1

Growing Tree Fruits

Successfully

Part 1

Ross Penhallegon

Presentation Topics

1. Soil

2. Site

3. Irrigation

4. Selection

5. IPM

6. Pruning/Thinning

FERTILITY

PEST MANAGEMENT

IPM

PESTICIIDE SAFETY

FROST PROTECTION

MARKET – FRUIT QUANTITY AND

QUALITY

APRICOTS

APPLES

CHERRIES

PEACHES NECTARINES

PEARS/ASIAN PEARS

………………………

POMEGRANATES

OTHERS

SOILS

When planting an orchard, look for

deep, well drained river soils.

Good soil grows the best tree

fruits.

Most Master Gardeners have BAD soil and

still grow tree fruits.

BEST: well drained soils

REALITY: Poor soils.

Raised beds, 12-18 inches deep with

dwarf and semi dwarf trees.

2

Get to Know Your SOIL

80 % of Tree Problems is the Soil

Planted to Deep, looks like a telephone pole. Graft

union.

Compacted Soil, lack of vigor

Excessive Mulch, 2” to 4” maximum

Excessive Moisture, Poor Drainage

Interface, two soil types meet

Raise in Grade, collects water

ID Your Soil – Research It

To identify the type of soil you have, go

online at http://www.or.nrcs.usda.gov/soils.html

Look up your property, write down the codes,

look up codes on the website

USDA Soils: http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/HomePage

.htm

View Soil Survey book at NRCS Office

780 Bailey Hill Road. Eugene 97405

541-465-6443

Where to Send Your Soil

off for Testing of

nutrients?

A List of Analytical Labs Serving Oregon:

OSU Extension Publication EM8677

Three of the Closest

Testing Soil Labs Analytical Lab, 361 W 5th, Eugene, OR

97401 1-541-485-8404

Agri-Check, PO Box 1350, Umatilla, OR

97882 1-800-537-1129

Site Considerations

Why are site conditions so

important?

Spacing Recommendations

Sunlight Requirements

Micro-Climates??? High vs low

Site Selection-Soil

Tolerance To Waterlogging (wet soil)

Pear- very tolerant

Apple-tolerant (except M26, MM106)

Plum- tolerant

Peach- sensitive

Apricot- very sensitive

Cherry- very sensitive

3

50% Sand

40% Silt

10% Clay

Selections

Select TREE FRUITS to site

conditions

Select DISEASE resistant varieties

Select VARIETIES with maintenance

requirements in mind

SIZE of trees

How much FRUIT wanted?

Microclimates

Variations in elevations

Structures near your orchard site

Surrounding trees, forests, fields

and water ways?????

Know your directional exposure

Sun, Wind, Rain and Frost Pockets

Micro climates MEAN different fruits

do better in different climates.

(Bend VS Coos County)

Need test plots for tree fruit varieties.

See which ones do best.

Why different fruit in south than in

north????

Cold Air Goes to the Bottom of a Slope

Frost Pockets & Warm Spots

4

You Can Stop the Air Flow

You Can Divert the Cold Air Flow

IRRIGATION

Dig in the soils and grab soil.

How should it feel?

Water fairly available

Most important to irrigate when????

July and August = because???

Gravelly soils, need more water.

2 rivers and 9 reservoirs

Water availability

Excel Chart template Hood River Rainfall and Crop Water Demand

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1

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10

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Precip

itation

(in

)

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Eva

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tra

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atio

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in)

Precipitation

Evapotranspiration (ET)

Irrigation

5

Yearly Temps

What were the temperatures in 2014?

When did people start to irrigate?

Rain Fall

Best method to Irrigate?

6

Establish an irrigation system

Water will reach all trees

Summer watering • New trees water weekly

• Established trees monthly

Irrigation

Do a test run of irrigation system

At the drip line of the tree

Dig with a shovel 8 inches deep

Or with a soil probe

Grab soil

• It should be Moist

• But not Wet

You will soon learn your soil!

Irrigation Check Planting and Painting

Trees planted with graft union above soil line.

Trunks painted with white exterior latex paint (can be diluted with water 1:1).

Water trees in.

Prune off top at desired height to encourage branching.

Don’t put fertilizer in hole or around tree base until 2nd yr.

Can use a light compost.

Clear the area of:

Weeds and Rocks

Amendment the Soil

Add Organic Matter

Recommendations from soil test

Best to do this 4 to 6 months in

advance of planting date

Decide how you are going manage the

soil and orchard.

Prepare the Site Planting

When should trees be planted?

(winter or spring)

Dig the Hole

Two to Three times as wide as the root ball

As deep as the root ball

Leave a small mound of dirt in the hole

Spread roots out uniformly over mound

• Plant with graft union 2”-3” above ground

• Back fill hole Native Soil and Mulch

7

Planting continued

Water deeply once a week first year

Remove any plastic or metal labels

Record variety and rootstock

Dwarf trees should be staked

Wrap trunk with flexible mouse guard (optional)

Paint trunk with white latex paint (optional)

Or white lime.

Trunk Wraps and Painting

Why paint trunk?

- Summer

•Winter

•WHICH CRITTER

When paint?

Space Recommendations

Distance Between Fruit Trees

Standard Apple 20 feet.

Dwarf Apple 3-6 feet.

Standard Pear 9 ft..

Semi-Dwarf Pear 9-12 ft..

Plum 8-11 ft.

Sweet Cherry 10-15 ft.

8

How much fruit do you REALLY eat?

A mature apple tree will Produce?

Standard 20 boxes

Semi-Dwarf 6 to 10 boxes

Dwarf 3 to 6 boxes

One box/bushel is equal to 42 pounds

Spacing between Trees

Dwarf: 3-6 ft. tall

Semi-dwarf: 6-10 ft. tall

Standard: 18-25 ft. and taller if not pruned

EASY answer: The height is the

distance between trees.

What size of tree is best?

Depends on space

What will the tree be used for?

Do you have deer?

Use of ladders

Differences between standard,

Semi-Dwarf, and Dwarf trees

Plant with pollenizers

- At the ends

- As a separate row depending on the

spring air movement

- Have a different apple cultivars in

each row

Sunlight Requirements

Ideal 8 to 10 hours

Minimum of 6 to 8

For optimum growth

Blossom and Pollination

Fruit Set and Production

CRITTERS – Above ground Deer/ sheep/ horses/cows/ elk

Rabbits/hare

Raccoons

Possums and skunks

BELOW GROUND

Voles – field mice

Gopher and moles

9

Our favorite FRIENDS/FOES?

Meadow Mouse

(Vole)

Sheep, Cow, Deer, Bird, Raccoon

or Horse Damage Gopher Mound

Pocket Gopher

CONTROLS

Dogs

Caging

Plant a small pasture area next to the

orchard

Grow tall trees = ladders

Solutions

Fence 8-12 foot tall or double

fencing 2ft tall and 4 foot tall, two

foot apart.

Motion sprinkler

Rotten eggs, smelly soap, blood

meal

10

These need replacing every two

weeks minimum

(CAN’T IRRIGATE DURING

THIS TIME _________ WHY ?

Irish spring soap bar

Blood meal in small cloth baggies

Brut cologne

Duck or chicken eggs left out in

the hot sun for 2 weeks and then

break along the tree line.

Dogs in the area of the trees.

Fertilization-pH

Young trees should grow 15-18 inches

inches

Older trees should grow 12-15 inches

pH of 6-7 good, lime every third year. If

below 6, add 80 pounds/1000 sq. feet.

Many orchard soils are acidic which means?

Evaluate fertilizer needs PYRAMID EFFECT OF NUTRIENTS

pH or adding lime or sulfur

Primary - N-P-K

Macros or Secondary - Cal, Mag., sulfur

Micros – or small amounts – B boron, Cu

copper; Fe iron; Cl or chloride; Mn

manganese; Zn – zinc. How much do

plants need?

• Apply nitrogen fertilizer during growing season. (April). Is it used this year or next?

• Early season application will promote growth in current season.

• Aug-Sep application will be stored in buds for flowers-fruit for next yr. But what happens to growth?.

Fertilization

luxury

consumption

Concentration of nutrient in soil

Yes Maybe No

11

Can Compost be my

only Fertilizer? Compost – 2N-2P-2K

1st number = 2% N

2nd number = 2% P

3rd number = 2% K

Fertilizers

What’s in them?

Organic

Chemical/Conventional

Fertilizers

Whats the numbers mean?

16N 16P 16K

2N 0P OK 6S ammonium

sulfate

Various other fertilizers

Fertilization Excess N encourages vegetative growth, bitter

pit and lessens disease resistance.

See Fertilizer Guide (FG 66): Home Fruit,

Vegetable, and Ornamental Gardens

“Salt and pepper” fertilizer granules underneath

the drip line of the fruit tree with synthetic or

organic materials.

Proper growth – 12-15 inches per year

How do I Know if I need

to add Fertilizer?

Soil Test

Monitor Plant Growth

Look at new growth per year

Send Your Soil off for Testing

pH: Tree Fruits prefer a pH 6.5 to 6.8

P (phosphorus), K (potassium), Ca

(calcium), Mg (magnesium)

Test for B (boron) every 10 years

Organic Matter in the soil

Soil texture: Clay, Silt and Sand

Salt content

12

Rootstocks

2

4

6

8

10

12

16

14

2

4

6

8

10

12

16

14

MM111 MM106

Semi-standard

M27

Sub-

dwarf

Seedling

Standard

M7

Semi-dwarf

G.30

Supporter 4

M26 M9

Dwarf

G.11 Bud 9

G.65

30’ x 30’ = 1 Standard Apple Trees

Or 30’ x 30’ = 4 Semi-Dwarf Apple Trees

Or 30’ x 30’ = 9 Dwarf Apple Trees 60’ x 30’ = 2 Standard Apple Trees

Or 60’ x 30’ = 4 Semi-Dwarf Apple Trees

and 9 Dwarf Apple Trees 4 Semi- Dwarf

Trees

9 Dwarf Trees

13

Why plant semi dwarf or dwarf

rootstocks?

Advantages???

Dis-advantages???

How to space the trees?

MARKET/Purpose Fruit quantity

Fruit quality

Market demand

Meeting demands AND changing as needed

What do growers do if growing the wrong

varieties or wrong crop?

Test or demo plots – answers some of these

questions

14

To sell the fruit

Must be fresh.

Must look nice - quality

Must have ENOUGH fruit - quantity

Market research What is popular?

Are growers growing ALL of the new

varieties?

Take advantage of the growing climate –

good sun, good water, good soil.

What are you going to do with the fruit

when ALL tree produce fruit?

Start thinning coop or Association.

Options:

They pick

You picks and sell off the farm

Sell at local farmers market

Sell to local stores and/or markets

Clean, refrigerate and ship in

quantity

OTHER IMPORTANT

ORCHARD

MANAGEMENT

TECHNIQUES

THINNING – why?

15

Thin 4 out of 5.

The biggest bloom is called the

**** bloom?

Why do we thin fruit?

Fruit size

apple, pear, peach, plum

Return bloom

mostly in apple

Prevent limb breakage

Distance

at least 6” (fist with extended thumb)

< 25% of the crop in apple and peach

Why do you thin fruit

To stop biennial production

Thinning

Thin Fruit around May 15-June 15

Thin according to the size of apple

wanted

Thinning ensures

good fruit size

protects the branches from breakage

helps prevent alternate bearing

When to thin

When fruit is the size of a

quarter

You can then blossoms

If you had a year of bad

pollination it will set you back

16

ODDITIES

Water Core – cause?

17

Bitter Pit – cause?

What is this and its use?

MOSS Issues?

Chimera – is two different tissues

on one plant. Like a red apple on

a golden delicious tree.

18

Pruning Heading back cuts

invigorating

lateral buds break

increases branching

Thinning out cuts

branch collars

equal but opposite

stimulate apical shoot elongation

reduce branch number

Pruning Minimum – prune each year

Keep the trees low, preferred

Depends on the rootstock and variety

Most trees are multiple leader branched

tip-bearers, avoid heading cuts

spur-bearers, leave spurs

review HINTS: leave one sucker, hand prune in

June, due root sucker control

Pruning classes

List date and locations for 2015

19

Vase Shape

Why hardest to prune?

Pruning – how old?

Discussion:

How far above the ground do

we prune the new tree top off

at?

When?

20

Pruning Basics

Why Prune Trees?

Tree anatomy and branch parts

Pruning Cuts

Pruning Tools

Why Prune?

To maintain the health

To increase air flow and light

To improve natural form

To control size

To increase fruit production

When to Prune?

Best when trees are dormant

November – March

Best - February

July 15 – August 15

Or when you need to do it!

Anatomy of a Tree

21

Parts of the Branch Training for Proper

Crotch Angle

Types of Tree Forms

Central Modified Central Vase or

Leader Leader Multiple Leader

Thinning Cuts

Branches are

removed

entirely at

their origin

Heading Cuts Removes the

end of

branches

Encouraging

the buds on

the branch to

grow

Thinning vs. Heading

22

Pruning Tools

Hand Pruners

Long-handled Loppers

Hand-saw

Orchard Ladder

Hand Pruners

Bypass Blades,

not anvil type

Cuts up to 1/2”

in diameter

Long-handled Loppers

Bypass Blades, not anvil type

12” to 18” handles or extendable

Up to 1 1/2” in diameter

Hand-Saws

6” to 16” Blade

Cut on Pull or Push and Pull

Three

Legged

Ladder (optional)

PLANT PROBLEM

CONTROLS

Organic VS Conventional

VS IPM

Choices that you get to

make!

23

IPM

Integrated pest management.

Meaning – using all available research and

resources, in an effort to control problems,

solve issues, keep ecological balances?????

and produce good, sellable fruit.

STEP ONE

Determine the problem??????

Determine what can be done. Sometimes –

nothing.

Understand the ecology of the orchard –

Wenatchee, reduced sprays by 60%.

NEXT SLIDE SET

1

Growing Tree Fruits

Successfully

Part 2

Ross Penhallegon

IPM

Sandwich baggies

http://www.gordosoft.com/orchard/bagging.

htm

Use nylon footies

Web:

http://www.homeorchardsociety

.org/article/50/

- many web references

http://www.garden.org/regional/report/arch/inmygar

den/3486

2

WHAT IPM IS

IPM is a comprehensive system of orchard

management that incorporates sound

cultural practices, establishing thresholds

for pest damage, regular monitoring,

proper plant problem diagnosis, and using

the least toxic (yet effective and practical)

methods available for managing pests that

cause damage exceeding thresholds.

WHAT IPM IS NOT

IPM is neither inherently organic nor

“conventional”, it is often somewhat

of a middle ground between the two.

Definition of Pest

We will be using the term “pest” to

mean insects and diseases.

Cultural Practices

Planting disease-resistant varieties that are

less likely to succumb to disease pressures.

Pruning to maintain an open canopy so air

flow can dry the foliage quickly after rain.

Irrigating in a way that does not wet foliage.

Removing and destroying leaves and fruit

from the orchard in the fall to reduce

sources of insect larvae, fungal spores, etc.

that can re-infest the orchard later.

Establishing Thresholds

One insect in an orchard doesn’t warrant

applying an insecticide to the entire orchard.

However, one insect pest per fruit is probably

well beyond the level considered by most people

to be acceptable. What is considered acceptable

varies from person to person, so knowing how

much scab you can tolerate on your apples or

how many worms you’re willing to cut around is

critical to knowing if and when to invoke

additional pest management strategies.

Monitoring

Establishing thresholds only works when

you monitor to determine if and when those

thresholds are exceeded.

Regular monitoring also helps you to be

familiar with what your orchard looks like

when it’s healthy, so you can easily

recognize when something is wrong.

Traps aid in monitoring for specific insect

pests.

3

Proper Plant Problem Diagnosis

Applying an insecticide simply because you

see holes in leaves won’t do any good if the

holes are the result of common fungal

disease.

Proper plant problem diagnosis must come

before any pest management strategy is

employed.

Least toxic methods

Once you properly diagnose a plant

problem, use cultural controls, if available,

followed by least toxic chemical controls.

Knowing the life cycle of pest organisms is

critical to selecting appropriate pest

management strategies.

In Summary

Use sound cultural practices, determine what

levels of damage are acceptable to you,

monitor, properly diagnose problems, and use

the least toxic methods available to manage

pests.

Pest control

Sanitation, sanitation, sanitation!!!!!

Remove all fruit before winter

Cut out cankers/dead wood

If bad scab year, rake up leaves and compost

Prune for good air movement

Plant disease resistant varieties

Plant dwarf, semi dwarf for management

Tree Fruits

Diseases and Pests

Integrated Pest Management

(IPM) in Orchards

Apricots

Presented by

Ross

Penhallegon

4

Apricots Apricot Bloom

Apricots

Easy to grow

Bloom very early ( a major problem in the

Willamette valley – frost!)

Rootstock - mainly peach

Thinning of fruit - not needed, but may be

needed and slows alternate bearing

Varieties Flora Gold

Moorpack

Perfection

Royal

Tilton

Apricots: Soils

Apples and pears like deep well drained

soils

Soils needed are:

- sandy or sandy and rocky

- loamy (with clay) is preferred

Work with soil or bring in better soil

Soils in the area

5

Pruning

can grow on central leader of upright

multiple leader

head back all branches to face outward

also can prune open center

avoid tight crotches

Apricot – before pruning

Apricot – after pruning Apricot Pest Control

Blossom blight /Cytospora

Pruning

Fixed copper before bloom

Sulfur, post-bloom

Remove rotten fruit

Brown rot Monilinia fructicola

bloom spray

pre-harvest spray

Blossom Blight or Cytospora Brown Rot

6

Pest Control continued

Coryneum blight (shothole) Wilsonomyces carpophilus

peach leaf curl

three dormant copper sprays

Bacterial canker (Pseudomonas or gummosis)

Pruning

Bordeaux, Fixed copper (late fall and dormant)

Coryneum blight (shothole)

Wilsonomyces carpophiles

Coryneum or Shothole

Peach Leaf Curl

Taphrina deformane

Peach Leaf Curl Bacterial canker

7

Insects & Other Pests

peach tree borer

peach twig borer

aphids

western spotted cucumber beetle

Peach Tree Borer

Peach Twig Borer

Synanthedon exitiosa Green Peach Aphid

Myzus persicae

Western Spotted Cucumber Beetle

Apricot/Peach Tree Borer

8

Pruning

Critter Problems Vole of field mouse

9

Harvest – when ripe and nicely

colored PLUM/PRUNE

Plum and Prune Varieties

Plums- (Japanese)

Burbank-red

Shiro-yellow

Santa Rosa- red

Beauty- red

Red Heart-red

Methley- light red

Prunes-(European)

Stanley- blue

Italian- purple

Brooks- blue

Moyer- purple

Common PNW Plum Varieties

European

Parsons

Stanley

Italian

Brooks

Moyer Perfecto

Oriental

Early Golden

Shiro

Burbank

Red Heart

PEACHES

Peach Varieties

for Western Oregon

Favorites

Sunhaven

Redhaven

Suncrest

Veteran

O’Henry

Improved Elberta

Leaf curl resistant

Frost

Creswell

Clayton

Muir

Krummel

10

Common PNW Peach Varieties

Red Haven

July Elberta

Veteran

Early Elberta

Rochester

Frost

Genetic dwarfs

Peach - Leaf Curl

Leaf Curl (Taphrina deformans, a fungus)

Redhaven are very susceptible in the PNW.

Leaf Curl resistant: Autumn Rose, August

Etter, Avalon, Avalon Pride, Charlotte,

Early Charlotte, Early Crawford, Frost,

Indian Free, Kreibich, Muir, Nanaimo,

Oregon Curl Free, Q-1-8.

Peach - Shothole

Shothole (Wilsonomyces carpophilus, a

fungus; formerly Coryneum beyerinckii)

The cultivars Lovell and Muir are

reportedly tolerant.

Frost Peach Leaf Curl

Taphrina deformans

11

P.L.C.

Peach Shothole (Coryneum Blight)

Wilsonomyces carpophilus Peach Pest Control

Peach leaf curl

3 dormant copper or lime-sulfur sprays

Nov, Jan or Feb, pre bud break

Coryneum blight- fall copper

Bacterial canker- fall copper

Brown rot- pre bud break sulfur and mid

summer to harvest

12

CHERRIES

CHERRIES

Which tree fruit?

Why does it NOT need thinning?

Which two problems?

Frost? Pseudomonas?

Differences?

Common PNW Cherry Varieties

Royal Ann

Lapins

Bada

Stella

Compact Stella

Sweetheart

Kordia (Attika)

Lambert

Regina

13

Cherry Varieties

OLD NEW

Bing Sonata

Cristalina Lapin

Rainier Stella

Royal Anne Sweetheart

Regina Skeena

Chelan Sandra Rose

Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD)

Cherry pest control Bacterial canker (Pseudomonas)-

Pruning in late Aug-Sep dry season

Bordeaux, Fixed copper (late fall and dormant)

Blossom blight and brown rot

Pruning

Fixed copper during bloom

Sulfur, post-bloom

Remove rotten fruit

Cherry - Bacterial Canker

Pseudomonas syringae

Cherry - Bacterial Canker

Bacterial Canker (Pseudomonas syringae

pv. syringae, a bacterium)

Very susceptible: Royal Ann, Bing,

Lambert, Napoleon, Sweetheart, Van

Tolerant*: Corum, Regina, Rainier, Sam,

Sue

*Appear to have sufficient tolerance to

canker to be grown commercially without

serious tree loss.

APPLES

14

Apple rootstocks

2

4

6

8

10

12

16

14

2

4

6

8

10

12

16

14

MM111 MM106

Semi-standard

M27

Sub-

dwarf

Seedling

Standard

M7

Semi-dwarf

G.30

Supporter 4

M26 M9

Dwarf

G.11 Bud 9

G.65

Common PNW Apple Varieties

Red Delicious

Golden Delicious

Braeburn

Newton

Fuji

Granny Smith

Lodi

Earligold

Akane

Gravenstien

Elstar

Gala

Jonagold

Empire

Old Favorites Gravenstein

Newtown Pippen

Spitzenberg

Arkansas Black

Northern Spy

Winesap

Ida red

Jonathan

Elstar

Cox’s Orange

Liberty Pristine

Chehalis

Prima

Arkansas Black

Jonathan

Cox Orange

Newtown Pippen Northern Spy

Spitzenberg Apple Scab Resistance Akane (Tokyo Rose)

Cheallis

Enterprise

Liberty

Prima

Pristine

Tydeman Red and

New York and Coop numbered cultivars

15

Scab-resistant apple varieties Early ripening-

Pristine

Dayton

Chehalis

Mid-/ early late

Liberty

Prima

Late

Goldrush

Insects & Other Pests

Apple maggot

Codling moth

Leaf-roller

Scales

Aphids

Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD)

Mice, Moles and Voles

Deer

Apple Maggot

Rhagoletis pomonella

Codling Moth Cydia pomonella

Oystershell Scale Lepidosaphes ulmi

San Jose Scale Damage Quadraspidiotus pernicious

16

Rosy Apple Aphid Dysaphis plantaginea

Woolly Aphid

Eriosoma lanigerum

Fruit Tree Leaf Roller Choristoneura rosaceana

Leaf Damage

Leaf Hopper Stictocephala bubalus

Apple pest control Summer to harvest

Codling moth-

• Trap to determine emergence- 2-3 flights

• Horticultural oils (~3-4 weeks after bloom-apply

every 5-7 days for 4-5 weeks)

• Cyd-X virus

• Surround

• Spinosad

Mites, scale and aphids -

• Horticultural oils

• Insecticidal soaps

Anthracnose

Cryptosporiopsis curvispora Powdery Mildew

Podosphaera leucotricha

17

Anthracnose

Cryptosporiopsis curvispora Two Spotted Mite Tetranchus urticae

Red Mite Panonychus ulmi

Red Mite Damage

Apple – powdery mildew

Powdery Mildew

Podosphaera leucotricha

Apple - Powdery Mildew

Powdery Mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha, a

fungus)

Very susceptible: Braeburn, Jonathan, Rome,

Newtown, Granny Smith, Gravenstein (fruits of

Jonathan and Rome also may be severely affected)

Moderately susceptible: Winesap

Less susceptible: Golden Delicious, Red

Delicious, and Delicious strains

Resistant: Pristine and Enterprise (both also scab-

resistant)

Apple Scab

Venturia inaequalis

18

Harvest Date Yellow transparent July 20

Lodi July 25

Paulared Aug. 15

Gala Aug. 20

Prima Aug. 25

McIntoch Sept. 5

Jonagold Sept. 13

Red delicious Sept. 15

Honeycrisp Sept. 20

Braeburn Sept. 20

Cameo Sept. 25

YIELDS

Yields SHOULD be in the 500 – 40 pound

bushel or boxes per acre OR 20,000 pounds

per acre.

In Washington, we averaged 1000 - 40

pound boxes per acre = 40,000 pounds per

acre.

PEARS

PEARS

PEARS

19

D’Anjou

Bosc Yellow Bartlett

Comice

Common PNW Pear Varieties Asian

Kosui

Shinseiki

Chojuro

Hosui

Nijisseki

Standard pear varieties

Big four-

Bartlett (Summer*)

D’Anjou (Winter**)

Bosc (Winter**)

Comice (Winter**)

*Summer- will ripen after harvest

**Winter- requires chilling to ripen

normally

Pear - Powdery Mildew

Powdery Mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha,

a fungus)

The disease is important on the cultivar

d’Anjou where a smooth fruit finish is

highly desired.

Bartlett rarely has a problem with this

disease.

20

Pear Powdery Mildew

Podosphaera leucotricha

Pear - Scab

Scab (Venturia pirina, a fungus)

The cultivars Forelle and Bartlett Red

Sensation are very susceptible.

Pear Scab

Venturia pirina

Pear Scab

Venturia pirina Pear - Pacific Coast Pear Rust

Pacific Coast Pear Rust (Gymnosporangium

libocedri, a fungus)

Gymnosporangium asiaticum is on Asian

Pears

Winter Nelis is severely affected

Bartlett is affected less

21

Pacific Coast Pear Rust

Gymnosporangium libocedri

Pear Fire Blight

Erwinia amylovora,

Pomegranates

Few insects.

Center rot – too much irrigation.

Prune – open center bush.

High production.

Challenges

Growing

Tree fruits

Is a challenge

That bears

FRUIT!!!

http://www.foodsubs.com/Fruitto.h

tml#pomegranate

Pomegranate

Also known as The

“Chinese apple”

By: Lacey Hartsock

http://www.globalgourmet.com/foo

d/kgk.2002/1102kgk11

What is It?

Grown on shrub-like trees with orange flowers and glossy leaves from October to December

Weighs about 9 ounces; the size of a large orange

Full and rounded fruit with a flared, spiky crown

A translucent, scarlet pulp surrounds 800 seeds that are compartmentalized between shiny, tough membranes

Each seed is a fleshy, unusually bright-colored, glassy unit that is called an aril

The flavor of the seeds is sweet with a hint of sour.

22

NEWER INSECTS

San Jose scale

Oyster shell scale

SWD?

Brown Marmorated stink bud

Why the important for the MG Hotlines!

San Jose Scale Damage Quadraspidiotus pernicious

Oystershell Scale Lepidosaphes ulmi

This is WHAT? (SWD)

Which TF do we need to worry

about

http://horticulture.oregonstate.ed

u/group/brown-marmorated-

stink-bug-oregon

Overview of Tree Fruit Diseases

Apple – Anthracnose

Apple - Powdery Mildew

Apple – Scab

Pear - Powdery Mildew

Pear - Scab

Pear - Pacific Coast Pear Rust

Pear - Fire Blight

Peach - Leaf Curl

Peach - Shothole

Cherry - Bacterial Canker

23

MORE INFORMATION

Local Extension office

EESC Extension Experiment

Station Communications web site

Cornell- New York

WSU – Washington State University

Questions?