Group Warm-up

• Piaget’s theory of cognitive development includes 4 stages of development. Put the stages in order.

• Stages: Formal Operational, Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational

Stage Age Focus

0-2 Uses senses to experience the world

2-6 Using words, lack of logical reasoning

7-11 Understanding and thinking logically about concrete things

12 and Up

Abstract reasoning

Warm-Up

• Each group had been given a dream.

• Your group should explain the dream from the three theories:– Psychoanalytic– Activation-Synthesis– Problem Solving

Circadian Rhythms

• The body’s biological clock.

• Regulates whether people are awake or sleepy at particular times of the day.

• Controls hormonal releases, body temp., and energy levels.

• Usually cycles over a 24-25 hour time period.

Sleeping and Dreaming• There are four stages

of non-REM sleep. After being in stage 4, you go back up through the stages to get to REM sleep, where dreaming occurs. – So, you go through

stage 1, 2, 3, 4, and then back up through stages 3 and 2. Instead of going back to 1, REM sleep occurs.

Non-REM Stages

• Stage 1 – Hypnic jerk

• Stage 2 – Sleep spindles

• Stage 3 – Sleep spindles disappear.

• Stage 4 – Delta Waves

REM Sleep

• First cycle of REM sleep about 10 minutes

• By the end of the night, REM may be up to 60 minutes.

• Usually dream about 90 minutes.

• As REM sleep increases during the night, stage 3 & 4 sleep decrease.

During REM

1. Motor output is inhibited2. Genitals aroused, even if dream not sexual3. Everyone appears to dream but often dreams not

remembered.– Vivid & story-like dreams occur

4. Hormones are released that influence the thinking process and counteract fatigue, irritability, and inattention

5. Sleep paralysis – the sleeper is unable to move any of the body’s voluntary muscles, except those controlling the eyes.

6. Body replenishes itself physically in several ways. – For example, the pituitary gland releases growth

hormones, and body tissues are restored

Check for Understanding

• What is the correct order of sleep stages during a typical night's sleep?

• Which of the following statements is true of REM sleep?– a.) REM periods become shorter and shorter as the

night goes on.– b.) REM is known as "dream-free" sleep.– c.) Motor output is inhibited during REM sleep.– d.) Sexual arousal is rare during REM sleep.

B. Theories of Dreaming • Sigmund Freud viewed dreams as wish fulfillment in which

the manifest content (the actual content) is a censored version of the latent content (true meaning)– Freud believed that when people were in conflict, if he

could uncover or get to the latent content, then he could identify the person's problem and resolve their conflict.

• Activation-synthesis theory states that the dream story results from the brains trying to interpret meaningless, periodic, random neural firings occurring during REM. Activity comes from the pons.

• Problem solving/information processing theory states that dreams are caused by peoples reviewing problems they faced during waking hours– Reverse Learning - The brain sorts the information,

tosses out the things we don’t need, solidifies experiences to keep.

Dream Interpretation

• All people dream; some remember their dreams, at least from time to time. Many psychologists believe that dreams have underlying symbolic meaning, and provide clues to the workings of the unconscious mind.

• Other psychologists believe that dreams are the brain's way of processing and consolidating information while we sleep. In any case, it's interesting to remember your dreams, talk about them, or even analyze them to see what they might mea

Example

• Think of a dream you had recently, one where you still remember the details - write it down.

• http://www.dreammoods.com/

• Did you agree with the web site's interpretation of your dream? Why or why not?

• In general, do you believe that our dreams have symbolic meaning? How do you tend to use the information from dreams in your daily life?

Check Your Understanding

• Psychoanalytic Theory

• Information Processing Theory

• Activation-Synthesis

• Manifest content• Brain making sense

of random firings• Unconscious wishes

and desires• Reverse learning• Brain sorts through

information• Activity of the pons.

Sleep DisordersImportant to Remember

• Insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, SIDS, Night Terrors, Sleepwalking, Seasonal Affective Disorder

• Impact everyday life, such as in driving, in industrial accidents, or even in family relationships.

• Being less alert and attentive, and more inclined to irritability and altering moods can affect relationships with family, friends, and co-workers. – In fact, major industrial catastrophes, such as the Three

Mile Island incident, have been attributed to human error that occurred during a time when the body is at its sleepiest.

– The 7% rise in automobile accidents the day after Daylight Savings Time "springs forward," and the congressional request for the research project "NASA Ames Fatigue/Jet Lag Program" are also indicators of the serious problems arising from sleeplessness and sleep disorders.

The Big Four1. Insomnia –

– Involves insufficient sleep, inability to fall asleep, frequent arousals, or early awakenings.

2. Sleep Apnea– A respiratory disorder in which the person intermittently

stops breathing several times while asleep.

3. Night Terrors– Occur mainly in children and involve deep sleep

episodes that produce vivid and terrifying images that are usually forgotten upon awakening.

4. Narcolepsy– Produces sudden daytime sleep attacks and is usually

accompanied by cataplexy (a sudden loss of muscle control)

Check Your Understanding

• Sleep Apnea• Narcolepsy• Insomnia

• Sudden attacks of sleepiness

• Difficulty going to sleep or staying asleep

• Breathing stops during sleep

Why should meditation promote feelings of well-being and relaxation?

• Induced by focusing on a repetitive behavior, assuming certain body positions, and minimizing external stimulation. It produces relaxation and sense of well-being.

• Physiological effects: lowered activity of the sympathetic nervous system

• Common bodily change: hypometabolism - lowered oxygen consumption, in heart and respiration rates, and in carbon dioxide production.

Drugs and Altered Consciousness

• by altering the interaction between neurotransmitters and receptors

– Agonists bind to the receptors and mimic effects of normal neurotransmitters

– Antagonists bind to the receptors and prevent the normal neurotransmitters from binding

– Others increase or decrease the release of specific neurotransmitters

Physical Dependence or Addiction

• This is a physiological state in which drug use is necessary to prevent a withdrawal symptom

• Withdrawal is painful and long – that is why there is such a high rate of relapse for drug users.

• Tolerance – This is a condition in which increasingly

large drug doses are necessary to achieve the same effect

• Psychological Dependence – This is a condition in which the person

continues drug use despite adverse effects, needs the drug for a sense of well being, and is preoccupied with obtaining the drug if it is no longer available

• Learned Expectations Contribute to the Effects of Many Drugs

– The power of suggestion and experience

Categories of drugs• Depressants – inhibit GABA

• Stimulants – arouse the Sympathetic NS by increasing norepinephrine

• Opiates – relieves pain control

• Psychedelics (or hallucinogenics) – Loss of reality, serotonin agonist

• Know psychological v. physical dependence

Discussion Questions…

• Complete the questions thoroughly – about 1 page per response.

• Use as many vocabulary as you can to complete your responses.

• This can be used as your study guide for the exam!!!