Growth and Development of the Cotton Fruit
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Growth and Development of the Cotton Fruit
Craig W. Bednarz
University of Georgia
Tifton, GA
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Bracts
PetalsAnther
Filament
Stigma
Style
Ovary (fruit) Ovules
(seeds)
Cotton Flower Parts
(complete)
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Cotton Terminal
(40 X)Main Stem Meristem
(monopodium)
Fruiting Branch Meristem
(sympodium)
Fruiting Branch
Meristem
Main Stem Leaf Primordia (whorl)
Consecutive Nodes (not visible)
Thrips
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Cotton Sympodia
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Cotton Monopodia/Vegetative
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whorls
bract
sepal
petal
stamen
Carpel(pistil)
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Schematic of a Carpel in Cross Section
axile placentation
parietal placentation
one carpelFour carpels (fold then fuse)
peacotton, okra
van Iersel and Oosterhuis 1995Weier et al., 1980
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Cotton PollinationPollen Tube grows at a rate of several mm/h and is SENSITIVE to EVERYTHING.
Tube enters mircopyle and male gametes are released.
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Cotton Ovule on the Day of Anthesis
Oosterhuis and Jernstedt, 1999
micropyle
0.008”
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Oosterhuis and Jernstedt, 1999
Fiber Initials on the Day of Anthesis
0.001”
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Developing Cotton Fibers One Day After Antheis
Oosterhuis and Jernstedt, 1999
0.001”
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Cotton Fiber Footing
Berlin, 1986
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Fibers Elongate for the First Three Weeks After Anthesis (Boll Enlargement Phase)
• Fibers are Single Cell
• Increase in Length 1000 X
• Water Required
• Potassium Required
• Temperature
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Fibers Fill During the Second Three Weeks After Anthesis
(Boll Filling Phase)
• Water• Potassium• Temperature
Bill Goynes, USDA-ARS
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Stages of Boll Development
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What Influences Fiber Properties?
• CHO supply (source)
• CHO demand (sink)
• Water
• Temperature
• Nutrients
Also impact CHO supply and demand.
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Temperature (C)
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Pn
et (
mol
m-2
s-1
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
DP 5690, Y = -0.168259x - 0.008289x2 + 5.052645; F = 42**, df = 43.FM 832, Y = -0.217367x - 0.008783x2 + 5.539253; F = 28**, df = 40.PM 1220, Y = 0.171659x + 0.009973x2 + 5.661723, F = 39**, df = 44.ST 474, Y = -0.168516x - 0.006848x2 + 4.902631, F = 32**, df = 37.
Figure 2. Effect of temperature on net photosynthesis of several cotton cultivars.x = (Xi - X.), Xi = ith temperature recorded during photosynthesis, X. = mean
temperature recorded during photosynthesis. ** denotes significance levelof P < 0.01.
CHO Supply
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Temperature (C)
10 15 20 25 30 35
ln R
dark
(n
mol
g-1
s-1
)
1
2
3
4
5
DP 5690, Y = 0.108431x + 2.708417; F = 412**, df = 38. FM 832, Y = 0.108976x + 2.718412; F = 629**, df = 37.PM 1220, Y = 0.113252x + 2.685365; F = 643**, df = 39.ST 474, Y = 0.104589x + 2.765880; F = 484**, df = 35.
Figure 4. Effect of temperature on dark respiration of several cotton cultivars.x = (Xi - X.), Xi = ith temperature recorded during respiration phase, X. = mean
temperature recorded during respiration phase. ** denotes significance levelof P < 0.01.
CHO Supply
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Decreased Pnet and Increased Rdark results in:
• Less weight gain.
• Less CHO availability for boll filling.
• Reduced boll weight.
• Reduced fiber mirconaire?
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Bourland et al., 1992
CHO SupplyPremature aging of crop canopy should be avoided (water stress, fertility stress, etc.). Will impact early season storage of CHO or hasten decline in Pnet
Boll filling occurs with a diminishing CHO supply (root and petiole storage, etc.)
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CHO Supply
Hake et al., 1990
Late Season Heat and Drought?
Short staple and low mike cotton early in harvest season?
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Hake et al., 1990
CHO Demand
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Table 2. ANOVA of plant density studies conducted at Tifton, GA in 1997 and 1998.Sympodial position
Variable Effect 1 2 3F
ratiosPoint of
inflectionF
ratiosPoint of
inflectionF
ratiosPoint of
inflectionProbability DL -80 -345 -187
DQ +423 plants m
-2
+2421 plants m
-2
+6413.5 plants m
-2
NL +239 +26 +3NQ -506
10-87
9-9
9
DL X NL -25 +6 +13df 739 612 432
Boll weight DL -20 -32 -50DQ +4
17 plants m-2
+023 plants m
-2
+219 plants m
-2
NL +152 +76 +14NQ -226
11-133
10-25
9
DL X NL -6 -1 +0df 739 612 432
Boll weight PL +82 +128 +79PQ -97
53 %-70
50 %-61
60 %
NL +29 +51 +14NQ -36
11-26
10-9
9
DL -13 +0 +1DQ +2
21 plants m-2
-0< 1 plants m
-2
-0<1 plants m
-2
PL X NL -4 +5 +4PL X DL -19 -5 +3NL X DL -1 +1 +3df 736 609 429
D = plant density (plants m-2
), N = mainstem node number (unitless), P = probability of harvesting amature boll (%). L = linear coefficient from regression, Q = quadratic coefficient from regression. The +or – sign indicates slope.
CHO Demand
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Mainstem Node
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Pro
ba
bili
ty (
%)
0
20
40
60
80
2.5 - 4.5 plants m-2
4.5 - 6.5 plants m-2
6.5 - 8.5 plants m-2
12.5 - 14.5 plants m-2
20.5 - 23.0 plants m-2
Figure 1. Effect of plant density on the probability of harvesting a pickable boll at each main stem node in studies conducted at Tifton, GA in 1997 and 1998. Data are averaged across all sympodial branch positions. Y = 0.2329 - 0.02561d + 0.001515d2 + 0.01906n - 0.00313n2 - 0.00175dn + 0.000297dn2 + 0.000099d2n - 0.00002d2n2; d = D - D, n = N - N, D = plant density, D = average plant density, N = mainstem node number,N = average mainstem node number, F = 132.4 **, df = 6, 884.
Yield Distribution
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Mainstem Node2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
See
dcot
ton
Yie
ld (
kg h
a-1)
0
200
400
600
2.5 - 4.5 plants m-2
4.5 - 6.5 plants m-2
6.5 - 8.5 plants m-2
12.5 - 14.5 plants m-2
20.5 - 23.0 plants m-2
Figure 2. Effect of plant density on total seedcotton yield at each mainstem nodein studies conducted at Tifton, GA in 1997 and 1998. Data are totaled across allsympodial branch positions.Y = 282.28 + 7.52d - 0.2093d2 + 24.11n - 3.85n2 + 0.7604dn - 0.1214dn2;d = D - D, n = N - N, D = plant density, D = average plant density, N = mainstem node number, N = average mainstem node number,F = 149.2**, df = 6, 884.
Yield Distribution
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CHO supply (environment) and CHO demand (crop condition,
maturity) impact fiber properties.