Growth, yield and chemical composition of Foeniculum ... · dry yeast (0, 2 and 4 g/l) and...

Growth, yield and chemical composition of Foeniculum vulgare, Mill. as affected by nitrogen, dry yeast and tryptophan application

Sayed S.A. Abdel-Rahman *, Mohamed A. Faragallah ** and Atef A.S. Abdel-Kader ***

*Hort. Dept., Fac. Agric., Assiut Univ., Assiut, Egypt.

**Soil and Water Dept., Fac. Agric., Al-Azhar Univ., Assiut, Egypt. ***Hort. Res. Institute, A.R.C., Giza, Egypt.

___________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: This study was conducted in the two successive seasons of 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 at

the Experimental Farm of Floriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University. The aim of this

study was to investigate the effect of three rates of each of nitrogen (0, 50 and 100 kg/fed.), active

dry yeast (0, 2 and 4 g/l) and tryptophan (0, 50 and 100 ppm) on the growth, fruit and oil yield and

chemical composition of fennel plants. The obtained results revealed that the application of

nitrogen, active dry yeast or tryptophan resulted in a significant increase in vegetative growth, fruit

and oil yield as well as leaf content of total carbohydrates, N, P and K compared to the controls. It

was interesting to observe that the application of active dry yeast at 4 g/l as biofertilizer with 100

ppm tryptophan as organic nitrogenous source gave nearly equal results to those obtained with the

high level of mineral nitrogen fertilizer (100 kg N/fed.) alone. Also, the application of active dry

yeast at 4 g/l or tryptophan at 100 ppm combined with 50 kg N/fed. resulted in a significant increase

in all studied parameters compared to the high level of nitrogen alone. The maximum vegetative

growth and flowering, fruit and oil yield as well as leaf nutrient content were obtained from the

combined treatment of 50 kg N/fed. + 2 or 4 g/l active dry yeast + 50 ppm tryptophan.

___________________________________________________________________________ Key words: Fennel, nitrogen fertilization, dry yeast, tryptophan, fruit and oil yield

Introduction

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare, Mill.; Fam. Umbelliferae) is one of the most important medicinal

and aromatic plants which grows well in middle Egypt. The economic value of this crop is related

mainly to the fruits which contain volatile and fixed oil. Fennel is used in several purposes as a

stimulant, carminative, galactagogue, flavoring agent, diuretic, estrogenic activities, essence in

cosmetics and perfumery, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory (Evans, 1989; Singh et al.,

2006; Mahfouz and Sharaf-Eldin, 2007).It is well known that chemical fertilization, particularly N,

is used for increasing the productivity of medicinal and aromatic plants (Abdel-Kader, 1992; El-

Keltawi et al., 2006). However, the intensive and/or excessive use of manufactured nitrogen

fertilizers raises the major production cost, causes environmental pollution and reduces the

acceptance of the crops for export as well as affects the soil fertility (Maticic et al., 1992; Sherif and

El-Naggar, 2005). In addition, the application of large quantity of soluble fertilizers caused

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nutritional imbalances that lead to crop diseases and insect infestations, and it is believed to

stimulate certain problems of weed species (Barber, 1982). For these reasons the use of organic and

biofertilizers is recommended for sustainable agriculture. Many trials have been conducted in this

concern for raising the productivity of many medicinal and aromatic plants. Among these trials the

use of active dry yeast as biofertilizers and amino acids as organic nitrogenous compounds to

reduce or replace the chemical nitrogen fertilizers (El-Sayed et al. 2002; Abou Dahab and Abd El-

Aziz, 2006; Abd El-Aziz and Balbaa, 2007).

The various positive effects of applying active dry yeast as a newly used biofertilizer were

attributed to its content of different nutrients, higher percentage of proteins, large amount of vitamin

B and natural plant growth regulators such as cytokinins and auxin (Larson et al., 1962; Ferguson et

al., 1987). Also, the application of active dry yeast is very effective in releasing CO2 which

improves net photosynthesis (Idso et al., 1995). The beneficial effects of active dry yeast in

improving plant growth, quality, nutritional status and increasing yield of some medicinal and

aromatic plants have been reported by El-Sayed et al. (2002) on Corianderum sativum, Naguib and

Khalil (2002) on Nigella sativa and Bishr et al. (2006) on Silybum marianum L.

Amino acids are used to regulate plant growth and biosynthesis of important economic chemical

constituents. Davies (1982) reported that amino acids as organic nitrogenous compounds are the

building blocks in the synthesis of proteins. The amino acid tryptophan has an indirect role on the

growth via its influence on auxin synthesis. Phillips (1971) reported that alternative routes of IAA

synthesis exist in plants, all starting from tryptophan. Moreover, there have been reports that foliar

application of tryptophan enhanced the vegetative growth, yield and chemical constituents

(Mohamed and Wahba, 1993 on Rosmarinus officinalis; Attoa et al., 2002 on Iberis amara; Abou

Dahab and Abd El-Aziz, 2006 on Philodendron erubescens).

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of active dry yeast and tryptophan in

the presence of different levels of N fertilizer on the growth, fruit and oil yield and chemical

constituents of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare, Mill.) to reduce or replace the chemical nitrogen

fertilizers.

Material and Methods

The present investigation was carried out at the Experimental Farm of Floriculture, Faculty of

Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt for two successive seasons (2005/2006 and

2006/2007). The fruits of local cultivar of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. vulgare, Mill.) were

sown in a clay soil at the beginning of November for both seasons. Some physical and chemical

properties of the used soil in this study were done according to the methods described by Jackson

(1973) and Black et al. (1982) as shown in Table (1).

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Table (1): Physical and chemical characteristics of the field experimental soil.

Properties

Value

Properties

Value Clay %

51.5

Ca++ (meq/100g)

3.38

Silt % 26.2 Mg++ (meq/100g) 2.44

Texture analysis:

Sand % 22.3 Na+ (meq/100g) 2.45 Texture grade clay

Soluble cations:

K+ (meq/100g) 1.72

Total Ca CO3 (%)

1.97

Cl– (meq/100g)

0.78

EC (1:1, dS/m) 1.13

Soluble anions:

CO3= + HCO-

3 (meq/100g) 0.29 pH (1:1 water suspension) 7.6 Total nitrogen (%) 0.65 Organic matter (%) 1.27 Total phosphorus (%)

Total potassium (%) 0.211 0.413

The experiment was arranged in a split-split-plot design, with three replicates. The three

nitrogen levels (0, 50 and 100 kg N/fed.) represented the main plots, meanwhile concentrations of

active dry yeast (0, 2 and 4 g/l) and tryptophan (0, 50 and 100 ppm) represented the sub-plots and

sub-sub plots, respectively. Each sub-sub plot of 2.0 x 1.6 meters contained two rows. The planting

distance was 30 cm between plants. After 45 days from planting, the plants were thinned to one

plant per hill (12 plants/ plot) i. e. 15000 plants/fed.

Nitrogen fertilizer was applied in the form of urea (46.5% N) at 0, 50 and 100 kg N/fed. as a

basal dressing. The amount of each was divided into three equal doses.

A strain of dry yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was obtained from El Amal group for export

and import, Egypt. Yeast dry matter was 95% and the live cells were 11.6 x 109/g. It was activated

by dissolving the definite amount in warm water (38ºC), adding sugar at the same rate and kept over

night for nearly 12 hours before application. Active dry yeast was added as a soil drench at 0, 2 and

4 g/l (one liter/plot of each concentration) just before irrigation.

Tryptophan was applied as foliar spray at 0, 50 and 100 ppm. Triton B as wetting agent at 0.1%

concentration was added to all spraying solutions as well as tap water in the control. Spraying was

done to cover whole plant leaves to the point of runoff.

All used treatments of nitrogen, yeast and tryptophan were applied at three times (immediately

after thinning, one month later and at the beginning of flowering stage). All other agricultural

practices were done as recommended.

The fruits were harvested before they were fully ripe, but sufficiently hard and greenish gray

in colour. Data were recorded for plant height (cm), number of branches/plant, plant dry weight (g),

number of umbels/plant, seed index (weight of 1000 fruits), fruit yield, fruits volatile oil percentage

and oil yield per plant (ml). The volatile oil percentage of the dried fruits was extracted as described

٤

in the Egyptian Pharmacopoeia (1961). Distillation was continued for 3 hours as reported by

Guenther (1961), then the oil yield per plant was calculated.

Total macronutrients (N, P and K) content in fennel fruits were determined after they were

ground and wet ashing. Nitrogen was determined by using semi-micro Kjeldahl method,

phosphorus was determined using Spectrophotometer and potassium using a flame photometer

(Jackson, 1973). Total carbohydrates including poly-saccharides in fennel fruits were

colorimetrically determined by the anthrone sulphuric acid method; Fales (1951).

Data obtained during the two seasons were statistically analyzed according to Steel and

Torrie (1982) using the MSTAT computer software.

Results and Discussion Vegetative growth characteristics:

Data presented in Tables (2 and 3) showed that vegetative growth measurements of fennel

plants were markedly responded to various treatments of nitrogen, active dry yeast and amino acid

tryptophan. Generally, the application of nitrogen at 50 or 100 kg N/fed. significantly increased

plant height, number of branches per plant and plant dry weight compared to the control. The

highest values of studied vegetative growth measurements were obtained by using the low level of

nitrogen (50 kg N/fed.). These results are in agreement with those of several investigators working

on fennel plants; Amin and Patel (2001), Rai et al. (2002) and El-Keltawi et al. (2006), who

indicated that vegetative growth increased as a result of nitrogen application. The increase in

vegetative growth measurements of fennel plants may be attributed to the role of nitrogen in

initiation of merestemic activity and hence it resulted in an increase in cell number and cell size

with an overall increase in plant growth.

Concerning the effect of active dry yeast application on vegetative growth (Tables 2 and 3),

it was noticed that fennel plants treated with either 2 or 4 g/l showed a significant increase in plant

height, number of branches per plant and plant dry weight compared to untreated plants. However,

no significant differences in vegetative growth measurements were achieved among both

concentrations of yeast (2 and 4 g/l) in both seasons. The obtained results are in accordance with

those reported by Naguib and Khalil (2002) on Nigella sativa, Abdel-Kader (2005) on Lawsonia

alba and Bishr et al. (2006) on Silybum marianum. This could be explained in the light of the

various ingredients in yeast exudates as reported by Larson et al. (1962) and Freguson et al. (1987)

like vitamin B and natural growth hormones. Also, the application of active dry yeast is very

effective in releasing CO2 which improves net photosynthesis (Idso et al., 1995).

Regarding the effect of amino acid tryptophan on the vegetative growth, it was observed

that foliar application of tryptophan had a significant effect on plant height, number of

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branches/plant and plant dry weight compared to the control. The maximum values of vegetative

growth measurements were obtained in plants treated by tryptophan at 50 ppm (Tables 2 and 3).

These results coincided with the results obtained by Attoa et al. (2002), Wahba et al. (2002) and

Abou Dahab and Abd El-Aziz (2006). They reported that foliar application of tryptophan

significantly promoted plant growth. The increase in plant growth as a result of tryptophan

application may be due to its conversion into IAA (Russell, 1982). The converted IAA plays an

important role in activating plant growth, consequently the plant height, number of branches/plant

and plant dry weight could be increased.

The interaction effects of nitrogen, active dry yeast and tryptophan on the plant height,

number of branches per plant and plant dry weight were significant in the two seasons. The tallest

plants, higher number of branches per plant and heavier dry weight of plant resulted from plants

fertilized with 50 kg N/fed., drenched with active dry yeast at 2 g/l and sprayed with tryptophan at

50 ppm. Also, the obtained data in this study cleared that the application of active dry yeast at 4 g/l

with 50 or 100 ppm tryptophan gave nearly equal results to those obtained with the highest level of

nitrogen (100 kg/fed.) alone.

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Table (2): Effect of nitrogen, active dry yeast and tryptophan on plant height and number of branches per plant of fennel during the 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 seasons.

2nd season (2006/2007) 1st season (2005/2006) Tryptophan con. "ppm" (C)

Mean 100 50 Cont. Mean 100 50 Cont.

Plant height (cm)

Active dry yeast con.

"g/l" (B)

Nitrogen level

"kg /fed." (A)

111.7 119.4 121.7

117.9 122.5 124.8

113.6 121.8 123.2

103.7 113.9 117.0

117.0 124.7 126.6

121.8 127.8 129.3

120.6 125.5 128.1

108.7 120.8 122.3

Control 2 4

Control

117.6 121.7 119.5 111.5 122.8 126.3 124.7 117.3 Mean 123.3 128.7 129.8

127.5 128.2 127.8

123.6 131.5 130.2

118.8 126.3 131.3

126.8 132.0 133.7

130.1 131.3 130.8

127.4 136.3 135.2

123.0 128.4 135.2

Control 2 4

50

127.2 127.8 128.4 125.5 130.8 130.7 133.0 128.8 Mean 125.1 123.8 121.8

123.3 119.5 118.5

128.1 121.8 120.8

124.1 130.3 126.1

127.6 128.4 126.6

125.9 124.7 122.6

130.7 126.0 125.7

126.1 134.5 131.4

Control 2 4

100

123.6 120.4 123.6 126.8 127.5 124.4 127.5 130.7 Mean 123.3 123.8 121.3 127.1 128.4 125.6 General mean

General effects of active dry yeast concentrations: 120.1 124.0 124.4

122.9 123.4 123.7

121.8 125.0 124.7

115.5 123.5 124.8

123.8 128.4 129.0

125.9 127.9 127.6

126.2 129.3 129.7

119.3 127.9 129.6

Control 2 4

A: 2.0 B: 0.9 AB: 1.5 C: 1.2 AC: 2.1 BC: 2.1 ABC: 3.7

L.S.D. at 5% A: 1.8 B: 1.2 AB: 2.1 C: 1.0 AC: 1.8 BC: 1.8 ABC: 3.0 [

Number of branches/plant 6.9 7.8 8.0

7.6 8.3 8.4

7.0 8.1 8.2

6.1 7.1 7.3

7.7 8.4 8.6

8.3 8.7 8.8

8.1 8.5 8.6

6.7 8.0 8.3

Control 2 4

Control

7.6 8.1 7.8 6.8 8.2 8.6 8.4 7.7 Mean 8.2 8.8 8.8

8.6 8.9 8.6

8.3 9.0 9.0

7.7 8.4 8.9

8.8 9.1 9.1

9.0 9.1 9.0

8.8 9.3 9.2

8.4 8.8 9.2

Control 2 4

50

8.6 8.7 8.8 8.3 9.0 9.0 9.1 8.8 Mean 8.4 8.5 8.1

8.4 8.2 7.4

8.6 8.4 8.3

8.3 8.8 8.6

8.9 8.8 8.7

8.7 8.6 8.4

9.2 8.7 8.5

8.6 9.2 9.1

Control 2 4

100



8.2 8.5 8.1

8.0 8.5 8.5

7.4 8.1 8.3

8.4 8.8 8.8

8.7 8.8 8.7

8.7 8.8 8.8

7.9 8.7 8.9

Control 2 4

A: 0.2 B: 0.2 AB: 0.3 C: 0.1 AC: 0.2 BC: 0.2 ABC: 0.3

L.S.D. at 5% A: 0.4 B: 0.2 AB: 0.4 C: 0.1 AC: 0.2 BC: 0.2 ABC: 0.3

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Table (3): Effect of nitrogen, active dry yeast and tryptophan on plant dry weight and number of umbels per plant of fennel during the 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 seasons.



Plant dry weight (g)


"g/l" (B)

Nitrogen level

"kg /fed." (A)

215.5 263.2 270.6

236.1 283.9 287.7

229.2 272.7 281.8

181.3 233.1 242.3

229.7 274.3 289.4

253.9 296.3 307.2

237.2 281.7 300.7

198.1 244.8 260.2

Control 2 4

Control

249.8

269.2

261.2

218.9

264.5

285.8

273.2

234.4

Mean 276.5 311.5 315.0

299.4 308.3 300.1

275.4 328.3 321.5

254.7 297.9 323.3

295.9 323.4 323.2

314.5 324.5 314.0

295.7 338.7 327.8

277.6 307.1 327.7

Control 2 4

50

301.0

302.6

308.4

292.0

314.2

317.7

320.7

304.1

Mean 289.8 288.4 275.6

282.6 264.4 256.4

303.8 285.2 272.3

283.1 315.7 298.0

299.8 299.5 289.3

292.2 281.9 267.1

315.9 294.1 284.3

291.3 322.5 316.4

Control 2 4

100

284.6

267.8

287.1

298.9

296.2

280.4

298.1

310.1

Mean

279.9

285.6

269.9

294.6

297.3

282.9

General mean


272.7 285.5 281.4

269.5 295.4 291.9

239.7 282.2 287.9

275.2 299.1 300.6

286.9 300.9 296.1

282.9 304.8 304.3

255.7 291.5 301.4

Control 2 4

A: 1.9 B: 1.3 AB: 2.2 C: 1.5 AC: 2.6 BC: 2.6 ABC: 4.6


Number of umbels/plant 31.9 36.7 38.5

35.9 40.1 42.1

33.2 38.2 38.9

26.6 31.9 34.6

38.5 44.9 46.4

43.9 48.9 49.3

40.4 46.7 47.5

31.1 39.2 42.3

Control 2 4

Control

35.7

39.4

36.8

31.0

43.3

47.4

44.9

37.5

Mean 41.9 45.1 44.9

45.7 46.7 42.1

42.4 46.8 46.9

37.7 41.9 45.7

50.6 53.8 53.2

54.3 55.6 50.3

51.8 55.9 55.8

45.6 49.8 53.6

Control 2 4

50

44.0

44.8

45.4

41.8

52.5

53.4

54.5

49.7

Mean 43.0 41.3 39.3

41.1 37.9 37.5

46.2 41.2 38.1

41.6 44.8 42.2

51.7 49.3 47.3

50.0 46.1 44.6

55.5 49.8 47.8

49.7 52.1 49.6

Control 2 4

100

41.2

38.8

41.8

42.9

49.5

46.9

51.0

50.5

Mean

41.0

41.3

38.6

49.2

50.1

45.9

General mean


40.9 41.6 40.6

40.6 42.1 41.3

35.3 39.5 40.8

46.9 49.3 49.0

49.4 50.2 48.1

49.2 50.8 50.4

42.1 47.0 48.5

Control 2 4

A: 1.1 B: 1.3 AB: 2.3 C: 1.1 AC: 1.9 BC: 1.9 ABC: 3.2


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Flowering and fruiting characteristics:

Data in Tables (3 and 4) show clearly that supplying fennel plants with nitrogen at 50 or 100

kg/fed. resulted in a significant increase in number of umbels/plant, weight of 1000 fruits and fruit

yield/plant compared to the control in the two seasons. Generally, the application of nitrogen at 50

kg/fed. was more effective than 100 kg/fed. in increasing flowering and fruiting characters. The

increases were 22.3% in number of umbels/plant and 38.4% in fruit yield/plant over the control as

average mean of both seasons as illustrated in Fig. (1). The increase in flowering and fruiting

characteristics may be due to the stimulating effect of nitrogen on the vigor of vegetative growth

and accumulation of photosynthates and their assimilation which stimulate fennel plants to produce

high fruit yield. These results are in agreement with several investigators; Amin and Patel (2001)

and El-Keltawi et al. (2006) on fennel plants.

Apparently, yeast application at varied concentrations significantly increased flowering

and fruiting characters under investigation compared to the control. These increments were 5.4 and

4.9% in number of umbels/plant, 6.6 and 5.0% in fruit yield/plant for 2 and 4 g/l yeast, respectively

over the control (Fig. 1). The enhancing effect of active dry yeast on the flowering and fruiting

characters obtained in the present investigation was also found by Naguib and Khalil (2002) on

Nigella sativa, Abdel-Kader (2005) on Lawsonia alba and Bishr et al. (2006) on Silybum marianum

plants.

It is evident from the present data that spraying tryptophan on fennel plants at 50 ppm

resulted in the highest values of flowering and fruiting measurements (Tables 3, 4). The maximum

values of increments were observed for number of umbels/plant by 8% and fruit yield/plant by

11.6% over the control (Fig. 1). The positive effect of amino acids on yield due to the vital effect of

these amino acids stimulation on the growth of plant cell. Our results are comparable with those

obtained by Mohamed and Wahba (1993) on Rosmarinus officinalis and Attoa et al. (2002) on

Iberis amara plants.

The present results clearly indicated that the application of active dry yeast at 4 g/l plus 100

ppm tryptophan gave nearly equal results to those obtained from the high level of nitrogen (100

kg/fed.) alone. On the other hand, the application of yeast at 4 g/l or tryptophan at 100 ppm with the

low level of nitrogen (50 kg/fed.) resulted in a significant increase in all studied flowering and

fruiting characters compared to the high level of nitrogen alone.

The interactions between nitrogen, active dry yeast and tryptophan on number of

umbels/plant, weight of 1000 fruits and fruit yield/plant were significant. The maximum increments

of flowering and fruiting measurements were obtained by using nitrogen at 50 g/fed. ombined with

2 or 4 g/l active dry yeast and 50 ppm tryptophan.The increments were 77.9% in number of

umbels/plant and 114.5% in fruit yield/plant over the control (Fig. 2).

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Table (4): Effect of nitrogen, active dry yeast and tryptophan on weight of 1000 fruits and fruit yield per plant of fennel during the 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 seasons.



Weight of 1000 fruits (g)


"g/l" (B)

Nitrogen level

"kg /fed." (A)

6.39 6.85 7.03

6.70 7.16 7.24

6.40 6.97 7.19

6.07 6.43 6.67

6.62 7.07 7.18

7.00 7.30 7.32

6.68 7.25 7.30

6.17 6.66 6.93

Control 2 4

Control

6.76

7.03

6.85

6.39

6.96

7.21

7.08

6.59

Mean 7.25 7.61 7.59

7.58 7.78 7.28

7.32 7.81 7.81

6.87 7.25 7.67

7.48 7.71 7.71

7.76 7.85 7.49

7.51 7.85 7.84

7.17 7.43 7.80

Control 2 4

50

7.49

7.55

7.65

7.26

7.63

7.70

7.73

7.47

Mean 7.38 7.30 7.08

7.27 7.16 6.78

7.61 7.26 7.20

7.27 7.47 7.27

7.53 7.46 7.25

7.43 7.27 6.98

7.83 7.40 7.28

7.33 7.70 7.50

Control 2 4

100

7.25

7.07

7.36

7.34

7.41

7.23

7.50

7.51

Mean

7.22

7.29

7.00

7.38

7.44

7.19

General mean

General effects of active dry yeast concentrations : 7.01 7.26 7.23

7.18 7.37 7.10

7.11 7.35 7.40

6.73 7.05 7.20

7.21 7.41 7.38

7.40 7.47 7.26

7.34 7.50 7.47

6.89 7.26 7.41

Control 2 4

A: 0.12 B: 0.09 AB: 0.15 C: 0.07 AC: 0.13 BC: 0.13 ABC: 0.22


Fruit yield/plant (g) 57.0 64.8 68.8

65.7 72.2 74.4

58.9 66.2 69.5

46.5 55.9 62.6

60.4 71.3 73.1

69.2 78.7 79.1

63.1 74.3 76.2

48.9 60.8 64.1

Control 2 4

Control

63.5

70.8

64.9

55.0

68.3

75.7

71.2

57.9

Mean 78.7 91.3 91.2

90.2 98.0 83.1

79.5 98.0 100.0

66.3 77.0 90.4

88.6 99.2 98.2

100.2 104.8 90.6

91.8 106.5 106.1

73.6 86.3 98.0

Control 2 4

50

87.0

90.4

92.8

77.9

95.3

98.5

101.5

86.0

Mean 84.9 78.0 72.7

80.8 66.0 65.2

95.3 79.2 71.9

78.7 88.7 81.0

93.0 86.0 78.5

91.9 73.9 70.4

103.4 90.0 74.1

83.8 94.0 91.1

Control 2 4

100

78.5

70.7

82.1

82.8

85.8

78.7

89.2

89.6

Mean

77.3

79.9

71.9

84.3

87.3

77.8

General mean


78.9 78.7 74.2

77.9 81.4 80.5

63.8 73.9 78.0

80.7 85.5 83.3

87.1 85.8 80.0

86.1 90.3 85.4

68.8 80.4 84.4

Control 2 4

A: 1.2 B: 1.7 AB: 3.0 C: 1.9 AC: 3.3 BC: 3.3 ABC: 5.8


١٠

Volatile oil percentage and yield:

Data presented in Table (5) show that treatment of fennel plants with nitrogen, active dry

yeast and/or tryptophan significantly increased volatile oil percentage and yield in the fruits

compared to the controls. However, the application of nitrogen was more effective on increasing oil

production than that of yeast and/or tryptophan as illustrated in Fig. (1).

Generally, The highest volatile oil percentage and yield in fennel fruits were obtained by

using nitrogen at 50 kg/fed.; which caused an increase of 14.7% and 57.1% over the control,

respectively. These results are in agreement with those of several investigators working on fennel;

Hussein and Abou El-Magd (1991), Amin and Patel (2001), Rai et al. (2002) and El-Keltawi et al.

(2006).

As for the effect of active dry yeast data presented in Table (5) indicated that both tested

concentrations significantly increased volatile oil percentage and yield in fennel fruits in both

seasons as compared to control. Generally, application of active dry yeast at 2 g/l was more

effective on increasing volatile oil percentage and yield. The increases were 4.2% in volatile oil

percentage and 9.8% in oil yield/plant over the control (Fig. 1). In accordance with the beneficial

effect of active dry yeast were those reported by Naguib and Khalil (2002), El-Sayed et al. (2002)

and Bishr et al. (2006). These results may be due to the stimulatory effect of yeast, which act as

coenzymes of photosynthesis and metabolism of carbohydrates and other metabolites in seeds

(Subba Rao, 1984 and Dewick, 2000).

Concerning the effect of tryptophan data in Table (5) show that the two tested

concentrations succeeded in increasing volatile oil percentage and yield in fennel fruits compared to

the controls in both seasons. The highest values of volatile oil percentage and yield were obtained

from 50 ppm tryptophan, ( 3.5 and 15.6% over the control, respectively). These results are in

harmony with those obtained by Mohamed and Wahba (1993) and Gomaa (2003), who reported

that amino acids increased the oil percentage of Crinum asiaticum plant.

Regarding the interaction effects among nitrogen, yeast and tryptophan, data in Table (5)

indicate that volatile oil percentage and yield in fennel fruits were significant. It also clears from the

obtained data that application of nitrogen at 50 kg/fed. combined with active dry yeast at 2 or 4 g/l

and 50 ppm tryptophan resulted in the highest pronounced effects on volatile oil percentage and

yield. The increments were 31.5% in volatile oil percentage and 185% in oil yield/plant over the

general control (Fig. 2). The increases in the volatile oil yield per plant as a result of nitrogen, yeast

and tryptophan applications could be attributed to the increase in the production of fruit yield and

oil percentage.

١١

Table (5): Effect of nitrogen, active dry yeast and tryptophan on oil percentage and yield in fennel fruits during the 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 seasons.



Oil percentage


"g/l" (B)

Nitrogen level

"kg /fed." (A)

1.29 1.36 1.38

1.33 1.41 1.43

1.29 1.38 1.40

1.25 1.30 1.32

1.34 1.40 1.44

1.40 1.45 1.49

1.35 1.41 1.44

1.28 1.35 1.38

Control 2 4

Control

1.35 1.39 1.36 1.29 1.39 1.45 1.40 1.34 Mean 1.43 1.58 1.57

1.47 1.64 1.50

1.45 1.65 1.65

1.37 1.46 1.57

1.52 1.62 1.62

1.59 1.69 1.58

1.56 1.69 1.68

1.40 1.48 1.60

Control 2 4

50

1.53 1.54 1.58 1.47 1.59 1.62 1.64 1.49 Mean 1.45 1.46 1.38

1.44 1.36 1.33

1.48 1.45 1.36

1.43 1.57 1.47

1.53 1.49 1.43

1.51 1.42 1.39

1.60 1.50 1.41

1.49 1.55 1.50

Control 2 4

100



1.41 1.47 1.42

1.41 1.49 1.47

1.35 1.44 1.45

1.46 1.50 1.50

1.50 1.52 1.49

1.50 1.53 1.51

1.39 1.46 1.49

Control 2 4

A: 0.02 B: 0.01 AB: 0.02 C: 0.01 AC: 0.02 BC: 0.02 ABC: 0.03


Oil yield/plant (ml) 0.73 0.89 0.95

0.87 1.02 1.06

0.76 0.91 0.97

0.57 0.73 0.83

0.82 1.00 1.05

0.97 1.14 1.18

0.85 1.05 1.10

0.63 0.82 0.88

Control 2 4

Control

0.86 0.98 0.88 0.71 0.96 1.10 1.00 0.78 Mean 1.13 1.44 1.44

1.33 1.59 1.25

1.15 1.61 1.65

0.91 1.12 1.42

1.35 1.62 1.59

1.59 1.77 1.43

1.43 1.80 1.78

1.03 1.28 1.57

Control 2 4

50

1.34 1.39 1.47 1.15 1.52 1.60 1.67 1.29 Mean 1.24 1.15 1.01

1.17 0.90 0.87

1.41 1.15 0.98

1.13 1.40 1.19

1.43 1.29 1.13

1.39 1.05 0.98

1.65 1.35 1.04

1.25 1.46 1.37

Control 2 4

100



1.12 1.17 1.06

1.11 1.22 1.20

0.87 1.08 1.15

1.20 1.30 1.26

1.32 1.32 1.21

1.31 1.40 1.31

0.97 1.19 1.27

Control 2 4

A: 0.03 B: 0.02 AB: 0.03 C: 0.02 AC: 0.03 BC: 0.03 ABC: 0.05


١٢

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Increm

ent

%.

50kg N/fed. 19.6 22.3 38.4 14.7 57.1

100kg N/fed. 12.9 14.9 24.7 7.4 33

2 g/l yeast 9.5 5.4 6.6 4.2 9.8

4 g/l yeast 9.7 4.9 5 3.5 7.1

50ppm tryptophan 5.5 8 11.6 3.5 15.6

100ppm tryptophan 3.9 6.6 7.9 2.1 10.1

Dry weight No.of umbels/plant Fruit yield/plant Oil % Oil yield/plant

Control

Fig. (1): General means of increment percentages of fennel growth and yield over the control as

affected by nitrogen, active dry yeast and tryptophan applications.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Increm

ent

%

0 (control ) 0 0 0 0 0

50 kg N/fed .+2 g/l yeast +50 ppmtryptophan

75 .6 77 .9 114 .5 31 .5 185

Dry weightNo.of

umbels /plantFruit

yield /plantOil % Oil yield /plant

Fig. (2): General means of increment percentages over the control for fennel growth and yield as

affected by combined treatment of 50 kg N/fed. + 2 g/l yeast + 50 ppm tryptophan.

١٣

Chemical analysis:

The recorded data in Tables (6 and 7) revealed that total carbohydrates, N, P and K contents

in fennel fruits were markedly increased as a result of nitrogen, active dry yeast or tryptophan

applications compared to the controls. Generally, the low rate of each of nitrogen, yeast and

tryptophan was more effective on accumulation of total carbohydrates, N, P and K than their

controls and/or the highest one of them. These results are in agreement with those found by Naguib

and Khalil (2002), Attoa et al. (2002), Gomaa (2003), Abdel-Kader (2005), Abou Dahab and Abd

El-Aziz (2006) and El-Keltawi et al. (2006).

Respecting the interaction effects among nitrogen, active dry yeast and tryptophan, it was

observed that the most effective combination in increasing fruit nutrient contents were 50 kg N/fed.

+ 2 or 4 g/l yeast + 50 ppm tryptophan. The accumulation of carbohydrates as a result of nitrogen

application may be due to the important role of nitrogen in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll

molecules (Meyer et al., 1968). Nitrogen enables the absorption of other nutrients that led to

balance the growth of plant. This in turn improves photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation

leading to higher yield (Aly et al., 1996). The increment in nutrient contents might be also due to

the enhancement effect of yeast on some metabolic activities in the plants which lead to good

accumulation of nutrient in seeds (Fruton and Simmonds, 1959). In addition, the increases in the

content of total carbohydrates, N, P and K as a result of the tryptophan treatments may be attributed

to its conversion of to IAA (Phillips, 1971).

Conclosion

From the aforementioned results and discussion, it may be concluded that:

To replace the mineral nitrogen fertilizer, it is recommend to apply active dry yeast at 4 g/l

plus 50 or 100 ppm tryptophan, since it gave nearly equal results to those obtained by the

high level of nitrogen (100 kg/fed.) alone.

The application of active dry yeast at 4 g/l or tryptophan at 100 ppm with 50 kg N/fed.

resulted in a significant increase in vegetative growth, flowering and fruiting characteristics

as well as oil production in fennel fruits compared to the high level of nitrogen (100 kg/

fed.) alone.

To obtain the maximum vegetative growth, flowering fruit and oil yield of fennel plants and

to reduce the chemical nitrogen fertilizer to the half dose, it could be recommend to use 50

kg N/fed. + 2 or 4 g/l active dry yeast + 50 ppm tryptophan.

١٤

Table (6): Effect of nitrogen, active dry yeast and tryptophan on the contents of total carbohydrates and N in fennel fruits during the 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 seasons.



Total carbohydrates %


"g/l" (B)

Nitrogen level

"kg /fed." (A)

12.2 13.0 13.4

13.0 13.5 13.7

12.5 13.1 13.4

11.1 12.3 13.0

12.4 13.6 13.8

13.3 14.2 14.3

12.6 13.9 13.9

11.4 12.7 13.2

Control 2 4

Control

12.8 13.4 13.0 12.1 13.3 13.9 13.5 12.4 Mean 13.9 14.6 14.5

14.4 14.8 14.0

14.0 14.9 14.9

13.2 14.1 14.5

14.4 14.9 15.0

14.9 15.2 14.4

14.5 15.4 15.3

13.8 14.2 15.3

Control 2 4

50

14.3 14.4 14.6 13.9 14.8 14.8 15.1 14.4 Mean 14.0 13.7 13.3

13.9 13.0 12.9

14.5 13.9 13.0

13.6 14.3 13.9

14.4 14.4 13.8

14.1 13.7 13.3

15.1 14.5 13.6

14.0 15.1 14.4

Control 2 4

100



13.8 13.8 13.5

13.7 14.0 13.8

12.6 13.6 13.8

13.7 14.3 14.2

14.1 14.4 14.0

14.0 14.6 14.3

13.1 14.0 14.3

Control 2 4

A: 0.17 B: 0.13 AB: 0.23 C: 0.15 AC: 0.26 BC: 0.26 ABC: 0.45


Nitrogen % 1.83 1.90 1.93

1.88 1.93 1.95

1.85 1.92 1.94

1.75 1.85 1.90

1.86 2.04 2.12

1.92 2.14 2.19

1.87 2.11 2.17

1.78 1.87 2.01

Control 2 4

Control

1.89 1.92 1.90 1.83 2.01 2.08 2.05 1.89 Mean 2.09 2.12 2.19

2.20 2.20 2.18

2.14 2.21 2.22

1.92 1.96 2.17

2.22 2.28 2.28

2.35 2.35 2.20

2.21 2.35 2.34

2.10 2.15 2.31

Control 2 4

50

2.13 2.19 2.19 2.02 2.26 2.30 2.30 2.19 Mean 2.09 2.01 1.96

2.00 1.92 1.80

2.21 1.95 1.92

2.05 2.15 2.17

2.24 2.20 2.09

2.18 2.12 1.95

2.34 2.20 2.11

2.19 2.28 2.21

Control 2 4

100



2.03 2.02 1.98

2.07 2.03 2.03

1.91 1.99 2.08

2.10 2.17 2.17

2.15 2.20 2.11

2.14 2.22 2.21

2.02 2.10 2.18

Control 2 4

A: 0.06 B: N.S. AB: 0.09 C: 0.04 AC: 0.06 BC: 0.06 ABC: 0.11


١٥

Table (7): Effect of nitrogen, active dry yeast and tryptophan on the contents of P and K in fennel fruits during the 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 seasons.



Phosphorus %


"g/l" (B)

Nitrogen level

"kg /fed." (A)

0.165 0.173 0.184

0.178 0.174 0.181

0.171 0.181 0.195

0.146 0.164 0.175

0.167 0.183 0.202

0.182 0.191 0.205

0.166 0.186 0.205

0.154 0.172 0.196

Control 2 4

Control

0.174 0.178 0.182 0.162 0.184 0.193 0.185 0.174 Mean 0.186 0.206 0.197

0.184 0.210 0.185

0.193 0.212 0.208

0.182 0.195 0.197

0.200 0.217 0.209

0.198 0.218 0.192

0.216 0.228 0.218

0.187 0.206 0.218

Control 2 4

50

0.196 0.193 0.204 0.191 0.209 0.203 0.221 0.204 Mean 0.185 0.177 0.171

0.174 0.170 0.162

0.195 0.172 0.172

0.186 0.188 0.180

0.190 0.186 0.179

0.181 0.178 0.167

0.199 0.184 0.181

0.191 0.195 0.188

Control 2 4

100



0.179 0.185 0.175

0.186 0.188 0.192

0.171 0.182 0.184

0.186 0.195 0.197

0.187 0.196 0.188

0.194 0.199 0.201

0.177 0.191 0.201

Control 2 4

A:0.002 B:0.002 AB 0.003 C: 0.002 AC: 0.004 BC: 0.004 ABC: 0.006


Potassium % 3.00 3.29 3.32

3.29 3.31 3.34

3.28 3.30 3.31

2.43 3.27 3.30

3.37 3.69 3.73

3.72 3.74 3.75

3.70 3.72 3.74

2.70 3.61 3.69

Control 2 4

Control

3.20 3.31 3.30 3.00 3.60 3.74 3.72 3.33 Mean 3.47 3.54 3.54

3.60 3.59 3.44

3.52 3.57 3.58

3.29 3.45 3.61

3.80 3.95 3.98

3.96 3.95 3.86

3.83 4.00 4.10

3.60 3.90 3.99

Control 2 4

50

3.52 3.54 3.56 3.45 3.91 3.92 3.98 3.83 Mean 3.48 3.42 3.27

3.46 3.25 3.15

3.60 3.43 3.25

3.37 3.57 3.42

3.81 3.83 3.73

3.75 3.63 3.59

3.93 3.75 3.60

3.76 4.10 4.00

Control 2 4

100



3.45 3.38 3.31

3.47 3.43 3.38

3.03 3.43 3.44

3.66 3.82 3.81

3.81 3.77 3.73

3.82 3.82 3.81

3.35 3.87 3.89

Control 2 4

A: 0.09 B: 0.08 AB: 0.14 C: 0.06 AC: 0.10 BC: 0.10 ABC: 0.18


١٦

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١٩

شمـر متأثـرة بإضافـةالنمـو والمحصـول والمكونـات الكيميائيـة لنبات ال

النيتروجيـن والخميـرة والتربتوفـان

*** و عاطف عبده سيد عبدالقادر**، محمد األمين عبد الكريم فرج اهللا*سيد شحاته عابدين عبدالرحمن

. جامعة أسيوط– كلية الزراعة –قسم البساتين *

.سيوط جامعة األزهر بأ– كلية الزراعة – قسم علوم األراضى والمياه ** . مصر- جيزه – مركز البحوث الزراعية – معهد بحوث البساتين ***

، ٢٠٠٥/٢٠٠٦ جامعة أسـيوط خـالل موسـمي –أجرى هذا البحث بمزرعة أبحاث الزينة بكلية الزراعة

١٠٠ ، ٥٠صـفر، ( وذلك بهدف دراسة تأثير إضافة ثالث معدالت من كل من النيتـروجين ٢٠٠٦/٢٠٠٧

جـزء فـي ١٠٠ ، ٥٠صفر، (والتربتوفان ) لتر/ جرام٤ ، ٢صفر، (ه الجافة النشطة والخمير) فدان/كجم ن

.على نمو ومحصول الثمار والزيت والمكونات الكيميائية لنبات الشمر) المليون

-:وقد أوضحت النتائج المتحصل عليها ما يلي

أدى إضافة أي من النيتروجين أو الخميره أو التربتوفان إلى حدوث زيادة معنويـة فـي صـفات النمـو

الخضري والزهري ومحصول الزيت والثمار وكـذلك محتـوى األوراق مـن الكربوهيـدرات الكليـة

.والنيتروجين والفوسفور والبوتاسيوم مقارنة بالكنترول

لتر كسماد حيوي مع التربتوفان بمعـدل / جرام ٤ميرة بمعدل كان جديرا بالمالحظة أن أعطت إضافة الخ

جزء في المليون كمصدر نيتروجينى عضوي نتائج مساوية تقريبا مـع تلـك المتحـصل عليهـا ١٠٠

بمفرده، ويوصى باستعمال ذلـك ) فدان/ كجم ن ١٠٠(باستعمال المستوى المرتفع من النيتروجين المعدني

. ات الشمرفي الزراعة الحيوية والعضوية لنب

جـزء فـي ١٠٠لتر أو التربتوفان بمعدل / جرام٤كما أدى إضافة أي من الخميرة الجافة النشطة بمعدل

إلى زيادة معنوية في كل مـن ) فدان/ كجم ن٥٠(المليون مع استعمال المستوى المنخفض من النيتروجين

.الصفات المدروسة مقارنة بالمستوى المرتفع من النيتروجين بمفرده

لتقليل التلوث البيئي واالحتياجات السمادية من النيتروجين المعدني وكذلك للحصول علـى أعلـى نمـو

فدان مع إضافة / كجم ن ٥٠خضري وزهري ومحصول ثمار وزيت، يوصى بتسميد نباتات الشمر بمعدل

. في المليون جزء٥٠لتر والرش بالتربتوفان بمعدل / جرام٤ أو ٢الخميرة الجافة النشطة للتربة بمعدل

Growth, yield and chemical composition of Foeniculum ... · dry yeast (0, 2 and 4 g/l) and...

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Transcript of Growth, yield and chemical composition of Foeniculum ... · dry yeast (0, 2 and 4 g/l) and...