GROUP 1 LECTURE PRESENTATION

The History of Design

Wayne Yevoli

Bradley Wood

Andri Ulrich

What we will cover:

• Five Principles of Design

• Early Human Design - Andri

• Modern Design- Wayne

• Case Study- Brad

Five Principles of Design

• Balance

• Rhythm

• Proportion/Scale

• Emphasis

• Harmony

Five Principles of Design

• Balance– Symmetric (or Formal)– Asymmetric (or Informal)– Radial Symmetry– Vertical Symmetry– Horizontal Symmetry

Five Principles of Design

• RhythmRepeated– Colors– Patters– Shapes– Lines– Textures

Five Principles of Design

• Proportion– The size of objects or their proportions in relation to

each other.– 3:5 Ratio (Golden Mean)

Five Principles of Design

• EmphasisWhat part of the design is made to stand out. Achieved

by differences in:– Size– Placement– Color– Lines

Five Principles of Design

• Harmony- How well the previous four principles work together.

Early Human Design: Tools

• Tools from Pre-Historic People

- Tools are the only evidence of early human design. - Tool Types:

Oldowan

Achuelean

Mousterian

Upper Paleolithic

Early Human Design: Tools

• Oldowan Stone Tools- Oldest known human artifacts.- Consist of mostly crude single cutting edges. - Made by chipping stones.- Oldest are 2.4 million years old. - Appeared not long after humans became bipedal.

Early Human Design: Tools

• Acheulean- More advanced than Oldowan.

- Bifacial cutting edges.

- 1.5 million years old.

Early Human Design: Tools

• Mousterian- Usually associated with Neanderthals.

- Process of making these tools more advanced.

- Stages of production: basic core stone, rough blank, refined final tool.

- 200k – 40k years old.

Early Human Design: Tools

• Upper Paleolithic- Wider variety of materials used in construction.

- Adaptation of tools to suit various purposes.

- 40k – 12k years old.

Early Human Design: Tools

• What we learn from this:- Notice time durations for each tool type: They continually decrease.

- Technology was evolving faster and faster in early human history, as well as today.

- First design attempts such as tools made out of necessity, lacking intricate design intent.

- Design intent slowly begin to appear over time.

Early Human Design: Egyptian Pyramids

• Easily the greatest architectural achievement by humans.• Evidence of extensive design intent with respect to:

balance, rhythm, proportion, emphasis, harmony.• Early human design was generally more spontaneous,

without requiring much planning.• The evolution of design as its complexity increases does

not only depend on advances in technology, but also in the ability to plan ahead.

• The transition point of where this change happens cannot be clearly defined; it is a gradual adaptation that takes place of thousands of years.

Early Human Design: Egyptian Pyramids

Early Human Design: Egyptian Pyramids

• Two major design obstacles to overcome:– Moving enormous blocks (up to 50 tons each) from

rock quarry to building site.– Placing of blocks during pyramid construction.

Early Human Design: Egyptian Pyramids

• Blocks were moved by pulling with winches, sometimes aided with levers.

• For longer distances, round logs were placed underneath to roll the blocks over the sand.

• Ramps were built to place blocks on pyramid.• Lubrication, usually water, was used to reduce friction on

the ramps. • In later pyramids, simple cranes with counterweights may

have been used.

Early Human Design: Egyptian Pyramids

• Moving the blocks:

Early Human Design: Egyptian Pyramids

• Different types of ramps used:

Early Human Design: Egyptian Pyramids

Egyptian Design Considerations: Why they

were built the way there were.

• Symmetrically balanced

- Horizontally and Vertically.

Top View

Early Human Design: Egyptian Pyramids

• Rhythm

- It is seen in here in the placement of the Pyramids of Giza.

Early Human Design: Egyptian Pyramids

• Proportion/Scale– The golden ratio was used in pyramid construction. It

is the ratio between its height and the area of its base.

Early Human Design: Egyptian Pyramids

• Harmony– The pyramid’s harmony lays in its simplicity.– It is aesthetically pleasing to the eye.– It is a clean shape with no irregularities.

Early Human Design: Egyptian Wood Work

Early Human Design: Rome and Greece

• Roman and Greek design built on Egyptian technologies.

• Their designs added flair with emphasis on decoration.

• Transition from ceremonial, simple design to detailed and expansive arrangements.

Early Human Design: Rome and Greece

• The Parthenon in Greece also utilized the Golden Ratio.

Summary

• Initially, early humans did not focus on design principles. They built tools that were highly functional but lacked aesthetics.

• Over time, the principles were incorporated into design.• The evolution of design as its complexity increases does

not only depend on advances in technology, but also in the ability to plan ahead.

• The evolution of design went through gradual changes, but without ever losing sight of the five design principles.

• Historical Design Phases: Necessity, simplicity, complexity.

Design from Rome to Renaissance

• Period from the 500 to 1517

• Design dominated by the church including architecture, paintings and furniture

• Also called Middle Ages• Notre-Dame Cathedral

seen from the River Seine

Design from Rome to Renaissance

• Conservative 13th century Gothic in Provence: Basilica of Mary Magdalene, Saint Maximin la Sainte Baume.

• Compass in a wooden box -12th century

Renaissance• The Santa Maria del Fiore

church of Florence, Italy. Florence was the capital of the Renaissance

• Raphael was famous for depicting illustrious figures of the Classical past with the features of his Renaissance contemporaries. School of Athens (above) is perhaps the most extended study in this.

Industrial Revolution 1650 to 1900

• The first phase of modern engineering First Industrial Revolution, when machines, increasingly powered by steam engines, started to replace muscles in production of tools, furniture etc

Industrial Revolution 1650 to 1900

• Traditional craftsmen became professionals, especially in engineering. Practical thinking became scientific in addition to intuitive, as engineers developed mathematical analysis and controlled experiments.

• The spinning jenny was one of the innovations that started the revolution

Industrial Revolution 1650 to 1900

• A diagram of Cameron's aero-steam engine, from an 1876 dictionary

Used to power new machines

Industrial Revolution 1650 to 1900

Great western Railway No. 6833 Calcot Grange, a 4-6-0 grange class Steam locomotive

2nd Industrial Revolution 1900 to 1960

• The second industrial revolution, symbolized by the advent of electricity and mass production, was driven by many branches of engineering.

2nd Industrial Revolution 1900 to 1960

• World War II and the cold war opened the frontiers on design, engineering and technology.

• Jet and rocket engines (1943) pushed aeronautic engineering into new planes and new shapes where designers went to new heights of shape and proportion.

2nd Industrial Revolution 1900 to 1960

• Aeronautic engineers turned the ancient dream of flight into a military weapons to travel convenience.

2nd Industrial Revolution 1900 to 1960

• Nuclear power brought advances in materials with properties not even thought possible less than 50 years earlier.

Information Revolution 1960 to present

• Large scale think tanks and research facilities started – Sandia, Livermore, etc.

• New materials and advances including microprocessors, Thin-film deposition is any technique for depositing a thin film of material onto a substrate or onto previously deposited layers. "Thin" is a relative term, but most deposition techniques allow layer thickness to be controlled within a few tens of nanometers thick.

Information Revolution 1960 to present

• Artist concept of a classified Aurora Project experimental plane

• Computer generated concept plane

Information Revolution 1960 to present

• Microelectronics, telecommunications, and computers multiplied and spread information to all over the globe

Summary

• Design and engineering influences all aspects of our daily lives.

• These influences are see all around us in furniture, computers, art, etc.

• The most significant engineering achievements began in the 1850 thru today - less than 175 years.

Why Do We Study History?Bradley Wood

•Engineering gone wrong.

•Responsibility of Engineers.

Topics of Discussion

• Hyatt Skyway Collapse

Catastrophe

• July 17, 1981• Tea-dance party

• Second and fourth floor

“skyways” collapsed

• 114 people died• Over 200 people

injured

Support Rod DesignInitial Design Actual Design

Deformed 4th floor box beam

3rd Floor Rod and Crossbeam Assembly and 4th Floor Beam

Who Was Responsible?

• Lack of communication

• G.C.E failed to review the final design

• Engineers employed at G.C.E lost their engineering licenses in

the state of Missouri and Texas

• G.C.E lost its ability to be an engineering firm

Conclusion “An engineer has a responsibility to his/her

employer and most importantly to society. In the Hyatt Regency case, the lives of the public were hinged on G.C.E.'s ability to design a structurally sound walkway system. Their insufficient review of the final design lead to the failure of the design and a massive loss of life. Cases such as the Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse are a constant reminder of how an error in judgment can create a catastrophe. It is important that events in the past are remembered so that engineers will always fulfill their responsibility to society.”

References :

http://www.engineering.com/content/ContentDisplay?contentId=41009033

References

• http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/Animation/turbtyp/ettp.html

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_YF-12• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_science

References• Product Design and Manufacture (John R. Lindbeck)

http://www.handprint.com/LS/ANC/stones.html• http://facultystaff.vwc.edu/~trfanney/golden-mean-WOWslides/

gm9.html• http://www.valdostamuseum.org/hamsmith/Gpyr.html• http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/pyramidworkforce.htm• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/pyramid/• http://www.crystalinks.com/pyregypt.html• http://www.egyptspyramids.com/html/article.html• http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/egypt/architecture/

gizapyramids.html• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Colosseum-2003-07-09.jpg• http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/The_Parthenon.html