Physiology of pregnancy. cardiovascular, respiratory and hematology
Growth & Development of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems.
-
Upload
suzanna-lamb -
Category
Documents
-
view
217 -
download
0
Transcript of Growth & Development of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems.
![Page 1: Growth & Development of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697c0211a28abf838cd2b01/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Growth & Development of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems
![Page 2: Growth & Development of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697c0211a28abf838cd2b01/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Growth & Development of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697c0211a28abf838cd2b01/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Be able to describe the four stages of development of the respiratory system
![Page 4: Growth & Development of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697c0211a28abf838cd2b01/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Growth & Development of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697c0211a28abf838cd2b01/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Lung Growth
Alveolar development – last trimester, most postnatally, – 20 million at birth, – 300 million at 8 (adult)
Fetal respiratory movements Lung weight:
– 60-70gm at birth – increasing 20 fold to adulthood,– correlates best with height
![Page 6: Growth & Development of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697c0211a28abf838cd2b01/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Growth & Development of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697c0211a28abf838cd2b01/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Spirometry
![Page 8: Growth & Development of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697c0211a28abf838cd2b01/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Growth & Development of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697c0211a28abf838cd2b01/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Endocardial tubes form, that eventually coalesce to form the primitive heart tube at 3 weeks
Heart beats soon after Nearby angiogenic cells
(mesodermal) form in clusters (blood pools) and migrate to form endothelial lining of blood vessels
Adjacent mesenchymal cells migrate around endothelial lining to form vessel wall
Be able to describe the development of the heart
![Page 10: Growth & Development of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697c0211a28abf838cd2b01/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
6th week - heart has developed its general definitive form
8th week - blood vessels are formed
Heart tube folds and twists forming four distinct chambers
![Page 11: Growth & Development of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697c0211a28abf838cd2b01/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Fetal Circulation Placenta One umbilical vein - placenta to
fetus Two umbilical arteries - fetus to
placenta Foramen Ovale Ductus Arteriosus Result 10-15% of fetal blood goes
through lungs Ductus Venosus
Be able to describe the fetal and postnatal circulatory systems and the transitions that occur at birth
![Page 12: Growth & Development of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697c0211a28abf838cd2b01/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Fetal Circulation
Umbilical vein - Oxygen saturation = 70% Fetal Periphery - Oxygen saturation = 55% After birth
– Arterial = 97%– Venous = 70%
fetal hemoglobin -greater affinity for Oxygen
![Page 13: Growth & Development of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697c0211a28abf838cd2b01/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Birth Adjustments
Lungs expand, pulmonary vascular resistance decreases and systemic blood pressure rises
Left atrial pressure rises - foramen ovale closes
Ductus Arteriosus flows in opposite direction until vasoconstriction and eventual closure
![Page 14: Growth & Development of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697c0211a28abf838cd2b01/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Heart Size
Left side grows faster after birth Heart growth curve same as weight (fat free mass) 40 ml at birth, 600 - 800 ml as adult
– doubles by 6 months, – quadruples by 2 years,
![Page 15: Growth & Development of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697c0211a28abf838cd2b01/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Growth & Development of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697c0211a28abf838cd2b01/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Heart Rate, Stroke Volume
Heart rate: 140 bts/min (sd = 20) at birth Stroke Volume:
– 3-4 ml at birth, 40 ml just before growth spurt, 60 ml as adult Cardiac Output:
– 0.5 l/min at birth, 5 l/min as adult
![Page 17: Growth & Development of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697c0211a28abf838cd2b01/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Blood Pressure
Reduction in pulmonary resistance, increase in peripheral resistance
Systemic BP rises as Heart Rate drops
![Page 18: Growth & Development of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697c0211a28abf838cd2b01/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Blood Composition BloodVolume: Highly correlated with heart
size and body weight, and maximum oxygen uptake
Hematocrit: – Adult
males 40-45%, females 38-42%
– 30% at 2 months of age,
– sex difference established at puberty
Red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentration similar pattern
![Page 19: Growth & Development of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697c0211a28abf838cd2b01/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Thermoregulation
![Page 20: Growth & Development of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697c0211a28abf838cd2b01/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
HEAT BALANCE & TEMPERATURE REGULATION
METABOLISM:CHEMICAL REACTIONS: HEAT & ENERGY
HEAT LOSS:– RADIATION, CONDUCTION, CONV ECT ION 70%– EVAPORATION (skin & lungs) 27%– WARMING INSPIRED Al R 2%– URINE & FAECES 1%
CONTROL:– H Y P OT H A LAM U S– PERIPHERAL RECEPTORS– Comparison of core and peripheral temperatures
![Page 21: Growth & Development of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697c0211a28abf838cd2b01/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
CONTROL IN NEWBORNS
Mechanisms of shivering & sweating are poorly developed Sweat glands immature Large S.A./ Wt ratio Thin subcutaneous adipose tissue layer
LEADS TO INSTABILITY OF BODY TEMPERATURE
![Page 22: Growth & Development of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697c0211a28abf838cd2b01/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Average body temperature drops with age SD also drops, indicating better control
![Page 23: Growth & Development of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697c0211a28abf838cd2b01/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
CONTROL IN NEWBORNS
Vasoconstriction well developedCrying increases metabolic rateRestlessness & increased
movementsBrown fat
![Page 24: Growth & Development of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697c0211a28abf838cd2b01/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Vulnerability of the Adolescent Athlete
There have been several deaths of adolescent athletes– Intense prolonged activity– High ambient temperature & humidity– Athletic equipment– Big (small S.A. /Weight ratio)– Lack of water
![Page 25: Growth & Development of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697c0211a28abf838cd2b01/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
HEAT STROKE
Sweating (Sweat is hypotonic) Water leaves cells to hypertonic exterior Water leaves blood, decrease in blood volume High concentration of electrolytes in blood Excessive water loss, sweating is shut-off Temperature rises rapidly (>40ºC) Heart failure