Group 4: Infrastructure Maintenance/Upgrade for Minimal Environmental Impact Infrastructure...

Group 4: Group 4:

Infrastructure Maintenance/Upgrade Infrastructure Maintenance/Upgrade for Minimal Environmental Impactfor Minimal Environmental Impact

Co-Leader Sohichi HiroseCo-Leader Sohichi Hirose ，， JapanJapanCo-Leader Ronaldo S. Gallardo, the PhilippinesCo-Leader Ronaldo S. Gallardo, the PhilippinesCo-Leader Prasert Suwanvitaya, ThailandCo-Leader Prasert Suwanvitaya, Thailand

1. Objectives and Research Topics : Group 4

Infrastructure Maintenance/Upgrade for Minimal Environmental Impact

ObjectiveObjective

To propose materials, members and new technology for infrastructure of “reduced environmental impact type”

1.Objectives and Research Topics : Group 4

Life of infrastructureLife of infrastructure

- Planning and design

- Construction

- Service Reduction of adverse impact of infrastructure on the environment may be implemented at various stages ．




- Construction

- Service

Environmental performance Environmental performance characteristics as well as standard characteristics as well as standard ones should be considered. ones should be considered.

The designer has an opportunity to The designer has an opportunity to choose choose eco-friendly materialseco-friendly materials and and construction processconstruction process as well as as well as maintenance planmaintenance plan which lead to the which lead to the least impact on the environment.least impact on the environment.




- Construction

- Service For environmentally protective construction, periodic monitoring and testing should be carried out to check whether the construction conditions are satisfied.




- Construction

- ServiceThe reduction of environmental impaThe reduction of environmental impact may be achieved by extending the sct may be achieved by extending the service life of infrastructure, for whicervice life of infrastructure, for which h maintenance maintenance technology,technology, including including monitoring andmonitoring and nondestructive nondestructive evaluation is important.evaluation is important.


Main Research TopicsMain Research Topics

A. Utilization of Unused and Waste Materials

B. Durability and Maintenance Problems

B.1 Durability of infrastructures B.2 Monitoring technology for existing infrastructures and materials B.3 Retrofitting technology

2. Overview of Research Outcomes: Group 42. Overview of Research Outcomes: Group 4

A. Utilization of Unused and Waste Materials

- Basic material and mechanical properties of unused aggregates, industrial by-products like bottom ash and fly ash and recycled materials of eco-cement, recycled aggregate and recycled PET bottle fibers were tested to investigate the utilization for construction materials.

- Natural resources of bamboo, sisal or coir fibers were mixed to improve the mechanical properties of concrete with the Mt. Pinatubo aggregates.

- The environmental affect of heavy metals contained in bottom ash was discussed.

B. Durability and Maintenance Problems

B.1 Durability of infrastructures

- Concrete deterioration and corrosion behavior of steel bars due to various environmental conditions have been investigated.

- Performance of weathering steels was evaluated under different environments in Asian-Pacific region.

- Various structural design issues related to new structure model, dynamic bridge analysis, environmental effect on steel and concrete bridges, fracture and fatigue of steel structures and reinforced concrete structures have been investigated.


B.2 Monitoring technology for infrastructures and materials

- Sensors and processing equipments for measurement of strain, displacement, velocity, temperature etc. and weigh-in-motion monitoring system have been developed for bridge maintenance.

Weigh-in-motion : live load monitoring system to estimate the vehicle weight from measured strain data while vehicles pass on the bridge.

- Fundamental theory and applications of ultrasonic nondestructive testing have been developed.


B.3 Retrofitting technology

- Innovative repair and retrofitting technology for concrete, soil, and steel has been developed.

concrete: electrodeposition method, cathodic protection

soil: electrochemical technique


2.5. Built environment: Design of infrastructure with reduced environmental impact 2.5.1 Introduction 2.5.2. Design of environmental-load reduction oriented structures 2.5.3. Use of eco-friendly materials 2.5.4. Monitoring technology and nondestructive testing for existing infrastructures 2.5.5. Repair and retrofit technologies

3.8. Use of eco-friendly materials in the Philippines and Thailand3.9. Monitoring of weathering steel and of existing bridges

3. Book Contents: Group 43. Book Contents: Group 4

2.5.2. Design of environmental-load reduction oriented structures


Designing ofenvironmental-load-reduction-oriented structure

Required standardfunction

ProfitabilitySafetyUsabilityWorkability

Required environmentalfunction

Scenic beauty

Regionalenvironmentalload-reduction

Globalenvironmentalload-reduction

Pollution

JSCE, Guidelines for Design of Environmental-Load-Reduction-Oriented Structures, 2001

Waste disposal

Regional land area and water region

Regional eco-system

Resource consumption

Resource recycling

Global atmospheric area and water region

2.5.2. Design of environmental-load reduction oriented structures


Designing ofenvironmental-load-reduction-oriented structure

Required standardfunction

ProfitabilitySafetyUsabilityWorkability

Required environmentalfunction

Scenic beauty

Regionalenvironmentalload-reduction

Globalenvironmentalload-reduction

Pollution

JSCE, Guidelines for Design of Environmental-Load-Reduction-Oriented Structures, 2001

Waste disposal

Regional land area and water region

Regional eco-system

Resource consumption

Resource recycling

Global atmospheric area and water region

conventionaldesign

2.5.2. Design of environmental-load reduction oriented structures Summary and recommendations

In the design of structures, the overall evaluation of regional and global environmental factors, in addition to conventional standard structure evaluation items, is necessary.

We need to develop proper technology and techniques for effective and quantitative environmental evaluation.


2.5.3. Use of eco-friendly materials

3. Book Contents: Group 4

What are eco-friendly materials? materials that are either naturally occurring or by-

products that may be used in composites (mortar, concrete, etc.) for the purpose of reducing the requirement for cement and/or imparting other properties beneficial to a given application.

Naturally occurring materials : volcanic ash, agricultural wastes (rice husk ash, coconut husk, etc.) Industrial by-products: fly ash, bottom ash, slag, etc.



Performance testing on

composites

Standard material testschemicalphysicalmechanicalmineralogicaletc.

Characteristic similar to known

material?

Can pass requirements for

known material?

Can be economically processed?

For future consideration

N

NY

Y

Y

N

Use just as the known material but verify

performance

Processing

A

Form ofcomposite

mortarconcreteRCetc.

Usage of material

Cementitious materialPozzolanic materialFine aggregateCoarse aggregateetc.

Acceptable performance?

For future consideration

Y

N

Use in intended application and prepare

specifications

Composite material preparation

Performance tests

Strength parametersDurability parametersAestheticsetc.

A

If the new material satisfies the standard specifications for a known material, then it can be used as a substitute for the known material. On the other hand, if the new material is similar in some respect to a known material but does not satisfy all the standard requirements of the known material, the new material may then be used in composites, and the performance of the composite will be subjected to testing.

Low quality coarse aggregates from Asia-Pacific region

OkinawaNicaragua

Philippines

Kiribati

Tokyo



Okinawa Aggregate Nicaragua Aggregate Philippines Aggregate

Kiribati Aggregate Normal Aggregate




When the cement-water (C/W) ratio is low, the type of coarse aggregate does not much influence on the strength.

On the other hand, the difference of properties of concrete with various kinds of aggregate can be clearly seen when the cement-water ratio is high.




Aggregate Aggregate TypeType

Improvement Improvement MethodsMethods

Improvement of Improvement of Compressive Compressive

StrengthStrength

Improvement of Improvement of ClCl-- Diffusivity Diffusivity

NicaraguaNicaraguaCoating of Coating of AggregateAggregate

50% Increase50% Increase 45% Reduction45% Reduction

OkinawaOkinawaCoating of Coating of AggregateAggregate

10% Increase10% Increase 70% Reduction70% Reduction

PhilippinesPhilippinesMix with Normal Mix with Normal

AggregateAggregate45% Increase45% Increase 40% Reduction40% Reduction

Strength and chloride ion diffusion coefficient of the concrete using the low quality coarse aggregates from Asia-Pacific region can be improved by using the proposed methods such as coating of coarse aggregate before mixing or combined use with normal aggregate.




1) Natural fiber

2) Crushed Stone (CS)

Density: 2.63kg/ℓ Absorption: 0.53%

Pinatubo concrete has not enough performance. To improve the property of Pinatubo concrete, natural fiber and crushed stone are added.

coir, bamboo, sisal



Volcanic ash Volcanic ash －－ Pinatubo Aggregates with Natural FiberPinatubo Aggregates with Natural Fiber

Density:1.35kg/ℓAbsorption : 33.6% 　

RC beam test to investigate shear carrying capacity



Volcanic ash Volcanic ash －－ Pinatubo Aggregates with Natural FiberPinatubo Aggregates with Natural Fiber

0

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5Displacement (mm)

Loa

d (k

N)

0-000-05S0-10S0-15S

0

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5Displacement (mm)

Loa

d (k

N)

30-00

30-10S

Load displacement curves of RC beams (0-00 means no crushed stone and no fiber while 30-10S means 30 percent crushed stone content and 10 percent sisal fiber content)

+ fiber

+ CS & fiber

+ CS



Summary and recommendations

Specific recommendations are as follows: 1. Development of material specifications for new eco-friendly materials 2. Establishment of performance standards for composites/structures using eco-friendly materials 3. Development of standard testing procedures for materials and composites

Also, documentation of applications of eco-friendly materials as well as long-term monitoring of performance of structures using eco-friendly materials is in order.

Low-cost measurement system to obtain the weight of vehicle

Strain

?? tfCalculate

Dynamic Strain = Weight of vehicle × Influence line

Principle of Weigh-In-Motion ：

Measurement Calibration

2.5.4. Monitoring technology and nondestructive testing for existing infrastructures


Monitoring technology - Weigh-In-Motion




・・・ Dynamic StrainAmplifiers

Strain Gauges

I/O Connector Block

Analog-digital Converter Computer Computer

Strain gauges

Sensor Interface

USB Cable

Conventional portable system

New simplifiedportable system




Measurement field / Mabalacat Bridge

- 10

- 5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

S/ 100

μ

- 20

- 10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

S/ 100

μ

Strain history for reference

Vehicle for reference (four-axle truck)

Target vehicle with empty bed

Strain history for target vehicle




Vehicle TypeNumberof Axles

AxleArrangement

BedCondition

Total Area(seconds*strain)

Passing Time(seconds)

RA RVWeight(tons)

Specific Vehicle Truck 4 1-3 Empty 3132.2 2.56 - - 20.0

Sample Vehicle A Truck 3 1-2 with Baggage 5305.1 3.15 1.694 0.8127 27.5

Sample Vehicle B Truck 3 1-2 Empty 2154.2 1.68 0.6878 1.5238 21.0

Sample Vehicle C Truck 3 1-2 Full 9020.8 2.28 2.880 1.1228 64.7

Sample Vehicle D Trailer 5 1-2-2Covered

(Invisible)13361 2.64 4.266 0.9697 82.7

Sample Vehicle E Truck 3 1-2 Full 9716.5 4.02 3.102 0.6368 39.5

Sample Vehicle F Bus 2 1-1 Full Passengers 1889.7 1.28 0.6033 2.0000 24.1

Results obtained by Simplified WIM




Portable Train Weighing System : WEIGHWELL

0

5

10

15

20

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Axle Weight (Ton)

Fre

qu

en

cy (

%)

Donmuang Station

Chachoengsao

Axle weight histogram

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60Span Length (m)

Pe

rce

nt D

am

ag

e

Passenger

Diesel Railcar

Freight Train

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60Span Length (m)

Pe

rce

nt D

am

ag

e

Freight Train

Passenger TrainDeisel Railcar

Percent fatigue damage for southbound at Donmuang Station (left)and eastbound at Chachoengsao Station (right)

Minor'shypothesis


3. Book Contents: Group43. Book Contents: Group4


To maintain existing structures properly, the performance of structures has to be evaluated quantitatively by using suitable technology and techniques.

Although many monitoring technology and nondestructive testing methods are already available, new technology and techniques need to be developed continuously for more reliable maintenance and examined for long-term usability ．

2.5.5. Repair and retrofit technologies


Reinforced concrete Repair: material replacement (replacement of concrete or steel), material enhancement (such as re-alkalization technique), repair of cracks (epoxy injection, electrodeposition, etc.), material protection (cathodic protection, etc.) Retrofit section modification (addition of concrete or steel volume) provision of additional reinforcement (steel jacketing, use of synthetic fibers and laminates, etc.)



Soil improvement expulsion of moisture application of surcharge to accelerate consolidation mechanical compaction mixing with binder (lime, cement, etc.) electrochemical technique

Steel structure – fatigue removal of crack, re-weld surface treatments such as TIG dressing and peening re-weld + postweld surface treatments bolted splice, shape improving, stop hole, modification of connection detail ultrasonic impact method low-temperature transformation welding electrode



Reinforced concrete Repair: material replacement (replacement of concrete or steel), material enhancement (such as re-alkalization technique), repair of cracks (epoxy injection, electrodeposition, etc.), material protection (cathodic protection, etc.) Retrofit section modification (addition of concrete or steel volume) provision of additional reinforcement (steel jacketing, use of synthetic fibers and laminates, etc.)

External Solution ： Mg(CH3COO)2Solution Concentration ： 0.1mol/LCurrent Density ： 1.0A/ ｍ 2

Steel bar

2.0

cm

2.0

cm

Steel bar

External Solution ： Mg(CH3COO)2Solution Concentration ： 1.0mol/LCurrent Density ： 0.1A/m2

Conventional Conditions Proposed Conditions

Crack is closed perfectly using newly proposed conditions.



Repair of cracks (electrodeposition)

Resistance against chloride ion penetration through the crack part becomes the same as that in the sound part using this proposed conditions.

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

0 10 20 30Dep

th o

f C

rack

C

losu

re（

mm）

Depth of Chloride Ion Penetration（mm）

ProposedCondition

Cover depthSound part



Repair of cracks (electrodeposition)

ConventionalCondition




Many techniques for repair and retrofit for concrete, soil, and steel are already available in practice and in literature.

In general, repair and retrofit will only be called upon if there were lapses in the design, construction, or maintenance, or if there are some intervening incidents or decisions that will affect the performance or function of the structure.

The effectiveness of repair and retrofit techniques will be largely determined by the results of inspection, characterization, and analysis of the problem. This will be facilitated if good documentation on the materials, construction, usage, and environment conditions is available for the structure in question.

4. Conclusions : Group 44. Conclusions : Group 4

Various techniques and methodology were proposed to reduce the adverse impact of infrastructure on the environment during the phases of planning and design, construction and actual service. This can be achieved if planners and designers use a paradigm that considers harmony between infrastructure development and the environment.

Production of materials for infrastructure is environmentally disruptive so a shift to the use of eco-friendly materials such as the wastes and recycled materials should be considered. To extend the lifespan of existing infrastructures, monitoring and testing technologies as well as repair and retrofitting technologies were also discussed.

For practical application, it is necessary to examine the long-term usability of new techniques and methodology and to develop documentation and specification.

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