Groundwater. Porosity & Permeability Porosity: - the percentage of the total volume of a rock...
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Groundwater
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Porosity & PermeabilityPorosity: - the percentage of the total volume of a rock consisting of voids. - pore spaces: spaces between mineral gains, fractures, solution cavities, vesicles
- for example:
vesicles & fractures in a basalt = 30-40% solution cavities in limestone = 30% spaces between grains in cemented sandstone = 5% spaces between grains in conglomerate = 20% fractures in granite = <1%
Permeability: - the capacity of a rock to transmit fluids - depends on the size of the voids, and whether the voids are interconnected. - a rock can have high porosity but low permeability if the voids are not connected so as to allow water to flow.- velocity of gw averages 1 m/day to 1 m/year.
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Groundwater flows downhill and into areas of low pressure.Stream beds are areas of low pressure: Natural springs.
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Water table drops belowlevel of stream bottom
Water table is at or abovelevel of stream bottom.
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Spring
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Groundwater Well: An artificial area of low pressure
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Wells
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Cone of Depression
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Contaminated Wells
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Vermillion
GW flowsN to S
Townwells
Wastewater treatment plant
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Ogallala Formation:A trillion gallons of water putin the ground by melting glaciers10K years ago.
This water is used for irrigationin the midwest.
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Center Pivot
128 Acres
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Garden City, Kansas
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Subsidence
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Artesian Water
Pressurized groundwater rises from an aquifer
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Blow Out
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Water Tower
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Water Reservoir
Table Rock Reservoir, South Carolina
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New York Drought
52% decrease in capacityin two years
One reservoir in the CatskillMountains
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Lake Mead
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Wastewater Treatment
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Karst Topography
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Limestone Bedrock
Acidic groundwater slowly dissolves bedrock
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Small Sink
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Medium Sink
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Large Sink
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Stalactite
Water percolating throughthe ground leaves behindcalcite (CaCO3) deposits.
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Stalactite
Stalagmite
Column
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Geysers & Hot Springs
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Geyser Formation
Groundwater percolates downward;as it approaches magma at depth, itheats up. When it flashes into steam,the steam rushes back up to thesurface forming a geyser. Then theprocess repeats.
Sometime this process repeats at aregular interval, sometimes not.
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Old Faithful
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Colorado River Delta
River endshere
Only 10%of river watermakes it into Mexico
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Aral Sea Reduced in sizeby 60% in 30 years
Commercial fishingeliminated
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Lake Chad
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Lake Chad
1/20th of itssize 20 yrs ago!