GROUP MEMBERS

• Hashaam Yaseen

• Muhammad Danish Mahmood

• Sharjeel Hayat

• Muhammad Younis

• Muhammad Kashif

TOPICPRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY

THROUGH BIOGAS AND BIOMASS

INTRODUCTION TO

BIOGAS

WHAT IS BIOGAS?

BIOGAS TYPICALLY REFERS TO A GAS PRODUCED BY THE BREAKDOWN

OF ORGANIC MATTER IN THE ABSENCE OF OXYGEN

Biogas is produced by the breakdown of organic waste by bacteria without oxygen (anaerobic digestion or fermentation).

Leftover food from houses, shops, restaurants and factories

Cow, sheep and chicken manure Sewage

Leftover meat and blood from abattoirs

Leftover straw and crops from farming

What types of organic waste could be turned in biogas?

Water, Excreta, Organic Material,

Biodegradable Waste

Hydrolysis, Fermentation, Acetogenesis,

Dehydrogenization, Methanogenesis

MethaneCO2

Amonia

H2S Biogas

Anaerobic Environment

Water with 80-90% less contaminants, Organic Fertilizer

O2

ENERGY+

PRODUCTION

PRACTICALLY PRODUCED AS LANDFILL GAS (LFG)

OR DIGESTED GAS

ANAEROBIC DIGESTER

RAW MATERIALMAIZE SILAGE

BIODEGRADABLE WASTES INCLUDING SEWAGE SLUDGE AND FOOD WASTE

COMPOSITION

IN SOME CASES, BIOGAS CONTAINS SILOXANES. THEY ARE FORMED FROM THE ANAEROBIC

DECOMPOSITION OF MATERIALS COMMONLY FOUND IN SOAPS AND DETERGENTS

TYPES OF PROCESSES

MESOPHILIC DIGESTION

THERMOPHILIC DIGESTION

A MESOPHILIC DIGESTION IS A DIGESTION IN MODERATE TEMPERATURE, NEITHER TOO HOT NOR TOO COLD, TYPICALLY BETWEEN 20 AND 45 °C (68 AND 113 °F)

A THERMOPHILIC DIGESTION IS A DIGESTION IN RELATIVELY HIGH TEMPERATURE, BETWEEN 45 AND 122 °C

(113 AND 252 °F)

WORK IN DIGESTER

• Manure mixed with water to create slurry

• Slurry is put into airtight digester

• Anaerobic decomposition

• Methane created and collected

• Effluent produced and removed (1)

MUHAMMAD DANISH

BASIC STRUCTURE OF BIOGAS PLANTS

Biogas plants installed by different organizations are:

Drum type Biogas Plant (Constant Pressure basis)

Dome type Biogas Plant (Constant Volume basis)

FLOATING DRUM PLANET

FIXED DOME PLANET

Two scales of biogas

Large- - scale systemsIndustrial processing

Tank volume: 10,000 m3 and above

Feed material:500 tonnes a day and upwards

Small- - scale systems- - Domestic processing

Tank volume:1 to 10 m3

Feed material:2 to 60 kg a day

GAS ENGINESA GAS ENGINE IS AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

WHICH RUNS ON A GAS FUEL, SUCH AS COAL GAS,PRODUCER GAS, BIOGAS

TECHNICAL DETAILS

DIFFERS FROM PETROL ENGINE IN

A WAY FUEL AND AIR ARE MIXED

GAS ENGINE OFTEN USES A VENTURI

SYSTEM TO INTRODUCE GAS INTO

THE AIR FLOW

HAVE LOW POWER OUTPUT AS

COMPARED TO DIESEL ENGINES

IMAGES OF GAS ENGINES

Electricity Production from Biogas

MUHAMMAD KASHIF

Family size Biogas plants

Medium size biogas plants

FAMILY SIZE BIOGAS PLANT (DRUM TYPE)

Family size Biogas plant

Gas production 4-5 m3Gas consumption 0.5 m3/head/day (for cooking and lighting)Average family size 8 membersGas consumption/family/day 4.0 m3 Estimated N @ 1.84 % 2.13 kg/day Estimated P @ 1% 1.16 kg/day Estimated K @ 1% 1.16 kg/day Estimated NPK /day/plant 4.45 kg/day

1625 kg/annum/plant

A Step Ahead Family size to Medium Biogas plants for

Small industryElectricity generation

Community useTube well operation

MEDIUM SIZE BIOGAS PLANT

Advantages

BIOGAS COULD POTENTIALLY HELP REDUCE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

ONE COW CAN PRODUCE ENOUGH MANURE IN ONE DAY TO GENERATE 3 KILOWATT HOURS OF ELECTRICITY; ONLY 2.4 KILOWATT HOURS OF ELECTRICITY ARE NEEDED TO POWER A SINGLE 100-WATT LIGHT BULB FOR ONE DAY

BY CONVERTING COW MANURE INTO METHANE BIOGAS VIA ANAEROBIC DIGESTION, THE MILLIONS OF CATTLE WOULD BE ABLE TO PRODUCE 100 BILLION KILOWATT HOURS OF ELECTRICITY, ENOUGH TO POWER MILLIONS OF HOMES

BY CONVERTING CATTLE MANURE INTO METHANE BIOGAS INSTEAD OF LETTING IT DECOMPOSE, GLOBAL WARMING GASES COULD BE REDUCED BY 99 MILLION METRIC TONS OR 4%

Disadvantages of Biogas

The process is not very attractive economically (as compared to other biofuels) on a large industrial scale.

It is very difficult to enhance the efficiency of biogas systems.Biogas contains some gases as impurities, which are corrosive to the metal parts of internal combustion engines.

Not feasible to locate at all the locations.

MUHAMMAD YOUNIS

History of Biogas technology in Pakistan

History of Biogas in Pakistan is about 35 years old around 7000 digesters have reportedly been installed across the country.

Technical potential of about 5 million digesters.

Government of Pakistan started comprehensive biogas scheme in 1974 and total 4,137 biogas plants installed up-to 1987. These are Floating drum biogas plants with capacity 5-15 cubic meters gas production per day. Pakistan Centre for Renewable Energy Technologies (PCRET)Installed of around 2500 biogas plants till the end of 2008.

History of Biogas technology in Pakistan

2009-2010 Agriculture department (Field Wing) launched a programme “Adaptation of Biogas technology to mitigate the energy crises” to install 750 Nos Family Size Biogas Plants all over the Punjab, this project is in progress.

In District Faisalabad PRSP installed 500 Nos Biogas plants under PDBP (Pakistan Domestic Biogas Programme.

Some medium size Biogas plants have been installed in private sector to meet the energy requirements for◦ tube well operation for agriculture purpose,◦ cooking and lighting for domestic purpose, and◦ electricity generation for small industry operation during loadshedding

LEGISLATION AROUND THE WORLDTHE EUROPEAN UNION HAS SOME OF THE STRICTEST LEGISLATION

REGARDING WASTE MANAGEMENT AND LANDFILL SITES CALLED THE LANDFILL DIRECTIVE

THE UNITED STATES LEGISLATES AGAINST LANDFILL GAS AS IT CONTAINS VOCS. THE UNITED STATES CLEAN AIR ACT AND TITLE 40 OF THE CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS (CFR) REQUIRES LANDFILL OWNERS TO

ESTIMATE THE QUANTITY OF NON-METHANE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (NMOCS) EMITTED

COUNTRIES SUCH AS THE UNITED KINGDOM AND GERMANY NOW HAVE LEGISLATION IN FORCE THAT PROVIDES FARMERS WITH LONG-TERM REVENUE

AND ENERGY SECURITY

DEVELOPMENT AROUND THE WORLDUNITED STATES

A POPULAR SOURCE OF ENERGY IN 2003, THE UNITED STATES CONSUMED 147 TRILLION BTU OF ENERGY FROM "LANDFILL GAS", ABOUT 0.6% OF THE TOTAL U.S. NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTIONCOW MANURE IS BEING USED TO POWER AN ETHANOL POWER PLANT. BY SWITCHING TO METHANE BIOGAS, THE ETHANOL POWER PLANT HAS SAVED 1000 BARRELS OF OIL A DAY

UKTHERE ARE AROUND 60 NON-SEWAGE BIOGAS PLANTS IN THE UK. MOST ARE ON-FARM, AND SOME LARGER FACILITIES EXIST OFF-FARM, WHICH ARE TAKING FOOD AND CONSUMER WASTESON 5 OCTOBER 2010, BIOGAS WAS INJECTED INTO THE UK GAS GRID FOR THE FIRST TIME

DEVELOPMENT AROUND THE WORLD CONT.

EUROPECOUNTRIES SUCH AS GERMANY, AUSTRIA AND SWEDEN ARE FAIRLY ADVANCED IN THEIR USE OF BIOGAS ANOTHER CHALLENGE FOR THE FURTHER PROGRESSION OF BIOGAS HAS BEEN NEGATIVE PUBLIC PERCEPTIONIN FEBRUARY 2009, THE EUROPEAN BIOGAS ASSOCIATION (EBA) WAS FOUNDED IN BRUSSELS AS A NON-PROFIT ORGANISATION TO PROMOTE THE DEPLOYMENT OF SUSTAINABLE BIOGAS PRODUCTION AND USE IN EUROPE

CHINATHE CHINESE HAD EXPERIMENTED THE APPLICATIONS OF BIOGAS SINCE 1958AROUND 1970, CHINA HAD INSTALLED 6,000,000 DIGESTERS IN AN EFFORT TO MAKE AGRICULTURE MORE EFFICIENTDURING THE LAST YEARS THE TECHNOLOGY HAS MET HIGH GROWTH RATES

DEVELOPMENT AROUND THE WORLD CONT.

SUBCONTIENT

IN INDIA, NEPAL, PAKISTAN AND BANGLADESH BIOGAS PRODUCED FROM THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF MANURE IN SMALL-SCALE DIGESTION FACILITIES IS CALLED GOBAR GAS; IT IS ESTIMATED THAT SUCH FACILITIES EXIST IN OVER 2 MILLION HOUSEHOLDS IN INDIA, 50,000 IN BANGLADESH AND THOUSANDS IN PAKISTANTO CREATE AWARENESS AND ASSOCIATE THE PEOPLE INTERESTED IN BIOGAS, THE INDIAN BIOGAS ASSOCIATION WAS FORMED IN 2010IN PAKISTAN, THE RURAL SUPPORT PROGRAMMES NETWORK IS RUNNING THE PAKISTAN DOMESTIC BIOGAS PROGRAMME WHICH HAS INSTALLED OVER 1500 BIOGAS PLANTS AND HAS TRAINED IN EXCESS OF 200 MASONS ON THE TECHNOLOGY AND AIMS TO DEVELOP THE BIOGAS SECTOR IN PAKISTANALSO PAK-ENERGY SOLUTION HAS TAKEN THE MOST INNOVATIVE AND RESPONSIBLE INITIATIVES IN BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY

MUHAMMAD SHARJEEL HAYAT

INTRODUCTION TO

BIOMASS

WHAT IS BIOMASS?

BIOMASS IS BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL DERIVED FROM LIVING, OR RECENTLY LIVING ORGANISMS. IT MOST

OFTEN REFERS TO PLANTS OR PLANT-DERIVED MATERIALS WHICH ARE SPECIFICALLY CALLED LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS

AS A RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE, BIOMASS CAN EITHER BE USED DIRECTLY VIA COMBUSTION TO

PRODUCE HEAT, OR INDIRECTLY AFTER CONVERTING IT TO VARIOUS FORMS OF BIOFUEL

BIOMASS SOURCESBIOMASS IS ALL BIOLOGICALLY-PRODUCED MATTER BASED IN

CARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN

TWO MAJOR CATEGORIES OF BIOFUEL

FIRST GENERATION BIOFUELS

SUGARCANE AND CORN STARCH

SUGARS PRESENT IN THESE BIOMASS ARE

FERMENTED TO PRODUCE BIOETHANOL

SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS

AGRICULTURE AND MUNICIPAL WASTE

LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS WHICH IS NOT EDIBLE AND IS A LOW

VALUE WASTE FOR MANY INDUSTRIES

BIOMASS YIELDS (DRY BASIS)

WOODY CROPSCOCONUTS GLIRICIDIA OIL PALM PINE POPLAR

NOT YET IN COMMERCIAL PLANTINGENERGY BEETS ENERGY CANE GIANT MISCANTHUS SWITCHGRASS

COMMON COMMODITY FOOD CROPSALFAFA ALGAE BARLEY GRAINS

CANOLA SEEDS CORN GRAINS JERUSALEM ARTICHOKES OATS POTATOES RYE GRAINS SORGHUM SOYABEANS SUGAR BEETS

SUGAR CANE SUN FLOWERS SWEET POTATOES TRITICALE

WHEAT STAW

BIOMASS CONVERSION PROCESS TO USEFUL ENERGY

THERMAL CONVERSION

HEATBIOMASSCHEMICAL

FORM

CHEMICAL CONVERSION

CHEMICAL REACTIONBIOMASS

CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE LIKE

METHANOL

BIOCHEMICAL CONVERSION

ENZYMES AND BACTERIABIOMASS BIOFUEL

Electricity Generation from Biomass

ENVIROMENTAL IMPACTCAUSES AIR POLLUTION

CARBON MONOXIDECARBON

DIOXIDENOXVOCSOTHER

POLLUTANTS

FOREST-BASED BIOMASS HAS RECENTLY COME UNDER FIRE FROM A NUMBER OF

ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, INCLUDING GREENPEACE AND THE

NATURAL RESOURCES DEFENSE COUNCIL, FOR THE HARMFUL IMPACTS IT CAN HAVE

ON FORESTS AND THE CLIMATE. GREENPEACE RECENTLY RELEASED A

REPORT ENTITLED "FUELLING A BIOMESS“

WHICH OUTLINES THEIR CONCERNS AROUND FOREST-BASED BIOMASS. IN

SOME JURISDICTIONS, FOREST BIOMASS IS INCREASINGLY CONSISTING OF

ELEMENTS ESSENTIAL TO FUNCTIONING FOREST ECOSYSTEMS

BIOMASS IN PAKISTAN

THE AVAILABILITY OF BIOMASS IN PAKISTAN IS ALSO WIDESPREAD. URBAN AREAS OF PAKISTAN GENERATE OVER 225 000 TONNES OF CROP RESIDUE

GUANGZHOU INSTITUTE OF ENERGY CONSERVATION (GIEC) OF CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND THE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD (UAF) WILL WORK TOGETHER ON A BIOMASS PROJECT TO COPE WITH ENERGY CRISIS AND PROMOTE CLEAN ENERGY IN PAKISTAN

STORA ENSO IS STARTING A JOINT-VENTURE WITH THE LOCAL MARKET LEADER PACKAGES LTD OF BIOMASS ENERGY PLANT IN KASUR.

UNIDO IS PROMOTING BIOMASS GASIFICATION IN PAKISTAN

THE FIRST SSJD BIOMASS PROJECT IS A 10 MW POWER PLANT ON BUILD OPERATE OWN (BOO) TERMS