Growth and Growth and Development of InfantsDevelopment of Infants

Baby PicturesBaby Pictures

Baby Polar BearBaby Polar Bear Adult Polar BearAdult Polar Bear

Baby PicturesBaby Pictures

PuppyPuppy Adult DogAdult Dog

Patterns of Physical DevelopmentPatterns of Physical Development

Head to toeHead to toe Lift head to see object Lift head to see object Muscle control: pick up Muscle control: pick up Walk towardsWalk towards

Near to far: trunk outwardNear to far: trunk outward Wave armsWave arms Grab with palm of hand Grab with palm of hand Pick up with thumb and fingersPick up with thumb and fingers

Simple to complexSimple to complex Eating with fingers Eating with fingers Spoon and forkSpoon and fork

WeightWeight

Lose some after birthLose some after birth 1-2 lbs/month 1st 6 months1-2 lbs/month 1st 6 months 1 pound/month in 2nd 6 months1 pound/month in 2nd 6 months

Birth weight:Birth weight:• Doubled by 6 monthDoubled by 6 month• Tripled by 1 yrTripled by 1 yr

20-22 lbs: avg wt of 1 yr old20-22 lbs: avg wt of 1 yr old Heredity, feeding habits, and physical Heredity, feeding habits, and physical

activityactivity

HeightHeight

Avg newborn =20 inchesAvg newborn =20 inches Avg 1 year =30 inchesAvg 1 year =30 inches Heredity: influences height more than Heredity: influences height more than

weightweight

ProportionProportion

Large: head and abdomenLarge: head and abdomen Short/small: arms and legsShort/small: arms and legs Head grows rapidly b/c brain Head grows rapidly b/c brain

developmentdevelopment Soft spots allow head to grow and closeSoft spots allow head to grow and close

Soft SpotsSoft Spots

11stst Year Physical Year Physical DevelopmentsDevelopments

Sight: Improves RapidlySight: Improves Rapidly

Blurry at first, within week can focus on Blurry at first, within week can focus on object 7-10 inches awayobject 7-10 inches away

1 month, focus on objects 3 feet away1 month, focus on objects 3 feet away By 3 ½ months, vision almost as good as an By 3 ½ months, vision almost as good as an

adultadult Prefer patterns with high contrast and facesPrefer patterns with high contrast and faces

alternating stripes, bull’s eyesalternating stripes, bull’s eyes Prefer color redPrefer color red

Depth PerceptionDepth Perception

2nd month: recognize that 2nd month: recognize that object is three-dimensional, object is three-dimensional, not flatnot flat

Hand-Eye Coordination Hand-Eye Coordination

Develop hand-eye coordination: Develop hand-eye coordination: Move hands and fingers in relation to what Move hands and fingers in relation to what

is seenis seen 3-4 months: reach for what they see3-4 months: reach for what they see

Essential for:Essential for:• Eating Eating • Catching a ball Catching a ball • Coloring Coloring • Tying shoesTying shoes

HearingHearing

develops before birthdevelops before birth At birth, can tell general direction sound is At birth, can tell general direction sound is

coming fromcoming from Prefer human voicePrefer human voice

soothing voice calmssoothing voice calms loud voice alarmsloud voice alarms

Smell and TasteSmell and Taste

Within 10 days can tell mom’s smellWithin 10 days can tell mom’s smell Can distinguish taste by 2 weeks oldCan distinguish taste by 2 weeks old

show preference for sweet tasteshow preference for sweet taste Learn about world by using mouthLearn about world by using mouth

VoiceVoice

Cry becomes softer as lungs matureCry becomes softer as lungs mature Physical growth of throat muscles, tongue, Physical growth of throat muscles, tongue,

lips, teeth, and vocal cordslips, teeth, and vocal cords Tongue and mouth interior change making Tongue and mouth interior change making

speech development possiblespeech development possible

TeethTeeth

Begin to develop in 6Begin to develop in 6thth week of pregnancy week of pregnancy Primary teeth begin to appear between 6-7 months of Primary teeth begin to appear between 6-7 months of

ageage Complete set by 20 months (1 year, 8 months)Complete set by 20 months (1 year, 8 months)

Teething can be painful processTeething can be painful process Can refuse food or drool a lot, increased desire for Can refuse food or drool a lot, increased desire for

liquid, coughing, and feverliquid, coughing, and fever how to help minor teething pain:how to help minor teething pain:

teething biscuits or rubber teething ringsteething biscuits or rubber teething rings rub ice cube on gums to ease pain temporarilyrub ice cube on gums to ease pain temporarily teething medicationteething medication

Motor SkillsMotor Skills

Abilities that depend on use and control of Abilities that depend on use and control of musclesmuscles

Mastering motor skills requires intellectual, Mastering motor skills requires intellectual, social, emotional, and physical social, emotional, and physical developmentdevelopment Control head by 1 monthControl head by 1 month 2-3 months can lift their chest2-3 months can lift their chest By 9 months crawling- adds opportunity for By 9 months crawling- adds opportunity for

learninglearning

ActivityActivity

Make a list of 3-5 toys and/or activities that Make a list of 3-5 toys and/or activities that help develop hand-eye coordination for help develop hand-eye coordination for infants up to 1 year old.infants up to 1 year old.

Provide colored illustrations for each toy or Provide colored illustrations for each toy or activity.activity.

3-5 colored illustrations3-5 colored illustrations

The Developing BrainThe Developing Brain

Structure of the BrainStructure of the Brain

The brain receives and interprets The brain receives and interprets messages from the body, so it is key for messages from the body, so it is key for intellectual developmentintellectual development

The brain is divided into different sections The brain is divided into different sections that control specific functions of the bodythat control specific functions of the body

Parts of the BrainParts of the Brain

Cerebrum- receives information from Cerebrum- receives information from senses, directs motor activitiessenses, directs motor activities Speech, memory, and problem solvingSpeech, memory, and problem solving Occur in outer layer called cortexOccur in outer layer called cortex

Thalamus- connect spinal cord and Thalamus- connect spinal cord and cerebrumcerebrum Expressions and emotionsExpressions and emotions

Cerebellum- controls muscular Cerebellum- controls muscular coordination and balancecoordination and balance

Parts of the Brain continuedParts of the Brain continued

Spinal Cord- transmits info from the body Spinal Cord- transmits info from the body to the brain; vice versato the brain; vice versa

Brain Stem- controls involuntary activities Brain Stem- controls involuntary activities such as breathing, heart rate, and blood such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressurepressure

Pituitary Gland- secretes hormones that Pituitary Gland- secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and sexual regulate growth, metabolism, and sexual developmentdevelopment

How the Brain WorksHow the Brain Works

Neurons sprout arms called dendrites and axonsNeurons sprout arms called dendrites and axons Reach toward other neurons, but never touchReach toward other neurons, but never touch Tiny gaps called synapses; this is where messages Tiny gaps called synapses; this is where messages

are sent from one neuron to anotherare sent from one neuron to another Neurotransmitters are released by axons to attach to Neurotransmitters are released by axons to attach to

other dendritesother dendrites The more times the same axon and dendrite connect, The more times the same axon and dendrite connect,

the stronger the connection grows and messages are the stronger the connection grows and messages are sent more quicklysent more quickly

How the Brain Becomes OrganizedHow the Brain Becomes Organized

The more arms neurons grow and the The more arms neurons grow and the more links that develop between different more links that develop between different neurons, the more paths the brain hasneurons, the more paths the brain has More paths equal more power and flexibilityMore paths equal more power and flexibility

Organization of brain grow’s on child’s Organization of brain grow’s on child’s experiencesexperiences The group of neurons becomes linked The group of neurons becomes linked

together and controls a particular tasktogether and controls a particular task

How the Brain Becomes Organized How the Brain Becomes Organized continuedcontinued

Connections of neurons can be brokenConnections of neurons can be broken Connections can be lost and others added at Connections can be lost and others added at

the same timethe same time Developments have an impact on the Developments have an impact on the

appearance of the brainappearance of the brain

Speeding the Brain’s WorkSpeeding the Brain’s Work

Myelin makes it easier for axons to Myelin makes it easier for axons to transmit signals, it speeds their worktransmit signals, it speeds their work

All axons are not coated when a baby is All axons are not coated when a baby is born, only those that control basic instinctsborn, only those that control basic instincts

Axons become coated as a child growsAxons become coated as a child grows Axons that control motor abilities, vision, Axons that control motor abilities, vision,

and hearing receive coating firstand hearing receive coating first

Rules to Build a Brain ByRules to Build a Brain By

Keep it simple and naturalKeep it simple and natural Rich environment- lots of loving interaction Rich environment- lots of loving interaction

and talkingand talking Match experiences to the child’s mental Match experiences to the child’s mental

capacitiescapacities Learn by physical experiencesLearn by physical experiences

Practice makes perfectPractice makes perfect Repetition Repetition

Rules to Build a Brain By continuedRules to Build a Brain By continued

Make sure the child is actively involvedMake sure the child is actively involved Learn by doingLearn by doing

Provide variety, but avoid overloadingProvide variety, but avoid overloading Give range of experiences, avoid being Give range of experiences, avoid being

overwhelmedoverwhelmed Avoid pushing the childAvoid pushing the child

Learn better if emotionally involvedLearn better if emotionally involved

Is the Brain Only Organized Once?Is the Brain Only Organized Once?

11stst year of life is not the only time that the year of life is not the only time that the brain can become organizedbrain can become organized

Children who have suffered brain damage Children who have suffered brain damage can learn to speakcan learn to speak

Older people who have a stroke- where Older people who have a stroke- where neurons die in one part of the brain- can neurons die in one part of the brain- can relearn skills by using another part of the relearn skills by using another part of the brainbrain

Brainstorming ActivityBrainstorming Activity

Name some activities that promote the Name some activities that promote the growth of connections in the brain of growth of connections in the brain of infants.infants.

Next, draw a picture of the brain using Next, draw a picture of the brain using page 261. Label each part of the brain page 261. Label each part of the brain and their function.and their function.

Handling and Feeding Handling and Feeding InfantsInfants

Gentle Handling of an InfantGentle Handling of an Infant

Never shake a babyNever shake a baby Shaken baby syndrome- when someone Shaken baby syndrome- when someone

severely shakes the baby usually to make them severely shakes the baby usually to make them stop cryingstop crying Damages the brainDamages the brain Learning problemsLearning problems Mental retardationMental retardation BlindnessBlindness DeafnessDeafness deathdeath

Gentle Handling of an Infant Gentle Handling of an Infant continuedcontinued

Safe ways to handle a stressful situation Safe ways to handle a stressful situation with crying:with crying: Put baby down in a safe place and calm downPut baby down in a safe place and calm down Ask a friend or relative to care for the babyAsk a friend or relative to care for the baby Take deep breathsTake deep breaths Talk out your problemsTalk out your problems

How to Handle a Newborn SafelyHow to Handle a Newborn Safely

Refer to diagram on page 269 of “The Refer to diagram on page 269 of “The Developing Child”Developing Child”

Feeding MethodsFeeding Methods

Feeding a BabyFeeding a Baby

First few weeks, 6-8 times a dayFirst few weeks, 6-8 times a day Breastfed babies tend to eat more oftenBreastfed babies tend to eat more often 22ndnd or 3 or 3rdrd month, once every 3-4 hours month, once every 3-4 hours When a baby reaches 12 pounds, he will When a baby reaches 12 pounds, he will

sleep through the night because the sleep through the night because the stomach can hold more foodstomach can hold more food

Feeding MethodsFeeding Methods

Breast milk or formula during the 1Breast milk or formula during the 1stst year year No cow’s milk until 1 yearNo cow’s milk until 1 year

How to Feed with a BottleHow to Feed with a Bottle

Hold baby is semi-upright positionHold baby is semi-upright position Support neck and head with the head held Support neck and head with the head held

above the stomachabove the stomach Hold the bottle at an angleHold the bottle at an angle

Prevents swallowing airPrevents swallowing air Never prop a bottleNever prop a bottle

Choking hazard, tooth decay, digestive Choking hazard, tooth decay, digestive problemsproblems

Bottle WarmingBottle Warming

Formula does not have to be served warmFormula does not have to be served warm Never heat a bottle in the microwaveNever heat a bottle in the microwave

Can cause hot spotsCan cause hot spots Heat bottle in a pan of water on the stoveHeat bottle in a pan of water on the stove Run under hot waterRun under hot water Use a bottle warmerUse a bottle warmer Check the temperature by shaking a few Check the temperature by shaking a few

drops on your wristdrops on your wrist

SanitationSanitation

Throw left over formula in the bottle awayThrow left over formula in the bottle away Wash and sterilize all bottles and bottle Wash and sterilize all bottles and bottle

parts after each useparts after each use Boiling waterBoiling water Dishwasher Dishwasher

Both eliminate bacteria contaminationBoth eliminate bacteria contamination

Burping a BabyBurping a Baby

Burping helps expel air the baby Burping helps expel air the baby swallowedswallowed

You should burp a baby once during You should burp a baby once during feeding and once afterfeeding and once after

Types of FormulaTypes of Formula

Powder, concentrate, ready to feed (RTF)Powder, concentrate, ready to feed (RTF)

PowderPowder

Mix with waterMix with water 1 scoop per 2 oz water1 scoop per 2 oz water Make on needed basisMake on needed basis

ConcentrateConcentrate

Dilute with waterDilute with water 1 can formula with 1 can water1 can formula with 1 can water Use within 24 hoursUse within 24 hours

RTFRTF

No mixing requiredNo mixing required More expensiveMore expensive Use within 24 hoursUse within 24 hours

How much formula?How much formula?

55 calories/pound each day55 calories/pound each day Standard formula: 20 calories per ounceStandard formula: 20 calories per ounce Example: How many ounces does a 12 Example: How many ounces does a 12

pound baby need each day?pound baby need each day?

Breastfeeding BasicsBreastfeeding Basicshttp://video.about.com/breastfeeding/Breastfeeding.htm

Why Breastfeed?Why Breastfeed?

HealthyHealthy FreeFree BondingBonding NaturalNatural Builds immune systemBuilds immune system Mom burns more calories and loses Mom burns more calories and loses

weight quickerweight quicker

How long should you breastfeed?How long should you breastfeed?

Recommend 1Recommend 1stst 6 months 6 months First milk- colostrum First milk- colostrum

High in fat, protein, antibodiesHigh in fat, protein, antibodies

20 minutes on each breast20 minutes on each breast Feed on demandFeed on demand 5-6 wet diapers5-6 wet diapers 3-4 dirty diapers3-4 dirty diapers http://video.about.com/breastfeeding/Breast-Fee

ding-Positions.htm

NutritionNutrition

Avoid gassy foods:Avoid gassy foods: Broccoli, green leafy vegetables, spicy foodsBroccoli, green leafy vegetables, spicy foods

Avoid alcoholAvoid alcohol ““pump and dump”pump and dump”

Mom’s diet becomes baby’s dietMom’s diet becomes baby’s diet

Video Clips and Pictures

http://www.ameda.com/breastpumping/videos/popup_video.aspx?id=LatchOnEnglish

http://www.breastfeeding.com/helpme/helpme_video_4_bf_positions.html

http://www.breastfeeding.com/helpme/helpme_videos/18_how_baby_sounds_bfing.html

http://similac.com/feeding-nutrition/diaper-decoder

Breastfeeding vs Breast PumpBreastfeeding vs Breast Pumphttp://video.about.com/breastfeeding/Breast-Feeding-Positions.htm http://video.about.com/breastfeeding/Breast-Feeding-Positions.htm

Pumping is an alternative to breast feedingPumping is an alternative to breast feeding Use manual or electric pumpUse manual or electric pump Hand expressHand express Some babies cannot latch onSome babies cannot latch on Mother feels uncomfortableMother feels uncomfortable

StorageStorage

Room temp 6-10 hrsRoom temp 6-10 hrs Refrigerator 5-7 daysRefrigerator 5-7 days Freezer 3-6 monthsFreezer 3-6 months http://video.about.com/breastfeeding/http://video.about.com/breastfeeding/

Storing-Breast-Milk.htm Storing-Breast-Milk.htm

SanitationSanitation

Clean breasts with warm water and dry Clean breasts with warm water and dry towel after feedingtowel after feeding

Soap will remove natural oilsSoap will remove natural oils Cause drying or crackingCause drying or cracking

Can use a breast creamCan use a breast cream

How to stop breastfeedingHow to stop breastfeeding

Slowly wean the babySlowly wean the baby Milk will eventually dry upMilk will eventually dry up Could experience engorgement Could experience engorgement

Hand express to relieve discomfort Hand express to relieve discomfort

New Foods

WeaningWeaning

Introduce sippy cup around 6 monthsIntroduce sippy cup around 6 months Put fruit juice in a cup, never in a bottlePut fruit juice in a cup, never in a bottle

Introducing New FoodsIntroducing New Foods

Introduce solids around 4-6 monthsIntroduce solids around 4-6 months Cereal firstCereal first

Mix with breast milk or formula to make it runnyMix with breast milk or formula to make it runny Feed with a spoon, never in a bottleFeed with a spoon, never in a bottle

Vegetables, then fruitsVegetables, then fruits 1 new food at a time for at least 3 days1 new food at a time for at least 3 days Feed with a spoon, never in a bottleFeed with a spoon, never in a bottle

Never feed straight from the jarNever feed straight from the jar 8-10 months, start using fingers; eventually 8-10 months, start using fingers; eventually

move to spoonsmove to spoons

What Infants Need to Stay HealthyWhat Infants Need to Stay Healthy

Enough calories to provide rapid growthEnough calories to provide rapid growth Protein, iron, vitamins B, C, and DProtein, iron, vitamins B, C, and D Food that is easy to digestFood that is easy to digest Adequate amounts of liquidAdequate amounts of liquid

Other Infant Care SkillsOther Infant Care Skills

Bathing a BabyBathing a Baby

Sponge baths for the first two weeks while Sponge baths for the first two weeks while the navel healsthe navel heals Soft bath towelsSoft bath towels Soft washclothSoft washcloth DiaperDiaper Mild soapMild soap Baby shampooBaby shampoo

Warm room for the bathWarm room for the bath Lukewarm water; test with elbowLukewarm water; test with elbow

Bathing a Baby continuedBathing a Baby continued

Support the baby with your hand and Support the baby with your hand and begin washing the facebegin washing the face Never rub, the face is very tenderNever rub, the face is very tender Wash each part of the body one at a timeWash each part of the body one at a time Creases of skin should be thoroughly dried Creases of skin should be thoroughly dried

after washingafter washing

Bathing a Baby continuedBathing a Baby continued

Wash the scalp using tear-free baby Wash the scalp using tear-free baby shampoo once or twice a weekshampoo once or twice a week Can just use water other daysCan just use water other days Cradle cap- patches of yellowish crusty scalesCradle cap- patches of yellowish crusty scales

• Apply baby oil or lanolin at nightApply baby oil or lanolin at night• Gently loosen scales with washcloth or soft Gently loosen scales with washcloth or soft

hairbrush and shampoo the hair in the morninghairbrush and shampoo the hair in the morning

Bathing a Baby continuedBathing a Baby continued

Baby powder and lotion are not necessaryBaby powder and lotion are not necessary Powder safety- apply to your own hands and Powder safety- apply to your own hands and

rub together then rub on baby’s skinrub together then rub on baby’s skin Baby can be bathed in a tub once the Baby can be bathed in a tub once the

navel healsnavel heals Never leave a baby unattended in the bathNever leave a baby unattended in the bath

Dressing a BabyDressing a Baby

Sleeper- one piece stretchy garment with Sleeper- one piece stretchy garment with feetfeet

Cotton clothing helps skin breatheCotton clothing helps skin breathe More durable clothes for crawlersMore durable clothes for crawlers

Pants, padded knees, cotton shirtsPants, padded knees, cotton shirts Pants with snaps for easy diaper changePants with snaps for easy diaper change

Dressing a Baby continuedDressing a Baby continued

Shoes are not needed until the baby is walking Shoes are not needed until the baby is walking outsideoutside Best to learn walking barefoot so baby can grip floor Best to learn walking barefoot so baby can grip floor

with toeswith toes Nonskid socks are good for hard floorsNonskid socks are good for hard floors

Clothes should be flame retardantClothes should be flame retardant Clothes are sized by age and weightClothes are sized by age and weight

Babies grow rapidBabies grow rapid

Avoid loose strings and long ties on clothingAvoid loose strings and long ties on clothing

Diapering a BabyDiapering a Baby

Cloth diapers- least expensiveCloth diapers- least expensive Wash separately in hot water Wash separately in hot water

Disposable diapers offer more Disposable diapers offer more convenienceconvenience

Babies need about 12-15 diaper changes Babies need about 12-15 diaper changes a daya day Newborn wets several times an hour, but not Newborn wets several times an hour, but not

enough to be changed each timeenough to be changed each time Older babies will let you knowOlder babies will let you know

Supplies Needed to Diaper a BabySupplies Needed to Diaper a Baby

Changing table or sturdy surfaceChanging table or sturdy surface Wet washcloth or wipesWet washcloth or wipes Powder Powder

How to Diaper a BabyHow to Diaper a Baby

Remove the diaper and clean the babyRemove the diaper and clean the baby Put on a fresh diaperPut on a fresh diaper

Slide under bottomSlide under bottom Bring diaper up between legs and fastenBring diaper up between legs and fasten

Dispose of used suppliesDispose of used supplies Wash handsWash hands Diaper rash- change more frequently, Diaper rash- change more frequently,

expose infected area to air as much as expose infected area to air as much as possible, special creamspossible, special creams

SleepSleep

Newborns sleep 12-20 hours a dayNewborns sleep 12-20 hours a day By 1 year has 2-3 sleep periods including By 1 year has 2-3 sleep periods including

napsnaps Preparation for sleep:Preparation for sleep:

Change diaper and clothes, wash face/handsChange diaper and clothes, wash face/hands Rock to calm the babyRock to calm the baby Put the baby in the bed on it’s backPut the baby in the bed on it’s back Follow the same routine to provide comfort Follow the same routine to provide comfort

each timeeach time