Spiritual Growth is Necessary Any living organism that does not grow will soon die.
Growth & Development Prepared by Ms W.S.Kwan What is Growth ? A permanent increase in size, weight &...
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Transcript of Growth & Development Prepared by Ms W.S.Kwan What is Growth ? A permanent increase in size, weight &...
![Page 1: Growth & Development Prepared by Ms W.S.Kwan What is Growth ? A permanent increase in size, weight & complexity of an organism.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062718/56649e7e5503460f94b815eb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Growth & Development
• Prepared by Ms W.S.Kwan
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What is Growth ?What is Growth ?• A permanent increase in size, weight &
complexity of an organism.
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Growth is an increase in volume of individual cells & an increase in number of cells.Growth involves Cell enlargement & Cell Division
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Development• Involves specialization of cells into
different cell types forming
tissues, organs & system
• Resulting in an
increase in
complexity of
an organism.
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Cell level Organism level
Cell divides & expands Organism increases in size
Cell specialization (differentiation)
Organism increases in complexity
Growth in organisms
Growth & development in cells
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Cell Division
Nucleardivision
Cytoplasmic Division
Resting stage
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Nuclear division• Nucleus contains chromosome,
which carries genes.• At rest stage:
- Chromosomes are indistinct (not seen)
- Chromosomes appear as chromatins
• During division:- Chromosomes
become distinct
Chromatin
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Chromatids During division:
Chromosomes become distinct & duplicate as a pair of chromatids
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Nuclear division in Growth
• There are 2 types of nuclear division:
Mitosis & Meiosis
• Mitosis occurs when cell divides during growth.
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Chromosomes appear as chromatins at resting stage
Stage of MitosisStage of Mitosis
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Chromatin threads condense to form distinct chromosomes. The chromosomes duplicate (replicate) as two identica
l chromatids
Stage of MitosisStage of Mitosis
During division
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Chromosomes line up in the middle part (equator) of the cell
Nuclear membrane disappeared
Stage of MitosisStage of Mitosis
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Two chromatids of each chromosome separate & move to oppos
ite poles of the cell
(equal separation of chromatids)
Stage of MitosisStage of Mitosis
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Stage of MitosisStage of Mitosis
-Two daughter nuclei form. -Cell splits into two daughter cells.- Each daughter cell contains same number & kinds of chromosome as the parent cell.- Daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell.
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Summary of mitosis:
Daughter cells are identical to the parent cell.
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Role & Significance of mitosis• Mitosis produces 2 daughter cells whi
ch are identical to the parent cell • Significance: Mitosis keeps chromoso
mes content constant after cell division. Genetic information is conserved.
• Role of Mitosis: It allows– cell multiplies during growth– Cell repairs / cell replacement– an organism reproduces asexually
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Growth in Growth in PlantsPlants
• Primary growth– growth in length– by apical meristem
at shoot tip & root tip
meristemNote: Meristem = region of meristematic cells (i.e. cells with the ability of cell division)
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Growth in PlantsGrowth in Plants• Secondary growth
– growth in diameter (thickness) (only in dicot plants)
– by cambium (meristematic cells) produce secondary xylem and secondary phloem which forms annual ring
– cork cambium : to form cork layer to replace the broken epidermis
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Root Tip (L.S.)
• root cap – to protect the growing p
oint• growing point / region of ce
ll division (apical meristem)– cells multiply for growth
• region of cell elongation – cell enlarged by vacuolat
ion for growth
Root Root TipTip
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Cell enlargement in plant growth• Vacuolation
Cell wall thickens &becomes rigid. Expansion stops.
Cell drawsin water byosmosis &expands.
Thin cell wall stretches & cell expands
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• region of differentiation / specialization / maturation– Cells differentiate to
different specialized tissues
– various tissues fully developed
– main water absorption area
Root TipRoot Tip
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Measurement of Growth in length of
the Main Root using marking ink
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Do all parts of the radicle grow during the experiment ?Ans: No. Growth occurs only in the region beh
ind the tip.
pin cork
cotton wool
cork
beaker
strip of filter paperwater
radicle marked at 1mm intervals
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Where is the region of maximum growth in the root ?Ans: The region of elongation which is locate
d immediately behind the tip.
pin cork
cotton wool
cork
beaker
strip of filter paperwater
radicle marked at 1mm intervals
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How to Measure Growth ?How to Measure Growth ?Defect Advanta
ge
by height / length
Do not consider growth in other dimensions
?
by fresh weight
amount of water always varies
?
by dry weight
destructive (kill the organisms) & time consuming
?
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Growth Patterns in PlantsGrowth Patterns in Plants
drymas
s
time
annual plant
Due to respiration of food reserves during seed germination
Dispersal of fruits & seeds
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Growth Patterns in PlantsGrowth Patterns in Plants
Fresh
mass
time
Annual plant
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unlimited growth
perennial woody plant
drymass
time
Growth Patterns in PlantsGrowth Patterns in Plants
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Animal GrowthAnimal Growth• Cell division takes place in all parts
of the body.• Different parts have different grow
th rate
eg. the brain & head grow rapidly in baby, while the reproductive system grows fast at puberty.
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