Groups
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Transcript of Groups
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Groups
Video Clip 2: Reginald Denny
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Outline
Why we live in groups Social facilitation Social loafing Group decision making
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• Best reliable predictor of brain size in primates is social group size
• Human beings are adapted to live in social groups
• All primates except ourangutans
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Benefits of group living
Protection from predation and from intergroup conflict
Collective hunting of big game & coordinated food gathering
Cultural learning
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Social exclusion is painful Eisenberger, Lieberman, & Williams (2003)
Virtual ball-tossing game Inclusion vs. exclusion rounds fMRI scan dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC)
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Social exclusion is painful Eisenberger, Lieberman, & Williams (2003)
Greater activation of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) when excluded
Excluded subjects who reported being more upset showed greater activation of dACC
Human sensitivity to social exclusion Physical pain = social pain
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The Nature and Purpose of Group Living
Group - A collection of individuals that have relations to one another that make them interdependent to some significant degree
Groups vary in the degree of cohesion and interdependence
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Social Facilitation
The effect of the presence of others on performance
1. Does the presence of others increase or decrease performance?
2. Resolving the Contradiction: Zajonc’s theory
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Social Facilitation
Facilitation: dominant response
1. Task is easy
2. Person is expert
Inhibition: non-dominant response
1. Task is hard/complex
2. Person is novice
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Social Loafing
Social loafing: decreased effort put forth by individuals when working in a group
Finding: burglars working in groups more likely to get caught!
Ingham (1974): blindfolded ppts pulled 18% harder when they thought were alone
Explanation: diffusion of responsibility
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Social Loafing
Less social loafing:Task is challenging and involvingIndividuals are identifiableMembers are friendsGroups are cohesiveIn collectivistic cultures and among women
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Group Decision Making
Important decisions are made in groups…GovernmentsJuriesCommitteesCompany executive boards
How do groups affect decision making?
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Group Decision Making
Are many heads better than one? Disastrous decisions by groups Ex: Kennedy’s Bay of Pigs invasion Modern example: Iraq invasion Groupthink: social pressures to reach consensus in a
highly cohesive group which leads to disastrous decisions
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Group Decision Making
Conditions that foster groupthink:Stressful situationLike minded members of groupIsolation from outside influencesLack of proceduresStrong group leader
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Group Decision Making
Symptoms of groupthinkIllusion of invulnerabilityDissent is discouraged, esp. by “mindguards”Self-sensorship, illusion of unanimityOne-sided debate (collective rationalization)Unwillingness to consider alternatives
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Group Decision Making
Strategies to reduce groupthink Encourage criticism Input from outside sources Generate different ideas, approaches before decisions
is made Watch out for illusion of invulnerability