PLANET VENUS

The planet Venus

Venus is the second planet from the Sun and is known as the jewel of the sky. It is the sixth largest planet and has an orbit more circular than any other planet. The eccentricity is measured to be less than 1%. The orbit extends to 108,200,000 kilometers (0.72 AU) from the Sun and has a diameter of 12,103.6 kilometers. It has a mass of 4.869 x 1024 kilograms.

Venus was thought to be two separate bodies, Eosphorus (the morning star) and Hesperus (the evening star). It is named after the goddess of love and beauty probably because it is the brightest planet seen in the ancient times.

1. The second planet from the sun?

Who Discovered Venus

• Galileo Galilee and Nicolas Copernicus (the one who first saw the planets through a telescope and the one who hypothesized that the planets revolve around the Sun, respectively).

• Among the first correct Venus observations was that of Pythagoras’, the Greek philosopher credited for the Pythagorean Theorem (a mathematical—specifically a geometrical—concept). Pythagoras observed that the so-called morning and evening stars were in fact the same.

2. The one who discovered Venus?

The Babylonians provide the earliest record of observing this planet at around 1581 BC; the Persians in 1032 made a record of the Transit of Venus. Given the designation of the “morning star” & “evening star”, the Greeks had initially thought that these were two separate stars when in fact it was only one.

When Was Venus Discovered

Internal structure of Venus

Q3-4 Give at least two structure of planet Venus.

Some Pictures of Venus

Venus full sizeVenus topography

Venus lightning

Venus map

Venus flat global view

Venus impact craters

Mass (kg): 4.87 x 1024

Diameter (km) : 12104Mean density (kg/m3) : 5250Escape velocity (m/s) : 10400Average distance from Sun : (108,208,930 km)Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) : 243.02 (retrograde)Revolution period (length of year in Earth days) : 224.7Obliquity (tilt of axis degrees) : 178Orbit inclination (degrees) : 3.39

Venus Profile Q5: Average distance from the sun?

Orbit eccentricity (deviation from circular) : 0.007Mean surface temperature (K) : 726Visual geometric albedo (reflectivity) : 0.59Highest point on surface : Maxwell Montes (17 km above mean planetary radius)Atmospheric components : 96% carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, 0.1% water vaporSurface materials : basaltic rock and altered materials

What is Venus Made Of?

The atmosphere of Venus is composed mainly of carbon dioxide (96%), 3.5% nitrogen, and less than 1% is made up of carbon monoxide, argon, sulfur dioxide, and water vapor.

Distance from the sun

The planet Venus is the second closest planet to the Sun (distance 108 million km ) and our nearest planetary neighbor. It takes about 225 days to orbit the Sun. Its retrograde rotation of 243 days means that the planet spins from east to west, rather than west to east, as the Earth does. So on Venus the Sun (though invisible through the clouds) rises in the west and sets in the east. This slow retrograde rotation results in Venus' solar day lasting 117 terrestrial days. Like Mercury, Venus has no known natural moon, so we can only measure its mass accurately when a spacecraft passes or orbits it. Venus' mass turns out to be about 0.82 times that of the Earth or 4.9 x 10 24 kg.

Venus goes in a clockwise retrograde rotation. The current rotation period of Venus is a state of equilibrium between the gravitational tides locking made by the Sun. This lessens the rotation rate as well as an atmospheric tide made by the heating of Venus’ atmosphere.

Venus takes 242 earth days to rotate on its axis, so a day on Venus is about 242 Earth days. This is the slowest rate of a planet in our Solar System. 243 earth days in Venus takes longer than a Venusians year which is 224.7 earth days. The sun also rises in the west and sets on the east in Venus.

One theory suggests that Venus experienced an impact similar to Earth. However, the gravity of Venus was not able to hold on to the fragmented piece that drifted into space. A similar theory suggests that Venus did have a moon once but it escaped the gravity pull of the planet.Since Venus is close to the Sun, it is possible that the gravity of the Sun affected its satellite, causing it to escape Venus’s influence.David Stevenson, a Caltech professor, and Alex Elemi, a Caltech student, proposed that an object collided with Venus many years ago, which created a moon. However, another impact event caused the change in Venus’s rotation that also explains the inverse rotation of the planet. Due to the slow and inverted rotation of the planet, it caused a moon linked to Venus, it started moving towards the planet. This then resulted to Venus reabsorbing its natural satellite.

Venus has no moon

MASS AND DENSITY The diameter of Venus is 7,521 miles or 12, 104 kilometers. This is close to the 7,926 miles or 12,756 km diameter of the Earth. Venus’ mass is roughly 80 percent that of Earth’s. 95% of Earth’s density is the density of Venus.

Its mass is 4.868 5 × 1024 kg and its total volume is 9.38 × 1011 km3 . Contrary to popular belief, the size of a planet does not play any role in determining the density of the planet.

Q6: how many mass percent does the planet Venus have?

Earth Venus

Diameter 12,742 km 12,100 km

Mass 5.9736×1024kg 4.868 x1024 kg

Surface Gravity 9.78 m/s2 8.87m/s2

Surface Area 510,072,000 km2 460,000,000 km2

Volume 1.08321×1012km3 9.38×1011km3

1 Day 243 Earth days 23h 56m

1 Year 224.7 Earth days 365.25 days

Surface Atmospheric Pressure

92 times that of Earth

Average Surface Temperature

14 degrees Celsius 462 degrees Celsius

Q8: Average surface temperature of earth.

WATER

The apparent lack of water on Venus is more puzzling than its thick atmosphere of carbon dioxide. Obviously missing are features produced by the circulation of water through the atmosphere and on the surface of Venus. River valleys, oceans, groundwater, glaciers, and ice caps---all important elements of change on Earth and Mars---are not apparent in radar images of Venus. At least three explanations for the absence of water-related features need to be considered.1. The bulk of Venus is inherently water-poor, but not carbon-poor.2. Venus contained water that outgases. However, the water never condensed to form a liquid, because of the high atmospheric temperatures.3. Water vapor outgases, condensed to a liquid, and flowed across and shaped the landscape, but then disappeared and all ancient landscapes were subsequently destroyed.

Q.7Give at least one explanation for the absence of water-related to be considered.

Venus compared with the Earth

The surface of Venus is shown in orange as radar images while the atmosphere is reproduced on near true colors as it would be seen by the human eye. The upper clouds are brightest in the blue and ultraviolet wavelengths making Venus a white-blue color planet. Both planets have almost the same size and density and Venus is only a 30% closer to the Sun than Earth. Both share an interesting geological evolution with old volcanoes in Venus and some of them could still be active. One of the biggest miseries of Venus is why its surface is so young on geological time-scales. It is interesting to remark that there is almost no water on Venus' atmosphere.

A shaded relief map of Venus was constructed from radar altimeter data collected by the Magellan orbiter. Two large highlands named Ishtar and Aphrodite rise above vast expanses of rolling lowlands.

These maps revealed that most of the surface of Venus consists of relatively smooth lowlands with local relief of less than 1000 meters. Two continent-sized highlands and several smaller ones rise above the uplands. These plateau like highlands are complexly deformed by tectonic processes and have few volcanoes. Large lithospheric domes with abundant volcanic features makeup the uplands with elevations between those of the lowlands and the highlands.

Q.9-10What are the two large highlands found in Venus?

THANK YOU AND

PREPARED BY: GROUP 3 MACARAMBON, BASTILLADA,

HATOSA, BAGO-OD

SUBMITTED TO: GLORIA M. SEMBLANTE