Golder Associates NC, Inc. 5B Oak Branch Drive, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA 27407

T: +1 336 852-4903 F: +1 336 852-4904

Engineering Lic. No. C-2862/Geology Lic. No. C-399

Golder Associates NC, Inc. is a licensed user of the Golder trademark, and an associated operating entity.

Golder and the G logo are trademarks of Golder Associates Corporation. golder.com

January 31, 2020 Project No. 19127453.300

Ms. Jaclynne Drummond

Hydrogeologist, Solid Waste Section

Division of Waste Management

North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality

2090 US Highway 70

Swannanoa, NC 28778

jaclynne.drummond@ncdenr.gov

GROUNDWATER CORRECTIVE ACTION UPDATE – EVALUATION OF LANDFILL GAS CUT-OFF TRENCH

AS A REMEDY FOR GROUNDWATER CORRECTIVE ACTION

MOORE COUNTY LANDFILL, NC SOLID WASTE PERMIT NO. (NC SWP# 63-01)

ABERDEEN, NORTH CAROLINA

Dear Jackie,

As outlined in the Groundwater Corrective Action Milestone Schedule, approved by North Carolina (NC) Division

of Environmental Quality (DEQ) on February 13, 2018, and on behalf of Moore County, Golder is submitting this

Groundwater Corrective Action Evaluation Update. This Update is related to the use of the landfill gas (LFG) cut-

off trench as a groundwater remedy in the area of MW-15R (along the northern property boundary). Originally,

the milestone schedule for this evaluation was completion by December 31, 2019; however, a schedule revision

was approved by NC DEQ in an email dated October 21, 2019 for submittal by January 31, 2020.

As approved by NC DEQ in the Assessment Monitoring Work Plan and the Groundwater Corrective Action

Milestone Schedule, monitoring well MW-15 was replaced by MW-15R on May 29, 2018. The details of the

installation were summarized in an Installation Report for Replacement Groundwater Monitoring Wells submitted

to NC DEQ on August 2, 2018. MW-15 was then converted to a methane monitoring compliance point.

As presented in the Groundwater Corrective Action Milestone Schedule, with the exception of the northern

property boundary near MW-15/MW-15R, the groundwater contaminant plumes are stabilized and contained with

the facility property boundary based on recent data (see Figure 1). In the Groundwater Corrective Action

Milestone Schedule, Golder presented the argument that monitored natural attenuation (MNA) continues to be an

effective and appropriate groundwater remedy for this facility based on site-specific data.

In the most recent Corrective Action Evaluation Report (CAER) submitted to NC DEQ on October 16, 2017, data

support that generally concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in groundwater at the facility are

declining. The majority of the VOCs historically detected at the facility are readily broken down by the process of

anaerobic biodegradation. In general, strong anaerobic conditions exist at the facility which foster a subsurface

environment conducive to anaerobic biodegradation, as demonstrated annually in semi-annual reports via the use

Ms. Jaclynne Drummond Project No. 19127453.300

Hydrogeologist, Solid Waste Section January 31, 2020

2

of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Biochlor screening tool. During the previous CAER monitoring

period (2012 - 2017), three VOCs (i.e., benzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, and vinyl chloride) were identified at

concentrations that exceeded their respective NC 2L Groundwater Standards in samples from monitoring well

MW-15.

It was noted in the Groundwater Corrective Action Milestone Schedule that if the proper microbial populations are

present, each of these VOCs biodegrades faster under aerobic conditions. On January 31, 2018, Golder

submitted a LFG Remediation Plan to address historical concentrations of methane near the property line above

the lower explosive limit (LEL), including in the headspace of compliance well MW-15. This strategy was to install

a LFG cut-off trench to a depth coinciding with the water table (i.e., approximately 25 feet in depth) between the

waste unit and the property boundary in the vicinity of MW-15R, in the hopes of minimizing methane migration in

that area. The LFG cut-off trench was installed in November 2018. Initially, following installation, methane

concentrations at MW-15 decreased, with a slight rebound in fall 2019 when drought conditions caused the water

table to fall beneath the bottom of the trench.

These data support that the trench is generally effective in venting LFG in the vicinity of the northern property

boundary. Due to the slight rebound in late 2019, the County submitted, and NC DEQ subsequently approved (on

January 2, 2020) a LFG Remediation Plan Addendum, which includes a contingency for the installation of two

passive solar flare units on the two trench vents. The solar flare units will induce a slight vacuum on the landfill

gas cut-off trench and encourage additional flow of landfill gas out of the ground in the vicinity of MW-15. The

remedy will be implemented within 60 days of another observed LEL exceedance.

While the primary purpose of the LFG cut-off trench was to address LFG compliance issues, this remedy also

serves a dual purpose to improve groundwater quality along the northern property boundary, as the

aforementioned VOCs are often associated with LFG-to-groundwater impacts. The trench serves as a methane

gas and groundwater remedy by reducing LFG-to-groundwater impacts through venting of LFG to the atmosphere

through the collection system within the trench. This removal of LFG from the subsurface environment also

allowed groundwater to revert to a more naturally aerobic condition, and therefore allow for constituents of

concern (COCs) to naturally degrade through aerobic degradation.

To assess the effectiveness of the LFG cut-off trench as a groundwater remedy, data and trends of the identified

COCs and groundwater field parameters (e.g., dissolved oxygen and oxygen reduction potential) were evaluated.

Trend graphs for benzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, and vinyl chloride are included as Attachment 1. The trend

graphs which were created using the available data for MW-15 and MW-15R show a declining trend for each

COC identified. As expected, concentrations of vinyl chloride, which is a byproduct of degradation of chlorinated

solvents, appear to be more variable than the other two COCs also due in part to the scale of the graph. In

addition, 1,4-dichlorobenzene has not been detected at concentrations above the NC 2L Standard since October

2015, which reduces the COCs to benzene and vinyl chloride in the vicinity of MW-15R. The trend lines shown on

each graph are based on the cumulative the results from MW-15 and MW-15R as the wells are located adjacent

to one another at similar screened depths.

The concentrations of each COC following the installation of the LFG cut-off trench in November 2018 were

generally lower than historical concentrations at MW-15/MW-15R. There appears to have been a rebound in

concentrations for benzene and 1,4-dichlorobenzene during the most recent sampling event conducted in

November 2019 (see semi-annual report submitted under separate cover). During the November 2019 event, the

groundwater levels across the site and in the vicinity of MW-15R dropped during the correlating drought

Ms. Jaclynne Drummond Project No. 19127453.300

Hydrogeologist, Solid Waste Section January 31, 2020

3

conditions (data from https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Maps/MapArchive.aspx indicate “abnormally dry” conditions

in the months leading up to the sampling event). During the same time frame (September and November 2019),

LFG was observed at concentrations above the LEL at MW-15.

A drop in the water table could potentially allow methane to migrate beneath the trench towards MW-15/MW-15R

and increase the likelihood of LFG-to-groundwater impacts. Therefore, the increase in benzene concentrations at

MW-15R between the first and second semi-annual monitoring events for 2019 from 1.8 micrograms per liter

(ug/L) to 5.7 ug/L could be attributed to these temporary conditions around the LFG cut-off trench. A verification

sampling event was performed on January 8, 2020 and the water level observed at MW-15R indicates that the

water table had risen by approximately 1 foot since the November 2019 sampling event; the water table was still

below the bottom of the trench but higher than in November 2019. The benzene concentration at MW-15R based

on verification data is 1.5 ug/L, which is consistent with recent historical data.

A review of dissolved oxygen (DO) and oxygen reduction potential (ORP) field data observed from samples

collected from MW-15R since installation in May 2018 were similar to those observed in historical data from

MW-15. The ORP readings collected in the June 2018 through April 2019 suggest that more aerobic conditions

were likely present, potentially explaining the decline in COC concentrations during that time period. Because the

June 2018 sample pre-date the LFG cut-off trench, it is unclear what effect the LFG cut-off trench may have on

generating aerobic conditions in the subsurface at the site. Future results will help better determine long-term

trends.

Data presented on the trend graphs presented herein support that MNA continues to occur at the site in the

vicinity of MW-15R. Despite anaerobic conditions in this portion of the site largely due to historical LFG migration,

a significant decline in the number of COCs and COC concentrations has been observed over time. Given recent

remedial efforts and the contingency for additional LFG remedial measures, if warranted, it is expected that COC

concentration trends will continue to decline. The condition in the Groundwater Corrective Action Milestone

Schedule that COC concentrations during the 2019 compliance monitoring period show a declining trend has

been met. Further, based on the current trajectory of the groundwater trend lines, it is possible that COC

concentrations in groundwater could be below the applicable standards within the next 5 to 10 years. Therefore,

in accordance with Groundwater Corrective Action Milestone Schedule, the County will continue to monitor

groundwater and evaluate MNA data on an annual basis in compliance with the approved Water Quality

Monitoring Plan, with the next CAER scheduled to be submitted to NC DEQ following the second semi-annual

event for 2022.

We appreciate your assistance with this project. Should you have any questions or require additional information,

please contact us at 336-852-4903.

C

A

T

C

H

B

A

S

IN

C

A

T

C

H

B

A

S

IN

SW-1

SW-2

SW-4

SW-3

1

u

g

/

L

(

N

C

2

L

S

t

a

n

d

a

r

d

)

3

u

g

/

L

1 ug/L (N

C

2L S

tandard)

3 ug/L

ND

0.97 ug/L

2.9 ug/L

2.3 ug/L

2.8 ug/L

1.6 ug/L

ND

3.7 ug/L

GP-12

0.48 ug/L

3.8 ug/L

1.6 J ug/L

1.5 ug/L

1.1 ug/L

ND

ND

DECOMMISSIONED

DECOMMISSIONED

MW-3

MW-14

MW-5

MW-16D

MW-16S

MW-4

MW-15

MW-13S

MW-13D

PW-1

MW-1

MW-11D

GP-14

GP-13

GP-15

GP-11

GP-10

GP-16

GP-17

MW-7

MW-15R

MW-17S

MW-17D

ND

ND

ND

MW-2

MW-6

MW-8

MW-9

MW-11DR

MW-11S

MW-11SR

APPROXIMATE LFG TRENCH LOCATION

C

A

T

C

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IN

C

A

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C

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B

A

S

IN

SW-1

SW-2

SW-4

SW-3

1

u

g

/

L

3

u

g

/

L

GP-12

2.3 ug/L

2.0 ug/L

5.6 ug/L

DECOMMISSIONED

DECOMMISSIONED

ND

ND

3.0 ug/L

6.2 ug/L

2.9 ug/L

1.2 J ug/L

ND

5.8 J ug/L

MW-3

MW-14

MW-5

MW-16D

MW-16S

MW-4

MW-15

MW-13S

MW-13D

PW-1

MW-1

MW-11D

GP-14

GP-13

GP-15

GP-11

GP-10

GP-16

GP-17

MW-7

MW-15R

ND

2.9 ug/L

ND

1

u

g

/L

MW-17S

MW-17D

0.45 ug/L

ND

ND

ND

MW-2

3

u

g

/

L

MW-6

MW-8

MW-9

MW-11DR

MW-11S

MW-11SR

APPROXIMATE LFG TRENCH LOCATION

C

A

T

C

H

B

A

S

IN

C

A

T

C

H

B

A

S

IN

SW-1

SW-2

SW-4

SW-3

0

.

0

3

u

g

/

L

(

N

C

2

L

S

t

a

n

d

a

r

d

)

0

.0

3

u

g

/L

(N

C

2

L

S

ta

n

d

a

rd

)

1

u

g

/

L

1 ug/L

GP-12

2.0 ug/L

1.3 ug/L

ND

DECOMMISSIONED

0.70 ug/L

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

1.3 ug/L

2.5 ug/L

1.3 ug/L

DECOMMISSIONED

ND

0.74 J ug/L

ND

MW-3

MW-14

MW-5

MW-16D

MW-16S

MW-4

MW-15

MW-13S

MW-13D

PW-1

MW-1

MW-11D

GP-14

GP-13

GP-15

GP-11

GP-10

GP-16

GP-17

MW-7

MW-15R

ND

MW-17S

ND

MW-17D

2

u

g

/

L

2 ug/L

MW-2

MW-6

MW-8

MW-9

MW-11DR

MW-11S

MW-11SR

APPROXIMATE LFG TRENCH LOCATION

C

A

T

C

H

B

A

S

IN

C

A

T

C

H

B

A

S

IN

SW-1

SW-4

SW-3

GP-12

3

9

5

3

9

5

3

6

5

3

6

0

370

380

3

7

5

385

390

3

9

0

3

8

5

3

7

5

3

8

0

3

7

0

3

6

5

3

5

5

3

6

0

4

0

0

3

5

5

400

MW-3

MW-14

MW-5

MW-16D

MW-16S

MW-4

MW-15

MW-13S

MW-13D

PW-1

MW-1

MW-11D

GP-14

GP-13

GP-15

GP-11

GP-10GP-9

GP-16

GP-17

MW-7

MW-15R

MW-17S

MW-17D

MW-2

MW-6

MW-8

MW-9

MW-11DR

MW-11S

MW-11SR

APPROXIMATE LFG TRENCH LOCATION

CONSULTANT

DESIGN

PREPARED

REVIEW

APPROVED

YYYY-MM-DD

TITLE

PROJECT No. Rev.

PROJECTCLIENT

19127463

PHASE No.

100

DRAWING

1

0

2020-01-07

BSD

NTT

DYR

RPK

MOORE COUNTY LANDFILL

CORRECTIVE ACTION EVALUATION UPDATE

MOORE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA

MOORE COUNTY LANDFILL, NCSWP NO. 63-01

ABERDEEN, NORTH CAROLINA

RECENT VOC NC 2L EXCEEDANCES (NOVEMBER 2019)PG C-399

GOLDER ASSOCIATES NC, INC.

0

FEET

400 800

SCALE

PERENNIAL STREAM

INTERMITTENT STREAM

EPHEMERAL STREAM

POND AND WETLAND LIMITS

EXISTING 10 FT GROUND SURFACE CONTOUR

EXISTING 2 FT GROUND SURFACE CONTOUR

PROPERTY LINE

APPROXIMATE LIMITS OF WASTE

EXISTING ROAD

BENZENE ISO-CONCENTRATION CONTOURS (UG/L)

1,4-DICHLOROBENZENE ISO-CONCENTRATION CONTOURS (UG/L)

VINYL CHLORIDE ISO-CONCENTRATION CONTOURS (UG/L)

GROUNDWATER POTENTIOMETRIC SURFACE

GROUNDWATER FLOW PATHWAY

MONITORING WELL IDENTIFICATION AND VOC CONCENTRATION (PPB)

- COLOR IDENTIFIES VOC

METHANE PROBE AND IDENTIFICATION

SURFACE WATER MONITORING POINT AND IDENTIFICATION

PASSIVE LANDFILL GAS VENTS AND IDENTIFICATION

PRIVATE WELL LOCATION AND IDENTIFICATION

LEGEND

NOTES

MW-1

GP-10

SW-1

PW-1

1

ND

6

0.03

NC 2L = 1 mg/L

BENZENE CONCENTRATION

NC 2L = 6 mg/L

1,4-DICHLOROBENZENE CONCENTRATION

NC 2L = 0.03 mg/L

VINYL CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION

GROUNDWATER SURFACE CONTOURS

385

January 2020 Page 1 of 3 Project No. 19127453

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Benzene Concentration Trend Analysis

MW-15

MW-15R

NC 2L

Linear (Combined)

Installation ofLFG Cut-Off Trench

Completed

NC 2L = 1 ug/L

January 2020 Page 2 of 3 Project No. 19127453

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Vinyl Chloride Concentration Trend Analysis

MW-15

MW-15R

NC 2L

Linear (Combined)

Installation ofLFG Cut-Off Trench

Completed

NC 2L = 0.03 ug/L

January 2020 Page 3 of 3 Proposal No. 19127453

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1,4-Dichlorobenzene Concentration Trend Analysis

MW-15

MW-15R

NC 2L

Linear (Combined)

Installation ofLFG Cut-Off Trench

Completed

NC 2L = 6 ug/L

Golder Associates NC, Inc. 5B Oak Branch Drive, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA 27407 T: +1 336 852-4903 F: +1 336 852-4904

Engineering Lic. No. C-2862/Geology Lic. No. C-399

Golder Associates NC, Inc. is a licensed user of the Golder trademark, and an associated operating entity.

Golder and the G logo are trademarks of Golder Associates Corporation. golder.com

December 20, 2019 Project No. 19127453

Jaclynne Drummond

Hydrogeologist, Solid Waste Section

Division of Waste Management

North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality

2090 US Highway 70

Swannanoa, NC 28778

jaclynne.drummond@ncdenr.gov

LANDFILL GAS REMEDIATION PLAN ADDENDUM

MOORE COUNTY LANDFILL, NC SOLID WASTE PERMIT NO. (NC SWP# 63-01)

ABERDEEN, NORTH CAROLINA

Dear Jackie,

In accordance with the approved Landfill Gas Remediation Plan for the Moore County Landfill (NC SWP# 63-01),

Golder Associates NC, Inc. (Golder) is submitting this Landfill Gas Remediation Plan Addendum on behalf of

Moore County, NC (the County). The Landfill Gas Remediation Plan was submitted to NC DEQ on January 31,

2018 and was subsequently approved in a letter dated February 13, 2018.

As you are aware, the County installed a landfill gas cut-off trench in November 2018 per the approved Plan to

address concentrations of methane above the lower explosive limit (LEL) at compliance monitoring point MW-15,

which is located close to the northern property boundary. Following the installation of the trench, Golder

conducted two consecutive landfill gas monitoring events for MW-15 during which methane concentrations were

below the LEL (first and second quarters of 2019). During the third and fourth quarterly methane monitoring

events of 2019, as water levels dropped below the depth of the cut-off trench, methane concentrations were

above the LEL at MW-15.

The results for methane at MW-15 for recent sampling events are as follows:

November 28, 2018: 8.1% CH4 (by volume)

February 13, 2019: 4.1% CH4 (by volume)

April 3, 2019: 0.6% CH4 (by volume)

September 26, 2019: 55.5% CH4 (by volume)

November 20, 2019: 18.6% CH4 (by volume)

CATCH

BASIN

CATCH

BASIN i3

i2

i

395

1

395

360 365

370

375

380

385

390

390

CLOSEDMSW

LANDFILLACTIVE

C&DLANDFILL

SW-2

SW-3

TO GP-9

SB-5

385

375

380

370

365

355

360

400

355

400

SB-2

SB-3

SW-4

GP-15

GP-16

MW-16S

GP-14

GP-13

MW-3

SW-1

MW-2

GP-11MW-9

MW-8

MW-7

MW-13S372.74

381.92

MW-6

GP-17

MW-11S

375.76

PW-1

GP-10

GP-15R

MW-11DR

MW-11SR MW-15R

MW-17D

MW-17S

MW-18

PZ-1

PZ-3

SB-4

385.11

MW-4360.08

GP-13R

GP-14R

MW-16D

GP-12

356.88

366.76

380.94MW-1

PZ-2

381.91

381.35

MW-13D372.14

MW-14

387.54

MW-11D

370.15

370.10

MW-5

361.96

MW-15

366.18

397.58

362.02

352.47

364.76

365.60

371.66

370.53

DECOMMISSIONED

DECOMMISSIONED

CONSULTANT

DESIGN

PREPARED

REVIEW

APPROVED

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MOORE COUNTY LANDFILLNC SOLID WASTE PERMIT NO. 63-01ABERDEEN, MOORE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA

MOORE COUNTY

GROUNDWATER SURFACE CONTOUR MAPNOVEMBER 19, 2019

STREAM, POND, AND WETLAND LIMITS

EXISTING 10 FT GROUND SURFACE CONTOUR

EXISTING 2 FT GROUND SURFACE CONTOUR

PROPERTY LINE

APPROXIMATE LIMITS OF WASTE

EXISTING ROAD

POTENTIOMETRIC GROUNDWATER CONTOURS (5 FT. INTERVAL)

GROUNDWATER FLOW SEGMENTS

MONITORING WELL AND IDENTIFICATION

METHANE PROBE AND IDENTIFICATION

SURFACE WATER MONITORING POINT AND IDENTIFICATION

LANDFILL GAS TRENCH VENTS AND IDENTIFICATION

PASSIVE LANDFILL GAS VENTS

PRIVATE WELL LOCATION AND IDENTIFICATION

WETLAND AREA

SOIL SAMPLE LOCATIONS

PIEZOMETERS

LEGEND

NOTES1. TOPOGRAPHIC CONTOUR INTERVAL = 2 FEET

2. GROUNDWATER SURFACE CONTOUR INTERVAL = 5 FEET

3. GROUNDWATER ELEVATIONS MEASURED ON NOVEMBER 19, 2019.

4. GROUNDWATER CONTOURS BASED ON LINEAR INTERPOLATION BETWEEN ANDEXTRAPOLATION FROM KNOWN DATA, TOPOGRAPHIC CONTOURS, AND KNOWN FIELDCONDITIONS. THEREFORE, GROUNDWATER CONTOURS MAY NOT REFLECT ACTUALCONDITIONS.

5. GROUNDWATER CONTOUR LINES SHOW THE WATER TABLE SHAPE AND ELEVATION. THESECONTOURS ARE INFERRED LINES FOLLOWING THE GROUNDWATER SURFACE AT ACONSTANT ELEVATION ABOVE SEA LEVEL. THE GROUNDWATER FLOW DIRECTION ISGENERALLY PERPENDICULAR TO THE GROUNDWATER SURFACE CONTOURS, SIMILAR TO THERELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SURFACE WATER FLOW AND TOPOGRAPHIC CONTOURS.

6. PROPERTY BOUNDARY SURVEY BY JAMES L. WRIGHT DATED NOVEMBER 1984. ITS LOCATIONIS RELATIVE TO TOPOGRAPHY APPROXIMATE BY HDR ENGINEERING, INC.

7. EXISTING TOPOGRAPHY WITHIN ACTIVE AND PROPOSED LANDFILL PROVIDED BY MATTHEWSLAND SURVEYING & MAPPING, PLLC DATED APRIL 17, 2015 AND JUNE 2018.

8. MONITORING WELLS MW-1 THROUGH MW-5 SURVEYED JUNE 1987 BY S&ME, INC. MONITORINGWELLS MW-6 THROUGH MW-16 SURVEYED APRIL 1995, SEPTEMBER 1996, AND APRIL 2003 BYHDR ENGINEERING INC./ ED BUCKNER RLS APRIL 17, 2015.

9. THE LOCATIONS OF LANDFILL GAS TRENCH VENTS ARE APPROXIMATE.

10. GROUNDWATER WELLS MW-11DR, MW-13D, AND MW-17D ARE NOT SCREENED IN THESHALLOW AQUIFER AND ELEVATION DATA WERE NOT USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OFGROUNDWATER CONTOURS.

380.94MW-1

GP-10

SW-1

PW-1

385

SITE LOCATION MAPNOT TO SCALE

SITE LOCATION

0

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200 400

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SB-2

PZ-2

REPORT

MONITORING PLANS - MOORE COUNTY LANDFILL, PERMIT NO. 63-01 Volume 2 - Moore County Design Hydrogeologic Report and Monitoring Plans

Submitted to:

Ms Jaclynne Drummond Department of Environmental Quality Division of Waste Management Solid Waste Section 2090 US Highway 70 Swannanoa, NC 28778 (828) 296-4706

Submitted by:

Golder Associates NC, Inc. 5B Oak Branch Drive Greensboro, North Carolina, USA 27407

+1 336 852-4903

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX A Water Quality Monitoring Plan

APPENDIX B Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan

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APPENDIX A

Water Quality Monitoring Plan

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REPORT

WATER QUALITY MONITORING PLAN - MOORE COUNTY LANDFILL, PERMIT NO. 63-01 Volume 2 - Moore County Design Hydrogeologic Report and Monitoring Plans

Submitted to:

Ms. Jaclynne Drummond North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality Division of Waste Management Solid Waste Section 2090 US Highway 70 Swannanoa, NC 28778 (828) 296-4706

Submitted by:

Golder Associates NC, Inc. 5B Oak Branch Drive Greensboro, North Carolina, USA 27407

+1 336 852-4903

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Distribution List Chao, Ming-Tai, PE, Environmental Engineer, NC DEQ, Division of Waste Management, Solid Waste Section,

Permitting Branch, 1646 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-1646, ming.chao@ncdenr.gov

Drummond, Jaclynne, Hydrogeologist, NC DEQ, Division of Waste Management, Solid Waste Section, 2090 US Highway 70, Swannanoa, NC 28778, jaclynne.drummond@ncdenr.gov

Gould, Randy, PE, Director, Moore County, Department of Public Works, 5227 US Highway 15, Carthage, NC 28327-1927, rgould@moorecountync.gov

Lambert, David Interim Solid Waste Director, Moore County, Department of Public Works, 5227 US Highway 15, Carthage, NC 28327-1927, awilkison@moorecountync.gov

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Table of Contents

1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Site Description .................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Site Hydrogeology ................................................................................................................................ 1

2.0 GROUNDWATER MONITORING SYSTEM ................................................................................................... 2

2.1 Groundwater Monitoring Well Network ................................................................................................ 2

2.2 Groundwater Monitoring Well Construction ......................................................................................... 3

2.3 Groundwater Monitoring Well Development ........................................................................................ 3

2.4 Maintenance and Recordkeeping ........................................................................................................ 3

2.5 Monitoring Well Decommissioning ....................................................................................................... 4

3.0 GROUNDWATER MONITORING PROGRAM ............................................................................................... 4

3.1 Active C&D Landfill .............................................................................................................................. 4

3.1.1 Detection Monitoring ....................................................................................................................... 5

3.1.1.1 Sampling Frequency .................................................................................................................... 5

3.1.1.2 Establishment of Background Data ............................................................................................. 5

3.1.1.3 Evaluation of Background Data ................................................................................................... 5

3.1.2 Assessment Monitoring ................................................................................................................... 5

3.1.3 Evaluation and Reporting of Monitoring Data ................................................................................. 6

3.2 Closed MSW Landfill ............................................................................................................................ 6

3.2.1 Corrective Action ............................................................................................................................. 7

3.2.1.1 Sampling Frequency .................................................................................................................... 7

3.2.1.2 Evaluation of Data ........................................................................................................................ 7

3.2.2 Evaluation and Reporting of Monitoring Data ................................................................................. 7

4.0 GROUNDWATER SAMPLING METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................... 7

4.1 Sample Collection ................................................................................................................................ 8

4.1.1 Static Water Elevations ................................................................................................................... 8

4.1.2 Well Evacuation .............................................................................................................................. 8

4.1.2.1 Low-Flow Procedures .................................................................................................................. 8

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4.1.2.2 Standard Evacuation Procedures .............................................................................................. 10

4.1.2.3 Collection ................................................................................................................................... 10

4.1.2.4 Decontamination ........................................................................................................................ 11

4.2 Sample Preservation and Handling ................................................................................................... 11

4.3 Chain-of-Custody Program ................................................................................................................ 11

4.3.1 Sample Labels .............................................................................................................................. 11

4.3.2 Sample Seal .................................................................................................................................. 12

4.3.3 Field Logbook................................................................................................................................ 12

4.3.4 Chain-of-Custody Record ............................................................................................................. 12

4.4 Analytical Procedures ........................................................................................................................ 13

4.5 Quality Assurance and Quality Control Program ............................................................................... 14

5.0 STATISTICAL METHODS ............................................................................................................................ 14

6.0 SURFACE WATER MONITORING (RULE .0602) ....................................................................................... 14

7.0 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................. 15

TABLES

Table 1 Summary of Proposed Changes to the Groundwater Monitoring Network Table 2 Summary of Groundwater Monitoring Well Construction Information Table 3 Summary of Proposed Constituents and Analytical Methods Table 4 Proposed Water Quality Monitoring Schedule

DRAWINGS

Drawing WQMP-1 Proposed Water Quality Monitoring Plan

APPENDIX A Boring Logs and Well Construction Records

APPENDIX B Groundwater Protection Compliance Standards - Constituents List

APPENDIX C Solid Waste Section Guidelines for Groundwater, Soil, and Surface Water Sampling

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1.0 INTRODUCTION This Water Quality Monitoring Plan (WQMP) will serve as a guidance document for collecting and analyzing groundwater and surface water samples, evaluating the associated analytical results, and monitoring potential releases to the uppermost aquifer from the Moore County Landfills, North Carolina Solid Waste Permit (NC SWP) No. 63-01, located at 456 Turning Leaf Way near the town of Aberdeen in Moore County, NC. The NC SWP No. 63-01 includes two permitted waste units: an active Construction and Demolition (C&D) landfill and a closed Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfill. This WQMP complies with the NC Solid Waste Management Rules (NCSWMR) listed in the NC Administrative Code (NCAC) Subchapter 13B .0544 through .0545 as it relates to the active C&D landfill and NCAC 13B .0601 as it relates to the closed MSW landfill. This plan also addresses the requirements for surface water monitoring as specified in NCAC 13B .0602. The pertinent geologic and hydrogeologic characteristics of the site, as described in the Design Hydrogeologic Report submitted as part of the Permit Amendment associated with the later expansion of the proposed Cell 6 at the active C&D landfill and previous water quality monitoring reports prepared by Golder Associates NC, Inc. (Golder) are summarized below.

1.1 Site Description The Moore County Landfill (the “facility” or the “site”) is located in southwestern Moore County with the jurisdiction of Pinehurst between the towns of Pinehurst and Aberdeen, as shown on inset of Drawing WQMP-1. The facility is bound to the west by Horse Creek and to the north and south by unnamed tributaries of Horse Creek. A power-line right-of-way transects the property and represents the eastern boundary of the closed municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill. Topographic surface elevations at the facility range from approximately 460 feet above mean sea level (AMSL) along the eastern portion of the closed MSW landfill to approximately 350 feet AMSL on the southwestern side of the facility. The site is surrounded predominately by wooded, agricultural, or rural residential properties.

The Moore County Landfill comprises approximately 314 acres and contains an active C&D landfill unit, a closed unlined MSW landfill unit, and several land clearing and inert debris (LCID) landfill units. In conjunction with Moore County, Republic Services of NC, LLC operates a solid waste transfer station located on the southwestern portion of the property. The MSW landfill accepted waste from approximately 1968 to 1993 and was closed prior to October 1993, with final closure approved in December 1996; the County expressed their intent to comply with post-closure monitoring regulations in January 1997. The MSW area encompasses approximately 60 acres, 12 of which have a clay cap. The County began transferring MSW waste in 1993. The County temporarily stockpiled C&D waste from approximately 1993 to 1996, until the current C&D landfill was permitted and constructed (HDR, 2005).

1.2 Site Hydrogeology The Moore County Landfill is located in the inner Coastal Plain Physiographic Province of North Carolina. The geologic units of this region are relatively young, dating from the Cretaceous to the Tertiary period (NCGS, 1985). The site is underlain by sands, silts, and clays of the Middendorf Formation, which generally consists of intercalated, lenticular, thick-bedded, light-colored sands and clays (mudstones) with local concentrations of clay-cast conglomerates (NCGS, 1985 and Sohl and Owens, 1991).

The uppermost groundwater beneath the facility is present in a shallow, unconfined aquifer comprised of sands mixed with thin clay seams and larger seams of fine sand. The uppermost aquifer at the site is approximately 55

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feet thick and underlain by a clay confining layer (HDR, 2005). Groundwater occurs at depths varying form approximately 5 to 38 feet below ground surface (bgs) across the entire site.

Surface water and groundwater at the site generally flows to the west and southwest toward Horse Creek, which is located along the western property boundary. Limited surface water and groundwater flows to the north and south to unnamed tributaries of Horse Creek located along the northern and southern property boundaries.

Historically, the average estimated linear groundwater flow velocity for the subsurface at the facility is around 300 feet/year. The range of groundwater flow is expected to vary depending on the topographic and hydrogeologic conditions. The modified Darcy equation used to calculate the linear flow velocity makes simplified assumptions of a homogenous and isotropic aquifer. Therefore, this estimate of linear groundwater flow velocity only represents a presumptive estimated value for the uppermost aquifer and does not account for the heterogeneous and/or anisotropic conditions that may be present in the uppermost aquifer at the facility.

2.0 GROUNDWATER MONITORING SYSTEM The following section presents the proposed monitoring well network for the active C&D landfill and the closed MSW landfill, along with the specifications associated with installing, developing, maintaining, and decommissioning facility groundwater monitoring wells. The proposed well locations are selected to yield groundwater samples representative of the sub-surface conditions in the uppermost aquifer underlying the facility, and to monitor potential releases from each landfill unit. Well placement, well construction methods, well development, well maintenance, and well decommissioning procedures are discussed in the following sections.

2.1 Groundwater Monitoring Well Network As presented, there are two groundwater monitoring well networks at the site – one network to monitor groundwater beneath the active C&D landfill and one to monitor groundwater beneath the closed MSW landfill. One background monitoring well, MW-5, provides background data for both groundwater monitoring networks. The proposed active C&D landfill groundwater monitoring network consists of eight downgradient monitoring wells (MW-4, MW-11SR, MW-11DR, MW-13S, MW-13D, MW-17S, MW-17D, and MW-18) and one additional upgradient monitoring well (MW-14) which monitors groundwater between the adjacent upgradient closed MSW landfill and the active C&D landfill.

The proposed closed MSW landfill groundwater monitoring network consisted of eight downgradient monitoring wells (MW-1, MW-2, MW-3, MW-6, MW-7, MW-8, MW-9, and MW-15R). In addition, we are proposing to use two C&D monitoring wells (i.e., MW-4 and MW-11SR) as “performance” or monitored natural attenuation (MNA) monitoring wells related to ongoing corrective action at the closed MSW landfill. A table summarizing the proposed changes to the monitoring well network has been included as Table 1. In addition, a table summarizing the well construction information for each monitoring well in the compliance network has been included as Table 2. Each monitoring well location is shown on the included Drawing WQMP-1 and the associated boring logs for each monitoring well can be found in Appendix A.

One off-site homeowner well (PW-1 at Blake residence) has been monitored semi-annually since October 1996 in conjunction with routine groundwater monitoring events. Due to the upgradient location of the well, its current status (unused as house is unoccupied), and the amount of historical data which do not indicate any landfill impacts, we recommend annual rather than semi-annual monitoring at this location.

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2.2 Groundwater Monitoring Well Construction Previous and future drilling and installation of monitoring wells at the facility has and will be performed in accordance with the specifications outlined in 15A NCAC 2C .0100. Additionally, Moore County will utilize the guidance document Draft North Carolina Water Quality Monitoring Guidance for Solid Waste Facilities; Solid Waste Section (SWS), Division of Waste Management (DWM); Department of Environmental, Health, and Natural Resources (NC DENR) – March 1995. During the future installation of monitoring wells, a geologist will oversee drilling activities and prepare boring and well construction logs documenting each new monitoring well. As required, following the installation of each new monitoring well a NC licensed surveyor will be procured to survey each new monitoring well to within ± 0.1-inch on the horizontal plane and to within ±0.01-inch on the vertical plane in North Carolina State Plane North American Datum (NAD) 1983 feet. Following the installation of new groundwater monitoring wells, a boring log, well construction log, groundwater monitoring network map, well installation certification (i.e., GW-1 Form), and the survey data will be submitted in a report to the SWS within 30 days of the completion of field activities unless prior approval is obtained for an alternate submittal schedule.

2.3 Groundwater Monitoring Well Development Each newly constructed groundwater monitoring well will be developed to remove particulates present in the well due to construction activities and to interconnect the monitoring well with the aquifer. Development of new groundwater monitoring wells will be performed no sooner than 24 hours after well completion allowing time for the Portland cement/bentonite slurry to setup following construction. A surge block may be used as a means of assessing the integrity of the well screen and riser. If a pump is employed, the design of the pump will be such that any groundwater that has encounter the surface atmosphere is not allowed to drain back into the monitoring well. In general, each groundwater monitoring well will be developed until the water is sediment free (i.e., less than 10 NTUs) or is as sediment free as feasibly possible and the following field parameters: temperature, pH, and specific conductance (to be collected during development) have stabilized.

Well development equipment (e.g., bailers, pumps, surge blocks, etc.) and any other equipment that contacts the inner monitoring well casing or groundwater shall be decontaminated via the use of Alconox and deionized or distilled water prior to on-site use, between consecutive on-site uses, and/or between consecutive monitoring well installations. Samples withdrawn from the facility’s monitoring wells should be clay- and silt-free; therefore, existing wells may require re-development from time to time based upon observed turbidity levels during sampling activities. If re-development of an existing monitoring well is required, it will be performed in a manner similar to that used for a new well.

2.4 Maintenance and Recordkeeping The monitoring wells will be used and maintained in accordance with design specifications throughout the life of the monitoring program. Routine well maintenance will include inspection and correction/repair of, as necessary, identification labels, concrete aprons, locking caps and locks, and access to the wells. Should it be determined that background or compliance monitoring wells no longer provide samples representative of the quality of groundwater passing the relevant point of compliance, the SWS will be notified. The owner will re-evaluate the monitoring network, and provide recommendations to the SWS for modifying, rehabilitating, decommissioning, or installing replacement or additional monitoring wells, as appropriate.

Laboratory analytical results will be submitted to the SWS semi-annually within 120 days of completion of the sampling event. Analytical data, calculations, and other relevant groundwater monitoring records will be kept

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throughout the active life of the facility and the post-closure care period, including notices and reports of any North Carolina (2L) Groundwater Protection Standard exceedances, resampling notifications, and re-sampling results.

2.5 Monitoring Well Decommissioning Piezometers and wells installed within the MSW waste footprint will be properly decommissioned in accordance with the procedures for permanent decommissioning, as described in 15A NCAC 2C Rule .0113(b). The piezometers and wells will be progressively decommissioned as necessary to complete landfill construction activities. The piezometers and wells that are within the proposed footprint will be overdrilled to remove well construction materials, and then grouted with a cement-bentonite grout. Other piezometers and wells that require decommissioning will be grouted in place without overdrilling with a cement-bentonite grout and removing surface features, such as concrete aprons, protective casings, and stick-ups. In each case, the bentonite content of the cement-bentonite grout shall be approximately 5%, and a tremie pipe will be used to ensure that grout is continuously placed from the bottom of the borehole/monitoring well upward.

If a monitoring well becomes unusable during the monitoring period of the landfill, the well will be decommissioned in accordance with the procedures described above. Approval from the SWS will be obtained prior to decommissioning any monitoring well.

For each monitoring well decommissioned, the following information will be provided to the SWS in a report sealed by a licensed geologist: the monitoring well name, a description of the procedure by which the monitoring well was decommissioned, the date when the monitoring well was considered to be taken out of service, and the date when the monitoring well was decommissioned.

3.0 GROUNDWATER MONITORING PROGRAM The following sections describe the proposed groundwater monitoring program for the active C&D and the closed MSW landfill units owned and operated by Moore County under NC SWP# 63-01.

3.1 Active C&D Landfill Moore County met with NC DEQ on March 10, 2016 to discuss groundwater impacts at the site and the effectiveness of the previously implemented corrective actions at the facility. In this meeting and in a follow-up, correspondence sent from NC DEQ on March 14, 2016, the SWS requested that Moore County commence assessment monitoring at the C&D landfill or submit an alternate source demonstration (ASD) to demonstrate the impacts observed in the C&D landfill monitoring network were from a source other than the C&D landfill. On February 28, 2017, the County submitted an ASD for the Active C&D Landfill, identifying the upgradient closed unlined MSW landfill as the source of VOCs at downgradient C&D wells.

In two letters dated September 28, 2017, the NC DEQ declined to issue a determination on the ASD for the Active C&D Landfill and requested Moore County implement landfill gas and groundwater corrective action at the closed MSW landfill, as well as commence assessment monitoring as detailed in 15A NCAC 13B .0545 at the active C&D landfill. The County submitted a response to these communications on October 26, 2017 and met with NC DEQ on November 30, 2017. Following this meeting, Moore County submitted a letter on December 6, 2017 confirming the County’s intention to comply with the requests of NC DEQ and requesting an extension to comply. This request was approved by NC DEQ on December 11, 2017. The Moore County landfill is currently completing the background phase of assessment monitoring at the active C&D landfill in accordance with the Assessment Monitoring Work Plan (Golder, 2018) approved by NC DEQ in a correspondence dated January 23, 2018.

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3.1.1 Detection Monitoring Should the active C&D landfill return to detection monitoring, groundwater samples for the active C&D landfill monitoring network (described in Section 2.1) will be analyzed semi-annually for the constituents listed in NC Appendix I plus mercury, chloride, manganese, sulfate, iron, specific conductance, pH, temperature, alkalinity, and total dissolved solids as defined in 15A NCAC 13B .0544(b)(1)(D), during the life of the facility and the post-closure care period. Refer to Appendix B of this report for a list of the required constituents, analytical methods, and applicable standards.

3.1.1.1 Sampling Frequency As presented, groundwater samples will be collected and analyzed for constituents outlined in Table 3 plus required field parameters, including but not limited to, pH, conductivity, and temperature per the schedule proposed on Table 4 (i.e., semiannually for the active C&D landfill).

3.1.1.2 Establishment of Background Data Prior to the construction of the proposed Cell 6, a minimum of four (4) independent groundwater samples will be collected from the recently installed groundwater monitoring wells associated with the proposed Cell 6 area. Samples collected from these wells will be analyzed for Appendix I constituents. The intent of background sampling is to collect data to more accurately reflect the natural fluctuations that may occur with these constituents. The data will be submitted to the SWS after completion of the fourth background sampling event.

3.1.1.3 Evaluation of Background Data The detection monitoring program for the C&D landfill unit, will include the comparison of the reported constituent concentrations from downgradient compliance monitoring wells and the groundwater protection standards [i.e., NC 2L Standards and Interim Maximum Allowable Concentrations (IMACs)]. If inorganic constituents are determined to be above the groundwater protection standards, the reported constituent concentrations from downgradient compliance monitoring wells will be statistically compared to the site-specific background values to determine if a release has occurred. If a constituent is detected above both its groundwater quality standard and its background value, the following procedures will be followed:

1) Within 30 days, submit an Assessment Monitoring Work Plan to the SWS for review.

2) Upon the SWS’s approval of the Assessment Monitoring Work Plan, initiate assessment monitoring.

The data may be evaluated within ninety (90) days following the exceedance, and wells may be resampled if appropriate, to determine if the concentration resulted from an error in sampling, analysis, statistical evaluation, or natural variation in groundwater quality; or a source other than the facility. If it can be demonstrated that one of these factors occurred, a report [an Alternate Source Demonstration (ASD)] certified by a licensed geologist will be submitted to the SWS within 90 days of identifying the suspect statistical increase. A copy of this report will be placed in the operating record. If the SWS approves the demonstration, the Detection Monitoring Program will be resumed with the required semi-annual sampling and analysis. If SWS does not accept the demonstration assessment monitoring will be initiated.

3.1.2 Assessment Monitoring Assessment monitoring is required for the C&D landfill unit whenever one or more Appendix I constituents are detected at concentrations that exceed the groundwater protection standards, and no source of error or naturally

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occurring condition can be identified. If a false positive result cannot be demonstrated, an assessment monitoring program will be established, as described below.

After triggering the assessment monitoring water quality monitoring will be performed in accordance with the approved Assessment Monitoring Work Plan, which will include at a minimum one sampling event where monitoring wells are sampled for Appendix II constituents. A minimum of one groundwater sample will be collected from each downgradient groundwater monitoring well and submitted for analysis during each assessment monitoring sampling event. However, the NCSWMR allow for petitions to the SWS for an appropriate subset of wells or a reduction in the Appendix II sampling list.

If any Appendix II constituents are detected in groundwater from the downgradient wells, a minimum of four (4) independent samples will be collected from each background and downgradient groundwater monitoring well to establish background concentrations for the detected Appendix II constituents.

After approval of the Assessment monitoring work plan and completion of an initial complete Appendix II sampling event, and on at least a semi-annual basis thereafter, the wells will be sampled and analyzed for the Appendix I list plus any additional detected Appendix II constituents. An analytical results report of each sampling event will be submitted to the SWS and placed in the facility operational record.

The SWS will determine whether groundwater protection standards must be established for the facility and may specify a more appropriate alternate sampling frequency for repeated sampling and analysis for the full set of Appendix II constituents. Groundwater monitoring will continue in one of two ways, based on the results of the assessment monitoring statistical analyses:

1) If the Appendix II constituents are at or less than background values using approved statistical procedures for two consecutive sampling events, the facility may resume detection monitoring with the approval of SWS.

2) If one or more Appendix II constituents are detected at statistically significant concentrations in excess of the approved groundwater protection standards, and no source of error can be identified, a notice will be placed in the operating record, and all appropriate local government officials will be notified. The facility will proceed to a characterization of the nature and extent of the release. If the facility proceeds to corrective action, an Assessment of Corrective Measures will be submitted to the SWS and a remedy will be selected.

3.1.3 Evaluation and Reporting of Monitoring Data Reports will be submitted electronically with analytical data provided in the required format, and be accompanied by the required Environmental Monitoring Form, which will be signed and sealed by a licensed geologist in the State of North Carolina. A copy of this form is also included in Appendix B. The reported constituent concentrations from downgradient compliance wells will be compared to background values, NC 2L Drinking Water Standards and the IMAC Standards, using a value-to-value comparison. Any exceedances of the NC 2L Drinking Water Standards and/or IMAC Standards will be identified in the semi-annual submittals to the SWS.

3.2 Closed MSW Landfill The closed MSW landfill located upgradient of the active C&D landfill is currently performing corrective action in accordance with the North Carolina Solid Waste .0500 Groundwater Corrective Action Application and associated Groundwater Corrective Action Milestone Schedule (Golder 2018) which was submitted to NC DEQ on January

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31, 2018. In accordance with the Groundwater Corrective Action Milestone Schedule, a methane cut-off trench was installed to the south of replacement monitoring well MW-15R in November 2018. In addition, the County has continued MNA monitoring at the closed landfill and plans to submit an assessment of this remedy prior to January 31, 2020 in accordance with the proposed schedule.

3.2.1 Corrective Action The County proposes to continue MNA monitoring at the closed landfill in accordance with Table 3. Should another remedy be deemed necessary MNA monitoring will continue as prescribed in Table 3 to evaluate the remedy until NC DEQ approves an alternate sampling plan or following two consecutive groundwater monitoring events in which there are no groundwater standard exceedances in groundwater samples at the site.

3.2.1.1 Sampling Frequency Based on proximity to the source and the existence of significant historical data and locations of the wells with respect to the waste unit, with other compliance monitoring wells in closer proximity to the waste unit, the County would like to propose to identify groundwater monitoring wells MW-1, MW-2, and MW-3 as assessment monitoring wells and monitor them on an annual basis. In addition, the County would also request that the private water supply well located on the Blake property be monitored annually as well as no impacts from the landfill have been noted in this well and its location is upgradient with respect to the waste unit; this well is at a residence that has been unoccupied for many years and the well does not appear to be in use.

The other groundwater monitoring wells identified on Table 1 associated with the closed MSW landfill shall be monitored semiannually in accordance with Table 3. As presented on Table 3 and as previously approved by NC DEQ in a letter dated April 18, 2008, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and dissolved hydrogen will continue to be monitored every 5th year and incorporated into a Corrective Action Evaluation Report (the next report will follow the sampling performed in 2021; therefore, VFAs and hydrogen will be collected next in 2021).

3.2.1.2 Evaluation of Data The results from the semiannual and annual monitoring will continue to be evaluated via the use of direct comparison to the applicable groundwater standards, statistics, and/or analytical modelling (e.g., Biochlor) following the completion of each sampling event.

3.2.2 Evaluation and Reporting of Monitoring Data Reports will be submitted electronically with analytical data provided in the required format, and be accompanied by the required Environmental Monitoring Form, which will be signed and sealed by a licensed geologist in the State of North Carolina. A copy of this form is also included in Appendix B. The reported constituent concentrations from downgradient compliance wells will be compared to background values, NC 2L Drinking Water Standards and the IMAC Standards, using a value-to-value comparison. Any exceedances of the NC 2L Drinking Water Standards and/or IMAC Standards will be identified in the semi-annual submittals to the SWS.

4.0 GROUNDWATER SAMPLING METHODOLOGY As presented, groundwater samples will be collected in accordance with NCSWMR 15A NCAC 13B .0544 or .0545, this Water Quality Monitoring Plan, and guidance provided in the Solid Waste Section Guidelines for Groundwater, Soil, and Surface Water Sampling (Appendix C). Procedures for well purging, sample withdrawal, decontamination methods, and chain-of-custody procedures are outlined below. Field parameter measurements

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will be submitted electronically to the SWS in a format consistent with the Electronic Data Deliverable (EDD) Template (last updated by NC DEQ in May 2018).

4.1 Sample Collection The procedures for collecting groundwater samples are presented below. The background well for the C&D and MSW landfill unit (MW-5) will be sampled first, followed by the background monitoring well for the C&D landfill unit (MW-14), and then the downgradient compliance monitoring wells. The downgradient groundwater monitoring wells will be sampled so that the most contaminated well, if one is identified from the previous sampling event, will be sampled last.

4.1.1 Static Water Elevations The static groundwater level shall be measured with an electronic water level indicator, to the nearest 0.01 foot, in each well prior to sampling. Static groundwater elevations will be calculated from groundwater depth measurements and top of casing elevations. A reference point will be marked on the top of casing of each well to ensure the same measuring point is used each time static groundwater levels are measured.

If a monitoring well contains a dedicated pump, the depth to water shall be measured without removing the pump. Depth-to-bottom measurements should be taken from the well construction data and updated when pumps are removed for maintenance.

4.1.2 Well Evacuation Currently, groundwater is purged via the use of a peristaltic pump or a submersible portable bladder pump, if necessary due to limitations of a non-submersible pump. The preferred well evacuation and sampling procedure for the site is a low-flow purge (micro-purge) and sample methodology and procedure. Standard evacuation and sample methodology and procedures are also outlined below based on the Solid Waste Section Guidelines for Groundwater, Soil, and Surface Water Sampling (Appendix C), as an alternative.

4.1.2.1 Low-Flow Procedures Groundwater monitoring wells may be purged and sampled using the low-flow sampling method in accordance with the Solid Waste Section Guidelines for Groundwater, Soil, and Surface Water Sampling (NCDENR, 2008). A summary of these procedures is presented below, and, as presented, a copy of the procedures is presented in Appendix C.

Prior to sampling, a depth-to-water measurement shall be obtained using an electronic water level indicator capable of recording the depth to an accuracy of one-hundredth (0.01) of a foot. Next, a determination of whether or not the water table is located within the screened interval of the well shall be made. If the water table is not within the screened interval, the amount of drawdown that can be achieved before the screen is intersected will be calculated and the amount of drawdown should be minimized to prevent the screen from being exposed. If possible, the water level should not fall to within one (1) foot of the top of the well screen. If the water table is within the screened interval, total drawdown should not exceed one (1) foot, whenever possible, so as to minimize the amount of aeration and turbidity.

Because the purging equipment is non-dedicated, the equipment (i.e., tubing or bladder pump and tubing) will be lowered into the well, taking care to minimize the disturbance to the water column. If conditions (i.e., water column height and well yield) allow, the pump or tubing will be placed in the uppermost portion of the water column (minimum of 18 inches of pump submergence is recommended when using a portable bladder pump).

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The minimum volume/time period for obtaining independent Water Quality Parameter Measurements (WQPM) will be determined. The minimum volume/time period is determined based on the stabilized flow rate and the amount of volume in the pump and the discharge tubing (alternatively, the volume of the flow cell can be used, provided it is greater than the volume of the pump and discharge tubing). If used, the volume of the bladder pump should be obtained from the manufacturer. Volume of the discharge tubing is as follows:

3/8-inch inside diameter tubing: 20 milliliters per foot

1/4-inch inside diameter tubing: 10 milliliters per foot

3/16-inch inside diameter tubing: 5 milliliters per foot

Once the volume of the flow-cell or the pump and the discharge tubing has been calculated, the monitoring well purge can begin. The flow rate should be based on historical data for each specific monitoring well (if available) and should not exceed 500 milliliters per minute. After the flow cell is filled, an initial round of water quality parameters shall be recorded, and the flow rate adjusted until drawdown in the well stabilizes. Depth to water measurements should be measured periodically to maintain a stabilized water level. If the purge rate has been reduced to 100 milliliters or less and the head level in the well continues to decline, the required water samples should be collected following stabilization of the water quality monitoring parameters, based on the criteria presented below.

If after the flow rate has been reduced to 100 milliliters or less and neither the head level nor the water quality parameters stabilize, a passive sample should be collected. Passive sampling is defined as sampling before water quality monitoring parameters have stabilized if the well yield is low enough that the monitoring well will purge dry at the lowest possible purge rate (generally 100 milliliters per minute or less).

Golder proposes to use the following as water quality monitoring parameter stabilization criteria for this site once achieved for three consecutive measurements: pH (+/- 0.1 S.U.), conductance (+/- 5% of reading), temperature (+/- 0.2°C), and dissolved oxygen [+/- 10% of reading or 0.2 mg/L (whichever is greater)]. Oxidation reduction potential will be measured and ideally should also fall within +/- 10 mV of reading; however, this is not a required parameter. At a minimum, turbidity measurements should also be recorded at the beginning of purging and following the stabilization of the water quality monitoring parameters prior to sampling. The optimal turbidity range for micro-purging is 10 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTUs) or less. Turbidity measurements above 10 NTUs are generally indicative of an excessive purge rate or natural conditions related to excessive fines in the aquifer matrix.

If stabilization does not occur following the removal of a purge volume equal to three well volumes, a passive sample will be collected.

The direct-reading equipment used at each monitoring well will be calibrated in the field according to the manufacturer’s specifications prior to each day’s use and checked at a minimum at the end of each sampling day. Calibration information should be documented in the instrument’s calibration logbook and the field book.

Each well is to be sampled immediately following stabilization of the water quality monitoring parameters. The sampling flow rate must be maintained at a rate that is less than or equal to the purging rate. For volatile organic compounds, lower sampling rates (100 - 200 milliliters/minute) should be used. Final field parameter readings should be recorded prior to sampling.

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4.1.2.2 Standard Evacuation Procedures As presented low-flow is the preferred procedure for sampling groundwater at the site; however, if a situation arises in which a representative groundwater sample cannot be obtained using low-flow procedure, the monitoring well may be evacuated with peristaltic pump, a submersible pump, or a disposal bailer (if a situation prevents the use of a pump). If the pump is used to evacuate multiple wells, it and any other non-dedicated equipment will be decontaminated before use and between use at each well.

When utilizing standard evacuation procedures on a low-yield well (one that yields less than 0.5 gallon per minute), the monitoring well will be purged so that water is removed from the bottom of the screened interval. Low-yield wells will be evacuated to dryness once. However, at no time will a well be evacuated to dryness if the recharge rate causes the formation water to vigorously cascade down the sides of the screen and cause an accelerated loss of volatiles. Upon recharging of the well and no longer than 24 hours from completing the purge, the first sample will be field-tested for pH, temperature, specific conductivity, and turbidity. Samples will then be collected and containerized in the order of the volatilization sensitivity of the target constituents.

When utilizing standard evacuation procedures on a high-yield well (one that yields 0.5 gallon per minute or more), the monitoring well will be purged so that water is drawn down from above the screen in the uppermost part of the water column to ensure that fresh water from the formation will move upward in the screen. If a pump is used for purging, a high-yield well should be purged at less than 4 gallons per minute to prevent further well development.

Standard evacuation procedure requires that a minimum of three casing volumes be evacuated from each well prior to sampling. An alternative purge shall be considered complete if the monitoring well goes dry before removing the calculated minimum purge volume. The well casing volume for a 2-inch well will be calculated using the following formula:

Vc (gallons) = 0.163 x hwc

where:

Vc = volume of the casing (in cubic feet) = π x r2 x hwc; r = radius of the casing (in feet) = 0.083; hwc = height of the water column (i.e., monitoring well depth minus the measured depth to water); Vc (gallons) = Vc (in cubic feet) x 7.48 (gallons per cubic feet).

If disposable bailers are utilized for standard evacuation procedures, the bailers shall be equipped with a check valve and bottom-emptying device. The disposable bailer will be lowered gently into the monitoring well to minimize the possibility of degassing the water.

When using standard evacuation procedures, precautions to minimize turbidity in the samples will be taken (e.g., collecting samples most likely to be influenced by turbidity such as metals first). As with low-flow sampling procedure, the direct-reading equipment used at each monitoring well will be calibrated in the field according to the manufacturer’s specifications prior to each day’s use. Calibration information will be documented in the instrument’s calibration logbook and/or the field book.

4.1.2.3 Collection Unless otherwise specified, samples will be collected and containerized in the order described below:

Volatile Organic Compounds (SW- 846 Method 8260)

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Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SW- 846 Method 8270)

Herbicides (SW-846 Method 8151)

Pesticides (SW- 846 Method 8080)

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs; SW-846 Method 8082)

Cyanide and Sulfide

Total Metals

Field and General Chemistry Parameters (as applicable)

Whenever possible, samples will be transferred directly from field sampling equipment into pre-preserved, laboratory-supplied containers.

4.1.2.4 Decontamination Non-dedicated field equipment that is used for purging or sample collection shall be cleaned with a phosphate-free detergent (e.g., AlconoxTM), and triple-rinsed with distilled water. Any disposable tubing used with non-dedicated pumps should be discarded after use at each well. Clean, chemical-resistant nitrile gloves will be worn by sampling personnel during monitoring well evacuation and sample collection. Measures will be taken to prevent surface soils, which could introduce contaminants into the monitoring well during sampling, from coming in contact with the purging and sampling equipment.

4.2 Sample Preservation and Handling Upon containerizing groundwater samples, the samples will be packed into pre-chilled, ice-filled coolers and either hand-delivered or shipped overnight by a commercial carrier to a NC certified laboratory for analysis. Sample preservation methods will be used to retard biological action and hydrolysis, as well as to reduce sorption effects. These methods will include chemical preservation, cooling/refrigeration at 4º C, and protection from light.

4.3 Chain-of-Custody Program The chain-of-custody program will allow for tracing sample possession and handling from the time of field collection through laboratory analysis. The chain-of-custody program includes sample labels, sample seal, field logbook, and chain-of-custody record.

4.3.1 Sample Labels Legible labels sufficiently durable to remain legible when wet will contain the following information:

Site and sample identification number

Monitoring well number or other location

Date and time of collection

Name (or initials) of collector

Parameters to be analyzed

Preservative, if applicable

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4.3.2 Sample Seal The shipping container will be sealed to ensure that the samples have not been disturbed during transport to the laboratory. Sample seals should be labeled with instructions to notify the shipper if the seal is broken prior to receipt at the laboratory.

4.3.3 Field Logbook The field logbook will contain sheets documenting the following information:

Identification of the well

Well depth

Field meter calibration information

Static water level depth and measurement technique

Purge volume (given in gallons)

Time well was purged

Date and time of collection

Well sampling sequence

Types of sample containers used and sample identification numbers

Preservative used

Field analysis data and methods

Field observations on sampling event

Name of collector(s)

Climatic conditions including air temperatures and precipitation

4.3.4 Chain-of-Custody Record The chain-of-custody record is required for tracing sample possession from time of collection to time of receipt at the laboratory. A chain-of-custody record will accompany each individual shipment. The record will contain the following information:

Sample destination and transporter

Sample identification numbers

Signature of collector

Date and time of collection

Sample type

Identification of well

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Number of sample containers in shipping container

Parameters requested for analysis

Signature of person(s) involved in the chain of possession

Inclusive dates of possession

Internal temperature of shipping container upon opening in laboratory (noted by the laboratory)

A copy of the completed chain-of-custody form shall accompany the shipment and will be returned to the shipper after the shipping container reaches its destination. The chain-of-custody record will also be used as the analysis request or work order.

4.4 Analytical Procedures A laboratory certified by the NC DEQ will be utilized for analysis of the groundwater and surface water samples. Analyses will be performed in accordance with US EPA SW-846 methods in accordance with the US EPA guidance document (USEPA, 1997). The monitoring parameters are listed in Table 3, along with the proposed analytical methods. Alternate SW 846 methods may be used if they have the same or lower reporting limit. The laboratory should report to the method detection levels (MDLs) and should report at or below established groundwater and surface water standards, where applicable.

The laboratory certificates-of-analyses shall, at a minimum, include the following information:

• Narrative: Must include a brief description of the sample group (number and type of samples, field and associated lab sample identification numbers, preparation and analytical methods used). The data reviewer shall also include a statement that all holding times and Quality Control (QC) criteria were met, samples were received intact and properly preserved, with a brief discussion of any deviations potentially affecting data usability. This includes, but is not limited to, test method deviation(s), holding time violations, out-of-control incidents occurring during the processing of QC or field samples and corrective actions taken, and repeated analyses and reasons for the re-analyses (including, for example, contamination, failing surrogate recoveries, matrix effects, or dilutions). The narrative shall be signed by the laboratory director or authorized laboratory representative, signifying that all statements are true to the best of the reviewer’s knowledge, and that the data meet the data quality objectives as described in this plan (except as noted). One narrative is required for each sample group.

• Original Chain-of- Custody Form. • Target Analyte List (TAL)/Target Compound List (TCL): The laboratory shall list all compounds for which

the samples were analyzed. The TAL/TCL is typically included as part of the analytical reporting forms. • Dilution factors with a narrative of the sample results, including the reasons for the dilution (if any). • Blank Data: For organic analyses, the laboratory shall report the results of any method blanks, reagent

blanks, trip blanks, field blanks, and any other blanks associated with the sample group. For inorganic analyses, the laboratory shall provide the results of any preparation or initial calibration blanks associated with the sample group.

• QC Summary: The laboratory will provide summary forms detailing laboratory QC sample results, which include individual recoveries and relative percent differences (if appropriate) for the following Quality Assurance (QA)/QC criteria: surrogates, MS analyses, MSD analyses, LCS, and sample duplicate

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analyses. QC control limits shall also be reported; if any QC limits are exceeded, a flag or footnote shall be placed to indicate the affected samples.

• Additional QA data and/or other pertinent data may be reported as requested by the owner/operator of the facility.

4.5 Quality Assurance and Quality Control Program A field blank may be collected and analyzed during each monitoring event to verify that the sample collection and handling process has not affected the quality of the samples. The field blank will be prepared in the field and exposed to the sampling environment. As with all other samples, the time of the blank exposure will be recorded so that the sampling sequence is documented. The field blank will be analyzed for the same list of constituents as the groundwater samples.

The assessment of blank analysis results will be in general accordance with US EPA guidance documents (US EPA 1993 and 1994). No positive sample results will be relied upon unless the concentration of the compound in the sample exceeds ten (10) times the amount in any blank for common laboratory contaminants, or five (5) times the amount for other compounds. If necessary, re-sampling will be performed as necessary to confirm or refute suspect data; such re-sampling will occur within the individual compliance monitoring period.

Concentrations of any contaminants found in the blanks will be used to qualify the groundwater data. Any compound detected in the sample, which was also detected in any associated blank, will be qualified “B” when the sample concentration is less than five times the blank concentration. For common laboratory contaminants, the results will be qualified “B” when the reported sample concentration is less than ten times the blank concentration. The “B” qualifier designates that the reported detection is considered to represent cross-contamination and that the reported constituent is not considered to be present in the sample at the reported concentration.

5.0 STATISTICAL METHODS Statistical analysis of groundwater monitoring data is not required by regulation for landfill compliance. However, it is allowed by regulation for the purposes of determining naturally occurring (i.e., background) concentrations of constituents. If utilized, statistical evaluation of groundwater monitoring data will be performed in compliance with industry standards including the US EPA’s Unified Guidance Statistical Analysis of Groundwater Monitoring Data at RCRA Facilities (March 2009), Interim Final Guidance (April 1989), and the Addendum to Interim Final Guidance (July 1992).

6.0 SURFACE WATER MONITORING (RULE .0602) In accordance with Rule .0602 of the NCSWMR, surface water monitoring locations have been established to monitor surface water quality at the facility. There are no proposed changes to the current surface water monitoring network associated with this permit amendment. Four surface water locations (SW 1 through SW-4) will be monitored at the facility. The locations of proposed monitoring locations are shown on Drawing WQMP-1.

The upstream surface water monitoring point for both the MSW and C&D units (SW-2) which is located along Horse Creek. Currently, no downstream surface water monitoring location is accessible on the landfill property or via public access; therefore, several tributaries of Horse Creek are monitored instead. An additional upstream monitoring location (i.e., upstream of the active C&D landfill) is located along a tributary of Horse Creek near the southern property boundary and is known as SW-1. Downstream monitoring points SW-3 and SW-4 are downstream monitoring locations along unnamed tributaries to Horse Creek. Samples from SW-3 and SW-4 are

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collected at the property boundary where the unnamed tributaries exit the site as they flow toward Horse Creek. Samples shall be collected at each of these locations only if flowing water is observed during the sampling event.

As presented in Table 1, the surface water monitoring locations monitored include:

SW-1 Upstream (Second Creek) MSW/C&D

SW-2 Upstream (Second Creek) MSW/C&D

SW-3 Downstream (Unnamed Tributary) MSW/C&D

SW-4 Downstream (Unnamed Tributary) MSW/C&D

These surface water monitoring points will be sampled semi-annually for analysis of Appendix I constituents, and pH, specific conductivity, and temperature. The results of the analysis of the surface water data will be submitted to the SWS at least semi-annually in conjunction with the groundwater data. Data will be compared to applicable NC surface water standards, and those comparisons will be included with each submittal.

7.0 REFERENCES HDR Engineering, Inc. of the Carolinas (HDR), Assessment of Corrective Measures Report, Moore County

Landfill, NC SWP# 63-01, Submitted to NC DENR: July 29, 2005.

North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NC DEQ), Solid Waste Section (SWS), Guidelines for Groundwater, Soil, and Surface Water Sampling, April 2008.

North Carolina Geologic Survey (NCGS), Geologic Map of North Carolina, 1985.

Sohl, Norman F. and Owens, James P., Cretaceous Stratigraphy of the Carolinas Coastal Plain, The Geology of the Carolinas, pages 191-220, 1991.

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Signature Page

Golder Associates NC, Inc.

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Benjamin S. Draper, PG, PMP Rachel P. Kirkman, PG Senior Project Geologist Associate and Senior Consultant

BSD/RPK/bsd:

Golder and the G logo are trademarks of Golder Associates Corporation

g:\projects\moore county\_current engineering\2018 permit amendment (env)\monitoring plans\water quality monitoring plan\2019-11-14 draft wqm plan.docx

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TABLES

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Monitoring Point ID Current Status Background C&D Montoring Well MSW Monitoring Well MNA Monitoring WellMW-1 Active X XMW-2 Active X XMW-3 Active X XMW-4 Active X X XMW-5 Active X X X XMW-6 Active X XMW-7 Active X XMW-8 Active X XMW-9 Active X X

MW-11S Inactive1

MW-11SR Active X X XMW-11D Inactive1

MW-11DR Active XMW-13S Active XMW-13D Active XMW-14 Active X XMW-15 Inactive2

MW-15R Active X XMW-16S Active X XMW-16D Active XMW-17S Inactive3

MW-17D Inactive3

MW-18 Inactive3

SW-1 Active X XSW-2 Active X XSW-3 Active X XSW-4 Active X XPW-1 Active X

Monitoring Well ID Proposed Status Background C&D Montoring Well MSW Monitoring Well MNA Monitoring WellMW-1 Active X6 X6

MW-2 Active X6 X6

MW-3 Active X6 X6

MW-4 Active X XMW-5 Active X X X XMW-6 Active X XMW-7 Active X XMW-8 Active X XMW-9 Active X X

MW-11S To Be Decommissioned 4

MW-11SR Active X XMW-11D To Be Decommissioned 4

MW-11DR Active XMW-13S To Be Decommissioned 8

MW-13SR To Be Installed 8 XMW-13D To Be Decommissioned 8

MW-13DR To Be Installed 8 XMW-14 Active X5 XMW-15 Inactive2

MW-15R Active X XMW-16S Decommissioned 3

MW-16D Decommissioned 3

MW-17S Active XMW-17D Active XMW-18 Active XSW-1 Active X XSW-2 Active X XSW-3 Active X XSW-4 Active X XPW-1 Active X7

= Denotes change from current monitoring network

8.) The County is proposing to decommission monitoring wells MW-13S/D and replace them with MW-13SR/DR due to their close proximity to waste, the potential for the monitoring wells to be a pathway to groundwater, and the County's desire to include this area in the current permit ammendment waste disposal area.

Current Water Quality Monitoring Network

Proposed Water Quality Montioring Network

1.) Monitoring wells MW-11S/D were replaced by MW-11SR/DR on June 1, 2018 and May 31, 2018, respectively. The replacement of these monitoring wells was requested in the Assessment Monitoring Plan submitted by Golder on behalf of Moore County on January 5, 2018. The plan was subsequently approved by NC DEQ in a letter dated January 23, 2018. Monitoring wells MW-11S/D are currently monitored for water levels semi-annually.2.) Monitoring well MW-15 was replaced by MW-15R on May 29, 2018. The replacement was also requested in the Assessment Monitoring Plan submitted on January 5, 2018 and subsequently approved by NC DEQ in a letter dated January 23, 2018. In accordance with the Landfill Gas Remedation Plan, submitted by Golder on behalf of Moore County on January 31, 2018 and subsequently approved by NC DEQ on February 14, 2018, former groundwater monitoring well MW-15 was converted to a methane probe which will be used to assess the effectiveness of the recently installed landfill gas trench system.3.) Monitoring wells MW-17S, MW-17D, and MW-18 were installed as part of the current design hydrogeologic report. Moore County was granted permission to replace monitoring wells MW-16S/D with MW-17S/D by NC DEQ on February 22, 2019 due to concerns of the potential to compromise the integrity of these wells from site borrowing activities. Monitoring wells MW-16S/D were last sampled during the April 2019 sampling event and decommissioned on May 17, 2019.

6.) The County is proposing to monitor MW-1, MW-2, and MW-3 on a annual basis (during the fall of each year) as these wells are essentially nature and extent wells due to their location at the facility. The monitoring wells upgradient of these wells (i.e., closer the waste unit) will continue to be monitored on a semiannual basis. Continuous semiannual monitoring results are available for these wells dating back to April 2006; however, a few sample results are available which date to March 1990.7.) The County is proposing to monitor PW-1 (the Blake well adjacent to the closed MSW landfill) on an annual basis as there is significant available historical data. The Blake well PW-1 has been sampled on a semiannual basis since October 1996. Currently, the house is not occupied on a continuous basis.

5.) MW-14 is proposed a background well for the C&D landfill only.

X - Denotes inclusion in column group

4.) As part of this WQMP, Moore County is requesting to decommission MW-11S/D as these monitoring wells have been replaced. Existing monitoring well pair MW-11S/D are located within the proposed waste boundary. There is some concern that these monitoring wells, due to their location in a low lying area could potentially be a pathway for contaminents to reach the water table. Moore County is requesting that MW-11S/D be decommissioned upon approval of this Water Quality Monitoring Plan.

TABLE 1

Summary of Proposed Changes to the Groundwater Monitoring NetworkPermit Amendment (Lateral Expansion - Cell 6) - Design Hydrogeologic Report - Water Quality Monitoring Plan

Moore County Landfill, NC SWP No. 63-01Moore County, North Carolina

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Northing Easting

MW-1 06/05/87 508605.64 1854636.41 390.70 392.87 20 370.70 2 6.97 - 17.07 383.73 - 373.63 Sand Groundwater Monitoring Well (Active)

MW-2 06/06/87 508508.07 1853819.73 373.39 375.50 20 353.39 2 7.52 - 17.77 365.87 - 355.62 Sand Groundwater Monitoring Well (Active)

MW-3 06/06/87 508781.79 1852845.34 362.00 363.82 16.5 345.50 2 5.75 - 15.88 356.25 - 346.12 Sand and Silty Clay Groundwater Monitoring Well (Active)

MW-4 06/06/87 509793.80 1853641.22 363.40 366.19 15 348.40 2 4.28 - 14.09 359.12 - 349.31 Sand and Silty Clay Groundwater Monitoring Well (Active)

MW-5 06/06/87 510970.55 1853091.84 384.06 386.61 20 364.06 2 6.96 - 17.21 377.10 - 366.85 Sand and Clayey Sand Groundwater Monitoring Well (Active)

MW-6 03/06/95 510385.96 1853881.79 403.50 405.86 20 383.50 2 5.00 - 20.00 398.50 - 383.50 Sand to Silty Sand Groundwater Monitoring Well (Active)

MW-7 03/06/95 509783.24 1853820.43 399.20 402.01 20 379.20 2 4.00 - 19.00 395.20 - 380.20 Sand, Silt, Silty Sand, Clay Groundwater Monitoring Well (Active)

MW-8 03/06/95 509384.99 1853844.10 395.20 397.85 20 375.20 2 5.00 - 20.00 390.20 - 375.20 Sand, Silt, Silty Sand, Clay Groundwater Monitoring Well (Active)

MW-9 03/06/95 508964.80 1854268.28 403.70 406.06 30 373.70 2 15.00 - 30.00 388.70 - 373.70 Silty Sand Groundwater Monitoring Well (Active)

MW-11S 09/16/96 510361.58 1852939.03 380.36 382.34 20 360.36 2 5.00 - 20.00 375.36 - 360.36 Sand to Silty Sand Groundwater Monitoring Well (Proposed Decommissioning)

MW-11D 09/16/96 510342.65 1852938.03 380.03 383.05 40 340.03 2 30.00 - 40.00 350.03 - 340.03 Silty Sand Groundwater Monitoring Well (Proposed Decommissioning)

MW-11SR 06/01/18 510452.38 1852905.36 383.41 386.13 28 355.41 2 18.00 - 28.00 358.13 - 368.13 Clayey Sand Groundwater Monitoring Well (Active)

MW-11DR 05/31/18 510453.00 1852911.56 383.41 386.36 44 339.41 2 34.00 - 44.00 342.36 - 332.36 Sand Groundwater Monitoring Well (Active)

MW-13S 09/18/96 509580.75 1853131.47 386.35 388.88 20 366.35 2 5.00 - 20.00 381.35 -366.35 Sand to Silty Sand Groundwater Monitoring Well (Proposed Replacement & Decommissioning)

MW-13D 09/18/96 509568.07 1853130.65 385.65 388.04 40 345.65 2 30.00 - 40.00 355.65 - 345.65 Sand to Silty Sand Groundwater Monitoring Well (Proposed Replacement & Decommissioning)

MW-14 09/16/96 510056.32 1853641.99 397.88 400.58 20 377.88 2 5.00 - 20.00 392.88 - 377.88 Sand to Silty Sand Groundwater Monitoring Well (Active)

MW-15R 05/29/18 510589.03 1854391.51 428.81 431.48 47 381.81 2 37.00 - 47.00 384.48 - 374.48 Sand Groundwater Monitoring Well (Active)

MW-16S 04/17/03 509789.42 1852386.76 384.00 386.00 24 360.00 2 14.00 - 24.00 370.00 - 360.00 Sand to Silty Sand Decommissioned

MW-16D 04/17/03 509778.32 1852396.77 384.10 386.10 44 340.10 2 34.00 - 44.00 350.00 -340.00 Clay Decommissioned

MW-17S 06/04/18 509704.03 1852096.70 371.45 374.16 18.0 353.45 2 8.00 - 18.00 363.45 - 353.45 Sand Groundwater Monitoring Well (Active)

MW-17D 06/01/18 509693.71 1852101.52 372.05 374.56 34.0 338.05 2 29.00 - 34.00 343.05 - 338.05 Clay/Sandy-Clay Groundwater Monitoring Well (Active)

MW-18 06/04/18 509369.85 1852249.28 365.35 368.50 13 352.35 2 5.00 - 13.00 360.35 - 352.35 Gravel, Sand, Clay Groundwater Monitoring Well (Proposed)

Notes:1.) ft AMSL = feet above mean sea level2.) ft BGS = feet below ground surface3.) Well construction information for monitoring wells MW-1 through MW-16S/D collected from boring logs and well construction records from HDR Engineering, Inc. of the Carolinas July 2006 Water Quality Monitoring Plan. TOC and Ground Elevations are taken from the July 2005 Assessment of Corrective Measures Report and/or well records where available.

ScreenedInterval(ft bgs)

ScreenedInterval

(ft AMSL)Geology of Screened Interval Well Status

Permit Amendment (Lateral Expansion - Cell 6) - Design Hydrogeologic Report - Water Quality Monitoring Plan

TABLE 2

Summary of Groundwater Monitoring Well Construction Information

Moore County Landfill, NC SWP No. 63-01

Moore County, North Carolina

Total WellDepth(feet)

Well Depth Elevation (ft

AMSL)

Well Diameter(inches)

Well Identification Construction Date

Coordinates Ground SurfaceElevation(ft AMSL)

Measuring PointElevation(ft AMSL)

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Background Private Well

Parameters Methods MW-5 MW-4 MW-11SR MW-11DR MW-13SR MW-13DR MW-14 MW-17S MW-17D MW-18 MW-1 MW-2 MW-3 MW-6 MW-7 MW-8 MW-9 MW-15R SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 PW-1

Appendix I VOCs EPA 8260B X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Detected Appendix II VOCs1 EPA 8260B X X X X X X X

Appendix I Metals plus Fe & Mn EPA 6010/6020 X X X X X X X X X X

Mercury EPA 7470 X X X X X X X X X X

Chloride EPA 300.0 X X X X X X X X X X

Sulfate EPA 300.0 X X X X X X X X X X

Sulfide SM 4500S2 D-2011 X X X X X X X X X X

Total Alkalinity EPA 310.2 X X X X X X X X X X

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) SM 2540C-2011 X X X X X X X X X X

Appendix I VOCs EPA 8260B X X X X X X X X X X X X X

RCRA Metals EPA 6010/6020/7470 X X X X X X X X X X X X X

1,4-Dioxane EPA 8260C X X X X X X X X

Chloride EPA 300.0/300.1/9056 X X X X X X X X

Nitrate as N EPA 300.0/353.2/9056 X X X X X X X X X X X

Nitrate/Nitrite as N EPA 300.0/353.2/9056 X X X X X X X X X X X

Nitrite as N EPA 300.0/353.2/9056 X X X X X X X X X X X

Sulfate EPA 300.0/300.1/9056 X X X X X X X X

Sulfide SM 4500SD X X X X X X X X

Total Alkalinity EPA 310.2 X X X X X X X X

Total Organic Carbon (TOC) EPA 415.1/9060 X X X X X X X X X X

CO2, Ethane, Ethene, Methane RSK-175 X X X X X X X X X X

Volatile Fatty Acids2 Not Applicable 4 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2

Hydrogen2 AM20GAX X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2

pH Field Measurement X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Conductivity Field Measurement X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Temperature Field Measurement X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Dissolved Oxygen Field Measurement X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

ORP Field Measurement X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Water Level Field Measurement X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Ferrous Iron Field Measurement X X X X X X X X X X X

X - Denotes inclusion in column group

= Proposed to move these monitoring wells to annual monitoring (in the fall of each year) based on location from source and the existance of significant historical data.

1.) The only recent additional Appendix II constituent detected at the C&D monitoring network is Napthalene. Napthalene will continue to be monitored in select monitoring wells annually during the spring event within the C&D monitoring network in accordance with NCAC 13B .0545.

2.) Volatile fatty acids and dissolved hydrogen will continue to be monitored every 5 th year in accodance with a letter received from NC DEQ on April 18, 2008 and incorporated into a Corrective Action Evaluation Report (the next report will follow the sampling performed in 2021; therfore, VFAs and hydrogen will be collected next in 2021.

3.) VOCs = Volatile Organic Compounds

4.) No EPA method number currently exists for the analysis of volatile fatty acids.

.

Wat

er Q

ualit

y Pa

ram

eter

(Tak

en a

t Tim

e of

Sam

ple)

Surface Water Monitoring Network

Cor

rect

ive

Act

ion

Perf

orm

ance

(MN

A) M

onito

ring

Clo

sed

MSW

Lan

dfill

Ass

essm

ent M

onito

ring

Act

ive

C&

D L

andf

ill

MSW Monitoring Well NetworkC&D Monitoring Well Network

TABLE 3

Summary of Proposed Constituents and Analytical Methods

Permit Amendment (Lateral Expansion - Cell 6) - Design Hydrogeologic Report - Water Quality Monitoring Plan

Moore County Landfill, NC SWP No. 63-01

Moore County, North Carolina

1 of 1

DRAFT

November 2019 Project No. 1895531

Monitoring Location Monitoring NetworkSemi-Annual

(Spring & Fall)Annual

(Fall Only)MW-5 Site Background X

MW-4 Active C&D Landfill; Closed MSW Landfill X

MW-11SR Active C&D Landfill; Closed MSW Landfill X

MW-11DR Active C&D Landfill X

MW-13SR Active C&D Landfill X

MW-13DR Active C&D Landfill X

MW-14 Active C&D Landfill X

MW-17S Active C&D Landfill X

MW-17D Active C&D Landfill X

MW-18 Active C&D Landfill X

MW-1 Closed MSW Landfill X

MW-2 Closed MSW Landfill X

MW-3 Closed MSW Landfill X

MW-6 Closed MSW Landfill X

MW-7 Closed MSW Landfill X

MW-8 Closed MSW Landfill X

MW-9 Closed MSW Landfill X

MW-15R Closed MSW Landfill X

SW-1 Active C&D Landfill; Closed MSW Landfill X

SW-2 Active C&D Landfill; Closed MSW Landfill X

SW-3 Active C&D Landfill; Closed MSW Landfill X

SW-4 Active C&D Landfill; Closed MSW Landfill XPW-1 Closed MSW Landfill X

X - Denotes inclusion in column group

TABLE 4

Proposed Water Quality Monitoring SchedulePermit Amendment (Lateral Expansion - Cell 6) - Design Hydrogeologic Report - Water Quality Monitoring Plan

Moore County Landfill, NC SWP No. 63-01Moore County, North Carolina

1 of 1

DRAFT

DRAWINGS

DRAFT

CATCH

BASIN

CATCH

BASIN

CLOSEDMSW

LANDFILL

ACTIVEC&D

LANDFILL

SW-2

SW-4

SW-3

SW-1

MW-11DRMW-11SR

MW-15R

MW-17DMW-17S

MW-18

PZ-1

PZ-2

PZ-3

MW-7

MW-4

MW-16S

MW-16D

MW-3

MW-2

MW-1

MW-9

MW-8

MW-13SMW-13D

MW-14

MW-11D

MW-11S

MW-5

PW-1BLAKE RESIDENCE (PRIVATE WELL)

SCALEHOUSETRANSFER STATION OFFICE

MAINTENANCE SHOP

MW-6

(TO BE ABANDONED)

(TO BE ABANDONED)

(ABANDONED)

(ABANDONED)

(TO BE ABANDONED)

(TO BE ABANDONED)(TO BE ABANDONED)

(TO BE ABANDONED)

(TO BE ABANDONED)

MW-13SRMW-13DR

CONSULTANT

DESIGN

PREPARED

REVIEW

APPROVED

YYYY-MM-DD TITLE

PROJECT No. Rev.

PROJECTCLIENT

Pat

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T D

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OT

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IS S

HO

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, TH

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HE

ET

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FR

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: AN

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1895531PHASE004

DRAWING

10

2019-09-24

BSD

BSD

RPK

RPK

MOORE COUNTY LANDFILL (PERMIT #63-01)456 TURNING LEAF WAYABERDEEN, NORTH CAROLINA

MOORE COUNTY PUBLIC WORKSPO BOX 1927CARTHAGE, NORTH CAROLINA

WATER QUALITY MONITORING PLAN

STREAM, POND, AND WETLAND LIMITS

EXISTING 10 FT GROUND SURFACE CONTOUR

EXISTING 2 FT GROUND SURFACE CONTOUR

PROPERTY LINE

APPROXIMATE LIMITS OF WASTE

EXISTING ROAD

MONITORING WELL AND IDENTIFICATION

SURFACE WATER MONITORING POINT AND IDENTIFICATION

PROPOSED GROUNDWATER MONITORING WELL AND IDENTIFICATION

LEGEND

NOTES1. TOPOGRAPHIC CONTOUR INTERVAL = 2 FEET

2. PROPERTY BOUNDARY SURVEY BY JAMES L. WRIGHT DATED NOVEMBER 1984. ITS LOCATIONIS RELATIVE TO TOPOGRAPHY APPROXIMATE BY HDR ENGINEERING, INC.

3. EXISTING TOPOGRAPHY WITHIN ACTIVE AND PROPOSED LANDFILL PROVIDED BY MATTHEWSLAND SURVEYING & MAPPING, PLLC DATED APRIL 17, 2015 AND JUNE 2018.

4. MONITORING WELLS MW-6 THROUGH MW-16 SURVEYED APRIL 1995, SEPTEMBER 1996, ANDAPRIL 2003 BY HDR ENGINEERING INC./ ED BUCKNER RLS APRIL 17, 2015.

5. MONITORING WELLS MW-17S/D, MW-18, MW-11S/DR, MW-15R, PZ-1, PZ-2, AND PZ-3 WERESURVEYED BY FLEMING ENGINEERING ON JULY 2, 2018.

SITE LOCATION MAPNOT TO SCALE

SITE LOCATION

0

FEET

200 400

SCALE

MW-3

SW-2

MW-13SR

DRAFT

APPENDIX A

Boring Logs and Well Construction Records

DRAFT

0.00 - 4.00SAND, organics in upper 3", medium to fine, some clay, tan, moist,loose

4.00 - 7.00CLAY, lean clay with medium to fine sand, white and tan, stiff,W~PL and W<PL

7.00 - 10.00SILTY SAND, some clay, medium to fine, tan, red, and orange,loose to compact, mosit

10.00 - 18.00SAND, some silt, medium to fine, some coarse, tan, grey, white,and some purple, loose, wet

Boring completed at 18.00 ft

PortlandType I

Cement

1/4"Bentonite

Pellets

#2 FilterSand

0.010"SlottedScreen

SP

CL

SM

SP

367.45

364.45

361.45

353.45

4.00

7.00

10.00

ELE

VA

TIO

N(f

t)SAMPLES

RE

C

LOCATION: Aberdeen, NC

PIEZOMETERCONSTRUCTION

DETAILS

RECORD OF BOREHOLE MW-17S

DESCRIPTION

SOIL PROFILE

SHEET 1 of 1

DE

PT

H(f

t)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

LOG SCALE: 1 in = 5 ftDRILLING COMPANY: SAEDACCODRILLER: Stephan Smith

GA INSPECTOR: W. BallowCHECKED BY: Ben Draper, P.G.DATE: 9/3/19

PROJECT: Moore CountyPROJECT NUMBER: 1895531DRILLED DEPTH: 18.00 ft

DRILL RIG: Deidrich D-50DATE STARTED: 6/4/18DATE COMPLETED: 6/4/18

DEPTH W.L.: 11.79'ELEVATION W.L.: 362.37DATE W.L.: 6/11/18TIME W.L.: 1501

NORTHING: 509,704.03EASTING: 1,852,096.70GS ELEVATION: 371.45TOC ELEVATION: 374.16 ft

PIEZOMETERDIAGRAM and NOTES

WELL CASING Interval: 0'-8' Material: Schedule 40 PVC Diameter: 2" Joint Type: Threaded

WELL SCREEN Interval: 8'-18' Material: Schedule 40 PVC Diameter: 2 Slot Size: 0.010" End Cap:

FILTER PACK Interval: 6'-18' Type: #2 Filter Sand

FILTER PACK SEAL Interval: 4'-6' Type: 1/4" Bentonite Pellets

ANNULUS SEAL Interval: 0'-4' Type: Portland Type I

Cement

WELL COMPLETION Pad: 3'x3'x6" Protective Casing: Steel

DRILLING METHODSSoil Drill: 4.25 inch HSA

BO

RE

HO

LE R

EC

OR

D B

OR

ING

_LO

GS

.GP

J P

IED

MO

NT

.GD

T 8

/30/

19

DEPTH(ft)

US

CS

GR

AP

HIC

LOG

SA

MP

LE N

O.

ELEV.

TY

PE

370

365

360

355

350

345

340

335

DRAFT

1.80 2.00

2.00 2.00

2.00 2.00

2.00 2.00

2.00 2.00

2.00 2.00

2.00 2.00

2.00 2.00

2.00 2.00

2.00 2.00

1.00 2.00

2.00 2.00

2.00 2.00

2.00 2.00

2.00 2.00

2.00 2.00

2.00 2.00

2.00 2.00

0.00 - 0.30SAND with organics0.30 - 2.00SAND, medium to fine, tan, noncohesive,moist2.00 - 3.50SAND, medium to fine, tan, non-cohesive,moist3.50 - 4.00SANDY CLAY, medium sand, tan, cohesive,moist4.00 - 6.00CLAY, lean clay with medium to fine sandzones, whtie and tan, stiff clay, compactsand, moist6.00 - 6.50CLAY, lean clay with medium sand, tan,cohesive, W~PL6.50 - 7.25SAND, medium to fine, tan, non-cohesive,compact, moist7.25 - 8.00SILTY SAND, medium to fine, red,non-cohesive, compact, moist8.00 - 9.00CLAYEY SAND, medium to fine, orange,non-cohesive, loose, moist9.00 - 10.00CLAYEY SAND, medium to fine, orange,non-cohesive, loose, wet10.00 - 12.00SILTY SAND, medium to fine, tan to grey,non-cohesive, loose, moist12.00 - 14.00SAND, coarse to medium, purple to white,non-cohesive, loose, wet14.00 - 16.00SAND, coarse to medium, tan with purplestreaks, non-cohesive, loose, moist16.00 - 18.00SAND, coarse to medium, tan with purplestreaks, non-cohesive, loose, moist18.00 - 19.00SAND, coarse to medium, tan with purplestreaks, non-cohesive, loose, moist19.00 - 20.00CLAY, fat clay with fine sand, grey to purple,cohesive, dry, dense, W<PL20.00 - 22.00CLAY, fat clay with fine sand, grey to purple,cohesive, dry, dense, W<PL22.00 - 24.00CLAY, fat clay with fine sand, dark grey topurple, cohesive, dense, W<PL24.00 - 26.00CLAY, fat clay with medium sand, light grey,cohesive, stiff, W~PL26.00 - 28.00CLAY, fat clay with coarse to medium sand,pink to grey, cohesive, stiff, W~PL28.00 - 30.00SANDY CLAY, medium sand, tan, cohesive,firm, W~PL30.00 - 32.00SANDY CLAY, medium sand, tan, cohesive,firm, W~PL

32.00 - 34.00SANDY CLAY, medium sand, tan, cohesive,firm, W~PL

34.00 - 36.00CLAY, fat clay, grey, cohesive, stiff, W<PL

Boring completed at 34.00 ft

PortlandType I

Cement

1/4"Bentonite

Pellets

#2 FilterSand

0.010"SlottedScreen

1-1-2-1

2-1-4-6

3-5-7-11

5-7-9-10

4-4-4-4

2-1-1-1

1-2-2-4

3-1-4-4

3-1-2-2

2-3-4-30

4-39-50

12-22-30-36

5-12-20-23

6-11-19-19

5-7-8-10

2-4-7-8

3-4-8-8

12-15-20

3

5

12

16

8

2

4

5

3

7

>50

>50

32

30

15

11

12

27

SP

SP

SP

CLS

CLS

CLS

SP

SM

SC

SC

SM

SP

SP

SP

SP

CL

CL

CL

CL

CL

CLS

CLS

CLS

CL

370.05

368.55368.05

366.05365.55

364.8

364.05

363.05

362.05

360.05

358.05

356.05

354.05

353.05

352.05

350.05

348.05

346.05

344.05

342.05

340.05

338.05

336.05

0.30

2.00

4.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

18.00

19.00

20.00

22.00

24.00

26.00

28.00

30.00

32.00

34.00

36.00

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

SP

TS

PT

SP

TS

PT

SP

TS

PT

SP

TS

PT

SP

TS

PT

SP

TS

PT

SP

TS

PT

SP

TS

PT

SP

TS

PT

ELE

VA

TIO

N(f

t)SAMPLES

RE

C

LOCATION: Aberdeen, NC

PIEZOMETERCONSTRUCTION

DETAILS

RECORD OF BOREHOLE MW-17D

DESCRIPTION

SOIL PROFILE

SHEET 1 of 1

DE

PT

H(f

t)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

LOG SCALE: 1 in = 5 ftDRILLING COMPANY: SAEDACCODRILLER: Stephan Smith

GA INSPECTOR: D. ReedyCHECKED BY: Ben Draper, P.G.DATE: 9/3/19

PROJECT: Moore CountyPROJECT NUMBER: 1895531DRILLED DEPTH: 34.00 ft

DRILL RIG: Deidrich D-50DATE STARTED: 6/1/18DATE COMPLETED: 6/1/18

DEPTH W.L.: 17.22'ELEVATION W.L.: 357.34DATE W.L.: 6/11/2018TIME W.L.: 1502

NORTHING: 509,693.71EASTING: 1,852,101.52GS ELEVATION: 372.05TOC ELEVATION: 374.56 ft

PIEZOMETERDIAGRAM and NOTES

WELL CASING Interval: 0'-29' Material: Schedule 40 PVC Diameter: 2" Joint Type: Threaded

WELL SCREEN Interval: 29'-34' Material: Schedule 40 PVC Diameter: 2 Slot Size: 0.010" End Cap:

FILTER PACK Interval: 27'-34' Type: #2 Filter Sand

FILTER PACK SEAL Interval: 25'-27' Type: 1/4" Bentonite Pellets

ANNULUS SEAL Interval: 0'-25' Type: Portland Type I

Cement

WELL COMPLETION Pad: 3'x3'x6" Protective Casing: Steel

DRILLING METHODSSoil Drill: 4.25 inch HSA

BO

RE

HO

LE R

EC

OR

D B

OR

ING

_LO

GS

.GP

J P

IED

MO

NT

.GD

T 8

/30/

19

N-V

ALU

E

140 lb hammer30 inch drop

BLOWSper 6 in

DEPTH(ft)

US

CS

GR

AP

HIC

LOG

SA

MP

LE N

O.

ELEV.

TY

PE

370

365

360

355

350

345

340

335

DRAFT

1.70 2.00

1.80 2.00

1.80 2.00

2.00 2.00

2.00 2.00

2.00 2.00

1.90 1.90

0.00 - 2.00SAND, fine to medium sand, dark brown toblack from 0'-0.7', tan 0.7'-2', very loose, dry

2.00 - 4.00SAND, medium to coarse sand, ~60%quartz, tan, light brown, some orange-brownin bottom, uniformly graded, loose, moist

4.00 - 6.00SAND, some gravel from 5.5'-6', medium tocoarse sand, brown, tan brown,orange-brown, loose, wet

6.00 - 8.00SAND, trace clay, medium to coarse sand,~70% quartz sand, light brown, subangularto subrounded, uniformly graded, loose, wet

8.00 - 10.00GRAVELLY SAND, trace clay, medium tocoarse sand, light brown from 8'-9', lightgrey from 9'-10', very loose, wet

10.00 - 12.00GRAVELLY SAND, some clay 11'-12' ,medium to coarse sand, light brown, lightgrey, some purple (clay), very loose, wet

12.00 - 13.00SAND, some gravel, medium to coarsesand, ~60% quartz sand, subangular tosubrounded, light brown, light grey, dense,wet13.00 - 14.00SANDY CLAY, some silt, light grey mottledorange and purple, hard, dry, W<PL

Boring completed at 13.00 ft

PortlandType I

Cement1/4"

BentonitePellets

#2 FilterSand

0.010"SlottedScreen

1-2-2-3

2-3-2-5

1-2-6-7

5-3-2-3

1-1-2-6

2-1-1/12"

14-15-16-50

4

5

8

5

3

2

31

SP

SP

SP

SP

SPG

SPG

SP

CLS

363.35

361.35

359.35

357.35

355.35

353.35

352.35

351.35

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

13.00

14.00

1

2

3

4

5

6

7S

PT

SP

TS

PT

SP

TS

PT

SP

TS

PT

ELE

VA

TIO

N(f

t)SAMPLES

RE

C

LOCATION: Aberdeen, NC

PIEZOMETERCONSTRUCTION

DETAILS

RECORD OF BOREHOLE MW-18

DESCRIPTION

SOIL PROFILE

SHEET 1 of 1

DE

PT

H(f

t)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

LOG SCALE: 1 in = 5 ftDRILLING COMPANY: SAEDACCODRILLER: Stephan Smith

GA INSPECTOR: W. BallowCHECKED BY: Ben Draper, P.G.DATE: 9/3/19

PROJECT: Moore CountyPROJECT NUMBER: 1895531DRILLED DEPTH: 13.00 ft

DRILL RIG: Deidrich D-50DATE STARTED: 6/4/18DATE COMPLETED: 6/4/18

DEPTH W.L.: 7.12'ELEVATION W.L.: 361.38DATE W.L.: 6/11/2018TIME W.L.: 1459

NORTHING: 509,369.85EASTING: 1,852,249.28GS ELEVATION: 365.35TOC ELEVATION: 368.5 ft

PIEZOMETERDIAGRAM and NOTES

WELL CASING Interval: 0'-5' Material: Schedule 40 PVC Diameter: 2" Joint Type: Threaded

WELL SCREEN Interval: 5'-13' Material: Schedule 40 PVC Diameter: 2 Slot Size: 0.010" End Cap:

FILTER PACK Interval: 3'-13' Type: #2 Filter Sand

FILTER PACK SEAL Interval: 1'-2' Type: 1/4" Bentonite Pellets

ANNULUS SEAL Interval: 0'-1' Type: Portland Type I

Cement

WELL COMPLETION Pad: 3'x3'x6" Protective Casing: Steel

DRILLING METHODSSoil Drill: 4.25 inch HSA

BO

RE

HO

LE R

EC

OR

D B

OR

ING

_LO

GS

.GP

J P

IED

MO

NT

.GD

T 8

/30/

19

N-V

ALU

E

140 lb hammer30 inch drop

BLOWSper 6 in

DEPTH(ft)

US

CS

GR

AP

HIC

LOG

SA

MP

LE N

O.

ELEV.

TY

PE

365

360

355

350

345

340

335

330

DRAFT

DRAF

T

DRAF

T

DRAFT

DRAFT

DRAFT

1.80 2.00

1.70 2.00

0.30 2.00

0.20 2.00

1.00 2.00

0.20 2.00

1.00 2.00

1.20 2.00

1.50 2.00

2.00 2.00

2.00 2.00

2.00 2.00

2.00 2.00

2.00 2.00

2.00 2.00

1.00 2.00

2.00 2.00

2.00 2.00

2.00 2.00

2.00 2.00

0.00 - 0.30Organic layer0.30 - 0.50CLAY with medium sand0.50 - 2.00SAND, medium sand, little clay, yellow,loose, dry2.00 - 4.00SILTY SAND, medium sand, little fine sand,silt, black, very loose, moist (FIIL)4.00 - 6.00SILTY SAND, medium sand, little fine sand,trace coarse sand, silt, black, very loose,moist (FIIL)6.00 - 8.00FILL, brick debris

8.00 - 10.00SAND FILL, medium, brick debris, black,loose, moist

10.00 - 12.00FILL, brick debris

12.00 - 14.00SANDY CLAY, fine to medium sand, lightgrey, soft, W~PL

14.00 - 16.00SANDY CLAY, fine to medium sand, lightgrey, very soft, W~PL

16.00 - 18.00SAND, medium sand, little to trace silt andclay, yellow, saturated

18.00 - 20.00SAND, medium sand, little to trace silt andclay, yellow, saturated

20.00 - 22.00SAND, medium sand, little to trace silt andclay, trace coarse sand and clay nodules,yellow, saturated22.00 - 24.00SAND, medium sand, little to trace silt, tracecoarse sand, pink to brown to lightbrown/tan, saturated24.00 - 26.00SAND, medium sand, trace fine and coarsesand, trace clay and silt, pink to white,compact, saturated26.00 - 28.00SAND, medium sand, trace fine and coarsesand, trace gravel, trace clay and silt, pinkto white, compact, saturated28.00 - 30.00SAND, medium sand, trace coarse and finesand, trace silt and clay, pink to light grey,white, compact, saturated30.00 - 32.00SAND, medium and coarse sand, trace siltand clay, pinkish white to tan, very loose,saturated32.00 - 34.00SAND, medium and coarse sand, trace siltand clay, pinkish white to tan, very loose,saturated34.00 - 36.00SAND, medium and coarse sand, trace siltand clay, trace fine gravel, pinkish white totan, very loose, saturated36.00 - 38.00SAND, medium and coarse sand, trace siltand clay, trace fine gravel, pinkish white totan, very loose, saturated38.00 - 40.00SAND, medium sand, trace silt and clay,white, loose, saturated

PortlandType I

Cement

1/4"Bentonite

Pellets

#2 FilterSand

0.010"

2-3-3-4

2-1-1-6

2-4-6-8

7-4-4-6

8-5-4-7

6-5-3-2

2-2-2-3

2-1/12"-5

5-2-3-5

4-5-6-5

1-1-3-5

0-2-3-3

2-4-1-12

2-6-9-16

2-4-7-15

1/12"-3-4

2-3-9-10

3-3-6-11

3-3-6-11

4-2-4-8

6

2

10

8

9

8

4

1

5

11

4

5

5

15

11

3

12

9

9

6

CL

SC

SM

SM

FILL

FILL

FILL

CLS

CLS

SP

SP

SP

SP

SP

SP

SP

SP

SP

SP

SP

SW

381.41

379.41

377.41

375.41

373.41

371.41

369.41

367.41

365.41

363.41

361.41

359.41

357.41

355.41

353.41

351.41

349.41

347.41

345.41

343.41

0.50

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

18.00

20.00

22.00

24.00

26.00

28.00

30.00

32.00

34.00

36.00

38.00

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

SPT

SPT

SPT

SPT

SPT

SPT

SPT

SPT

SPT

SPT

SPT

SPT

SPT

SPT

SPT

SPT

SPT

SPT

SPT

SPT

ELE

VAT

ION

(ft) WELL

CONSTRUCTIONDETAILS

SAMPLES

REC

LOCATION: Aberdeen, NC

RECORD OF BOREHOLE MW-11DR

DESCRIPTION

SOIL PROFILE

SHEET 1 of 2

Log continued on next page

DEP

TH(ft

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

LOG SCALE: 1 in = 5 ftDRILLING COMPANY: SAEDACCODRILLER: Stephan Smith

GA INSPECTOR: W. BallowCHECKED BY: Ben Draper, P.G.DATE:

PROJECT: Moore CountyPROJECT NUMBER: 1895531DRILLED DEPTH: 44.00 ft

DRILL RIG: Deidrich D-50DATE STARTED: 5/31/18DATE COMPLETED: 5/31/18

DEPTH W.L.: 15.94'ELEVATION W.L.: 370.42DATE W.L.: 6/11/18TIME W.L.: 1435

NORTHING: 510,453.00EASTING: 1,852,911.56GS ELEVATION: 383.41TOC ELEVATION: 386.36 ft

MONITORING WELL/PIEZOMETER

DIAGRAM and NOTES

WELL CASING Interval: 0'-34' Material: Schedule 40 PVC Diameter: 2" Joint Type: Threaded

WELL SCREEN Interval: 34'-44' Material: Schedule 40 PVC Diameter: 2 Slot Size: 0.010" End Cap:

FILTER PACK Interval: 32'-44' Type: #2 Filter Sand

FILTER PACK SEAL Interval: 30'-32' Type: 1/4" Bentonite Pellets

ANNULUS SEAL Interval: 0'-30' Type: Portland Type I

Cement

WELL COMPLETION Pad: 3'x3'x6" Protective Casing: Steel

DRILLING METHODSSoil Drill: 4.25 inch HSARock Drill: N/A

BO

RE

HO

LE R

ECO

RD

BO

RIN

G_L

OG

S.G

PJ P

IED

MO

NT.

GD

T 7

/17/

18

N-V

ALU

E

140 lb hammer30 inch drop

BLOWSper 6 in

DEPTH(ft)

USC

S

GR

APH

ICLO

G

SAM

PLE

NO

.

ELEV.

TYP

E

380

375

370

365

360

355

350

345

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1.00 2.00

2.00 2.00

40.00 - 42.00SAND, fine san, trace medium sand, clay,and silt, pink to white, loose, saturated

42.00 - 43.00SAND, fine san, trace medium sand, clay,and silt, pink to white, loose, saturated43.00 - 43.50SAND, medium sand, fine gravel, yellow,compact, saturated43.50 - 44.00SANDY CLAY

Boring completed at 44.00 ft

SlottedScreen

4-2-3-8

3-5-6-9

5

11

SW

SW

SWCLS

341.41

340.41339.91339.41

40.00

42.00

21

22

SPT

SPT

ELE

VAT

ION

(ft) WELL

CONSTRUCTIONDETAILS

SAMPLES

REC

LOCATION: Aberdeen, NC

RECORD OF BOREHOLE MW-11DR

DESCRIPTION

SOIL PROFILE

SHEET 2 of 2

DEP

TH(ft

)

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

LOG SCALE: 1 in = 5 ftDRILLING COMPANY: SAEDACCODRILLER: Stephan Smith

GA INSPECTOR: W. BallowCHECKED BY: Ben Draper, P.G.DATE:

PROJECT: Moore CountyPROJECT NUMBER: 1895531DRILLED DEPTH: 44.00 ft

DRILL RIG: Deidrich D-50DATE STARTED: 5/31/18DATE COMPLETED: 5/31/18

DEPTH W.L.: 15.94'ELEVATION W.L.: 370.42DATE W.L.: 6/11/18TIME W.L.: 1435

NORTHING: 510,453.00EASTING: 1,852,911.56GS ELEVATION: 383.41TOC ELEVATION: 386.36 ft

MONITORING WELL/PIEZOMETER

DIAGRAM and NOTES

WELL CASING Interval: 0'-34' Material: Schedule 40 PVC Diameter: 2" Joint Type: Threaded

WELL SCREEN Interval: 34'-44' Material: Schedule 40 PVC Diameter: 2 Slot Size: 0.010" End Cap:

FILTER PACK Interval: 32'-44' Type: #2 Filter Sand

FILTER PACK SEAL Interval: 30'-32' Type: 1/4" Bentonite Pellets

ANNULUS SEAL Interval: 0'-30' Type: Portland Type I

Cement

WELL COMPLETION Pad: 3'x3'x6" Protective Casing: Steel

DRILLING METHODSSoil Drill: 4.25 inch HSARock Drill: N/A

BO

RE

HO

LE R

ECO

RD

BO

RIN

G_L

OG

S.G

PJ P

IED

MO

NT.

GD

T 7

/17/

18

N-V

ALU

E

140 lb hammer30 inch drop

BLOWSper 6 in

DEPTH(ft)

USC

S

GR

APH

ICLO

G

SAM

PLE

NO

.

ELEV.

TYP

E

340

335

330

325

320

315

310

305

DRAFT

0.00 - 0.30Organic material0.30 - 0.50CLAY0.50 - 3.00SAND, medium tan3.00 - 12.00SAND, black, fill, moist, non-cohesive, loose, moist

12.00 - 13.00Silty SAND, grey, non-cohesive, loose, moist13.00 - 14.00CLAY, fat clay with medium sand, grey, cohesive, moist, W~PL14.00 - 18.00CLAY, lean clay with medium sand, red, cohesive, moist, W~PL

18.00 - 28.00CLAYEY SAND, coarse, tan, non-cohesive, wet

Boring completed at 28.00 ft

PortlandType I

Cement

1/4"Bentonite

Pellets

#2 FilterSand

0.010"SlottedScreen

CL

SC

SC

SM

CH

CH

SC

380.41

371.41

370.41

369.41

365.41

355.41

0.50

3.00

12.00

13.00

14.00

18.00

ELE

VAT

ION

(ft) WELL

CONSTRUCTIONDETAILS

SAMPLES

REC

LOCATION: Aberdeen, NC

RECORD OF BOREHOLE MW-11SR

DESCRIPTION

SOIL PROFILE

SHEET 1 of 1

DEP

TH(ft

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

LOG SCALE: 1 in = 5 ftDRILLING COMPANY: SAEDACCODRILLER: Stephan Smith

GA INSPECTOR: D. ReedyCHECKED BY: Ben Draper, P.G.DATE:

PROJECT: Moore CountyPROJECT NUMBER: 1895531DRILLED DEPTH: 28.00 ft

DRILL RIG: Deidrich D-50DATE STARTED: 6/1/18DATE COMPLETED: 6/1/18

DEPTH W.L.: 15.89'ELEVATION W.L.: 370.24DATE W.L.: 6/11/2018TIME W.L.: 1450

NORTHING: 510,452.38EASTING: 1,852,905.36GS ELEVATION: 383.41TOC ELEVATION: 386.13 ft

MONITORING WELL/PIEZOMETER

DIAGRAM and NOTES

WELL CASING Interval: 0'-18' Material: Schedule 40 PVC Diameter: 2" Joint Type: Threaded

WELL SCREEN Interval: 18'-28' Material: Schedule 40 PVC Diameter: 2 Slot Size: 0.010" End Cap:

FILTER PACK Interval: 16'-28' Type: #2 Filter Sand

FILTER PACK SEAL Interval: 14'-16' Type: 1/4" Bentonite Pellets

ANNULUS SEAL Interval: 0'-14' Type: Portland Type I

Cement

WELL COMPLETION Pad: 3'x3'x6" Protective Casing: Steel

DRILLING METHODSSoil Drill: 4.25 inch HSARock Drill: N/A

BO

RE

HO

LE R

ECO

RD

BO

RIN

G_L

OG

S.G

PJ P

IED

MO

NT.

GD

T 7

/17/

18

DEPTH(ft)

USC

S

GR

APH

ICLO

G

SAM

PLE

NO

.

ELEV.

TYP

E

380

375

370

365

360

355

350

345

DRAFT

DRAF

T

DRAF

T

DRAF

T

DRAF

T

DRAF

T

DRAF

T

DRAF

T

DRAF

T

DRAF

T

DRAF

T

DRAF

T

DRAF

T

DRAF

T

DRAF

T

DRAF

T

DRAF

T

DRAF

T

DRAF

T

DRAF

T

DRAF

T

DRAF

T

DRAF

T

DRAF

T

DRAF

T

DRAF

T

DRAF

T

APPENDIX B

Groundwater Protection Compliance Standards -

Constituents List

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APPENDIX C

Solid Waste Section Guidelines for Groundwater, Soil, and Surface

Water Sampling

DRAFT

Solid Waste Section Guidelines for Groundwater, Soil, and Surface Water Sampling STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SOLID WASTE SECTION General Sampling Procedures The following guidance is provided to insure a consistent sampling approach so that sample collection activities at solid waste management facilities provide reliable data. Sampling must begin with an evaluation of facility information, historical environmental data and site geologic and hydrogeologic conditions. General sampling procedures are described in this document. Planning Begin sampling activities with planning and coordination. The party contracting with the laboratory is responsible for effectively communicating reporting requirements and evaluating data reliability as it relates to specific monitoring activities. Sample Collection Contamination Prevention

a.) Take special effort to prevent cross contamination or environmental contamination when collecting samples.

1. If possible, collect samples from the least contaminated sampling location (or background sampling location, if applicable) to the most contaminated sampling location.

2. Collect the ambient or background samples first, and store them in separate ice chests or separate shipping containers within the same ice chest (e.g. untreated plastic bags).

3. Collect samples in flowing water at designated locations from upstream to downstream.

b.) Do not store or ship highly contaminated samples (concentrated wastes, free product, etc.) or samples suspect of containing high concentrations of contaminants in the same ice chest or shipping containers with other environmental samples.

1. Isolate these sample containers by sealing them in separate, untreated plastic bags immediately after collecting, preserving, labeling, etc.

2. Use a clean, untreated plastic bag to line the ice chest or shipping container.

c.) All sampling equipment should be thoroughly decontaminated and transported in a manner that does not allow it to become contaminated. Arrangements should be made ahead of time to decontaminate any sampling or measuring equipment that will be reused when taking samples from more than one well. Field decontamination of

Rev 4-08 1

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sampling equipment will be necessary before sampling each well to minimize the risk of cross contamination. Decontamination procedures should be included in reports as necessary. Certified pre-cleaned sampling equipment and containers may be used. When collecting aqueous samples, rinse the sample collection equipment with a portion of the sample water before taking the actual sample. Sample containers do not need to be rinsed. In the case of petroleum hydrocarbons, oil and grease, or containers with pre-measured preservatives, the sample containers cannot be rinsed.

d.) Place all fuel-powered equipment away from, and downwind of, any site activities (e.g., purging, sampling, decontamination).

1. If field conditions preclude such placement (i.e., the wind is from the upstream direction in a boat), place the fuel source(s) as far away as possible from the sampling activities and describe the conditions in the field notes.

2. Handle fuel (i.e., filling vehicles and equipment) prior to the sampling day. If such activities must be performed during sampling, the personnel must wear disposable gloves.

3. Dispense all fuels downwind. Dispose of gloves well away from the sampling activities.

Filling Out Sample Labels Fill out label, adhere to vial and collect sample. Print legibly with indelible ink. At a minimum, the label or tag should identify the sample with the following information:

1. Sample location and/or well number 2. Sample identification number 3. Date and time of collection 4. Analysis required/requested 5. Sampler’s initials 6. Preservative(s) used, if any [i.e., HCl, Na2S2O3, NO3, ice, etc.] 7. Any other pertinent information for sample identification

Sample Collection Order Unless field conditions justify other sampling regimens, collect samples in the following order:

1. Volatile Organics and Volatile Inorganics 2. Extractable Organics, Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Aggregate Organics and

Oil and Grease 3. Total Metals 4. Inorganic Nonmetallics, Physical and Aggregate Properties, and

Biologicals 5. Microbiological

NOTE: If the pump used to collect groundwater samples cannot be used to collect volatile or extractable organics then collect all other parameters and withdraw the pump and tubing. Then collect the volatile and extractable organics.

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Health and Safety Implement all local, state, and federal requirements relating to health and safety. Follow all local, state and federal requirements pertaining to the storage and disposal of any hazardous or investigation derived wastes.

a.) The Solid Waste Section recommends wearing protective gloves when conducting all sampling activities.

1. Gloves serve to protect the sample collector from potential exposure to sample constituents, minimize accidental contamination of samples by the collector, and preserve accurate tare weights on preweighed sample containers.

2. Do not let gloves come into contact with the sample or with the interior or lip of the sample container. Use clean, new, unpowdered and disposable gloves. Various types of gloves may be used as long as the construction materials do not contaminate the sample or if internal safety protocols require greater protection.

3. Note that certain materials that may potentially be present in concentrated effluent can pass through certain glove types and be absorbed in the skin. Many vendor catalogs provide information about the permeability of different gloves and the circumstances under which the glove material might be applicable. The powder in powdered gloves can contribute significant contamination. Powdered gloves are not recommended unless it can be demonstrated that the powder does not interfere with the sample analysis.

4. Change gloves after preliminary activities, after collecting all the samples at a single sampling point, if torn or used to handle extremely dirty or highly contaminated surfaces. Properly dispose of all used gloves as investigation derived wastes.

b.) Properly manage all investigation derived waste (IDW). 5. To prevent contamination into previously uncontaminated areas, properly

manage all IDW. This includes all water, soil, drilling mud, decontamination wastes, discarded personal protective equipment (PPE), etc. from site investigations, exploratory borings, piezometer and monitoring well installation, refurbishment, abandonment, and other investigative activities. Manage all IDW that is determined to be RCRA-regulated hazardous waste according to the local, state and federal requirements.

6. Properly dispose of IDW that is not a RCRA-regulated hazardous waste but is contaminated above the Department’s Soil Cleanup Target Levels or the state standards and/or minimum criteria for ground water quality. If the drill cuttings/mud orpurged well water is contaminated with hazardous waste, contact the DWM Hazardous Waste Section (919-508-8400) for disposal options. Maintain all containers holding IDW in good condition. Periodically inspect the containers for damage and ensure that all required labeling (DOT, RCRA, etc.) are clearly visible.

Rev 4-08 3

DRAFT

Sample Storage and Transport Store samples for transport carefully. Pack samples to prevent from breaking and to maintain a temperature of approximately 4 degrees Celsius (°C), adding ice if necessary. Transport samples to a North Carolina-certified laboratory as soon as possible. Avoid unnecessary handling of sample containers. Avoid heating (room temperature or above, including exposure to sunlight) or freezing of the sample containers. Reduce the time between sample collection and delivery to a laboratory whenever possible and be sure that the analytical holding times of your samples can be met by the laboratory.

a.) A complete chain-of-custody (COC) form must be maintained to document all transfers and receipts of the samples. Be sure that the sample containers are labeled with the sample location and/or well number, sample identification, the date and time of collection, the analysis to be performed, the preservative added (if any), the sampler’s initials, and any other pertinent information for sample identification. The labels should contain a unique identifier (i.e., unique well numbers) that can be traced to the COC form. The details of sample collection must be documented on the COC. The COC must include the following:

1. Description of each sample (including QA/QC samples) and the number of containers (sample location and identification)

2. Signature of the sampler 3. Date and time of sample collection 4. Analytical method to be performed 5. Sample type (i.e., water or soil) 6. Regulatory agency (i.e., NCDENR/DWM – SW Section) 7. Signatures of all persons relinquishing and receiving custody of the

samples 8. Dates and times of custody transfers

b.) Pack samples so that they are segregated by site, sampling location or by sample analysis type. When COC samples are involved, segregate samples in coolers by site. If samples from multiple sites will fit in one cooler, they may be packed in the same cooler with the associated field sheets and a single COC form for all. Coolers should not exceed a maximum weight of 50 lbs. Use additional coolers as necessary. All sample containers should be placed in plastic bags (segregated by analysis and location) and completely surrounded by ice.

1. Prepare and place trip blanks in an ice filled cooler before leaving for the field.

2. Segregate samples by analysis and place in sealable plastic bags. 3. Pack samples carefully in the cooler placing ice around the samples. 4. Review the COC. The COC form must accompany the samples to the

laboratory. The trip blank(s) must also be recorded on the COC form. 5. Place completed COC form in a waterproof bag, sealed and taped under

the lid of the cooler. 6. Secure shipping containers with strapping tape to avoid accidental

opening. 7. For COC samples, a tamper-proof seal may also be placed over the cooler

lid or over a bag or container containing the samples inside the shipping cooler.

Rev 4-08 4

DRAFT

8. "COC" or "EMERG" should be written in indelible ink on the cooler seal to alert sample receipt technicians to priority or special handling samples.

9. The date and sample handler's signature must also be written on the COC seal.

10. Deliver the samples to the laboratory or ship by commercial courier. NOTE: If transport time to the laboratory is not long enough to allow samples to be cooled to 4° C, a temperature reading of the sample source must be documented as the field temperature on the COC form. A downward trend in temperature will be adequate even if cooling to 4° C is not achieved. The field temperature should always be documented if there is any question as to whether samples will have time to cool to 4° C during shipment. Thermometers must be calibrated annually against an NIST traceable thermometer and documentation must be retained.

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DRAFT

Appendix A - Decontamination of Field Equipment Decontamination of personnel, sampling equipment, and containers - before and after sampling - must be used to ensure collection of representative samples and to prevent the potential spread of contamination. Decontamination of personnel prevents ingestion and absorption of contaminants. It must be done with a soap and water wash and deionized or distilled water rinse. Certified pre-cleaned sampling equipment and containers may also be used. All previously used sampling equipment must be properly decontaminated before sampling and between sampling locations. This prevents the introduction of contamination into uncontaminated samples and avoids cross-contamination of samples. Cross-contamination can be a significant problem when attempting to characterize extremely low concentrations of organic compounds or when working with soils that are highly contaminated. Clean, solvent-resistant gloves and appropriate protective equipment must be worn by persons decontaminating tools and equipment. Cleaning Reagents Recommendations for the types and grades of various cleaning supplies are outlined below. The recommended reagent types or grades were selected to ensure that the cleaned equipment is free from any detectable contamination.

a.) Detergents: Use Liqui-Nox (or a non-phosphate equivalent) or Alconox (or equivalent). Liqui-Nox (or equivalent) is recommended by EPA, although Alconox (or equivalent) may be substituted if the sampling equipment will not be used to collect phosphorus or phosphorus containing compounds.

b.) Solvents: Use pesticide grade isopropanol as the rinse solvent in routine equipment cleaning procedures. This grade of alcohol must be purchased from a laboratory supply vendor. Rubbing alcohol or other commonly available sources of isopropanol are not acceptable. Other solvents, such as acetone or methanol, may be used as the final rinse solvent if they are pesticide grade. However, methanol is more toxic to the environment and acetone may be an analyte of interest for volatile organics.

1. Do not use acetone if volatile organics are of interest 2. Containerize all methanol wastes (including rinses) and dispose as a

hazardous waste.

Pre-clean equipment that is heavily contaminated with organic analytes. Use reagent grade acetone and hexane or other suitable solvents. Use pesticide grade methylene chloride when cleaning sample containers. Store all solvents away from potential sources of contamination.

c.) Analyte-Free Water Sources: Analyte-free water is water in which all analytes of interest and all interferences are below method detection limits. Maintain documentation (such as results from equipment blanks) to demonstrate the reliability and purity of analyte-free water source(s). The source of the water must meet the requirements of the analytical method and must be free from the analytes of interest. In general, the following water types are associated with specific analyte groups:

1. Milli-Q (or equivalent polished water): suitable for all analyses.

Rev 4-08 6

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2. Organic-free: suitable for volatile and extractable organics. 3. Deionized water: may not be suitable for volatile and extractable

organics. 4. Distilled water: not suitable for volatile and extractable organics, metals

or ultratrace metals. Use analyte-free water for blank preparation and the final decontamination water rinse. In order to minimize long-term storage and potential leaching problems, obtain or purchase analyte-free water just prior to the sampling event. If obtained from a source (such as a laboratory), fill the transport containers and use the contents for a single sampling event. Empty the transport container(s) at the end of the sampling event. Discard any analyte-free water that is transferred to a dispensing container (such as a wash bottle or pump sprayer) at the end of each sampling day.

d.) Acids: 1. Reagent Grade Nitric Acid: 10 - 15% (one volume concentrated nitric acid

and five volumes deionized water). Use for the acid rinse unless nitrogen components (e.g., nitrate, nitrite, etc.) are to be sampled. If sampling for ultra-trace levels of metals, use an ultra-pure grade acid.

2. Reagent Grade Hydrochloric Acid: 10% hydrochloric acid (one volume concentrated hydrochloric and three volumes deionized water). Use when nitrogen components are to be sampled.

3. If samples for both metals and the nitrogen-containing components are collected with the equipment, use the hydrochloric acid rinse, or thoroughly rinse with hydrochloric acid after a nitric acid rinse. If sampling for ultra trace levels of metals, use an ultra-pure grade acid.

4. Freshly prepared acid solutions may be recycled during the sampling event or cleaning process. Dispose of any unused acids according to local ordinances.

Reagent Storage Containers The contents of all containers must be clearly marked.

a.) Detergents: 1. Store in the original container or in a HDPE or PP container.

b.) Solvents: 1. Store solvents to be used for cleaning or decontamination in the original

container until use in the field. If transferred to another container for field use, use either a glass or Teflon container.

2. Use dispensing containers constructed of glass, Teflon or stainless steel. Note: If stainless steel sprayers are used, any gaskets that contact the solvents must be constructed of inert materials.

c.) Analyte-Free Water: 1. Transport in containers appropriate for the type of water stored. If the

water is commercially purchased (e.g., grocery store), use the original containers when transporting the water to the field. Containers made of glass, Teflon, polypropylene or HDPE are acceptable.

2. Use glass or Teflon to transport organic-free sources of water on-site. Polypropylene or HDPE may be used, but are not recommended.

Rev 4-08 7

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3. Dispense water from containers made of glass, Teflon, HDPE or polypropylene.

4. Do not store water in transport containers for more than three days before beginning a sampling event.

5. If working on a project that has oversight from EPA Region 4, use glass containers for the transport and storage of all water.

6. Store and dispense acids using containers made of glass, Teflon or plastic.

General Requirements a.) Prior to use, clean/decontaminate all sampling equipment (pumps, tubing, lanyards,

split spoons, etc.) that will be exposed to the sample. b.) Before installing, clean (or obtain as certified pre-cleaned) all equipment that is

dedicated to a single sampling point and remains in contact with the sample medium (e.g., permanently installed groundwater pump). If you use certified pre-cleaned equipment no cleaning is necessary.

1. Clean this equipment any time it is removed for maintenance or repair. 2. Replace dedicated tubing if discolored or damaged.

c.) Clean all equipment in a designated area having a controlled environment (house, laboratory, or base of field operations) and transport it to the field, pre-cleaned and ready to use, unless otherwise justified.

d.) Rinse all equipment with water after use, even if it is to be field-cleaned for other sites. Rinse equipment used at contaminated sites or used to collect in-process (e.g., untreated or partially treated wastewater) samples immediately with water.

e.) Whenever possible, transport sufficient clean equipment to the field so that an entire sampling event can be conducted without the need for cleaning equipment in the field.

f.) Segregate equipment that is only used once (i.e., not cleaned in the field) from clean equipment and return to the in-house cleaning facility to be cleaned in a controlled environment.

g.) Protect decontaminated field equipment from environmental contamination by securely wrapping and sealing with one of the following:

1. Aluminum foil (commercial grade is acceptable) 2. Untreated butcher paper 3. Clean, untreated, disposable plastic bags. Plastic bags may be used for all

analyte groups except volatile and extractable organics. Plastic bags may be used for volatile and extractable organics, if the equipment is first wrapped in foil or butcher paper, or if the equipment is completely dry.

Cleaning Sample Collection Equipment

a.) On-Site/In-Field Cleaning – Cleaning equipment on-site is not recommended because environmental conditions cannot be controlled and wastes (solvents and acids) must be containerized for proper disposal.

1. Ambient temperature water may be substituted in the hot, sudsy water bath and hot water rinses.

NOTE: Properly dispose of all solvents and acids.

Rev 4-08 8

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2. Rinse all equipment with water after use, even if it is to be field-cleaned for other sites.

3. Immediately rinse equipment used at contaminated sites or used to collect in-process (e.g., untreated or partially treated wastewater) samples with water.

b.) Heavily Contaminated Equipment - In order to avoid contaminating other samples, isolate heavily contaminated equipment from other equipment and thoroughly decontaminate the equipment before further use. Equipment is considered heavily contaminated if it:

1. Has been used to collect samples from a source known to contain significantly higher levels than background.

2. Has been used to collect free product. 3. Has been used to collect industrial products (e.g., pesticides or solvents) or

their byproducts. NOTE: Cleaning heavily contaminated equipment in the field is not recommended. c.) On-Site Procedures:

1. Protect all other equipment, personnel and samples from exposure by isolating the equipment immediately after use.

2. At a minimum, place the equipment in a tightly sealed, untreated, plastic bag.

3. Do not store or ship the contaminated equipment next to clean, decontaminated equipment, unused sample containers, or filled sample containers.

4. Transport the equipment back to the base of operations for thorough decontamination.

5. If cleaning must occur in the field, document the effectiveness of the procedure, collect and analyze blanks on the cleaned equipment.

d.) Cleaning Procedures: 1. If organic contamination cannot be readily removed with scrubbing and a

detergent solution, pre-rinse equipment by thoroughly rinsing or soaking the equipment in acetone.

2. Use hexane only if preceded and followed by acetone. 3. In extreme cases, it may be necessary to steam clean the field equipment

before proceeding with routine cleaning procedures. 4. After the solvent rinses (and/or steam cleaning), use the appropriate

cleaning procedure. Scrub, rather than soak, all equipment with sudsy water. If high levels of metals are suspected and the equipment cannot be cleaned without acid rinsing, soak the equipment in the appropriate acid. Since stainless steel equipment should not be exposed to acid rinses, do not use stainless steel equipment when heavy metal contamination is suspected or present.

5. If the field equipment cannot be cleaned utilizing these procedures, discard unless further cleaning with stronger solvents and/or oxidizing solutions is effective as evidenced by visual observation and blanks.

6. Clearly mark or disable all discarded equipment to discourage use.

Rev 4-08 9

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e.) General Cleaning - Follow these procedures when cleaning equipment under controlled conditions. Check manufacturer's instructions for cleaning restrictions and/or recommendations.

1. Procedure for Teflon, stainless steel and glass sampling equipment: This procedure must be used when sampling for ALL analyte groups. (Extractable organics, metals, nutrients, etc. or if a single decontamination protocol is desired to clean all Teflon, stainless steel and glass equipment.) Rinse equipment with hot tap water. Soak equipment in a hot, sudsy water solution (Liqui-Nox or equivalent). If necessary, use a brush to remove particulate matter or surface film. Rinse thoroughly with hot tap water. If samples for trace metals or inorganic analytes will be collected with the equipment that is not stainless steel, thoroughly rinse (wet all surfaces) with the appropriate acid solution. Rinse thoroughly with analyte-free water. Make sure that all equipment surfaces are thoroughly flushed with water. If samples for volatile or extractable organics will be collected, rinse with isopropanol. Wet equipment surfaces thoroughly with free-flowing solvent. Rinse thoroughly with analyte-free water. Allow to air dry. Wrap and seal as soon as the equipment has air-dried. If isopropanol is used, the equipment may be air-dried without the final analyte-free water rinse; however, the equipment must be completely dry before wrapping or use. Wrap clean sampling equipment according to the procedure described above.

2. General Cleaning Procedure for Plastic Sampling Equipment: Rinse equipment with hot tap water. Soak equipment in a hot, sudsy water solution (Liqui-Nox or equivalent). If necessary, use a brush to remove particulate matter or surface film. Rinse thoroughly with hot tap water. Thoroughly rinse (wet all surfaces) with the appropriate acid solution. Check manufacturer's instructions for cleaning restrictions and/or recommendations. Rinse thoroughly with analyte-free water. Be sure that all equipment surfaces are thoroughly flushed. Allow to air dry as long as possible. Wrap clean sampling equipment according to the procedure described above.

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Appendix B - Collecting Soil Samples Soil samples are collected for a variety of purposes. A methodical sampling approach must be used to assure that sample collection activities provide reliable data. Sampling must begin with an evaluation of background information, historical data and site conditions. Soil Field Screening Procedures Field screening is the use of portable devices capable of detecting petroleum contaminants on a real-time basis or by a rapid field analytical technique. Field screening should be used to help assess locations where contamination is most likely to be present. When possible, field-screening samples should be collected directly from the excavation or from the excavation equipment's bucket. If field screening is conducted only from the equipment's bucket, then a minimum of one field screening sample should be collected from each 10 cubic yards of excavated soil. If instruments or other observations indicate contamination, soil should be separated into stockpiles based on apparent degrees of contamination. At a minimum, soil suspected of contamination must be segregated from soil observed to be free of contamination.

a.) Field screening devices – Many field screen instruments are available for detecting contaminants in the field on a rapid or real-time basis. Acceptable field screening instruments must be suitable for the contaminant being screened. The procdedure for field screening using photoionization detectors (PIDs) and flame ionization detectors (FIDs) is described below. If other instruments are used, a description of the instrument or method and its intended use must be provided to the Solid Waste Section. Whichever field screening method is chosen, its accuracy must be verified throughout the sampling process. Use appropriate standards that match the use intended for the data. Unless the Solid Waste Section indicates otherwise, wherever field screening is recommended in this document, instrumental or analytical methods of detection must be used, not olfactory or visual screening methods.

b.) Headspace analytical screening procedure for filed screening (semi-quantitative field

screening) - The most commonly used field instruments for Solid Waste Section site assessments are FIDs and PIDs. When using FIDs and PIDs, use the following headspace screening procedure to obtain and analyze field-screening samples:

1. Partially fill (one-third to one-half) a clean jar or clean ziplock bag with the sample to be analyzed. The total capacity of the jar or bag may not be less than eight ounces (app. 250 ml), but the container should not be so large as to allow vapor diffusion and stratification effects to significantly affect the sample.

2. If the sample is collected from a spilt-spoon, it must be transferred to the jar or bag for headspace analysis immediately after opening the split-spoon. If the sample is collected from an excavation or soil pile, it must be collected from freshly uncovered soil.

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3. If a jar is used, it must be quickly covered with clean aluminum foil or a jar lid; screw tops or thick rubber bands must be used to tightly seal the jar. If a zip lock bag is used, it must be quickly sealed shut.

4. Headspace vapors must be allowed to develop in the container for at least 10 minutes but no longer than one hour. Containers must be shaken or agitated for 15 seconds at the beginning and the end of the headspace development period to assist volatilization. Temperatures of the headspace must be warmed to at least 5° C (approximately 40° F) with instruments calibrated for the temperature used.

5. After headspace development, the instrument sampling probe must be inserted to a point about one-half the headspace depth. The container opening must be minimized and care must be taken to avoid the uptake of water droplets and soil particulates.

6. After probe insertion, the highest meter reading must be taken and recorded. This will normally occur between two and five seconds after probe insertion. If erratic meter response occurs at high organic vapor concentrations or conditions of elevated headspace moisture, a note to that effect must accompany the headspace data.

7. All field screening results must be documented in the field record or log book.

Soil Sample Collection Procedures for Laboratory Samples The number and type of laboratory samples collected depends on the purpose of the sampling activity. Samples analyzed with field screening devices may not be substituted for required laboratory samples.

a.) General Sample Collection - When collecting samples from potentially contaminated soil, care should be taken to reduce contact with skin or other parts of the body. Disposable gloves should be worn by the sample collector and should be changed between samples to avoid cross-contamination. Soil samples should be collected in a manner that causes the least disturbance to the internal structure of the sample and reduces its exposure to heat, sunlight and open air. Likewise, care should be taken to keep the samples from being contaminated by other materials or other samples collected at the site. When sampling is to occur over an extended period of time, it is necessary to insure that the samples are collected in a comparable manner. All samples must be collected with disposable or clean tools that have been decontaminated. Disposable gloves must be worn and changed between sample collections. Sample containers must be filled quickly. Soil samples must be placed in containers in the order of volatility, for example, volatile organic aromatic samples must be taken first, organics next, then heavier range organics, and finally soil classification samples. Containers must be quickly and adequately sealed, and rims must be cleaned before tightening lids. Tape may be used only if known not to affect sample analysis. Sample containers must be clearly labeled. Containers must immediately be preserved according to procedures in this Section. Unless specified

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otherwise, at a minimum, the samples must be immediately cooled to 4 ± 2°C and this temperature must be maintained throughout delivery to the laboratory.

b.) Surface Soil Sampling - Surface soil is generally classified as soil between the ground surface and 6-12 inches below ground surface. Remove leaves, grass and surface debris from the area to be sampled. Select an appropriate, pre-cleaned sampling device and collect the sample. Transfer the sample to the appropriate sample container. Clean the outside of the sample container to remove excess soil. Label the sample container, place on wet ice to preserve at 4°C, and complete the field notes.

c.) Subsurface Soil Sampling – The interval begins at approximately 12 inches below ground surface. Collect samples for volatile organic analyses. For other analyses, select an appropriate, pre-cleaned sampling device and collect the sample. Transfer the sample to the appropriate sample container. Clean the outside of the sample container to remove excess soil. Label the sample container, place on wet ice to preserve at 4°C, and complete field notes.

d.) Equipment for Reaching the Appropriate Soil Sampling Depth - Samples may be collected using a hollow stem soil auger, direct push, Shelby tube, split-spoon sampler, or core barrel. These sampling devices may be used as long as an effort is made to reduce the loss of contaminants through volatilization. In these situations, obtain a sufficient volume of so the samples can be collected without volatilization and disturbance to the internal structure of the samples. Samples should be collected from cores of the soil. Non-disposable sampling equipment must be decontaminated between each sample location. NOTE: If a confining layer has been breached during sampling, grout the hole to land.

e.) Equipment to Collect Soil Samples - Equipment and materials that may be used to collect soil samples include disposable plastic syringes and other “industry-standard” equipment and materials that are contaminant-free. Non-disposable sampling equipment must be decontaminated between each sample location.

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Appendix C - Collecting Groundwater Samples Groundwater samples are collected to identify, investigate, assess and monitor the concentration of dissolved contaminant constituents. To properly assess groundwater contamination, first install sampling points (monitoring wells, etc.) to collect groundwater samples and then perform specific laboratory analyses. All monitoring wells should be constructed in accordance with 15A NCAC 2C .0100 and sampled as outlined in this section. Groundwater monitoring is conducted using one of two methods:

1. Portable Monitoring: Monitoring that is conducted using sampling equipment that is discarded between sampling locations. Equipment used to collect a groundwater sample from a well such as bailers, tubing, gloves, and etc. are disposed of after sample collection. A new set of sampling equipment is used to collect a groundwater sample at the next monitor well.

2. Dedicated Monitoring: Monitoring that utilizes permanently affixed down-well and well

head components that are capped after initial set-up. Most dedicated monitoring systems are comprised of an in-well submersible bladder pump, with air supply and sample discharge tubing, and an above-ground driver/controller for regulation of flow rates and volumes. The pump and all tubing housed within the well should be composed of Teflon or stainless steel components. This includes seals inside the pump, the pump body, and fittings used to connect tubing to the pump. Because ground water will not be in contact with incompatible constituents and because the well is sealed from the surface, virtually no contamination is possible from intrinsic sources during sampling and between sampling intervals. All dedicated monitoring systems must be approved by the Solid Waste Section before installation.

Groundwater samples may be collected from a number of different configurations. Each configuration is associated with a unique set of sampling equipment requirements and techniques:

1. Wells without Plumbing: These wells require equipment to be brought to the well to purge and sample unless dedicated equipment is placed in the well.

2. Wells with In-Place Plumbing: Wells with in-place plumbing do not require equipment

to be brought to the well to purge and sample. In-place plumbing is generally considered permanent equipment routinely used for purposes other than purging and sampling, such as for water supply.

3. Air Strippers or Remedial Systems: These types of systems are installed as remediation

devices.

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Groundwater Sample Preparation The type of sample containers used depends on the type of analysis performed. First, determine the type(s) of contaminants expected and the proper analytical method(s). Be sure to consult your selected laboratory for its specific needs and requirements prior to sampling. Next, prepare the storage and transport containers (ice chest, etc.) before taking any samples so that each sample can be placed in a chilled environment immediately after collection. Use groundwater purging and sampling equipment constructed of only non-reactive, non-leachable materials that are compatible with the environment and the selected analytes. In selecting groundwater purging and sampling equipment, give consideration to the depth of the well, the depth to groundwater, the volume of water to be evacuated, the sampling and purging technique, and the analytes of interest. Additional supplies, such as reagents and preservatives, may be necessary. All sampling equipment (bailers, tubing, containers, etc.) must be selected based on its chemical compatibility with the source being sampled (e.g., water supply well, monitoring well) and the contaminants potentially present.

a.) Pumps - All pumps or pump tubing must be lowered and retrieved from the well slowly and carefully to minimize disturbance to the formation water. This is especially critical at the air/water interface.

1. Above-Ground Pumps • Variable Speed Peristaltic Pump: Use a variable speed peristaltic

pump to purge groundwater from wells when the static water level in the well is no greater than 20- 25 feet below land surface (BLS). If the water levels are deeper than 18-20 feet BLS, the pumping velocity will decrease. A variable speed peristaltic pump can be used for normal purging and sampling, and sampling low permeability aquifers or formations. Most analyte groups can be sampled with a peristaltic pump if the tubing and pump configurations are appropriate.

• Variable Speed Centrifugal Pump: A variable speed centrifugal pump can be used to purge groundwater from 2-inch and larger internal diameter wells. Do not use this type of pump to collect groundwater samples. When purging is complete, do not allow the water that remains in the tubing to fall back into the well. Install a check valve at the end of the purge tubing.

2. Submersible Pumps • Variable Speed Electric Submersible Pump: A variable speed

submersible pump can be used to purge and sample groundwater from 2-inch and larger internal diameter wells. A variable speed submersible pump can be used for normal purging and sampling, and sampling low permeability aquifers or formations. The pump housing, fittings, check valves and associated hardware must be constructed of stainless steel. All other materials must be

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compatible with the analytes of interest. Install a check valve at the output side of the pump to prevent backflow. If purging and sampling for organics, the entire length of the delivery tube must be Teflon, polyethylene or polypropylene (PP) tubing; the electrical cord must be sealed in Teflon, polyethylene or PP and any cabling must be sealed in Teflon, polyethylene or PP, or be constructed of stainless steel; and all interior components that contact the sample water (impeller, seals, gaskets, etc.) must be constructed of stainless steel or Teflon.

3. Variable Speed Bladder Pump: A variable speed, positive displacement, bladder pump can be used to purge and sample groundwater from 3/4-inch and larger internal diameter wells.

• A variable speed bladder pump can be used for normal purging and sampling, and sampling low permeability aquifers or formations.

• The bladder pump system is composed of the pump, the compressed air tubing, the water discharge tubing, the controller and a compressor, or a compressed gas supply.

• The pump consists of a bladder and an exterior casing or pump body that surrounds the bladder and two (2) check valves. These parts can be composed of various materials, usually combinations of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Teflon, polyethylene, PP and stainless steel. Other materials must be compatible with the analytes of interest.

• If purging and sampling for organics, the pump body must be constructed of stainless steel. The valves and bladder must be Teflon, polyethylene or PP; the entire length of the delivery tube must be Teflon, polyethylene or PP; and any cabling must be sealed in Teflon, polyethylene or PP, or be constructed of stainless steel.

• Permanently installed pumps may have a PVC pump body as long as the pump remains in contact with the water in the well.

b.) Bailers 1. Purging: Bailers must be used with caution because improper bailing can

cause changes in the chemistry of the water due to aeration and loosening particulate matter in the space around the well screen. Use a bailer if there is non-aqueous phase liquid (free product) in the well or if non-aqueous phase liquid is suspected to be in the well.

2. Sampling: Bailers must be used with caution. 3. Construction and Type: Bailers must be constructed of materials

compatible with the analytes of interest. Stainless steel, Teflon, rigid medical grade PVC, polyethylene and PP bailers may be used to sample all analytes. Use disposable bailers when sampling grossly contaminated sample sources. NCDENR recommends using dual check valve bailers when collecting samples. Use bailers with a controlled flow bottom to collect volatile organic samples.

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4. Contamination Prevention: Keep the bailer wrapped (foil, butcher paper, etc.) until just before use. Use protective gloves to handle the bailer once it is removed from its wrapping. Handle the bailer by the lanyard to minimize contact with the bailer surface.

c.) Lanyards 1. Lanyards must be made of non-reactive, non-leachable material. They

may be cotton twine, nylon, stainless steel, or may be coated with Teflon, polyethylene or PP.

2. Discard cotton twine, nylon, and non-stainless steel braided lanyards after sampling each monitoring well.

3. Decontaminate stainless steel, coated Teflon, polyethylene and PP lanyards between monitoring wells. They do not need to be decontaminated between purging and sampling operations.

Water Level and Purge Volume Determination The amount of water that must be purged from a well is determined by the volume of water and/or field parameter stabilization.

a.) General Equipment Considerations - Selection of appropriate purging equipment depends on the analytes of interest, the well diameter, transmissivity of the aquifer, the depth to groundwater, and other site conditions.

1. Use of a pump to purge the well is recommended unless no other equipment can be used or there is non-aqueous phase liquid in the well, or non-aqueous phase liquid is suspected to be in the well.

2. Bailers must be used with caution because improper bailing: • Introduces atmospheric oxygen, which may precipitate metals

(i.e., iron) or cause other changes in the chemistry of the water in the sample (i.e., pH).

• Agitates groundwater, which may bias volatile and semi-volatile organic analyses due to volatilization.

• Agitates the water in the aquifer and resuspends fine particulate matter.

• Surges the well, loosening particulate matter in the annular space around the well screen.

• May introduce dirt into the water column if the sides of the casing wall are scraped.

NOTE: It is critical for bailers to be slowly and gently immersed into the top of the water column, particularly during the final stages of purging. This minimizes turbidity and disturbance of volatile organic constituents. b.) Initial Inspection

1. Remove the well cover and remove all standing water around the top of the well casing (manhole) before opening the well.

2. Inspect the exterior protective casing of the monitoring well for damage. Document the results of the inspection if there is a problem.

3. It is recommended that you place a protective covering around the well head. Replace the covering if it becomes soiled or ripped.

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4. Inspect the well lock and determine whether the cap fits tightly. Replace the cap if necessary.

c.) Water Level Measurements - Use an electronic probe or chalked tape to determine the water level. Decontaminate all equipment before use. Measure the depth to groundwater from the top of the well casing to the nearest 0.01 foot. Always measure from the same reference point or survey mark on the well casing. Record the measurement.

1. Electronic Probe: Decontaminate all equipment before use. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for use. Record the measurement.

2. Chalked Line Method: Decontaminate all equipment before use. Lower chalked tape into the well until the lower end is in the water. This is usually determined by the sound of the weight hitting the water. Record the length of the tape relative to the reference point. Remove the tape and note the length of the wetted portion. Record the length. Determine the depth to water by subtracting the length of the wetted portion from the total length. Record the result.

d.) Water Column Determination - To determine the length of the water column, subtract the depth to the top of the water column from the total well depth (or gauged well depth if silting has occurred). The total well depth depends on the well construction. If gauged well depth is used due to silting, report total well depth also. Some wells may be drilled in areas of sinkhole, karst formations or rock leaving an open borehole. Attempt to find the total borehole depth in cases where there is an open borehole below the cased portion.

e.) Well Water Volume - Calculate the total volume of water, in gallons, in the well using the following equation:

V = (0.041)d x d x h Where:

V = volume in gallons d = well diameter in inches h = height of the water column in feet

The total volume of water in the well may also be determined with the following equation by using a casing volume per foot factor (Gallons per Foot of Water) for the appropriate diameter well:

V = [Gallons per Foot of Water] x h Where:

V = volume in gallons h = height of the water column in feet

Record all measurements and calculations in the field records. f.) Purging Equipment Volume - Calculate the total volume of the pump, associated

tubing and flow cell (if used), using the following equation: V = p + ((0.041)d x d x l) + fc

Where: V = volume in gallons p = volume of pump in gallons d = tubing diameter in inches l = length of tubing in feet

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fc = volume of flow cell in gallons g.) If the groundwater elevation data are to be used to construct groundwater elevation

contour maps, all water level measurements must be taken within the same 24 hour time interval when collecting samples from multiple wells on a site, unless a shorter time period is required. If the site is tidally influenced, complete the water level measurements within the time frame of an incoming or outgoing tide.

Well Purging Techniques The selection of the purging technique and equipment is dependent on the hydrogeologic properties of the aquifer, especially depth to groundwater and hydraulic conductivity.

a.) Measuring the Purge Volume - The volume of water that is removed during purging must be recorded. Therefore, you must measure the volume during the purging operation.

1. Collect the water in a graduated container and multiply the number of times the container was emptied by the volume of the container, OR

2. Estimate the volume based on pumping rate. This technique may be used only if the pumping rate is constant. Determine the pumping rate by measuring the amount of water that is pumped for a fixed period of time, or use a flow meter.

• Calculate the amount of water that is discharged per minute: D = Measured Amount/Total Time In Minutes

• Calculate the time needed to purge one (1) well volume or one (1) purging equipment volume: Time = V/D Where: V = well volume or purging equipment volume D = discharge rate

• Make new measurements each time the pumping rate is changed.

3. Use a totalizing flow meter. • Record the reading on the totalizer prior to purging. • Record the reading on the totalizer at the end of purging. • To obtain the volume purged, subtract the reading on the

totalizer prior to purging from the reading on the totalizer at the end of purging.

• Record the times that purging begins and ends in the field records.

b.) Purging Measurement Frequency - When purging a well that has the well screen fully submerged and the pump or intake tubing is placed within the well casing above the well screen or open hole, purge a minimum of one (1) well volume prior to collecting measurements of the field parameters. Allow at least one quarter (1/4) well volume to purge between subsequent measurements. When purging a well that has the pump or intake tubing placed within a fully submerged well screen or open hole, purge until the water level has stabilized (well recovery rate equals the purge rate), then purge a minimum of one (1) volume of the pump, associated tubing and flow cell (if used) prior to collecting measurements of the field parameters. Take measurements of the field parameters no sooner than two (2) to three (3) minutes apart. Purge at least

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three (3) volumes of the pump, associated tubing and flow cell, if used, prior to collecting a sample. When purging a well that has a partially submerged well screen, purge a minimum of one (1) well volume prior to collecting measurements of the field parameters. Take measurements of the field parameters no sooner than two (2) to three (3) minutes apart.

c.) Purging Completion - Wells must be adequately purged prior to sample collection to ensure representation of the aquifer formation water, rather than stagnant well water. This may be achieved by purging three volumes from the well or by satisfying any one of the following three purge completion criteria:

1.) Three (3) consecutive measurements in which the three (3) parameters listed below are within the stated limits, dissolved oxygen is no greater than 20 percent of saturation at the field measured temperature, and turbidity is no greater than 20 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTUs).

• Temperature: + 0.2° C • pH: + 0.2 Standard Units • Specific Conductance: + 5.0% of reading

Document and report the following, as applicable. The last four items only need to be submitted once:

• Purging rate. • Drawdown in the well, if any. • A description of the process and the data used to design the

well. • The equipment and procedure used to install the well. • The well development procedure. • Pertinent lithologic or hydrogeologic information.

2.) If it is impossible to get dissolved oxygen at or below 20 percent of saturation at the field measured temperature or turbidity at or below 20 NTUs, then three (3) consecutive measurements of temperature, pH, specific conductance and the parameter(s) dissolved oxygen and/or turbidity that do not meet the requirements above must be within the limits below. The measurements are:

• Temperature: + 0.2° C • pH: + 0.2 Standard Units • Specific Conductance: + 5.0% of reading • Dissolved Oxygen: + 0.2 mg/L or 10%, whichever is

greater • Turbidity: + 5 NTUs or 10%, whichever is greater

Additionally, document and report the following, as applicable, except that the last four(4) items only need to be submitted once:

• Purging rate. • Drawdown in the well, if any. • A description of conditions at the site that may cause the

dissolved oxygen to be high and/or dissolved oxygen measurements made within the screened or open hole portion of the well with a downhole dissolved oxygen probe.

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• A description of conditions at the site that may cause the turbidity to be high and any procedures that will be used to minimize turbidity in the future.

• A description of the process and the data used to design the well.

• The equipment and procedure used to install the well. • The well development procedure. • Pertinent lithologic or hydrogeologic information.

3.) If after five (5) well volumes, three (3) consecutive measurements of the field parameters temperature, pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity are not within the limits stated above, check the instrument condition and calibration, purging flow rate and all tubing connections to determine if they might be affecting the ability to achieve stable measurements. It is at the discretion of the consultant/contractor whether or not to collect a sample or to continue purging. Further, the report in which the data are submitted must include the following, as applicable. The last four (4) items only need to be submitted once.

• Purging rate. • Drawdown in the well, if any. • A description of conditions at the site that may cause the

Dissolved Oxygen to be high and/or Dissolved Oxygen measurements made within the screened or open hole portion of the well with a downhole dissolved oxygen probe.

• A description of conditions at the site that may cause the turbidity to be high and any procedures that will be used to minimize turbidity in the future.

• A description of the process and the data used to design the well.

• The equipment and procedure used to install the well. • The well development procedure. • Pertinent lithologic or hydrogeologic information.

If wells have previously and consistently purged dry, and the current depth to groundwater indicates that the well will purge dry during the current sampling event, minimize the amount of water removed from the well by using the same pump to purge and collect the sample:

• Place the pump or tubing intake within the well screened interval.

• Use very small diameter Teflon, polyethylene or PP tubing and the smallest possible pump chamber volume. This will minimize the total volume of water pumped from the well and reduce drawdown.

• Select tubing that is thick enough to minimize oxygen transfer through the tubing walls while pumping.

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• Pump at the lowest possible rate (100 mL/minute or less) to reduce drawdown to a minimum.

• Purge at least two (2) volumes of the pumping system (pump, tubing and flow cell, if used).

• Measure pH, specific conductance, temperature, dissolved oxygen and turbidity, then begin to collect the samples.

Collect samples immediately after purging is complete. The time period between completing the purge and sampling cannot exceed six hours. If sample collection does not occur within one hour of purging completion, re-measure the five field parameters: temperature, pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen and turbidity, just prior to collecting the sample. If the measured values are not within 10 percent of the previous measurements, re-purge the well. The exception is “dry” wells.

d.) Lanyards 1. Securely fasten lanyards, if used, to any downhole equipment (bailers,

pumps, etc.). 2. Use bailer lanyards in such a way that they do not touch the ground

surface. Wells Without Plumbing

a.) Tubing/Pump Placement 1. If attempting to minimize the volume of purge water, position the intake

hose or pump at the midpoint of the screened or open hole interval. 2. If monitoring well conditions do not allow minimizing of the purge water

volume, position the pump or intake hose near the top of the water column. This will ensure that all stagnant water in the casing is removed.

3. If the well screen or borehole is partially submerged, and the pump will be used for both purging and sampling, position the pump midway between the measured water level and the bottom of the screen. Otherwise, position the pump or intake hose near the top of the water column.

b.) Non-dedicated (portable) pumps 1. Variable Speed Peristaltic Pump

• Wear sampling gloves to position the decontaminated pump and tubing.

• Attach a short section of tubing to the discharge side of the pump and into a graduated container.

• Attach one end of a length of new or precleaned tubing to the pump head flexible hose.

• Place the tubing as described in one of the options listed above.

• Change gloves before beginning to purge. • Measure the depth to groundwater at frequent intervals. • Record these measurements. • Adjust the purging rate so that it is equivalent to the well

recovery rate to minimize drawdown.

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• If the purging rate exceeds the well recovery rate, reduce the pumping rate to balance the withdrawal rate with the recharge rate.

• If the water table continues to drop during pumping, lower the tubing at the approximate rate of drawdown so that water is removed from the top of the water column.

• Record the purging rate each time the rate changes. • Measure the purge volume. • Record this measurement. • Decontaminate the pump and tubing between wells (see

Appendix C) or if precleaned tubing is used for each well, only the pump.

2. Variable Speed Centrifugal Pump • Position fuel powered equipment downwind and at least 10

feet from the well head. Make sure that the exhaust faces downwind.

• Wear sampling gloves to position the decontaminated pump and tubing.

• Place the decontaminated suction hose so that water is always pumped from the top of the water column.

• Change gloves before beginning to purge. • Equip the suction hose with a foot valve to prevent purge

water from re-entering the well. • Measure the depth to groundwater at frequent intervals. • Record these measurements. • To minimize drawdown, adjust the purging rate so that it is

equivalent to the well recovery rate. • If the purging rate exceeds the well recovery rate, reduce

the pumping rate to balance the withdrawal rate with the recharge rate.

• If the water table continues to drop during pumping, lower the tubing at the approximate rate of drawdown so that the water is removed from the top of the water column.

• Record the purging rate each time the rate changes. • Measure the purge volume. • Record this measurement. • Decontaminate the pump and tubing between wells or if

precleaned tubing is used for each well, only the pump. 3. Variable Speed Electric Submersible Pump

• Position fuel powered equipment downwind and at least 10 feet from the well head. Make sure that the exhaust faces downwind.

• Wear sampling gloves to position the decontaminated pump and tubing.

• Carefully position the decontaminated pump.

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• Change gloves before beginning to purge. • Measure the depth to groundwater at frequent intervals. • Record these measurements. • To minimize drawdown, adjust the purging rate so that it is

equivalent to the well recovery rate. • If the purging rate exceeds the well recovery rate, reduce

the pumping rate to balance the withdrawal rate with the recharge rate.

• If the water table continues to drop during pumping, lower the tubing or pump at the approximate rate of drawdown so that water is removed from the top of the water column.

• Record the purging rate each time the rate changes. • Measure the purge volume. • Record this measurement. • Decontaminate the pump and tubing between wells or only

the pump if precleaned tubing is used for each well. 4. Variable Speed Bladder Pump

• Position fuel powered equipment downwind and at least 10 feet from the well head. Make sure that the exhaust faces downwind.

• Wear sampling gloves to position the decontaminated pump and tubing.

• Attach the tubing and carefully position the pump. • Change gloves before beginning purging. • Measure the depth to groundwater at frequent intervals. • Record these measurements. • To minimize drawdown, adjust the purging rate so that it is

equivalent to the well recovery rate. • If the purging rate exceeds the well recovery rate, reduce

the pumping rate to balance the withdrawal rate with the recharge rate.

• If the water table continues to drop during pumping, lower the tubing or pump at the approximate rate of drawdown so that water is removed from the top of the water column.

• Record the purging rate each time the rate changes. • Measure the purge volume. • Record this measurement. • Decontaminate the pump and tubing between wells or if

precleaned tubing is used for each well, only the pump. c.) Dedicated Portable Pumps

1. Variable Speed Electric Submersible Pump • Position fuel powered equipment downwind and at least 10

feet from the well head. Make sure that the exhaust faces downwind.

• Wear sampling gloves.

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• Measure the depth to groundwater at frequent intervals. • Record these measurements. • Adjust the purging rate so that it is equivalent to the well

recovery rate to minimize drawdown. • If the purging rate exceeds the well recovery rate, reduce

the pumping rate to balance the withdraw with the recharge rate.

• Record the purging rate each time the rate changes. • Measure the purge volume. • Record this measurement.

2. Variable Speed Bladder Pump • Position fuel powered equipment downwind and at least 10

feet from the well head. Make sure that the exhaust faces downwind.

• Wear sampling gloves. • Measure the depth to groundwater at frequent intervals. • Record these measurements. • Adjust the purging rate so that it is equivalent to the well

recovery rate to minimize drawdown. • If the purging rate exceeds the well recovery rate, reduce

the pumping rate to balance the withdraw with the recharge rate.

• Record the purging rate each time the rate changes. • Measure the purge volume. • Record this measurement.

3. Bailers - Using bailers for purging is not recommended unless care is taken to use proper bailing technique, or if free product is present in the well or suspected to be in the well.

• Minimize handling the bailer as much as possible. • Wear sampling gloves. • Remove the bailer from its protective wrapping just before

use. • Attach a lanyard of appropriate material. • Use the lanyard to move and position the bailer. • Lower and retrieve the bailer slowly and smoothly. • Lower the bailer carefully into the well to a depth

approximately a foot above the water column. • When the bailer is in position, lower the bailer into the

water column at a rate of 2 cm/sec until the desired depth is reached.

• Do not lower the top of the bailer more than one (1) foot below the top of the water table so that water is removed from the top of the water column.

• Allow time for the bailer to fill with aquifer water as it descends into the water column.

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• Carefully raise the bailer. Retrieve the bailer at the same rate of 2 cm/sec until the bottom of the bailer has cleared to top of the water column.

• Measure the purge volume. • Record the volume of the bailer. • Continue to carefully lower and retrieve the bailer as

described above until the purging is considered complete, based on either the removal of 3 well volumes.

• Remove at least one (1) well volume before collecting measurements of the field parameters. Take each subsequent set of measurements after removing at least one quarter (1/4) well volume between measurements.

Groundwater Sampling Techniques

a.) Purge wells. b.) Replace protective covering around the well if it is soiled or torn after completing

purging operations. c.) Equipment Considerations

1. The following pumps are approved to collect volatile organic samples: • Stainless steel and Teflon variable speed submersible

pumps • Stainless steel and Teflon or polyethylene variable speed

bladder pumps • Permanently installed PVC bodied pumps (As long as the

pump remains in contact with the water in the well at all times)

2. Collect sample from the sampling device and store in sample container. Do not use intermediate containers.

3. To avoid contamination or loss of analytes from the sample, handle sampling equipment as little as possible and minimize equipment exposure to the sample.

4. To reduce chances of cross-contamination, use dedicated equipment whenever possible. “Dedicated” is defined as equipment that is to be used solely for one location for the life of that equipment (e.g., permanently mounted pump). Purchase dedicated equipment with the most sensitive analyte of interest in mind.

• Clean or make sure dedicated pumps are clean before installation. They do not need to be cleaned prior to each use, but must be cleaned if they are withdrawn for repair or servicing.

• Clean or make sure any permanently mounted tubing is clean before installation.

• Change or clean tubing when the pump is withdrawn for servicing.

• Clean any replaceable or temporary parts.

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• Collect equipment blanks on dedicated pumping systems when the tubing is cleaned or replaced.

• Clean or make sure dedicated bailers are clean before placing them into the well.

• Collect an equipment blank on dedicated bailers before introducing them into the water column.

• Suspend dedicated bailers above the water column if they are stored in the well.

Sampling Wells Without Plumbing

a.) Sampling with Pumps – The following pumps may be used to sample for organics: • Peristaltic pumps • Stainless steel, Teflon or polyethylene bladder pumps • Variable speed stainless steel and Teflon submersible

pumps 1. Peristaltic Pump

• Volatile Organics: One of three methods may be used. Remove the drop tubing from the inlet side

of the pump; submerge the drop tubing into the water column; prevent the water in the tubing from flowing back into the well; remove the drop tubing from the well; carefully allow the groundwater to drain into the sample vials; avoid turbulence; do not aerate the sample; repeat steps until enough vials are filled. OR

Use the pump to fill the drop tubing; quickly remove the tubing from the pump; prevent the water in the tubing from flowing back into the well; remove the drop tubing from the well; carefully allow the groundwater to drain into the sample vials; avoid turbulence; do not aerate the sample; repeat steps until enough vials are filled. OR

Use the pump to fill the drop tubing; withdraw the tubing from the well; reverse the flow on the peristaltic pumps to deliver the sample into the vials at a slow, steady rate; repeat steps until enough vials are filled.

• Extractable Organics: If delivery tubing is not polyethylene or PP, or is not Teflon lined, use pump and vacuum trap method. Connect the outflow tubing from the container to the influent side of the peristaltic pump. Turn pump on and reduce flow until smooth and even. Discard a

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small portion of the sample to allow for air space. Preserve (if required), label, and complete field notes.

• Inorganic samples: These samples may be collected from the effluent tubing. If samples are collected from the pump, decontaminate all tubing (including the tubing in the head) or change it between wells. Preserve (if required), label, and complete field notes.

2. Variable Speed Bladder Pump • If sampling for organics, the pump body must be

constructed of stainless steel and the valves and bladder must be Teflon. All tubing must be Teflon, polyethylene, or PP and any cabling must be sealed in Teflon, polyethylene or PP, or made of stainless steel.

• After purging to a smooth even flow, reduce the flow rate. • When sampling for volatile organic compounds, reduce the

flow rate to 100-200mL/minute, if possible. 3. Variable Speed Submersible Pump

• The housing must be stainless steel. • If sampling for organics, the internal impellers, seals and

gaskets must be constructed of stainless steel, Teflon, polyethylene or PP. The delivery tubing must be Teflon, polyethylene or PP; the electrical cord must be sealed in Teflon; any cabling must be sealed in Teflon or constructed of stainless steel.

• After purging to a smooth even flow, reduce the flow rate. • When sampling for volatile organic compounds, reduce the

flow rate to 100-200mL/minute, if possible. b.) Sampling with Bailers - A high degree of skill and coordination are necessary to

collect representative samples with a bailer. 1. General Considerations

• Minimize handling of bailer as much as possible. • Wear sampling gloves. • Remove bailer from protective wrapping just before use. • Attach a lanyard of appropriate material. • Use the lanyard to move and position the bailers. • Do not allow bailer or lanyard to touch the ground. • If bailer is certified precleaned, no rinsing is necessary. • If both a pump and a bailer are to be used to collect

samples, rinse the exterior and interior of the bailer with sample water from the pump before removing the pump.

• If the purge pump is not appropriate for collecting samples (e.g., non-inert components), rinse the bailer by collecting a single bailer of the groundwater to be sampled.

• Discard the water appropriately.

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• Do not rinse the bailer if Oil and Grease samples are to be collected.

2. Bailing Technique • Collect all samples that are required to be collected with a

pump before collecting samples with the bailer. • Raise and lower the bailer gently to minimize stirring up

particulate matter in the well and the water column, which can increase sample turbidity.

• Lower the bailer carefully into the well to a depth approximately a foot above the water column. When the bailer is in position, lower the bailer into the water column at a rate of 2 cm/sec until the desired depth is reached.

• Do not lower the top of the bailer more than one foot below the top of the water table, so that water is removed from the top of the water column.

• Allow time for the bailer to fill with aquifer water as it descends into the water column.

• Do not allow the bailer to touch the bottom of the well or particulate matter will be incorporated into the sample. Carefully raise the bailer. Retrieve the bailer at the same rate of 2 cm/sec until the bottom of the bailer has cleared to top of the water column.

• Lower the bailer to approximately the same depth each time.

• Collect the sample. Install a device to control the flow from the bottom of the bailer and discard the first few inches of water. Fill the appropriate sample containers by allowing the sample to slowly flow down the side of the container. Discard the last few inches of water in the bailer.

• Repeat steps for additional samples. • As a final step measure the DO, pH, temperature, turbidity

and specific conductance after the final sample has been collected. Record all measurements and note the time that sampling was completed.

c.) Sampling Low Permeability Aquifers or Wells that have Purged Dry 1. Collect the sample(s) after the well has been purged. Minimize the amount

of water removed from the well by using the same pump to purge and collect the sample. If the well has purged dry, collect samples as soon as sufficient sample water is available.

2. Measure the five field parameters temperature, pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen and turbidity at the time of sample collection.

3. Advise the analytical laboratory and the client that the usual amount of sample for analysis may not be available.

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Appendix D - Collecting Samples from Wells with Plumbing in Place In-place plumbing is generally considered permanent equipment routinely used for purposes other than purging and sampling, such as for water supply.

a.) Air Strippers or Remedial Systems - These types of systems are installed as remediation devices. Collect influent and effluent samples from air stripping units as described below.

1. Remove any tubing from the sampling port and flush for one to two minutes.

2. Remove all hoses, aerators and filters (if possible). 3. Open the spigot and purge sufficient volume to flush the spigot and lines

and until the purging completion criteria have been met. 4. Reduce the flow rate to approximately 500 mL/minute (a 1/8” stream) or

approximately 0.1 gal/minute before collecting samples. 5. Follow procedures for collecting samples from water supply wells as

outlined below. b.) Water Supply Wells – Water supply wells with in-place plumbing do not require

equipment to be brought to the well to purge and sample. Water supply wells at UST facilities must be sampled for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semivolatile compounds (SVOCs).

1. Procedures for Sampling Water Supply Wells • Label sample containers prior to sample collection. • Prepare the storage and transport containers (ice chest, etc.)

before taking any samples so each collected sample can be placed in a chilled environment immediately after collection.

• You must choose the tap closest to the well, preferably at the wellhead. The tap must be before any holding or pressurization tank, water softener, ion exchange, disinfection process or before the water line enters the residence, office or building. If no tap fits the above conditions, a new tap that does must be installed.

• The well pump must not be lubricated with oil, as that may contaminate the samples.

• The sampling tap must be protected from exterior contamination associated with being too close to a sink bottom or to the ground. If the tap is too close to the ground for direct collection into the appropriate container, it is acceptable to use a smaller (clean) container to transfer the sample to a larger container.

• Leaking taps that allow water to discharge from around the valve stem handle and down the outside of the faucet, or taps in which water tends to run up on the outside of the lip, are to be avoided as sampling locations.

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• Disconnect any hoses, filters, or aerators attached to the tap before sampling.

• Do not sample from a tap close to a gas pump. The gas fumes could contaminate the sample.

2. Collecting Volatile Organic Samples • Equipment Needed: VOC sample vials [40 milliliters,

glass, may contain 3 to 4 drops of hydrochloric acid (HCl) as preservative]; Disposable gloves and protective goggles; Ice chest/cooler; Ice; Packing materials (sealable plastic bags, bubble wrap, etc.); and Lab forms.

• Sampling Procedure: Run water from the well for at least 15 minutes. If the well is deep, run water longer (purging three well volumes is best). If tap or spigot is located directly before a holding tank, open a tap after the holding tank to prevent any backflow into the tap where you will take your sample. This will ensure that the water you collect is “fresh” from the well and not from the holding tank. After running the water for at least 15 minutes, reduce the flow of water. The flow should be reduced to a trickle but not so slow that it begins to drip. A smooth flow of water will make collection easier and more accurate. Remove the cap of a VOC vial and hold the vial under the stream of water to fill it. Be careful not to spill any acid that is in the vial. For best results use a low flow of water and angle the vial slightly so that the water runs down the inside of the vial. This will help keep the sample from being agitated, aerated or splashed out of the vial. It will also increase the accuracy of the sample. As the vial fills and is almost full, turn the vial until it is straight up and down so the water won’t spill out. Fill the vial until the water is just about to spill over the lip of the vial. The surface of the water sample should become mounded. It is a good idea not to overfill the vial, especially if an acid preservative is present in the vial. Carefully replace and screw the cap onto the vial. Some water may overflow as the cap is put on. After the cap is secure, turn the vial upside down and gently tap the vial to see if any bubbles are present. If bubbles are present in the vial, remove the cap, add more water and check again to see if bubbles are present. Repeat as necessary. After two samples without bubbles have been collected, the samples should be labeled and prepared for shipment. Store samples at 4° C.

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3. Collecting Extractable Organic and/or Metals Samples • Equipment Needed: SVOC sample bottle [1 liter, amber

glass] and/or Metals sample bottle [0.5 liter, polyethylene or glass, 5 milliliters of nitric acid (HNO3) preservative]; Disposable gloves and protective goggles; Ice Chest/Cooler; Ice; Packing materials (sealable plastic bags, bubble wrap, etc.); and Lab forms.

• Sampling Procedure: Run water from the well for at least 15 minutes. If the well is deep, run the water longer (purging three well volumes is best). If tap or spigot is located directly before a holding tank, open a tap after the holding tank to prevent any backflow into the tap where you will take your sample. This will ensure that the water you collect is “fresh” from the well and not from the holding tank. After running the water for at least 15 minutes, reduce the flow. Low water flow makes collection easier and more accurate. Remove the cap of a SVOC or metals bottle and hold it under the stream of water to fill it. The bottle does not have to be completely filled (i.e., you can leave an inch or so of headspace in the bottle). After filling, screw on the cap, label the bottle and prepare for shipment. Store samples at 4° C.

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Appendix E - Collecting Surface Water Samples The following topics include 1.) acceptable equipment selection and equipment construction materials and 2.) standard grab, depth-specific and depth-composited surface water sampling techniques. Facilities which contain or border small rivers, streams or branches should include surface water sampling as part of the monitoring program for each sampling event. A simple procedure for selecting surface water monitoring sites is to locate a point on a stream where drainage leaves the site. This provides detection of contamination through, and possibly downstream of, site via discharge of surface waters. The sampling points selected should be downstream from any waste areas. An upstream sample should be obtained in order to determine water quality upstream of the influence of the site.

a.) General Cautions

1. When using watercraft take samples near the bow away and upwind from any gasoline outboard engine. Orient watercraft so that bow is positioned in the upstream direction.

2. When wading, collect samples upstream from the body. Avoid disturbing sediments in the immediate area of sample collection.

3. Collect water samples prior to taking sediment samples when obtaining both from the same area (site).

4. Unless dictated by permit, program or order, sampling at or near man-made structures (e.g., dams, weirs or bridges) may not provide representative data because of unnatural flow patterns.

5. Collect surface water samples from downstream towards upstream. b.) Equipment and Supplies - Select equipment based on the analytes of interest, specific

use, and availability. c.) Surface Water Sampling Techniques - Adhere to all general protocols applicable to

aqueous sampling when following the surface water sampling procedures addressed below.

1. Manual Sampling: Use manual sampling for collecting grab samples for immediate in-situ field analyses. Use manual sampling in lieu of automatic equipment over extended periods of time for composite sampling, especially when it is necessary to observe and/or note unusual conditions.

• Surface Grab Samples - Do not use sample containers containing premeasured amounts of preservatives to collect grab samples. If the sample matrix is homogeneous, then the grab method is a simple and effective technique for collection purposes. If homogeneity is not apparent, based on flow or vertical variations (and should never be assumed), then use other collection protocols. Where practical, use the actual sample container submitted to the laboratory for collecting samples to be analyzed for oil and grease, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and microbiological samples. This procedure eliminates the possibility of contaminating the sample with an intermediate collection container. The use of

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unpreserved sample containers as direct grab samplers is encouraged since the same container can be submitted for laboratory analysis after appropriate preservation. This procedure reduces sample handling and eliminates potential contamination from other sources (e.g., additional sampling equipment, environment, etc.).

1. Grab directly into sample container. 2. Slowly submerge the container, opening neck first, into the

water. 3. Invert the bottle so the neck is upright and pointing towards

the direction of water flow (if applicable). Allow water to run slowly into the container until filled.

4. Return the filled container quickly to the surface. 5. Pour out a few mL of sample away from and downstream

of the sampling location. This procedure allows for the addition of preservatives and sample expansion. Do not use this step for volatile organics or other analytes where headspace is not allowed in the sample container.

6. Add preservatives, securely cap container, label, and complete field notes. If sample containers are attached to a pole via a clamp, submerge the container and follow steps 3 – 5 but omit steps 1 and 2.

• Sampling with an Intermediate Vessel or Container: If the sample cannot be collected directly into the sample container to be submitted to the laboratory, or if the laboratory provides prepreserved sample containers, use an unpreserved sample container or an intermediate vessel (e.g., beakers, buckets or dippers) to obtain the sample. These vessels must be constructed appropriately, including any poles or extension arms used to access the sample location.

1. Rinse the intermediate vessel with ample amounts of site water prior to collecting the first sample.

2. Collect the sample as outlined above using the intermediate vessel.

3. Use pole mounted containers of appropriate construction to sample at distances away from shore, boat, etc. Follow the protocols above to collect samples.

• Peristaltic Pump and Tubing: The most portable pump for this technique is a 12 volt peristaltic pump. Use appropriately precleaned, silastic tubing in the pump head and attach polyethylene, Tygon, etc. tubing to the pump. This technique is not acceptable for Oil and Grease, EPH, VPH or VOCs. Extractable organics can be collected through the pump if flexible interior-wall Teflon, polyethylene or PP tubing is used in the pump head or if used with the organic trap setup.

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1. Lower appropriately precleaned tubing to a depth of 6 – 12 inches below water surface, where possible.

2. Pump 3 – 5 tube volumes through the system to acclimate the tubing before collecting the first sample.

3. Fill individual sample bottles via the discharge tubing. Be careful not to remove the inlet tubing from the water.

4. Add preservatives, securely cap container, label, and complete field notes.

• Mid-Depth Grab Samples: Mid-depth samples or samples taken at a specific depth can approximate the conditions throughout the entire water column. The equipment that may be used for this type of sampling consists of the following depth-specific sampling devices: Kemmerer, Niskin, Van Dorn type, etc. You may also use pumps with tubing or double check-valve bailers. Certain construction material details may preclude its use for certain analytes. Many Kemmerer samplers are constructed of plastic and rubber that preclude their use for all volatile and extractable organic sampling. Some newer devices are constructed of stainless steel or are all Teflon or Teflon-coated. These are acceptable for all analyte groups without restriction.

1. Measure the water column to determine maximum depth and sampling depth prior to lowering the sampling device.

2. Mark the line attached to the sampler with depth increments so that the sampling depth can be accurately recorded.

3. Lower the sampler slowly to the appropriate sampling depth, taking care not to disturb the sediments.

4. At the desired depth, send the messenger weight down to trip the closure mechanism.

5. Retrieve the sampler slowly. 6. Rinse the sampling device with ample amounts of site

water prior to collecting the first sample. Discard rinsate away from and downstream of the sampling location.

7. Fill the individual sample bottles via the discharge tube. • Double Check-Valve Bailers: Collect samples using double check-

valve bailers if the data requirements do not necessitate a sample from a strictly discrete interval of the water column. Bailers with an upper and lower check-valve can be lowered through the water column. Water will continually be displaced through the bailer until the desired depth is reached, at which point the bailer is retrieved. Sampling with this type of bailer must follow the same protocols outlined above, except that a messenger weight is not applicable. Although not designed specifically for this kind of sampling, a bailer is acceptable when a mid-depth sample is required

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1. As the bailer is dropped through the water column, water is displaced through the body of the bailer. The degree of displacement depends upon the check-valve ball movement to allow water to flow freely through the bailer body.

2. Slowly lower the bailer to the appropriate depth. Upon retrieval, the two check valves seat, preventing water from escaping or entering the bailer.

3. Rinse the sampling device with ample amounts of site water prior to collecting the first sample.

4. Fill the individual sample bottles via the discharge tube. Sample bottles must be handled as described above.

• Peristaltic Pump and Tubing: The most portable pump for this technique is a 12 volt peristaltic pump. Use appropriately precleaned, silastic tubing in the pump head and attach HDPE, Tygon, etc. tubing to the pump. This technique is not acceptable for Oil and Grease, EPH, VPH or VOCs. Extractable organics can be collected through the pump if flexible interior-wall Teflon, polyethylene or PP tubing is used in the pump head, or if used with an organic trap setup.

1. Measure the water column to determine the maximum depth and the sampling depth.

2. Tubing will need to be tied to a stiff pole or be weighted down so the tubing placement will be secure. Do not use a lead weight. Any dense, non-contaminating, non-interfering material will work (brick, stainless steel weight, etc.). Tie the weight with a lanyard (braided or monofilament nylon, etc.) so that it is located below the inlet of the tubing.

3. Turn the pump on and allow several tubing volumes of water to be discharged before collecting the first sample.

4. Fill the individual sample bottles via the discharge tube. Sample bottles must be handled as described above.

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golder.com

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APPENDIX B

Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan

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REPORT

LANDFILL GAS MONITORING PLAN - MOORE COUNTY LANDFILL, PERMIT NO. 63-01 Volume 2 - Moore County Design Hydrogeologic Report and Monitoring Plans

Submitted to:

Ms. Jaclynne Drummond Department of Environmental Quality Division of Waste Management Solid Waste Section 2090 US Highway 70 Swannanoa, NC 28778 (828) 296-4706

Submitted by:

Golder Associates NC, Inc. 5B Oak Branch Drive, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA 27407

+1 336 852-4903

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Distribution List Chao, Ming-Tai, PE, Environmental Engineer, NC DEQ, Division of Waste Management, Solid Waste Section,

Permitting Branch, 1646 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-1646, ming.chao@ncdenr.gov

Drummond, Jaclynne, Hydrogeologist, NC DEQ, Division of Waste Management, Solid Waste Section, 2090 US Highway 70, Swannanoa, NC 28778, jaclynne.drummond@ncdenr.gov

Gould, Randy, PE, Director, Moore County, Department of Public Works, 5227 US Highway 15, Carthage, NC 28327-1927, rgould@moorecountync.gov

Lambert, David, Solid Waste Director, Moore County, Department of Public Works, 5227 US Highway 15, Carthage, NC 28327-1927, dlambert@moorecountync.gov

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Executive Summary

On behalf of Moore County, Golder Associates NC, Inc. (Golder) is submitting the enclosed Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan for the Moore County Landfills, North Carolina Solid Waste Permit (NC SWP) # 63-01. Moore County owns and/or operates an active Construction and Demolition (C&D) landfill and a closed Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfill under NC SWP #63-01. This Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan has been prepared in accordance with the North Carolina Solid Waste Management Rules (NC SWMR) Title 15A of the North Carolina Administrative Code (NCAC) 13B .0544(d) as it relates to the active construction and demolition (C&D) landfill and in accordance with the approved Landfill Gas Remediation Plan (Golder, 2018) as it relates to the closed municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill. Both landfills currently monitor for landfill gas on a quarterly basis to ensure that landfill gas does not exceed the lower explosive limit (LEL) at the facility property boundary or at 25 percent of the LEL in facility structures.

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Table of Contents

1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Background .......................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Site Geology ......................................................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Regulatory Limits ................................................................................................................................. 2

2.0 LANDFILL GAS MONITORING ...................................................................................................................... 2

2.1 Current Compliance Landfill Gas Monitoring Locations ...................................................................... 2

2.2 Proposed Compliance Landfill Gas Monitoring Locations ................................................................... 3

2.3 Landfill Gas Monitoring Frequency ...................................................................................................... 4

3.0 LANDFILL GAS SAMPLING PROCEDURES .............................................................................................. 5

3.1 DETECTION EQUIPMENT USED ....................................................................................................... 5

3.2 LANDFILL GAS SAMPLING PROCEDURES ...................................................................................... 5

3.2.1 Landfill Gas Monitoring Well Gas Concentration Measurements ................................................... 6

3.2.2 Facility Structure Gas Concentration Measurements ..................................................................... 6

3.3 WELL DECOMMISSIONING PROCEDURES ..................................................................................... 6

4.0 RECORD KEEPING AND REPORTING ........................................................................................................ 6

4.1 Landfill Gas Monitoring Form ............................................................................................................... 7

4.2 Sampling Reports ................................................................................................................................. 7

4.3 Permanent Record Keeping ................................................................................................................. 7

5.0 CONTINGENCY PLAN ................................................................................................................................... 7

DRAWINGS

Drawing 1 Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan

FIGURES Figure 1 Landfill Gas Probe (Typical) Figure 2 Sample Landfill Gas Monitoring Log

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1.0 INTRODUCTION This Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan will serve as guidance for monitoring landfill gas at the Moore County Landfills in Aberdeen, North Carolina, in accordance with Title 15A of the North Carolina Administrative Code (NCAC) Subchapter 13B .0544(d) as it relates to the active construction and demolition (C&D) landfill and in accordance with the approved Landfill Gas Remediation Plan (Golder, 2018) as it relates to the closed municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill. The Moore County Landfill is located at 456 Turning Leaf Way between the towns of Pinehurst and Aberdeen in Moore County, NC. As presented, the County owns and/or operates an active Construction and Demolition (C&D) landfill and a closed Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfill under North Carolina Solid Waste Permit (NC SWP) #63-01.

1.1 Background The physical location of the Moore County Landfill is shown in the inlay on Drawing LFG-1. The Moore County Landfill is located in the southwestern part of Moore County. The site is located within the jurisdiction of the town of Pinehurst, NC. The site is accessed from NC Highway 5, located to the east of the facility. The facility is hydraulically bound to the west by Horse Creek and to the north and south by unnamed tributaries of Horse Creek. The location of these surface water features is shown on Drawing LFG-1. As presented on Drawing LFG-1, topographic surface elevations at the facility range from approximately 460 feet above mean sea level (AMSL) along the eastern portion of the closed MSW landfill, to approximately 350 feet AMSL in the southwestern portion of the facility. The site is surrounded predominantly by wooded, agricultural, or rural residential properties.

The Moore County Landfill comprises approximately 314 acres and contains an active C&D landfill unit, a closed unlined MSW landfill unit, and several land clearing and inert debris (LCID) landfill units. In conjunction with Moore County, Republic Services of NC, LLC operates a solid waste transfer station located on the southwestern portion of the property. The MSW landfill accepted waste from approximately 1968 to 1993 and was closed prior to October 1993, with final closure approved in December 1996; the County expressed their intent to comply with post-closure monitoring regulations in January 1997. The MSW area encompasses approximately 60 acres, 12 of which have a clay cap. The County began transferring MSW waste in 1993. The County temporarily stockpiled C&D waste from approximately 1993 to 1996, until the current C&D landfill was permitted and constructed (HDR, 2005).

As presented, landfill gas is currently monitored on a quarterly basis at both the closed MSW landfill and the active C&D landfill in accordance with the current landfill gas monitoring plan, 15A NCAC 13B .0544(d), and the approved Landfill Gas Remediation Plan (i.e., at the closed MSW landfill). A brief synopsis of the compliance and remediation history is below.

In November 1999, a work plan was submitted to NC DEQ by HDR Engineering Inc. of the Carolinas (HDR) to address off-site groundwater and methane migration concerns. HDR submitted an assessment of corrective measures (ACM) for groundwater in July 2005 with monitored natural attenuation (MNA) as the primary proposed remedy with a contingency plan for active LFG remediation if increasing trends in volatile organic constituents (VOCs) were observed in groundwater. In 2005, a shallow trenching and venting network consisting of a trench and twelve (12) passive LFG vents was installed to address off-site LFG migration concerns; this network was expanded via twelve (12) additional passive LFG vents in 2007. Three (3) vertical in-waste passive LFG gas extraction wells (GV-30, GV-31, and GV-32) were installed in February 2014 as part of the Contingency Plan Update and Implementation Plan-Revised (Joyce Engineering, 2013) approved by NC DEQ on June 5, 2013. In November 2018, a landfill gas cut-off trench (approximately 150 feet long) was installed to a depth near the top of

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groundwater south of MW-15 (historically the main area of landfill gas migration across the Northern property boundary).

1.2 Site Geology The Moore County Landfill is located in the inner Coastal Plain Physiographic Province of North Carolina. The geologic units of this region are relatively young, dating from the Cretaceous to the Tertiary period (NCGS, 1985). The site is underlain by sands, silts, and clays of the Middendorf Formation, which generally consists of intercalated, lenticular, thick-bedded, light-colored sands and clays (mudstones) with local concentrations of clay-cast conglomerates (NCGS, 1985 and Sohl and Owens, 1991).

The uppermost groundwater beneath the facility is present in a shallow, unconfined aquifer comprised of sands mixed with thin clay seams and larger seams of fine sand. The uppermost aquifer at the site is approximately 55 feet thick and underlain by a clay confining layer (HDR, 2005). Groundwater occurs at depths varying form approximately 5 to 38 feet below ground surface (bgs) across the entire site.

Surface water and groundwater at the site generally flows to the west and southwest toward Horse Creek, which is located along the western property boundary. Limited surface water and groundwater flows to the north and south to unnamed tributaries of Horse Creek located along the northern and southern property boundaries. Historically, the average estimated linear groundwater flow velocity for the subsurface at the facility is around 300 feet/year.

1.3 Regulatory Limits Currently, the regulatory limit of methane (a component of landfill gas) in the landfill gas compliance monitoring probes in NC is equal to the lower explosive limit (LEL) of 5% methane by volume in air. The regulatory limit of methane in facility structures is 25% of the LEL or 1.25% methane by volume in ambient air. There are currently no other regulatory limits applicable to this facility with regards to landfill gas. The LEL for hydrogen sulfide a minor component of landfill gas is 4% hydrogen sulfide by volume in air; however, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) limit for hydrogen sulfide is 100 parts per million (ppm). In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .0544, Moore County also monitors for hydrogen sulfide at the C&D landfill as it is interpreted by NC DEQ as “other explosive gases.” Moore County also monitors for hydrogen sulfide at the MSW landfill due to historic and recent detections of hydrogen sulfide in landfill gas.

2.0 LANDFILL GAS MONITORING The following sections discuss the proposed locations of landfill gas monitoring wells, the monitoring of structures, and the monitoring frequency.

2.1 Current Compliance Landfill Gas Monitoring Locations The current Moore County landfill gas compliance network consists of twelve methane compliance points (i.e., GP-9, GP-10, GP-11, GP-12, GP-13, GP-14, GP-15, GP-16, GP-17, MW-6, and MW-15), three on-site structures (i.e., the scalehouse, the maintenance shop, and the transfer station), and one off-site structure (i.e., the Blake house crawlspace) on a quarterly basis. The current compliance methane monitoring locations are shown on Drawing LFG-1.

Based on topography and physical features such as streams, potential landfill gas is expected to migrate to the south, southwest, west, north east and north; therefore, the current network is representative and protective of

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human health and the environment. However, as part of the proposed Phase VI expansion of the landfill three of the existing landfill gas probes in the compliance monitoring network will need to be replaced. In addition, Moore County proposes to replace monitoring points MW-6 and GP-10 as described in the next section. As part of the approved Landfill Gas Remediation Plan (Golder, 2018), compliance monitoring point MW-15 was converted to a landfill gas probe to monitor the effectiveness of the landfill gas trench which was installed and completed in November 2018. Moore County proposes to rename this monitoring point GP-18.

2.2 Proposed Compliance Landfill Gas Monitoring Locations As presented, below is a summary of the proposed changes to the current landfill gas compliance monitoring network:

GP-13 shall be replaced by GP-13R (installed May 2018)

GP-14 shall be replaced by GP-14R (installed May 2018)

GP-15 shall be replaced by GP-15R (installed June 2018)

MW-15 shall be renamed GP-18

MW-6 shall be replaced as a methane monitoring point by GP-19, which will be located closer to the property boundary (not yet installed)

GP-10 shall be abandoned and replaced with GP-10R, which will be located closer to the property boundary (not yet installed)

After these changes are incorporated the new landfill gas monitoring network shall consist of the following landfill gas compliance locations:

Compliance Point ID: Depth to Bottom (ft bgs):

Estimated Depth to Groundwater (ft bgs):

Waste Unit Monitored -Location Relative to the Waste Units:

GP-9 3.5 5 MSW – SE

GP-10R 16 (proposed) 18 MSW – S

GP-11 Unknown (no log available)

11 MSW – S

GP-12 Unknown (no log available)

24 MSW – W & C&D – S

GP-13R 10 10 C&D – W

GP-14R 10 10 C&D – W

GP-15R 10 10 C&D – W

GP-16 6.5 15 C&D – N

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Compliance Point ID: Depth to Bottom (ft bgs):

Estimated Depth to Groundwater (ft bgs):

Waste Unit Monitored -Location Relative to the Waste Units:

GP-17 5.5 5.5 C&D – N

GP-18 35 32 MSW – N

GP-19 13 (proposed) 15 MSW – N

1.) ft bgs = feet below ground surface

2.) MSW = closed municipal solid waste landfill

3.) C&D = active construction and demolition landfill

4.) N, S, SE, W = north, south, southeast, west

5.) Estimated Depth to Groundwater shown was approximated based on the April 2019 Groundwater Contour Map.

The estimated depth to groundwater on the table above for each location was estimated using the groundwater surface contours provided on Drawing DH-3 (of the Design Hydrogeologic Report). As presented the depths for GP-10R and GP-19 are shown on the above table as proposed as these monitoring points have not yet been installed. These locations will be installed upon approval of this Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan. Actual depths of these locations will be determined by field observations during installation.

The proposed landfill gas probes will be installed approximately 3 feet above the static water level to account for seasonal high-water level fluctuations. The proposed probes will be constructed of 2-inch PVC with 0.010-inch slotted screen from the bottom of the well up to 5 feet below ground surface. A coarse clean sand will be used to fill the annular space to approximately 2 feet above the screen. An approximately 2-foot thick bentonite seal will be placed above the sand. The remaining annular space will be filled with a cement mixture. The surface completion of each gas probe will consist of a three (3) feet by three (3) feet by half (0.5) foot concrete well apron and a locking protective casing. The top of the PVC riser will be equipped a well cap with a stopcock valve or quick connect coupling. A diagram of a typical landfill gas probe is provided as Figure 1.

As presented, three on-site structures (i.e., the scale house, the maintenance building, and the transfer station office) are currently monitored for landfill gas on a quarterly basis. One off-site structure (the Blake residence crawl space) is currently monitored due to historical landfill gas migration along the northern property line as documented in the Landfill Gas Remediation Plan (Golder, 2018) for the MSW landfill. Moore County proposes to continue sampling these locations as prescribed.

2.3 Landfill Gas Monitoring Frequency As presented, currently landfill gas compliance monitoring is performed on a quarterly basis as required in 15A NCAC 13B .0544(d)(2)(B) and in accordance with NC DEQ Landfill Gas Monitoring Guidance (NC DENR, 2010). If the explosive action level or compliance level is exceeded for methane gas at a compliance monitoring location, in accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .0544(d)(3)(C) a Landfill Gas Remediation Plan Addendum will be prepared, and an alternate monitoring frequency will be considered, if on-site or nearby off-site conditions change (i.e., the risk factors warrant more frequent monitoring).

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3.0 LANDFILL GAS SAMPLING PROCEDURES The following sections outline the recommended procedures for performing the required landfill gas monitoring at landfill gas probes, vents, and facility structures.

3.1 DETECTION EQUIPMENT USED The GEM-5000 Plus (or GEM-2000 Plus) is the preferred monitoring device for monitoring landfill gas at this facility. The GEM-5000 Plus (and GEM-2000 Plus) are capable of measuring hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide concentrations in landfill gas. Alternatively, a digital or analog manometer combined with a vacuum-pump-equipped monitoring device designed to measure methane gas and hydrogen sulfide concentrations can be used.

In addition to the monitoring device(s), the following equipment and documents should be readily available during monitoring events:

Copy of the facility’s Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan

A copy of the Operation Manual(s) for the equipment being used during monitoring

Blank copies of the Landfill Gas Monitoring Log (a sample Landfill Gas Monitoring Log is provided in Figure 2)

Calibration gas (if applicable)

Barometer (if available)

Personal protective equipment (site-specific)

Necessary keys (site-specific)

Landfill gas monitoring equipment should be calibrated in the field on the day of use. Generally, one calibration per day is sufficient. In some instances where highly variable concentrations are being observed, it may be necessary to re-calibrate the monitoring device during the work day to ensure that instrument drift is minimal. Instrument drift can be checked with a calibration gas of known concentration. If more than a 3% difference is observed between the instrument reading and the gas standard during an instrument drift check, the unit should be recalibrated.

Field calibration should be performed in accordance with the instrument manufacturer’s recommendations using an approved gas standard. Generally, when landfill gas monitoring probes or other compliance monitoring points calibration gas composed of 15% by volume methane or less (i.e., ideally 5% by volume methane). Field calibration activities shall be documented on a calibration log. Landfill gas monitoring equipment should also be calibrated by the manufacturer or supplier in accordance with the recommended schedule for that instrument.

3.2 LANDFILL GAS SAMPLING PROCEDURES Prior to mobilizing to the site, weather conditions at the Moore County landfill shall be observed and deemed acceptable for landfill gas monitoring per the NC DEQ Landfill Gas Monitoring Guidance (NC DENR, 2010). As presented, upon arriving at the site the landfill gas monitoring equipment shall be calibrated, next the sampler shall record the weather conditions at the site, including the barometric pressure, ambient temperature, and wind speed and direction. The temperature and barometric pressure should be logged at the beginning and ending of

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each field day. Site-specific barometric pressure readings are preferred. In the event that a barometer is not available, barometric pressure readings from a nearby weather station can be used. Per the NC DEQ Landfill Gas Monitoring Guidance (NC DENR, 2010), landfill gas monitoring shall be conducted between noon and sunset.

3.2.1 Landfill Gas Monitoring Well Gas Concentration Measurements Before connecting the monitoring instrument to the landfill gas monitoring well, purge the connector tube for at least one minute prior to taking reading. Connect the instrument tubing to the landfill gas monitoring well cap fitted with a stopcock valve or quick connect coupling. Open the valve and record the initial reading and then the stabilized reading for methane and hydrogen sulfide. A stable reading is one that does not vary more than 0.5 percent by volume on the instrument’s scale. Turn the stopcock valve to the off position and disconnect the tubing. Proceed to the next landfill gas monitoring well and repeat.

3.2.2 Facility Structure Gas Concentration Measurements Confined spaces, which require a confined space permit to enter, are excluded from these general monitoring requirements. On-site and off-site structures [i.e., the scalehouse, maintenance building, transfer station office, and the Blake residence crawl space (second bullet)] shall be monitored as detailed below:

After entering the designated structure, turn on the gas monitoring device and vacuum pump and traverse the accessible and open area of the facility structure while holding the intake hose for the monitoring device at shoulder height. During the traverse, observe the meter for any measurable methane concentrations and record the time and concentration on the monitoring log.

If measurable methane concentrations are observed in a facility structure, attempts to identify the source of the methane should be made. If the facility structure is elevated and has a crawl space, the crawl space beneath the facility should be monitored from outside of the structure on accessible sides to determine if the methane gas is migrating into the structure from the crawl space. Do not enter a crawl space beneath a structure without proper authorization and sufficient personal protection equipment, including an oxygen monitoring device, since these areas may be considered confined spaces. If the facility structure is constructed on grade, ambient air near the exterior walls at floor level or near cracks in the floor, if exposed, should be monitored to determine if gas is migrating upward along or through the foundation.

3.3 WELL DECOMMISSIONING PROCEDURES If a landfill gas monitoring probe requires decommissioning, an abandonment record shall be submitted to NC DEQ within thirty (30) days of the decommissioning. The landfill gas monitoring probe(s) shall be decommissioned in accordance with 15A NCAC 2C .0113(d) by a certified well driller. The landfill gas monitoring probe(s) shall be over-drilled and sealed with grout via tremie-pipe if located in the future waste footprint. The landfill gas monitoring probe(s) shall be sealed with grout and all surface completions removed if not located in the future waste footprint. The decommissioning report will be sealed by a North Carolina Licensed/Professional Geologist.

4.0 RECORD KEEPING AND REPORTING Quarterly landfill gas compliance monitoring results and semiannual assessment monitoring results shall be maintained by the facility operator for the life of the facility operation, closure, and post-closure care periods.

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4.1 Landfill Gas Monitoring Form The date, time, location, sampling personnel, equipment, atmospheric temperature, reported barometric pressure, general weather conditions at the time of sampling, and the concentration of methane and hydrogen sulfide shall be recorded on the Landfill Gas Monitoring Field Log (see Figure 2).

4.2 Sampling Reports A letter report that includes the Landfill Gas Monitoring Form and a map showing the monitoring locations will be prepared after each monitoring event. As presented, monitoring records will be kept on site in the facility files. If explosive gas concentrations are detected in excess of allowable regulatory limits (presented in Section 1.3) in any compliance monitoring point(s) Moore County will in accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .0544(d)(3):

Immediately take all steps necessary to ensure the protection of human health and the environment and a notification will be provided to the NC DEQ

Within 7 days of the exceedance, the landfill gas monitoring report will be placed in the facility monitoring records

And the facility will update and implement a Landfill Gas Remediation Plan Addendum. NC DEQ will be provided a copy of the Landfill Gas Remediation Plan Addendum.

4.3 Permanent Record Keeping As presented above, a copy of each quarterly report shall be retained on-site as part of the permanent operating record for the facility.

5.0 CONTINGENCY PLAN As presented in Section 1.3, pursuant to the 15A NCAC 13B .0544(d)(1), the compliance levels for landfill gas monitoring are 25% of the lower explosive LEL for methane and other explosive gasses (1.25% methane by volume) in facility structures (excluding gas control or recovery system components) and 100% of the LEL (5% methane by volume) for methane at the facility boundary. In addition to the reporting requirements above, if either of these compliance levels is exceeded, the operator shall take all immediate steps necessary to protect public health and safety, including those required by the contingency plan. The contingency plan for this facility is as follows:

Evacuating all personnel from any facility structure(s) exceeding the safe LEL levels

Notifying local fire officials of the exceedance if there are habitable structures within 1,000 feet of the property boundary

Isolate the effective area and post signs around the affected area indicating the potential health and safety risk and limit access (as practical)

Post signs in the affected area indicating a “No Smoking” area

Appropriate safety training for all personnel entering in the isolated area

Notify NC DEQ in a written statement within seven working days of learning that action levels have been exceeded and indicate what has been done or is planned to be done to resolve the problem.

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Begin initial remediation actions, which may include the following activities:

• Additional temporary gas monitoring probe installations and sampling to determine the extent of the gas migration

• Increased monitoring of probes, structures, and any identified preferred flow pathways to verify concentrations and to protect human health

• Implement a remediation plan for the explosive gas releases and submit it to NCDEQ for amendment of the facility permit

The Landfill Gas Remediation Plan Addendum shall describe the nature and extent of the problem and the proposed remedy. The plan shall include an implementation schedule specifying timeframes for implementing the corrective actions, an evaluation of the effectiveness of such corrective actions, and milestones for proceeding in implementation of additional corrective actions, if necessary, to re-establish compliance. Gas control systems proposed in the Landfill Gas Remediation Plan Addendum shall be designed to:

Prevent methane accumulation in on-site structures

Prevent methane compliance level exceedances at the facility boundary

Provide for the collection, treatment, and destruction/disposal of decomposition gases and condensate

Comply with Clean Air Act requirements, as applicable

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PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATION

The Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan for the Moore County closed MSW and active C&D landfills at this facility has been prepared by a qualified geologist who is licensed to practice in the State of North Carolina. The plan has been prepared based on first-hand knowledge of site conditions and familiarity with North Carolina solid waste rules and industry standard protocol. This certification is made in accordance with North Carolina Solid Waste Regulations, indicating this Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan should provide early detection of any release of hazardous constituents to the uppermost aquifer, so as to be protective of public health and the environment. No other warranties, expressed or implied, are made.

GOLDER ASSOCIATES NC, INC.

Benjamin S. Draper, PG

Printed _______________________________

Date _________________________________

Not valid unless this document bears the seal of the above mentioned licensed professional.

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REFERENCES Golder Associates NC, Inc. (Golder), Landfill Gas Remediation Plan, Moore County Closed MSW Landfill, NC

SWP# 63-01, Submitted to NC DEQ: January 31, 2018.

HDR Engineering, Inc. of the Carolinas (HDR), Assessment of Corrective Measures Report, Moore County Landfil, NC SWP# 63-01, Submitted to NC DNER: July 29, 2005.

Joyce Engineering, Inc., Contingency Plan Update and Implementation Plan – Revised, Moore County Landfill, NC SWP# 63-01, Submitted to NC DENR: May 16, 2013.

North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NC DENR). Landfill Gas Monitoring Guidance, November 2010.

North Carolina Geologic Survey (NCGS). Geologic Map of North Carolina, 1985.

Sohl, Norman F. and Owens, James P., Cretaceous Stratigraphy of the Carolinas Coastal Plain, The Geology of the Carolinas, pages 191-220, 1991.

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Signature Page

Sincerely,

Golder Associates NC, Inc.

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Benjamin S. Draper, PG, PMP Rachel P. Kirkman, PG Senior Project Geologist Associate and Senior Consultant

BSD/RPK/bsd:

Engineering Lic. No. C-2862/Geology Lic. No. C-399

Golder Associates NC, Inc. is a licensed user of the Golder trademark, and an associated operating entity.

Golder and the G logo are trademarks of Golder Associates Corporation.

g:\projects\moore county\_current engineering\2018 permit amendment (env)\monitoring plans\lfg monitoring plan\draft\2019-11-14 draft landfill gas monitoring plan.docx

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DRAWINGS

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CATCH

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LANDFILL

ACTIVEC&D

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GP-15(TO BE ABANDONED)

GP-16

GP-14(TO BE ABANDONED)

GP-13(TO BE ABANDONED)

GP-11

GP-17

GP-10

GP-12

MW-6

GP-18

GP-14R

GP-15R

GP-13R

GP-9

GP-19

GP-10R

BLAKE RESIDENCE (CRAWL SPACE MONITORED)

SCALEHOUSE

TRANSFER STATION OFFICE

MAINTENANCE SHOP

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MOORE COUNTY LANDFILL (PERMIT #63-01)456 TURNING LEAF WAYABERDEEN, NORTH CAROLINA

MOORE COUNTY PUBLIC WORKSPO BOX 1927CARTHAGE, NORTH CAROLINA

LANDFILL GAS MONITORING PLAN

STREAM, POND, AND WETLAND LIMITS

EXISTING 10 FT GROUND SURFACE CONTOUR

EXISTING 2 FT GROUND SURFACE CONTOUR

PROPERTY LINE

APPROXIMATE LIMITS OF WASTE

EXISTING ROAD

MONITORING WELL AND IDENTIFICATION

METHANE PROBE AND IDENTIFICATION

PROPOSED METHANE PROBE AND IDENTIFICATION

LANDFILL GAS TRENCH VENTS AND IDENTIFICATION

PASSIVE LANDFILL GAS VENTS

LEGEND

NOTES1. TOPOGRAPHIC CONTOUR INTERVAL = 2 FEET

2. PROPERTY BOUNDARY SURVEY BY JAMES L. WRIGHT DATED NOVEMBER 1984. ITS LOCATIONIS RELATIVE TO TOPOGRAPHY APPROXIMATE BY HDR ENGINEERING, INC.

3. EXISTING TOPOGRAPHY WITHIN ACTIVE AND PROPOSED LANDFILL PROVIDED BY MATTHEWSLAND SURVEYING & MAPPING, PLLC DATED APRIL 17, 2015 AND JUNE 2018.

4. MONITORING WELLS MW-6 THROUGH MW-16 SURVEYED APRIL 1995, SEPTEMBER 1996, ANDAPRIL 2003 BY HDR ENGINEERING INC./ ED BUCKNER RLS APRIL 17, 2015.

5. THE LOCATIONS OF LANDFILL GAS TRENCH VENTS ARE APPROXIMATE.

6. NOTE GP-18 IS FORMER GROUNDWATER MONITORING WELL MW-15 (AS DETAILED IN THELANDFILL GAS MONITORING PLAN (GOLDER 2019)

MW-1

GP-10

SITE LOCATION MAPNOT TO SCALE

SITE LOCATION

0

FEET

200 400

SCALE

GP-10

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FIGURES

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Figure 1 – Landfill Gas Monitoring Well Detail 

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Revised – March 6, 2017

NC Division of Waste Management - Solid Waste Section

Landfill Gas Monitoring Data Form

Notice: This form and any information attached to it are "Public Records" as defined in NC General Statute 132-1. As such, these documents are

available for inspection and examination by any person upon request (NC General Statute 132-6).

Facility Name: Permit Number:

Sampling Date: NC Landfill Rule (.0500 or .1600):

Sample Collector Name & Position:

Gas Meter Type & Serial Number: Gas Meter Calibration Date:

Field Calibration Date & Time:

Field Calibration Gas Type (15/15 or 35/50): Field Calibration Gas Canister Expiration Date:

Gas Meter Pump Rate:

Ambient Air Temperature: Barometric Pressure (in. or mm Hg): Weather Conditions:

Instructions: Under “Location or LFG Well”, list monitoring well # or describe monitoring location (e.g., inside field office). Attach a test location map or drawing. Report methane readings as both % LEL and % CH4 by volume. Convert % CH4 (by volume) to % LEL as follows: % methane (by volume)/20 = % LEL. *Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) gas monitoring may be required for Construction & Demolition Landfills (CDLFs). See

individual permit conditions and/or Facility LFG monitoring plan.

Location or LFG Well ID

Sample Tube Purge

Time of Day

Time Pumped

(sec) Initial

% LEL Stabilized

% LEL % CH4 (volume)

% O2 (volume)

% CO2 (volume)

% H2S* (volume) NOTES

NOTE: If needed, attach additional data forms to include additional LFG monitoring data locations for the facility.

ACTION LEVELS: Methane: >1.25% by volume (inside structures) AND >5% by volume (at facility boundary) Hydrogen Sulfide: >1% by volume (inside structures) AND >4% by volume (at facility boundary)

Certification

To the best of my knowledge, the information reported and statements made on this data submittal and attachments

are true and correct. I am aware that there are significant penalties for making any false statement, representation,

or certification including the possibility of a fine and imprisonment.

SIGNATURE TITLE

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