Grup 1 - Air Pollution
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Transcript of Grup 1 - Air Pollution
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Air PollutionGroup 1
Indah Denas T 076275630
Nandia Gresita T 0706275712
Nindi Sekarsari 0706275725
Pramesti Andiani 0706275744
Department of Civil EngineeringStudy Program Environmental
Engineering
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OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
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Definition of Air Pollution
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Definition
Air pollution is the presence of undesirablematerial in the air in !uantities lar"e enou"h to
produce harmful effects# $Sources% Ne&ers '((()
Air pollution is a mi*ture of solid particles and"ases in the air#
$ Sources% http%++,,,#nlm#nih#"o&+medlineplus+airpollution#htmlaccessed% Februar- .th '(//)
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Definition
0asu1n-a atau dimasu11ann-a 2at ener"idan+atau 1omponen lain 1e dalam udaraambien oleh 1e"iatan manusia sehin""amutu udara ambien turun sampai 1etin"1at tertentu -an" men-ebab1an udaraambien tida1 dapat memenuhi fun"sin-a
$PP No# 3/ Tahun /444)
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T-pe of air pollution
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T-pes of Air Pollution
5ased on location % indoor and outdoor
5ased on mo&ement % mo&in" and not mo&in"
5ased on ori"in % natural and antropo"enic
5ased on form of pollutants % "as and particulate5ased on time of formation %
Primar- Pollutant is an air pollutant emitted directl- from a source# Secondar- pollutant is not directl- emitted as such but forms ,hen
other pollutants $primar- pollutants) react in the atmosphere#
$sources% 6reen Facts%http%++,,,#"reenfacts#or"+"lossar-+p!rs+primar-7pollutant7secondar-7pollutant#htm)
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Source of Air Pollution
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Air Pollution Transportation
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0a8or Pollutants in the Air
Pollutant Sources9arbon mono*ide $9O) 0otor &ehicles burnin" of fossil
fuels
Sulfur dio*ide $SO') 9oal and oil burnin" po,erstations mineral ore processin"and chemical manufacture#
Nitro"en dio*ide $NO') Fuel combustion
:-drocarbon $:9) 0otor &ehicles fuel combustionsol&ent use#
Lead $Pb) E*haust "ases from motor &ehicles
that use leaded petrol smelters#Particulate 0atter $P0) 0otor &ehicles burnin" of plant
materials bushfires#
Sources% :olper and Noonan '(((
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Source of Air Pollution
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Air Pollution Source and En&ironmentalImpact at 9onstruction Sta"e
No Stage/Location
Activity EnvironmentalAspect
Environmental Impact
Initial RiskControl
/ Preparator-,or1
0obilitation+demobilitation hea&-machiner-and material&ehicle
;ehicle "asemission
Air pollution Determinin"con&e-ances$trailer) ,hichhad tested the"as emissionsb- statin" in,ithsubcontractorcontract terms
Dust emission Disturbancerespirator- andcomfort forsurroundin"communitiespro8ect andair pollution
Speedrestriction&ehicles toreducedust e*posure
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No Stage/ Location
Activity EnvironmentalAspect
Environmental Impact
Initial RiskControl
Preparator-,or1
0aterialtransfer
0obilit- of&ehicle
Air pollution Ensurin"&ehiclesenter thepro8ect ha&e
e&idenceemission testre"ulate trafficturn off theen"ine if notoperated
' OfficeActi&it-
0aintanenanceA9
Usa"e of 9F9 and:anlon
O2on depletionAir pollution
Usin" 9F9 andhanlon ,hich isen&ironmentall- friendl-
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No Stage/Location
Activity Environmental Aspect
Environmental Impact
Initial RiskControl
< 9onstruction+ FIeld
Erectionpilefoundation
6as emmisionof the erectionpile tool
Air pollution Routinemaintenanceof the hea&-machiner-
Soilcompaction
E*haustemission of
compactione!uipment
Air pollution Emission testof dump truc1
and routinemaintenanceof hea&-machinar-
Steelerrection
"irder usin"crane
;ehicle "asemission
Air pollution Emission testof hea&-
machiner-&ehicle androutinemaintenanceof hea&-machiner-
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No Stage/Location
Activity Environmental Aspect
Environmental Impact
Initial RiskControl
< 9onstruction+ Field
Steelerrection
"irder usin"crane
Dust Emission Disturbancerespirator-
and comfortforsurroundin"communitiespro8ect and airpollution
Emission testand e&aluated
the result#0aintenacethe machineand use aproppermuffler
;ehicleacti&it-
Fumes Air pollution Emission testma1e anemissionre"ulation of&ehicle ,hichcan enter
pro8ect areatrafficmana"ementturn off themachine,hen not
operated#
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No Stage/Location
Activity Environmental Aspect
Environmental Impact
Initial RiskControl
< 9onstruction+ Field
Fo""in" Fo""in" smo1e Air pollution 0i*ture offo""in"materialaccordin" tousa"e
re"ulationfo""in"periodicall-
9ompressoroperational
Operation sta"e Air pollution Emissionmonitorin"usafe of filterat e*haustchannel
9astin" ;ehicleemission
Air pollution Emission testof hea&-machiner-
periodicall-
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No Stage/Location
Activity Environmental Aspect
Environmental Impact
Initial RiskControl
< 9onstruction+ Field
9astin" Dust emission Disturbancerespirator-
and comfortforsurroundin"communitiespro8ect and airpollution
Spra-in" thearea of
constructionpro8ect ifneededcleanin"pro8ect areafrom debris
and dirtlimited the&ehicle speedto reduce duste*posure
3 End ofconstruction
Transfermaterial
0obilit- of&ehicle
Air pollution Emission testof the &ehicle,hich enter theconstructionarea trafficmana"ement
turn off themachine if not
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Source of Air Pollution
/# Impurities of fuelSO''# Fuel combustionNO NO' Pb Particulate 9O ;O9
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Emission Source
Sourcecategory
PM! S"# C" N"$ %C P&
Transportation (#. /#3 =.#( //#= .#. (#(((>'
Fuel 9ombustion /#/ /.#< 3#? /(#. (#4 (#(((>(
IndustrialProcesses
/#< /#. =#/ (#4 4#? (#(('4
0iscellaneous 7 (#( 4#= (#< (#? 7
Total
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' N" #
#' C"
(' PAR)IC*LA)E MA))ER
+' LEAD
,' S" #-' %C
.' ALDE%DE
Parameter of Air Pollution
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Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
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Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
Impacts0
:ealth Effects Increased incidence of respirator- illness Increased air,a- resistance $due to inflammation) Dama"e to lun" tissue
9hronic obstructi&e pulmonar- disease or 9OPD $narro,in" of theair,a-s) Emph-sema $as part of 9OPD) Pulmonar- edema $accumulation of e*cessi&e fluid in the lun"s) Infant and cardio&ascular death
;isual 0ost "aseous air pollutants are totall- transparent# The onl- commone*ception is NO',hich is bro,n#
$sources%http%++,,,#tropical7rainforest7animals#com+air7pollution7effec
ts#html access% an .th '(//)
http://www.tropical-rainforest-animals.com/air-pollution-effects.htmlhttp://www.tropical-rainforest-animals.com/air-pollution-effects.htmlhttp://www.tropical-rainforest-animals.com/air-pollution-effects.htmlhttp://www.tropical-rainforest-animals.com/air-pollution-effects.html -
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Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
Properties
Formed from the combustion process
Nitro"en mono*ide is a chemical compound ,ith chemicalformula NO ,ith the relati&e mass of > " + mol#
NO'in the "as form of bro,n and foul7smellin" and has a
densit- of
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Pollution Reaction in Air
Fuel 9ombustion in the:i"h Temperature
N' B O''NO
Reaction in Air
NO B :9 B O'Bu&NO'B O)
Tube Passi&e SamplerPassi&e samplers rel- on diffusion principles
$;arshne- '((
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E$posure to Animals
NO' le&els hi"her than /(( ppm can 1ill most of thee*perimental animals and 4(C of these deaths arecaused b- s-mptoms of s,ellin" of the lun"s $pulmonar-
edema)# NO' concentration of ?(( ppm ,ill result in /((C
mortalit- in animals that ,ere tested ,ithin '4 minutesor less#
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
E$posure to %umanNO' e*posure ,ith le&els of > ppm for /( minutes onhumans resultin" in difficult- in breathin"#
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E$posure to Plants
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
E*posure
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Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Definition0
9arbon mono*ide is also created durin" theincomplete combustion of fossil fuels#The main source of 9O are "asoline en"ines#Diesel en"ines produce much smaller !uantities ofthese pollutants
Impacts09O is hi"hl- to*ic for people because it boundsto the blood hemo"lobin lo,erin" its capacit-
to carr- o*-"en#It also has ne"ati&e impacts on heartcirculation and ner&ous s-stem#
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Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Properties 0
9olourlessodourless neutral
"aseous o*ide ,hichis hi"hl- poisonous
Sparin"l- soluble in,ater but is soluble
in ethanol and inben2ene#
The chemicalproperties of carbonmono*ide are that itis a flammable and
hi"hl- to*ic "as
Neutral o*ide ,hichburns in air to "i&e
carbon dio*ide
6ood reducin" a"entand is used for that
purpose in industr-Cu" 1 C" 223 Cu 1 C"#
An importantindustrial "as ,hich
is ,idel- used as afuel#
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Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Measurement0
NDIR or infra7red Solid State Electrochemical
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Particulate 0atter $P0)
Definition0
Particulate are cate"ori2ed as air pollutants aerosols#Particulates are fine particles of solids and li!uids suspendedin ambient air# Particulate diameter si2e ran"e from ((/microns to /(( microns
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9ate"or- of P0
SP0 % Suspended Particulate 0atter consists ofP0 /( and P0 '>
TSP % Total Suspended Particulate
consist of P0 /(B P0 '>
P0/(
P0'>
TSP
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Particulate 0atter $P0)
Properties
is that the- all contain a carbon nucleus and &ariousother components $h-drocarbons inor"anic sulfatesand nitrates as ,ell as metals and pol-c-clicaromatic h-drocarbons) adsorbed on it#
The commoncharacteristic
The nature of particulate that tends to al,a-ssettle b- "ra&it- forcesSettle
The nature of the surface of the particulate,ill tend to al,a-s be ,et coated b- a &er-thin la-er of ,ater# This propert- is importantin controllin" particulate in the ,or1place#
et Surface and9lottin" Properties
Particulate has the properties of static electricit-that can attract other particles in the opposite#Thus dust particles in solution to accelerate theclottin" process#
Static electricit-
particle ,et + humid others can emit &isible li"ht in a
dar1 room#Optics
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Particulate 0atter $P0)
Impact
a#:ealth.Disrupt the respirator- s-stem
Effects on the lun"s dependin" on the si2e + diameter shape densit- and chemical and ph-sics of
particulate
.Another effect of other diseases such as infection cancer e-e irritation nose and s1in s-stemic
to*icit- fe&er and so forth# Particulates can also cause serious &isibilit- problems#
.Silicosis is deri&ed from chal1 dust asbestosis from asbestos fibers#
b#En&ironment
Disturb the process of photos-nthesis and respiration for the formation of crust on the surface of
plants that ,ill inhibit the entr- of sunli"ht#
c#Effect tehadap other materials
Accelerate corrosion $especiall- in materials that contain sulfur)#Dama"e the buildin" materials made from soil paint and te*tiles#
d#Reduced &isibilit-
e#Aesthetic dama"e
Particle pollution can stain and dama"e stone and other materials includin" culturall- important
ob8ects such as statues and monuments#
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Particulate 0atter $P0)
Measurement%:;AS
$:i"h ;olumetric Air Sampler)6ra&imetr- method
SNI /47.//4#
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Lea4 5P&6
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)7e P7ysicalProperties of Lea4
9olor% li"ht "ra- to asli"ht bluish "re-color :ardness% /#> Strea1% li"ht "ra-
and has a shin-strea1 Transparenc-%
opa!ue Specific "ra&it-% //#< Luster% metallic 9lea&a"e% no
clea&a"e Fracture% hac1l- Densit-% //#3 !m cm H9)(#..( "+mL $li!uid at >= atm and'( H9)/#4.. "+L $"as at / atm and ( H9)
0eltin" point 7.? H9 /43#. 7/(4 HF $subl#)
5oilin" point 7>. H9 '/=#= 7.( HF $at >#/?> bar)
Solubilit- in ,ater /#3> "+L at '> H9 /(( 1Pa
Acidit- $pa) =# /(#
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0easurement
0ethod no#% ID7/.'
0atri*% Air
OS:A Permissible E*posureLimits Final Rule Limits%
Transitional Limit%
/(((( ppm Time ei"hted A&era"e $TA)((( ppm TA
9ollection Procedure% Each sample is collected b- dra,in" a 1no,n &olume of air into a fi&e7la-er "as samplin" ba"#
Recommended Air ;olume% ' to > liters
Recommended Samplin"Rates TA Determinations% STEL Determinations%
(#(/ to (#(> L+min $3 to ? h sample)(#< L+min $/>7min sample)
Anal-tical Procedure% A portion of the "as sample is introduced into a "as samplin" loopin8ected into a "as chromato"raph and anal-2ed usin" a thermalconducti&it- detector#
Detection Limits @ualitati&e% @uantitati&e%
'(( ppm>(( ppm
Precision and Accurac- ;alidation Ran"e% 9;T%
5ias%
O&erall Error%
'((( to /(((( ppm(#('=7(#((>
>#.C
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!lde"des
DefinitionAn aldeh-de is an or"anic compound containin" a form-l "roup# This functional "roup ,ith thestructure R79:O consists of a carbon-l centre bonded to h-dro"en and an R "roup# The "roup
,ithout R is called the aldeh-de "roup or form-l "roup#
Aldeh-des are o*idation products of alcohols phenols contain an alcohol functionalit- attachedto an aromatic rin"#
Properties
Aldeh-des ha&e properties that are di&erse and that depend on the remainder of the molecule#Smaller aldeh-des are more soluble in ,ater formaldeh-de and acetaldeh-de completel- so# The
&olatile aldeh-des ha&e pun"ent odors# Aldeh-des de"rade in air &ia the process of auto*idation#
The t,o aldeh-des of "reatest importance in industr- formaldeh-de and acetaldeh-de ha&ecomplicated beha&ior because of their tendenc- to oli"omeri2eor pol-meri2e# The- also tend toh-drate formin" the "eminal diol# The oli"omers+pol-mers and the h-drates e*ist ine!uilibrium ,ith the parent aldeh-de#
Sources
The aldeh-des are mainl- produced b- the combustion of alcohols and diesel fuel#
6asoline combustion emits small amounts of these substances#
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoxidationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligomerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligomerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoxidation -
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Aldeh-des
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Aldeh-desImpacts0
Acute Effects in %umans 0
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Aldeh-des
Measurements 0 Usin" passi&e sampler $TubeSampler)
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)RES%"LD
Treshold
NationalPP No'+ )a7un
888
International
NationalAm&ient Air
9ualityStan4ar4s
Threshold
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Threshold
No. Parameter Waktu
Pengukuran
Baku Mutu
1 SO2 1 Jam 900 ug/Nm3
(Sulfur Dioksida) 24 Jam 365 ug/Nm3
1 T! 60 ug/Nm3
2 "O 1 Jam 30#000 ug/Nm3
($ar%o! &o!oksida) 24 Jam 10#000 ug/Nm3
1 T! '
3 NO2 1 Jam 400 ug/Nm3
(Nirog! Dioksida) 24 Jam 150 ug/Nm3
1 T! 100 ug/Nm3
5 *" 3 Jam 160 ug/Nm3
(*idro $ar%o!)
6 +&10 24 Jam 150 ug/Nm3
(+arikl , 10 um ) +&2-5(.) 24 Jam 65 ug/Nm
3
(+arikl , 2-5 um ) 1 T! 15 ug/Nm3
TS+ 24 Jam 230 ug/Nm3
(D%u) 1 T! 90 ug/Nm3
+% 24 Jam 2 ug/Nm3
(Tima *iam) 1 T! 1 ug/Nm3
PP No#3/ Tahun /444 about Pre&ention of Air Pollution
Th h ld
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Threshold
Substance Permitted ambient concentrations$NAA@S)a
Sulfur dio*ide
Nitro"en dio*ide $NO')
9arbon mono*ide
Particulate 0atter $P0/()
?( M"+m< $((< ppm)b annuala&era"e M"+m< $(/3 ppm)'37h a&era"e c
((>< ppm $/(( M"+m