common Defects


Sound Chickpea

Sound Chickpea

29

Sec on 6.1 - Desi Chickpeas: Common Defects

Bin Burnt and Heat Damaged

Defi ni on: The seed coat appears reddish-dark brown and blackened or burnt in severe cases. These grains may be similar in appearance to Poor Colour brown seeds. An Objec onable Odour must not be detected. Refer also to Mouldy & Caked.

Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled

Defi ni on: Visible damage to the seed coat or size and shape of grain whereby the grains are severely distorted and/or shrunken. Seed coats may ghtly adhere to the kernel or be bri le. Seed coats may show a level of discoloura on depending on the extent of damage. Grains are o en smaller than the majority in the sample.

Issued: 1st August 2017Sec on 6.2 - Desi Chickpeas: Common Defects

Defi ni on: Breakage, cracking, peeling or spli ng of the seed coat or chipping and spli ng of the kernel in various forms as follows.

Seed Coat:• Split Seed Coat - A split in the seed coat running more than half the en re length or across the en re width on one or both sides. • Skin Damaged - A hole in the seed coat where more than 20% of the seed coat on any one side is missing.• Loose Seed Coat (Peeling) - Where the seed coat is visibly falling off the kernel to any extent and not adhering ghtly to the kernel. • Missing Seed Coat - Where the en re seed coat is missing but the kernel remains intact.

Broken

Missing Seed coatSkin Damaged

Chipped (Scratched)

Loose Seed Coat (Peeling)

Split

Split Seed coat

Broken, Chipped, Loose Seed Coat and Split

Kernel:• Chipped (Scratched) – A part of the kernel is damaged or removed.• Broken - A split kernel with the seed coat s ll a ached.• Split – A split kernel with no seed coat a ached.

30


Sprouted

Defi ni on: The seed coat has split and the primary root has emerged. This includes early and any further advanced stage of growth of the primary root. Includes grains where the primary root has been knocked off .

Sound Chickpea

31


Hail Damaged

Defi ni on: Damage to the seed coat or kernel. Damage to the seed coat can appear as bruising (darkening) or in more severe cases spli ng of the seed coat. This may cause discoloura on and damage to the kernel. Damage to the kernel can vary from bruising (darkening) to physical damage such as crushing of the en re kernel.

Insect Damaged

Defi ni on: Any visible insect damage to the grain is to be classifi ed as defec ve.


Note: Not Mould. Refer Stained and

Weather Damaged.

Green Kernel

32

Sec on 6.4 - Desi Chickpeas: Common Defects Mouldy and Caked

Defi ni on: Mould is usually indicated by blackening or discoloura on of all or part of the seed coat. Grains may be so but may also appear hard a er drying out. Fungal growth may be visibly apparent on the seed coat as a fungus of various colours. Foreign material may adhere to the seed coat and visually detract from the appearance. An Objec onable Odour must not be detected. This defi ni on does not include Ascochyta lesions. Seed coats may be similar in appearance to Poor Colour or Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged.

Green - Desi Chickpeas

Defi ni on:Seed CoatSeed coat appears green. More than a slight greenish nge must be present on the seed coat to be classifi ed as defec ve.

Where any greenish nge is present on the seed coat, it is recommended the kernel also be inspected. Green is included in Poor Colour.

KernelAny level of green is classifi ed as defec ve. Green is included in Poor Colour.


All of the above depicted photos are classifi ed as defec ve. These examples are to show the diff erent colour variances.

Note: above grain is not Poor Colour Kernel, but

is Poor Colour Seed Coat

33

Sec on 6.5 - Desi Chickpeas: Common Defects Poor Colour

Defi ni on: Seed CoatSeed coats vary from dark brown to black, including green. Seed coats may be similar in appearance to various other defects such as Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged, Mouldy or Stained & Weather Damaged. Stained/Weather Damaged Seed Coat is included in the defi ni on of Poor Colour Seed Coat.

Where any poor colour is present on the seed coat, it is recommended the kernel also be inspected.

KernelAny level of discoloura on on the kernel is classifi ed as defec ve.


Ascochyta lesionAscochyta lesionAscochyta lesion Ascochyta lesionon kernel

Defec ve Chickpeas

Tiger Striping SpeckledTiger Striping

Sound Chickpeas

34


Fungal Aff ected

Defi ni on: Lesions are generally visible to the naked eye. The lesion generally appears intense dark brown to black and o en fl uoresces. It is commonly oval to circular and localised in nature, but may vary in shape. The lesion may be similar in colour to mould or weather damaged. The lesion may also be associated with the presence of fungal growth of various colours. A lesion may appear on one or both sides of the seed coat or kernel.

Any lesion of any size is permi ed and not classifi ed as Ascochyta provided it is not also present on the kernel. If the Ascochyta seed coat lesion is approximately >20% but does not penetrate to the kernel (and thus fall under the Ascochyta defi ni on), then the grain is classifi ed as Stained & Weather Damaged and is classifi ed as defec ve.

Stained and Weather Damaged

Defi ni on: A general term used to describe visible damage to the seed coat that may or may not otherwise be defi ned or be dis nguishable from other defects in the Standards. Seed coats may be discoloured or altered in size or shape. Weather damage may also lead to Poor Colour, a Loose Seed Coat, Shrivelled and Wrinkled.

Sound Seed

35

Sec on 7KABULI CHICKPEAS: Common Defects


Sound Seed

36

Sec on 7.1 - Kabuli Chickpeas: Common Defects

Insect Damaged

Defi ni on: Any visible insect damage to the grain is to be classifi ed as defec ve

Poor Colour - Seed Coat

Defi ni on: Seed coats vary from dark brown to black. Seed coats may be similar in appearance to various other defects such as Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged, Mouldy or Stained & Weather Damaged. Where any poor colour is present on the seed coat, it is recommended the kernel also be inspected.

Issued: 1st August 2017Sec on 7.2 - Kabuli Chickpeas: Common Defects



Broken


Chipped (Scratched)


Split

Split Seed coat


Kernel:• Chipped (Scratched) – A part of the kernel is damaged or removed.• Broken - A split kernel with the seed coat s ll a ached.• Split – A split kernel with no seed coat a ached

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Sound Seed Defec ve Seed

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Sec on 7.3 - Kabuli Chickpeas: Common Defects Mouldy and Caked

Defi ni on: Mould is usually indicated by blackening or discoloura on of all or part of the seed coat or kernel. Grains may be so but may also appear hard a er drying out. Fungal growth may be visibly apparent on the seed coat or kernel as a fungus of various colours. Foreign material may adhere to the seed coat and visually detract from the appearance. An Objec onable Odour must not be detected. This defi ni on does not include Fungal Infec ons.. Seed coats or kernels may be similar in appearance to Poor Colour or Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged.

Sprouted




Feed Maize

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Sec on 8FEED MAIZE: Common Defects


Sound Grain

Sound Grain

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Sec on 8.1 - Feed Maize: Common DefectsHeat Damaged / Bin Burnt

Defi ni on: Aff ected grains appear reddish brown, or in severe cases, blackened. Heat Damaged is included in the defi ni on of Damaged.

Insect Damaged


Broken

Defi ni on: Grain that has 1/4 or more missing from the Kernel.

Sprouted

Defi ni on: Sprouted grains are those in which the covering of the germ is split and the shoot has broken through the seed coat. Grains that have had the germ knocked off or scalloped are considered sound. Sprouted is included in the defi ni on of Damaged.


Silk Cut Star Burst

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Sec on 8.2 - Feed Maize: Common Defects

Fungal Aff ected

Defi ni on/s:

Silk CutEasily iden fi ed where the pericarp is split and the starch appears to be popping out of the kernel.

StarburstBest iden fi ed as spider web like streaks radia ng down the kernel from the point of silk a achment. These streaks are corroded channels within the pericarp caused by fungal growth. Air in the channels breaks the transparency of the pericarp so the yellow aleurone beneath cannot be seen.

Storage Mould

Defi ni on: Aff ected grains appear discoloured and visibly aff ected by mould.

Note that if any musty odour is detected a nil tolerance applies.

Dead

Defi ni on: Grains that are equal to or less than approximately 50% opaque are considered normal grains.


Sound Grain

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Sec on 8.3 - Feed Maize: Common Defects Pickling Compounds or Ar fi cial Colouring



Field Fungi

Defi ni on: Field Fungi refers to individual kernels where the seed coat is greater than approximately 50% discoloured. The visible discoloura on of aff ected grains can vary from dark grey, brown to black in colour.

Field Fungi is included in the defi ni on of Damaged.

Kernel Red Streak

Defi ni on: This is not a defect and kernels are considered sound when iden fi ed as Kernel Red Streak.

Lupin - AlbusLupin - Angus folius

43

Sec on 9ANGUSTIFOLIUS LUPINS: Common Defects

Note: Albus Lupins are considered a contaminant in Angus folius Lupins.


Broken


Chipped (Scratched)


SplitManganese Defi ciency

Sound Grain

Manganese Defi ciencyDefi ni on: Spli ng of the seed coat to expose the kernel. It is not considered a defect provided no damage to the exposed kernel has occurred.

Split Seed coat


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Sec on 9.1 - Angus folius Lupins: Common DefectsBroken, Chipped, Loose Seed Coat and Split


Seed Coat:• Split Seed Coat - A split in the seed coat running more than half the en re length or across the en re width on one or both sides. • Skin Damaged - A hole in the seed coat where more than 20% of the seed coat on any one side is missing.• Loose Seed Coat (Peeling) - Where the seed coat is visibly falling off the kernel to any extent and not adhering ghtly to the kernel. • Missing Seed Coat (WA - Fully Decoated) - Where the en re seed coat is missing but the kernel remains intact.


Sound Lupin

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Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled (WA - Shrivelled/Distorted)


Insect Damaged


Sec on 9.2 - Angus folius Lupins: Common Defects

Issued: 1st August 2017Sec on 9.3 - Angus folius Lupins: Common Defects

Lupins may vary in colour from white to brown. Examples of Sound colour variances are below.

Acceptable colour variances:

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Phomopsis

Defi ni on: Grains appear sound with a fungal growth readily visible on the seed coat. If kernels are not sound, refer to Mould.

Bi er Dark (WA - Bi er Variety)

Defi ni on: These varie es are iden fi able mainly by their colour which is much darker than acceptable lupins.

Poor Colour (WA - Discoloured)

Defi ni on:Seed coats and kernels vary from white to dark brown/black. Seed coats and kernels may be similar in appearance to various other defects such as Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged, Mouldy, Phomopsis or Stained & Weather Damaged.


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Sec on 9.4 - Angus folius Lupins: Common Defects

Pickling Compounds

Defi ni on: A nil tolerance applies to any pickling compounds, regardless of intensity or coverage.

Sprouted


Mouldy and Caked

Defi ni on: Mould is usually indicated by blackening or discoloura on of all or part of the seed coat or kernel. Grains may be so but may also appear hard a er drying out. Fungal growth may be visibly apparent on the seed coat or kernel as a fungus of various colours. Foreign material may adhere to the seed coat and visually detract from the appearance. An Objec onable Odour must not be detected. This defi ni on does not include Fungal Aff ected. Seed coats or kernels may be similar in appearance to Poor Colour or Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged.

Red - Whole Seed

Red Len l - Kernel

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Sec on 10RED LENTILS: Common Defects


Sound Len l

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Sec on 10.1 - Red Len ls: Common Defects Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled



Broken

Missing Seed coat

Skin Damaged

Chipped (Scratched)


Split

Split Seed coat


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Sec on 10.2 - Red Len ls: Common Defects





Sound Len l

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Sec on 10.3 - Red Len ls: Common Defects Insect Damaged


Mouldy and Caked

Defi ni on: Mould is usually indicated by blackening or discoloura on of all or part of the seed coat or kernel. Grains may be so but may also appear hard a er drying out. Fungal growth may be visibly apparent on the seed coat or kernel as a fungus of various colours. Foreign material may adhere to the seed coat and visually detract from the appearance. An Objec onable Odour must not be detected. This defi ni on does not include Ascochyta lesions. Seed coats or kernels may be similar in appearance to Poor Colour or Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged.

Sprouted



Defi ni on: The seed coat or kernel appears reddish-dark brown and blackened or burnt in severe cases. These grains may be similar in appearance to Poor Colour brown seeds. An Objec onable Odour must not be detected. Refer also to Mouldy & Caked.



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Sec on 10.4 - Red Len ls: Common Defects Poor Colour Seed Coat

Defi ni on: Poor Colour seed coats are not considered good colour. Seed coats vary from dark brown to black. Seed coats may be similar in appearance to various other defects such as Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged, Mouldy or Poor Colour (Stained & Weather Damaged).

Please Note: Does not include Contras ng Colour. Refer also to the defi ni on for Contras ng Colour.

Sound Len l Poor Colour Kernel

Poor Colour Kernel

Poor Colour Kernel

Poor Colour Kernel - Dehulled Len l

Defi ni on: Poor Colour refers to excessive discoloura on of the kernel o en depicted as a green colour. Includes green, brown, black, yellow, bleached and chalky white kernels.

Blonde Kernel

Defi ni on: Kernels are not uniformly orange in colour. Kernels appear yellow. Seed coat must be removed to determine the presence on the kernel.


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Sec on 10.5 - Contras ng Colours


SpeckledSound Len l

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Sec on 10.6 - Red Len ls: Common Defects Fungal Aff ected

Defi ni on: The lesion generally appears intense dark brown to black and o en fl uoresces. It is commonly oval to circular and localised in nature, but may vary in shape. The lesion may be similar in colour to mould or weather damaged. The lesion may also be associated with the presence of fungal growth of various colours. A lesion may appear on one or both sides of the seed coat or kernel.

A lesion greater than 20% coverage on any one side of the seed coat is considered defec ve. A lesion less than 20% on any one side of the seed coat is considered sound.

Stained and Weather Damaged

Defi ni on: A general term used to describe visible damage to the seed coat that may or may not otherwise be defi ned or be dis nguishable from other defects in the Standards. Seed coats may be discoloured or altered in size or shape. Weather damage may also lead to Loose Seed Coat, Shrivelled and Wrinkled.

Discoloura on is generally dark brown to black colour and must be greater than 20% of the surface area on any one side of the seed coat.


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Sec on 11FIELD PEAS: Common Defects

Acceptable colour range for Kaspa type Peas

Typical shape for Parafi eld type Peas

Typical shape for Kaspa type Peas

Acceptable colour range for Parafi eld type Peas


Sound Field Pea

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Sec on 11.1 - Field Peas: Common Defects Bin Burnt / Heat Damaged


Insect Damaged


Mouldy and Caked

Defi ni on: Mould is usually indicated by blackening or discoloura on of all or part of the seed coat or kernel. Grains may be so but may also appear hard a er drying out. Fungal growth may be visibly apparent on the seed coat or kernel as a fungus of various colours. Foreign material may adhere to the seed coat and visually detract from the appearance. An Objec onable Odour must not be detected. Seed coats or kernels may be similar in appearance to Poor Colour or Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged.

Issued: 1st August 2017Sec on 11.2 - Field Peas: Common Defects



Broken


Chipped (Scratched)


Split

Split Seed coat



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Sound Field Pea

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Sec on 11.3 - Field Peas: Common Defects Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled


Sprouted



Sound Field Pea

Sound Kernel All of the above depicted photos are classifi ed as defec ve. These examples are to show the diff erent colour variances.

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Sec on 11.4 - Field Peas: Common Defects


Poor Colour

Defi ni on: Seed CoatSeed coats vary from dark brown to black. Seed coats may be similar in appearance to various other defects such as Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged, Mouldy or Stained & Weather Damaged. Where any poor colour is present on the seed coat, it is recommended the kernel also be inspected.

KernelAny level of discoloura on on the kernel is classifi ed as defec ve. Where green kernels exist, the level of green colouring classifi ed as defec ve is shown in the photos below. Green is included in Poor Colour.

Sound Faba Bean

60

Sec on 12FABA BEANS: Common Defects


Sound Faba Bean

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Sec on 12.1 - Faba Beans: Common Defects

Fungal Aff ected

Defi ni on: The lesion generally appears intense dark brown to black and o en fl uoresces. It is commonly oval to circular and localised in nature, but may vary in shape. The lesion may be similar in colour to mould or weather damaged. The lesion may also be associated with the presence of fungal growth of various colours. A lesion may appear on one or both sides of the seed coat or kernel.

A lesion greater than 20% coverage on any one side of the seed coat is considered defec ve. A lesion less than 20% on any one side of the seed coat is considered sound.




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Insect Damaged


Sprouted


Sound Faba Bean

Mouldy and Caked

Defi ni on: Mould is usually indicated by blackening or discoloura on of all or part of the seed coat or kernel. Grains may be so but may also appear hard a er drying out. Fungal growth may be visibly apparent on the seed coat or kernel as a fungus of various colours. Foreign material may adhere to the seed coat and visually detract from the appearance. An Objec onable Odour must not be detected. This defi ni on does not include Ascochyta lesions. Seed coats or kernels may be similar in appearance to Poor Colour or Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged.

Issued: 1st August 2017Sec on 12.3 - Faba Beans: Common Defects



Broken


Chipped (Scratched)


Split

Split Seed Coat



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Sound Faba Bean

Sound Faba Bean

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Frost Damaged/StainedDefi ni on: These grains represent Frost impac ng on the grain resul ng in staining on the kernel. Any level of stained on the kernel, as a result of frost, is classifi ed as defec ve. Where staining does not occur on the kernel, but results in Staining only on the Seed Coat, refer to the Poor Colour defi ni on.


Sound Grain Sound Grain Sound Grain

Sound Faba Bean

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Sec on 12.5 - Faba Beans: Common Defects Poor Colour

Defi ni on: Seed coats vary from grey, dark brown to black. Seed coats may be similar in appearance to various other defects such as Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged, Mouldy or Stained & Weather Damaged.

The photos below depict the minimum requirement of any colour to be classifi ed as defec ve.

Pea Seed Borne Mosaic Virus

Defi ni on: Staining on the seed coat caused by the Pea Seed Borne Mosaic Virus.


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Sec on 13MUNG BEANS: Common Defects

Sound Mung Bean


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Sound Mung Bean

Sec on 13.1 - Mung Beans: Common Defects Seed Coat

Defi ni on: Any environmental or mechanical damage that creates cracks or removes any por on of the seed coat to expose the kernel. Any por on of the seed kernel that is missing is considered defec ve. Tested on sample as presented.

The photos below depict the minimum requirement of any bean to be classifi ed as defec ve.

Cracked, Missing Seed Coat, Chipped:

Insect Damage:

Shot and Sprung:


Sound Mung Bean Sound Mung Bean


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Stained

Defi ni on: Any coa ng of vegetable gum that reduces the lustre or provides a contact adhesion for plant material to the seed coat. Discoloura on of the white hilum, speckling of vegetable ma er and a fresh ‘grass like smell’ are indica ons of staining. Tested on sample as presented.


Sec on 13.2 - Mung Beans: Common Defects

Wrinkled

Defi ni on: Damage sustained from weather events that creates wrinkles in any direc on over the seed coat. Tested on sample as presented.



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Pod Scale

Defi ni on: Any blemish of the seed coat that retains the white or grey coloured lining of the pod on the seed coat, covering more than 25% of the surface area.


Sec on 13.3 - Mung Beans: Common Defects

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