Growth and Development of Infants. Patterns of Physical Development Head to toe Lift head to see...
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Transcript of Growth and Development of Infants. Patterns of Physical Development Head to toe Lift head to see...
Patterns of Physical DevelopmentPatterns of Physical Development
Head to toeHead to toe Lift head to see object Lift head to see object Muscle control: pick up Muscle control: pick up Walk towardsWalk towards
Near to far: trunk outwardNear to far: trunk outward Wave armsWave arms Grab with palm of hand Grab with palm of hand Pick up with thumb and fingersPick up with thumb and fingers
Simple to complexSimple to complex Eating with fingers Eating with fingers Spoon and forkSpoon and fork
WeightWeight
Lose some after birthLose some after birth 1-2 lbs/month 1st 6 months1-2 lbs/month 1st 6 months 1 pound/month in 2nd 6 months1 pound/month in 2nd 6 months
Birth weight:Birth weight:• Doubled by 6 monthDoubled by 6 month• Tripled by 1 yrTripled by 1 yr
20-22 lbs: avg. wt. of 1 yr old20-22 lbs: avg. wt. of 1 yr old Heredity, feeding habits, and physical Heredity, feeding habits, and physical
activityactivity
HeightHeight
Avg newborn =20 inchesAvg newborn =20 inches Avg 1 year =30 inchesAvg 1 year =30 inches Heredity: influences height more than Heredity: influences height more than
weightweight
ProportionProportion
Large: head and abdomenLarge: head and abdomen Short/small: arms and legsShort/small: arms and legs Head grows rapidly b/c brain Head grows rapidly b/c brain
developmentdevelopment Soft spots allow head to grow and closeSoft spots allow head to grow and close
Sight: Improves RapidlySight: Improves Rapidly
Blurry at first, within week can focus on Blurry at first, within week can focus on object 7-10 inches awayobject 7-10 inches away
1 month, focus on objects 3 feet away1 month, focus on objects 3 feet away By 3 ½ months, vision almost as good as an By 3 ½ months, vision almost as good as an
adultadult Prefer patterns with high contrast and facesPrefer patterns with high contrast and faces
alternating stripes, bull’s eyesalternating stripes, bull’s eyes Prefer color redPrefer color red
Depth PerceptionDepth Perception
2nd month: recognize that 2nd month: recognize that object is three-dimensional, object is three-dimensional, not flatnot flat
Hand-Eye Coordination Hand-Eye Coordination
Develop hand-eye coordination: Develop hand-eye coordination: Move hands and fingers in relation to what Move hands and fingers in relation to what
is seenis seen 3-4 months: reach for what they see3-4 months: reach for what they see
Essential for:Essential for:• Eating Eating • Catching a ball Catching a ball • Coloring Coloring • Tying shoesTying shoes
HearingHearing
develops before birthdevelops before birth At birth, can tell general direction sound is At birth, can tell general direction sound is
coming fromcoming from Prefer human voicePrefer human voice
soothing voice calmssoothing voice calms loud voice alarmsloud voice alarms
Smell and TasteSmell and Taste
Within 10 days can tell mom’s smellWithin 10 days can tell mom’s smell Can distinguish taste by 2 weeks oldCan distinguish taste by 2 weeks old
show preference for sweet tasteshow preference for sweet taste Learn about world by using mouthLearn about world by using mouth
VoiceVoice
Cry becomes softer as lungs matureCry becomes softer as lungs mature Physical growth of throat muscles, tongue, Physical growth of throat muscles, tongue,
lips, teeth, and vocal cordslips, teeth, and vocal cords Tongue and mouth interior change making Tongue and mouth interior change making
speech development possiblespeech development possible
TeethTeeth
Begin to develop in 6Begin to develop in 6thth week of pregnancy week of pregnancy Primary teeth begin to appear between 6-7 months of Primary teeth begin to appear between 6-7 months of
ageage Complete set by 20 months (1 year, 8 months)Complete set by 20 months (1 year, 8 months)
Teething can be painful processTeething can be painful process Can refuse food or drool a lot, increased desire for Can refuse food or drool a lot, increased desire for
liquid, coughing, and feverliquid, coughing, and fever how to help minor teething pain:how to help minor teething pain:
teething biscuits or rubber teething ringsteething biscuits or rubber teething rings rub ice cube on gums to ease pain temporarilyrub ice cube on gums to ease pain temporarily teething medicationteething medication
Motor SkillsMotor Skills
Abilities that depend on use and control of Abilities that depend on use and control of musclesmuscles
Mastering motor skills requires intellectual, Mastering motor skills requires intellectual, social, emotional, and physical social, emotional, and physical developmentdevelopment Control head by 1 monthControl head by 1 month 2-3 months can lift their chest2-3 months can lift their chest By 9 months crawling- adds opportunity for By 9 months crawling- adds opportunity for
learninglearning
Fine motor skills Fine motor skills - development of small muscles and the - development of small muscles and the ability to control use of the hands and feet, and do activities ability to control use of the hands and feet, and do activities that involve the small muscles of the fingers, toes and other that involve the small muscles of the fingers, toes and other parts of the body.parts of the body.
GROSS MOTOR:GROSS MOTOR: growth occurs first in a child's torso growth occurs first in a child's torso
(trunk of the body).(trunk of the body). Rolls from back to side or tummy Rolls from back to side or tummy Sits alone Sits alone Reaches for a parent with arms Reaches for a parent with arms Crawls about on the floor Crawls about on the floor Pulls self to a sitting position Pulls self to a sitting position Pulls self up to stand next to a Pulls self up to stand next to a
support (couch) support (couch) Stands alone with support Stands alone with support Takes steps alone with support, Takes steps alone with support,
then without support then without support -Walks backward -Walks backward Crawls up stairs with support Crawls up stairs with support
Gross motor skills Gross motor skills - development of - development of large muscles and the ability to move large muscles and the ability to move from place to place or do physical from place to place or do physical activities that involve the large muscles activities that involve the large muscles of the body, arms and legs.of the body, arms and legs.
FINE MOTOR:FINE MOTOR: Reaches for dangling objects or Reaches for dangling objects or
toys toys Grasps object using palm and Grasps object using palm and
fingers fingers Passes a toy or object between Passes a toy or object between
hands hands Puts objects in mouth to explore Puts objects in mouth to explore Uses a pincer grasp (thumb and Uses a pincer grasp (thumb and
finger) to hold food or object finger) to hold food or object Grasps and uses toys to play or Grasps and uses toys to play or
keep attention keep attention Reaches for objects, such as a Reaches for objects, such as a
spoon to feed self spoon to feed self
Comparing Emotional and Social Comparing Emotional and Social DevelopmentDevelopment
• Emotional Development is the process of learning to Emotional Development is the process of learning to recognize and express one’s feelings and to establish recognize and express one’s feelings and to establish one’s identity as a unique personone’s identity as a unique person
– Healthy emotional development leads to a person that can Healthy emotional development leads to a person that can handle stress, shows empathy towards others, and has handle stress, shows empathy towards others, and has self-confidence self-confidence
• Social Development is the process of learning to Social Development is the process of learning to interact with others and to express oneself to othersinteract with others and to express oneself to others
– Healthy social development leads to a person who shows Healthy social development leads to a person who shows tolerance for others, can communicate well with others, tolerance for others, can communicate well with others, and listen to different points of view before actingand listen to different points of view before acting
• Both social and emotional development are connectedBoth social and emotional development are connected– Influences include bond between parent and child, Influences include bond between parent and child,
atmosphere of home, and temperament of childatmosphere of home, and temperament of child
AttachmentAttachment• Babies have a need for physical contact Babies have a need for physical contact • Attachment- bond between parent and childAttachment- bond between parent and child
– Requires more than physical contact, there should be interaction Requires more than physical contact, there should be interaction as wellas well
– A gentle massage can soothe a baby and promote bondingA gentle massage can soothe a baby and promote bonding– A baby who is left alone most of the time except for physical A baby who is left alone most of the time except for physical
care may fail to respond to people and objectscare may fail to respond to people and objects– Research from Baylor University: abused and neglected Research from Baylor University: abused and neglected
children had brains 20-30% smaller than averagechildren had brains 20-30% smaller than average– Infants smiles can fade, cries weaken, and can become Infants smiles can fade, cries weaken, and can become
withdrawn when no attention or encouragement is offered withdrawn when no attention or encouragement is offered • Failure to Thrive- baby does not grow and develop properly Failure to Thrive- baby does not grow and develop properly • How you care for a baby helps build trustHow you care for a baby helps build trust
– Keep fed, dry, warm vs. rigid schedule of feeding and no Keep fed, dry, warm vs. rigid schedule of feeding and no comforting when cryingcomforting when crying
A Baby Who Cries Needs Attention A Baby Who Cries Needs Attention and Care:and Care:
Is there a physical problem?Is there a physical problem? Diaper change or hungry?Diaper change or hungry? Too cold or too hot?Too cold or too hot? If the baby does not need any of these, the If the baby does not need any of these, the
baby needs comfortbaby needs comfort
Comfort Measures to TryComfort Measures to Try
Cuddle with baby in a rocking chairCuddle with baby in a rocking chair Move the baby to a new positionMove the baby to a new position Talk softly to the baby or singTalk softly to the baby or sing Offer a toy to interest and distract the babyOffer a toy to interest and distract the baby Stroke the baby’s back to give comfortStroke the baby’s back to give comfort
Tips for Good Sleep HabitsTips for Good Sleep Habits
Get into a routineGet into a routine A bath helps- try lavender baby lotion A bath helps- try lavender baby lotion
afterwardsafterwards Try swaddling young infants/newbornsTry swaddling young infants/newborns Babies like a dimly lit cool(but comfortable) Babies like a dimly lit cool(but comfortable)
roomroom Try playing musicTry playing music Rocking usually helpsRocking usually helps
Self-Comforting TechniquesSelf-Comforting Techniques
Suck on a pacifier, thumb, or fistSuck on a pacifier, thumb, or fist pacifier safety: pacifier safety: never tie pacifier to a string and hang around never tie pacifier to a string and hang around
baby’s neckbaby’s neck check for cuts and tearscheck for cuts and tears clean oftenclean often
Blanket or stuffed toyBlanket or stuffed toy
Signs of Social Development in Signs of Social Development in InfancyInfancy
• The first days of life- The first days of life- babies respond to human voices babies respond to human voices • One month- One month- usually stop crying when lifted or touched, face brightens when usually stop crying when lifted or touched, face brightens when
sees a familiar facesees a familiar face• Two months- Two months- smile at people, enjoy watching peoplesmile at people, enjoy watching people• Three months- Three months- turn head in response to a voice, want companionship and turn head in response to a voice, want companionship and
physical carephysical care• Four monthsFour months-laugh out loud, look to others for entertainment-laugh out loud, look to others for entertainment• Five months- Five months- show interest in other family members, cry when left alone in show interest in other family members, cry when left alone in
room, start to babbleroom, start to babble• Six months- Six months- love company and attentionlove company and attention• Seven months- Seven months- prefer parents over other family members or strangersprefer parents over other family members or strangers• Eight months- Eight months- prefer to be in a room with other people, can usually crawlprefer to be in a room with other people, can usually crawl• Nine to ten months- Nine to ten months- active socially, love attentionactive socially, love attention• Eleven and twelve months- Eleven and twelve months- friendly and happy, sensitive to emotions friendly and happy, sensitive to emotions
around them, like to be the center of attentionaround them, like to be the center of attention
Learning in the First YearLearning in the First Year
Hear, see, taste, smell, and feel are the Hear, see, taste, smell, and feel are the building blocks of learning for infantsbuilding blocks of learning for infants
A baby’s ability to learn from the senses is A baby’s ability to learn from the senses is called perceptioncalled perception Ex: newborn sees object, 3 month old realizes Ex: newborn sees object, 3 month old realizes
that it’s three dimensional, then develops that it’s three dimensional, then develops hand-eye coordination to grasp and handle hand-eye coordination to grasp and handle objectobject
4 abilities that show a baby’s growing and 4 abilities that show a baby’s growing and thinking power in the first year of life:thinking power in the first year of life:
1. Remembering- information from the senses is interpreted1. Remembering- information from the senses is interpreted– ex: baby stops crying when someone comes in the room ex: baby stops crying when someone comes in the room
because he knows that he is likely to be picked upbecause he knows that he is likely to be picked up2. Making associations- linking two things together 2. Making associations- linking two things together
– ex: baby associates parent with receiving comfortex: baby associates parent with receiving comfort3. Understanding cause and effect- the idea that one action results in 3. Understanding cause and effect- the idea that one action results in
another action or conditionanother action or condition– ex: baby shuts his eyes, it gets dark; baby opens his eyes, it get ex: baby shuts his eyes, it gets dark; baby opens his eyes, it get
light againlight again• As motor skills develop, cause and effect learning changesAs motor skills develop, cause and effect learning changes
– can pull string on a toy to make it movecan pull string on a toy to make it move– they have an understanding of their own power to make they have an understanding of their own power to make
things happenthings happen• Babies learn by repetitionBabies learn by repetition
– baby drops a bowl on the floor from the high chair to be baby drops a bowl on the floor from the high chair to be sure that every time it hits the groundsure that every time it hits the ground
– parents can become frustratedparents can become frustrated
4. Paying attention- a baby’s attention span grows 4. Paying attention- a baby’s attention span grows longerlonger
– attention span- the length of time a person can attention span- the length of time a person can concentrate on a task without getting bored concentrate on a task without getting bored
– if an object is presented over and over again, the if an object is presented over and over again, the baby’s response will become less enthusiastic baby’s response will become less enthusiastic
– bright babies have a short attention span- they bright babies have a short attention span- they tend to lose interest sooner than babies of tend to lose interest sooner than babies of average or below average intelligenceaverage or below average intelligence• beyond infancy, children with above average beyond infancy, children with above average
intelligence have a longer attention spanintelligence have a longer attention span
Milestones of Language Milestones of Language DevelopmentDevelopment
• 1-6 months1-6 months: coos, gurgles, and squeals; experiments : coos, gurgles, and squeals; experiments different sounds by changing the shape of the mouthdifferent sounds by changing the shape of the mouth
• 7-12 months7-12 months: respond to their name, add actions to : respond to their name, add actions to words such as “bye-bye”; connect words to meaningswords such as “bye-bye”; connect words to meanings
• 13-18 months13-18 months: vocabulary grows and can use words : vocabulary grows and can use words in combinations such as “no nap”in combinations such as “no nap”
• 18 months-2 years18 months-2 years: can learn 12 words a day, use : can learn 12 words a day, use words to express feelingswords to express feelings
• 2-2 ½ years2-2 ½ years: construct 3 and 4 word sentences, use : construct 3 and 4 word sentences, use pronounspronouns
• 2 ½ -3 years2 ½ -3 years: speak in longer sentences, use past and : speak in longer sentences, use past and present tenses, use plurals, understand that order of present tenses, use plurals, understand that order of words can affect the meaning in a sentencewords can affect the meaning in a sentence
ActivityActivity
You are looking for a child care provider for You are looking for a child care provider for your infant. your infant.
What are three things that you will look for What are three things that you will look for when choosing your provider? when choosing your provider? Make a list with three questions that you Make a list with three questions that you will ask the potential caregivers when you will ask the potential caregivers when you interview them.interview them.