PRESENTED BY GROUP D: Patrick, Iain, Paul, Albert and Carrene

How to avoidRELIEF PHASE DEPENDENCY

And encourageSUSTAINABLLE DEVELOPMENT

“A PERSON IS AID DEPENDENT WHEN THEY CANNOT MEET IMMEDIATE

BASIC NEEDS IN THE ABSENCE OF RELIEF ASSISTANCE”

Definition of Relief-Aid Dependency

Dependency and Humanitarian Relief, A Critical Analysis

– Paul Harvey and Jeremy Lind

Dependency According to Group D

It is possible that relief interventions can undermine ongoing developmental

programs. Once people have become accustomed to receiving relief aid, the fear

is that they will be less willing to help themselves and become dependent on hand-

outs.

We have broken down short-term and medium to long-term areas of relief that are

at risk for relief communities to become dependent on.

SHORT TERMFirst ResponseSHORT TERMFirst Response MEDIUM / LONG TERM

Secondary Phase

MEDIUM / LONG TERM Secondary Phase

Food Water Shelter Medical treatmentSanitationProtectionRelocation

Access to waterEducationDay care centresLegal statusLivelihood (Jobs)SanitationAccess to servicesCommunity

counselling

RISK AREAS FOR DEPENDENCY

SUGGESTIONS

HOW TO AVOID RELIEF DEPENDENCY

In a situation with stable government a management structure such as IMS should be introduced immediately

From the start the controller needs to be clear on the objectives of the relief

And if you not clear of the objectives – be clear that you are not clear!!

State targeted time frame Be clear on exit strategy as soon as

possible The plan should be implemented Communication not only within

agencies but crucially with relief communities

Self-responsibility of the relief community: they should be engaged to help themselves

SUGGESTIONS

HOW TO AVOID RELIEF DEPENDENCY

Accountability in what needs to be achieved

“Free” should be avoided where possible

Beware of media that can create wrong expectations, which can create dependency

Link not only with relief agencies, but also development agencies

Look at long term sustainable options such as Play-Pumps

Set up community counselling based on cultural beliefs - not dependent on the organisations to council

Discover skills of those affected – used in assistance and migrate to sustainable development

"THE DESERT IS EXPANDING, AND STEADY DELIVERIES "THE DESERT IS EXPANDING, AND STEADY DELIVERIES OF FOOD AID TO THE BARREN REGION HAVE OF FOOD AID TO THE BARREN REGION HAVE

DRAMATICALLY EXACERBATED ITS PROBLEMS INSTEAD DRAMATICALLY EXACERBATED ITS PROBLEMS INSTEAD OF ALLEVIATING THEM. IN THE PAST, PEOPLE OF ALLEVIATING THEM. IN THE PAST, PEOPLE

SLAUGHTERED THEIR ANIMALS FOR FOOD DURING SLAUGHTERED THEIR ANIMALS FOR FOOD DURING DIFFICULT TIMES, BUT EVER SINCE THE WORLD FOOD DIFFICULT TIMES, BUT EVER SINCE THE WORLD FOOD PROGRAM BEGAN FEEDING US, HARDLY ANYONE DOES PROGRAM BEGAN FEEDING US, HARDLY ANYONE DOES THIS ANYMORE. EVERYONE JUST WAITS FOR THE NEXT THIS ANYMORE. EVERYONE JUST WAITS FOR THE NEXT

DELIVERY."DELIVERY."

Dependency Highlighted

Kenya’s former Health Commissioner

Musa Okola

A LONG LIST OF EXAMPLES

The 1980 famine in Karamoja (Uganda) was, in terms of mortality rates, one of

the worst in history. 21% of the population died, including 60% of the

infants. Approximately 82% of the Karamoja population lives in poverty

(defined as less than US$1/day)• People hang around waiting for food aid• Loss of traditional strategies of survival• Demoralisation and disempowerment of the people• Strife between communities who receive and those that don’t• Perpetual squatting• Politicians use aid for personal gain

Http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/table6_11.pdf

AID DEPENDENCY RATIOS

SELF RELIANCE

“It is important to involve the refugees in the provision of assistance and allow the community to share the responsibility of

caring for itself and its vulnerable members. This minimises dependency

and encourages self reliance.”UNHCR 1999:97

1999 Super Cyclone Orissa

1999 Super cyclone OrissaStorm surge 26 feet carrying 20km inland17,110km2 of crops destroyed275,000 homes destroyed leaving 1.67 million

people homeless (another 19.5 million affected)

9,803 deaths406,000 livestock perished$4.5 billion worth of damages

SUCCESS FACTORS

1. Knowledge of pre-cyclone society

2. Food For Work (FFW)

3. Benefits and encouragement for vulnerable

4. Community mobilisation

5. Community institutions

SUSTAINABILITY

“Sustainability, in a broad sense, is the capacity to endure. For humans it is the potential for long-term maintenance of

wellbeing, which in turn depends on the wellbeing of the natural world and

the responsible use of natural resources.”

WIKIPEDIA

A Basic Overview of Ethiopia

Ethiopia is a complex emergency Lack of infrastructure and educationHIV/AIDS, population growth and violence all

complicate the problems created by the droughtThe drought and aid dependency undermines

livelihoodsDry land consists of 66.6% of the country’s total

landmassKnowledge of dry land biodiversity is limited Indigenous practices are either unknown or

undocumented

HARO MICHAEL KEBELE ADMINISTRATION

Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief

Jemo Berdade is a farming town 4hrs from Addis Ababa

128 families in the community

Farmers have to contend with dry land

Limited resources Few sources

of support

CPAR’s Moving Beyond Hunger (MBH) Program intervened

Provided technical and material support

Assisting in improved cultivation practices

Farmers now have enough food to eat during the year

Surplus to sell hence earning income

Introduction of irrigation

SUSTAINABLE OPTIONSIdeas to Avoid Dependency

Bring in development agencies

Encourage relief community to help themselves

Discover skills of those affected

Include reputable job agencies or unions

Ownership of projects by the relief community

Organising and mobilising communities to work on their own self-sustaining projects

Communities can council and support themselves

Teach agricultural, farming and planting

THANK YOU

Be conscious about the existing community when trying to assist and do development with the relief

community.