Ground- Surface Water Interface

D.P. Mathuria

Executive Director (Tech.)

SS1-Rejuvenation of river Ganga- from Planning to action

Ground and surface water linkages

• Surface water and ground waterare linked as component inhydrological-ecological system

• Abstraction from andcontamination of either one willaffect each other.

• During lean season flow instreams is augmented byGround water.

Surface flow

Ground water

River Ganga (Rejuvenation, Protection, Management) Authorities Order, 2016

Principles to be followed specifies:

• The integral relationship between the surface flow and sub-surface water (ground water) shall be restored and maintained.

• The bank of River Ganga and its flood plain shall be construction free Zone to reduce pollution sources, pressures and to maintain its natural ground water recharge functions

Aquifer mapping in parts of Ganga-Yamuna Doab in Kaushambi-Kanpur stretch.

• In collaboration with CGWB andCSIR-NGRI, Heli-borne study foraquifer mapping with focus onpalaeo-channels

• Location: parts of Ganga YamunaDoab in Kaushambi-Kanpurstretch.

• Area: ~ 8500 sq.km A

A+

B

Proposed area of extension

for paleo channel Mapping

A: CGWB approved block

A+: CSIR-NGRI extended block of A

B: proposed area of Extension

Previous Study:

CSIR-NGRI, under the aegis of DoWR-RD-GR, conducted helicopter bornegeophysical survey covering Prayagraj and Kaushambi region led significantfindings as:

• 3D structural settings of aquifer system

• Discovery of a buried paleo channel (ancient river, now underground) that

joins Yamuna river at Durgapur village, roughly 26 km south of the current

Ganga-Yamuna Sangam at Prayagraj.

• Aquifer merging at places due to tectonic activities.

• River Ganga has good hydrogeological connectivity with surrounding

aquifers

How its useful

Knowledge on subsurface connectivitybetween Ganga and Yamuna rivers willplay very crucial role in planning ofGanga cleaning as well as protectingthe safe groundwater resources.

Groundwater

over-exploitation

declining of

water level

Reduction of

Baseflow

Reduction in

river water flow

Subsurface linkages for groundwater

contaminant migration?

Strong need of Managed aquifer

recharge (MAR) where?

Deliverables:

• 3D resistivity map with geometrical settings of principal aquifers

• Paleo channel map and its 3D catchment of sediments

• Linkages between aquifer system including paleo channel and river

system

Thank You

Dr K Yella Reddy, FIE

Dean AE&T, ANGRAU and Vice President, ICID

LEARNING FROM BEST PRACTICES IN

WATER MANAGEMENTWATER

The Right to Water, a Human Right

EFFICENT USE OF WATER

Key for

Sustainable Development

Challenges and Opportunities

❑ India’s share of resourcesWater : 4% Land : 2.5 %Population : 17%

3

Evergreen Revolution

YEAR POPULATION

IN MILLIONS

PER CAPITA AVAILABILITY

Cu m/year Liter/day

2001 1027 1820 5000

2010 1210 1545 4230

2025 1394 1340 3670

2050 1640 1140 3120

Food Requirement by 2050 : 450 MT

Improve Overall WUE by : 20% (National Water Mission, GOI)

❑ With 2085 cubic kilometer India stands 7th

❑ Per capita availability wise it is 133rd position

Components of WUE as per CWC

Efficiency Values (%)

Reservoir Efficiency 95%-98%

Conveyance

Efficiency

Fully Lined system

Partially Lined system

Unlined system

70%-75%

65%

60%

On farm application

Efficiency

Sprinkler/Drip

Irrigation

Basin/Furrow Irrigation

85%

60%

Drainage Efficiency 80%

IPU/IPC 85%

Overall WUE 60-65%

How to reach

Linkage between different water sources in an irrigation system

5

National Water Policy (2012)

• Priority on use of water

• NWP on impact of climate change

• Enhancing water availability for different use

• Demand management

Project appraisal and environmental impact assessment for water uses to inter-alia

include:

i) analysis of water foot prints,

ii) recycle and reuse including return flows to be a general norm,

iii)incentivizing economic use of water to facilitate competition,

iv)adaptation to water saving means

v) performance monitoring and

vi) reclamation of commands from water logging, salinity and alkalinity.

• Regulation of water prices

• Project planning & implementation

• Data base and information needs

• Capacity building, research and training needs

6

If water is priced at 1 paisa liter (15 cents per cu m), it costsRs. 1,20,000 (US$2000) for growing paddy in one ha area

Valuing Water

DUBLIN Principles more relevant now

Matching Irrigation Demand and Canal Supply

The engineers of I&CAD Department, officials of Agriculture

and Ground Water Department should be offered trainings

on a regular basis on irrigation modernisation, crop irrigation

requirements including effective rainfall contribution, water

budgeting, latest aspects of water measurement and

regulation, participatory approaches in water management

and woﾏeﾐ’s participation in AWM.

Water Measurement

The engineers of I&CAD Department should install special

water measurement structures like RBC flumes as a

standard procedure in all their new irrigation projects;

the same applies for their modernization projects of

existing schemes.

9

• Direct seeding / MSRI / AWD for rice in harmony with soil microbial

technologies in maximizing the water use efficiency.

Water Saving Crop Production Technologies

Micro Irrigation

❑ 69 M ha area suitable for MI (TF)

❑ APMIP launched in 2003 (0.25 M ha)

❑ TS & AP leads the country

To irrigate and fertigate the plant

instead of soil

LAYOUT OF LIMIP

WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK OF LIMIP

Distributory

Sump 2

Sump 1

DP 2

DP 1PVC pipe

PVC pipe

CROSS SECTIONAL VIEW

Minor

➢ Sump is required to store water during non-pumping hours

➢ Capacity depends upon

a) Duty of the water

b) Area under each sump

c) Operating time of irrigation system

New Initiative

MICROIRRIGATION IN CANAL COMMANDS UNDER LIFT PROJECTS

Israel leads in efficient water use

14

Farmers Day Programs

Project AchievementsImportance of CC &WUEInteraction with Scientists and line dept officialsExhibition of technologiesFarmers Feedback

SCHOOL CHIDREN AWARENESS MEETING – CLIMAADDAPT PROJECT

Training Workshop for Young Professional13.30-17.00 hours, 13 October 2017

TOLTECA 1, WTC

Importance of Irrigation Water Management &

ClimaAdapt Project Experiences

Our Future : YOUNG PROFESSIONALS, Students & Children

• Establish VKCs (in collaboration with Panchayat Raj

Institutions)

• It is a community model. MoU with village panchayat

• Providing location specific and demand driven services

• Contents, capacity building and linkages services

• VKCs managed by the VKC Management committee

Village Knowledge Centre (VKS)

Way Forward• Water is an Economic Good

• Water Measurement

• Demand Based Water Delivery

• Virtual Water Approach

• Incentivizing WUE

• Irrigation Asset Management

• Promoting PIM

• Respect Agriculture

19

A Future concern: Food insecurity

and hungerMahatma Gandhi said:

“ there are people in the world so hungry that God cannot appear to

them except in the form of bread.

It is our moral responsibility to

eradicate this hunger from the

world and make the food

available.

THANK YOU

Status and importance of

traditional water conservation

system in present scenario

Dr. Sameer Vyas

Smt. Beena Anand

Dr. SN Sharma

Central Soil and Materials Research Station, New Delhi

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➢ Water: A prime life sustaining natural resource; cannot becreated like other commodities.➢ A nature’s gift to all living beings on the earth.➢ Is is the elixir of life.➢ In India: Stress on availability of water is due topopulation explosion & improved standard of living.➢ The scarcity is compounded further because of massiveagricultural and industrial development coupled withimproper and indiscriminate exploitation of groundwaterresources.➢ Only handful of countries in the globe can boast of suchan extensive river network that our country has.➢ The mighty Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputra in the North, theNarmada-Tapi-Mahanadi in the Central region and Godavari-Krishna-Cauvery in the South have been symbols ofexistence and growth of our country right from its inception.➢ Yet, the availability of water resources in India has itsunique complexities.28-Sep-19 6th IWW-SNS-27/09/2019

➢Post-independence, the population of India hasincreased almost nearly fourfold and growth is expected tocontinue upto 2050➢Thereafter it will stabilize sometime during 2060➢What is required is an integrated planning, developmentand management of the water resources with theinvolvement of all stakeholders and taking intoconsideration the multi-sectoral needs and the judiciousdistribution of the water resources amongst various sectorsbased upon certain priorities.➢With a view to achieve this vision, the country adoptedthe National Water Policy in 1987 for the first time, updatedin the year 2002 and last revision took place in 2012.➢Since then many new challenges have emerged in thewater resources sector which further needs the revision inthe existing National Water Policy.

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✓By 2025 it is predicted that large parts of India will joincountries or regions having absolute water scarcity.✓Water stress occurs when water availability is between1000 and 1600 cubic meter per person per year.✓A Niti Aayog report released last year predicts Day Zero for21 Indian cities by next year. Day Zero refers to the daywhen a place is likely to have no drinking water of its own.✓According to the Niti Aayog's Composite WaterManagement Index (CWMI), Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi andHyderabad are among the most susceptible. Thegovernment has created a new Jal Shakti ministry to dealwith drinking water crisis.

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✓About 89 per cent of groundwater extracted in India is used for

irrigation making it the highest category user in the country.

Household use comes second with 9 per cent share of the extracted

groundwater followed by industry that uses only two per cent of it.

✓Overall, 50 per cent of urban water requirement and 85 per cent of

rural domestic water need are fulfilled by groundwater.

✓This kind of use has caused a reduction in groundwater levels in

India by 61 per cent between 2007 and 2017, according to report by

Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), presented in the Lok Sabha

last year.

✓The report prepared under the ministry of water resources cited

rising population, rapid urbanisation, industrialisation and

inadequate rainfall as reasons for sharp decline in groundwater

volume in the country.

✓It is estimated that while 81 per cent of all households have

access to 40 litres of water per day

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Water is not properly distributed where it is supplied throughpipes. Mega cities like Delhi and Mumbai get more that thanthe standard municipal water norm of 150 litres per capita perday (LPCD) while others get 40-50 LPCD.

The World Health Organization prescribes 25 litres of waterfor one person a day to meet all basic hygiene and foodneeds. Extra available water, according to the WHOestimates, is used for non-potable purposes like mopping andcleaning.

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Wastage of water

✓Arithmetically, India is still water surplus and receives enoughannual rainfall to meet the need of over one billion plus people.According to the Central Water Commission, India needs a maximumof 3,000 billion cubic metres of water a year while it receives 4,000billion cubic metres of rain.

✓But the problem is India captures only eight per cent of its annualrainfall - among the lowest in the world. The traditional modes ofwater capturing in ponds have been lost to the demands of risingpopulation and liberal implementation of town planning rules.

✓India has been also poor in treatment and re-use of householdwastewater. About 80 per cent of the water reaching households inIndia are drained out as waste flow through sewage to pollute otherwater bodies including rivers and also land.

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loss of wetlands, water bodies

Almost every single city and village in the country has lost

its wetlands, water bodies and even rivers to

encroachment to meet the needs of rising population.

Chennai that is facing acute water shortage had nearly

two dozen water bodies and wetlands but most of them

are out of use today. A recent assessment found that only

nine of them could be reclaimed as water bodies.

The main causes of disappearance of traditional water

conservation structures are:

➢ Urbanization

➢ Population

➢ Encroachments

➢ Poor sewerage structures

➢ Blocking of the recharging path ways

➢ Poor maIntenance and negligence from civic authorities

➢ Pollution

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The United Nation's (UN) World Water Development Report

of 2018 harks back to the traditional nature-based solution

to address water crisis.

It particularly highlights two examples.

One is the good old experiment by India's waterman

Rajendra Singh in Rajasthan which restored water

resources in Alwar district through construction of small-

scale water harvesting structures. This brought water back

to 1,000 drought-hit villages, revived five rivers which had

gone dry, increased farm productivity by 20 to 80 per cent,

increased forest cover by 33 per cent and also brought

back antelopes and leopards.

The other is from Jordan where an experiment in reviving

traditional land management system, called 'Hima'- which

basically consisted of setting land aside to allow for the

land to naturally regenerate itself - that led to increase in

economic growth (through cultivation of indigenous plants

of economic value) and conservation of natural resources

in the Zarqa river basin. It has now become Jordan's

national policy.28-Sep-19 6th IWW-SNS-27/09/2019

History tells us that floods and droughts bothwere regular phenomenon in ancient India.Perhaps this was the reason for the everyregion of country; for having its own traditionalwater conservation and managementtechniques depending upon the geographicalpeculiarities and cultural uniqueness. Thebasic concept underlying all these techniquesis that rain should be harvested whenever andwherever falls.

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Archaeological evidence shows that the practice of waterconservation and management is deep rooted in the science ofancient India. Excavations show that the cities of the IndusValley Civilization had excellent systems of water conservation,harvesting and drainage system.

The settlement of Dholavira, laid out on a slope between twostorm water channels, is a great example of Water Engineering.

Chanakya’s Arthashashtra mentions irrigation using waterharvesting systems. Sringaverapura, near Allahabad, had asophisticated water harvesting system that used the naturalslope of the land to store the floodwaters of the river Ganga

Chola King Karikala built the Grand Anicut or Kallanai acrossthe river Cauvery to divert water for irrigation (it is still functional)while King Bhoja of Bhopal built the largest artificial lake in India.

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Drawing upon centuries of experience, Indianscontinued to build structures to catch, hold and storemonsoon rainwater for the dry seasons to come.These traditional techniques, though less populartoday, are still in use and efficient. Drawing uponcenturies of experience, Indians continued to buildstructures to catch, hold and store monsoon rainwaterfor the dry seasons to come.

Water has been conserved and managed in Indiasince antiquity, with our ancestors perfecting the art ofwater management. Many water conservationstructures and water conveyance systems specific tothe ecoregions and culture has been developed

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Encroachment of water bodies has been identifiedas a "major cause" of flash floods in Mumbai(2005), Uttarakhand (2013), Jammu and Kashmir(2014) and Chennai (2015) in the past one-and-half decades.

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Their revival and better management assume evenmore significance if the Niti Aayog's warning is to betaken seriously: Groundwater levels in 21 major cities,including Delhi, Bangalore and Hyderabad, will dry upcompletely by 2020 (next year), affecting 100 millionpeople.

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Everyday experiences and studies have shownthat more and more water bodies are disappearingfrom the urban and rural landscapes due touncontrolled urbanization leading to theirencroachment for construction activities; dumpingof sewage, industrial waste water, deposition ofdebris and last but not the least a shift fromcommunity-based water-use system togroundwater dependent system, etc.

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FAST DISAPPEARING WATER BODIES

According to the 4th MI census, carried out during 2006-2007, there were 5,23,816 water bodies - declining by32,785 from 5,56,601 water bodies identified during the 3rdMI census of 2000-2001.

Of these 5,23,816 water bodies, 80,128 (or 15 per cent) werefound "not in use" any more.

Most such water bodies in disuse were found in Karnataka(51 per cent of its total water bodies), Rajasthan (40 percent), Andhra Pradesh (32 per cent), Tamil Nadu (30 percent), Uttarkhand (29 per cent) and Gujarat (23 per cent).

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REPURPOSING REPAIR, RENOVATION AND RESTORATION SCHEME

Realizing the seriousness of problem confronting waterbodies, the Centre had launched the Repair, Renovation andRestoration (RRR) of Water Bodies' scheme in 2005 with theobjectives of comprehensive improvement and restoration oftraditional water bodies, including increasing tank storagecapacity, ground water recharge, increased availability ofdrinking water, improvement of catchment areas of tankcommands, etc.

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Water conservation is a key element of any strategy thataims to alleviate the water scarcity crisis in India.

With rainfall patterns changing almost every year, theIndian government has started looking at means torevive the traditional systems of water harvesting in thecountry. Given that these methods are simple and eco-friendly for the most part, they are not just highly effectivefor the people who rely on them but they are also goodfor the environment.

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Sr.

No.

Ecological Region Traditional Water Management

System

1. Trans - Himalayan

Region

Zing

2. Western Himalaya Kul, Naula, Kuhl, Khatri

3. Eastern Himalaya Apatani

4. North Eastern Hill

Ranges

Zabo

5. Brahmaputra Valley Dongs / Dungs/ Jampois

6. Indo-Gangetic

Plains

Ahars – Pynes, Bengal’s Inundation Channels, Dighis,

Baolis

7. The Thar Desert Kunds, Kuis/beris, Baoris / Ber/

Jhalaras, Nadi, Tobas, Tankas,

Khandins, Vav/Bavadi, Virdas,

Paar28-Sep-19 6th IWW-SNS-27/09/2019

8. Central Highlands Talab, Bandhis, Saza Kuva,

Johads, Naada/Bandh, Pat, Rapat,

Chandela Tank, Bundela Tank

9. Eastern Highlands Katas / Mundas / Bandhas

10. Deccan Plateau Cheruvu, Kohli Tanks, Bhandaras,

Phad, Kere, The Ramtek

Model

11. Western Ghats Surangam

12. West Coastal

Plains

Virdas

13. Eastern Ghats Korambu

14. Eastern Coastal

Plains

Eri / Ooranis

15. The Islands Jack Wells

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Jhalara

Jhalaras are typically rectangular-shaped step wells that have tiered

steps on three or four sides. These step wells collect the

subterranean seepage of an upstream reservoir or a lake. Jhalaras

were built to ensure easy and regular supply of water for religious

rites, royal ceremonies and community use. The city of Jodhpur has

eight jhalaras, the oldest being the Mahamandir Jhalara that dates

back to 1660 AD.28-Sep-19 6th IWW-SNS-27/09/2019

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TALAB

Talabs are reservoirs that store water forhousehold consumption and drinking purposes.

They may be natural, such as the pokhariyanponds at Tikamgarh in the Bundelkhand region ormanmade, such as the lakes of Udaipur. Areservoir with an area less than five bighas iscalled a talai, a medium sized lake is called abandhi and bigger lakes are called sagar orsamand.

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Talab /Bandhi

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Bawaris are unique stepwells that were once a part of theancient networks of water storage in the cities ofRajasthan. The little rain that the region received would bediverted to man-made tanks through canals built on the

hilly outskirts of cities. The water would then percolate intothe ground, raising the water table and recharging a deepand intricate network of aquifers. To minimise water lossthrough evaporation, a series of layered steps were built

around the reservoirs to narrow and deepen the wells.

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Bawari

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Taanka

Taanka is a traditional rainwater harvesting technique indigenous to

the Thar desert region of Rajasthan. A Taanka is a cylindrical pavedunderground pit into which rainwater from rooftops, courtyards orartificially prepared catchments flows. Once completely filled, thewater stored in a taanka can last throughout the dry season and issufficient for a family of 5-6 members. An important element of watersecurity in these arid regions, taankas can save families from theeveryday drudgery of fetching water from distant sources.

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JohadsJohads, one of the oldest systems used to conserve and recharge

ground water, are small earthen check dams that capture and store

rainwater. Constructed in an area with naturally high elevation on

three sides, a storage pit is made by excavating the area, and

excavated soil is used to create a wall on the fourth

side. Sometimes, several johads are interconnected through deep

channels, with a single outlet opening into a river or stream nearby.

This prevents structural damage to the water pits that are also

called madakas in Karnataka and pemghara in Odisha.

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Ahar Pynes

Ahar Pynes are traditional floodwater harvesting systems indigenous to

South Bihar. Ahars are reservoirs with embankments on three sides that are

built at the end of diversion channels like pynes. Pynes are artificial rivuletsled off from rivers to collect water in the ahars for irrigation in the dry

months. Paddy cultivation in this relatively low rainfall area depends mostly

on ahar pynes.

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Khadin

Khadins are ingenious constructions designed to harvest surface runoff

water for agriculture. The main feature of a khadin, also called dhora, is a long

earthen embankment that is built across the hill slopes of gravelly uplands.

Sluices and spillways allow the excess water to drain off and the water-

saturated land is then used for crop production. First designed by the Paliwal

Brahmins of Jaisalmer in the 15th century, this system is very similar to the

irrigation methods of the people of ancient Ur (present Iraq).

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KundA kund is a saucer-shaped catchment area that gently slope towards

the central circular underground well. Its main purpose is to harvest

rainwater for drinking. Kunds dot the sandier tracts of western

Rajasthan and Gujarat. Traditionally, these well-pits were covered in

disinfectant lime and ash, though many modern kunds have been

constructed simply with cement. Raja Sur Singh is said to have built

the earliest known kunds in the village of Vadi Ka Melan in the year

1607 AD.

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BaoliBuilt by the nobility for civic, strategic or philanthropic reasons,

baolis were secular structures from which everyone could draw

water. These beautiful stepwells typically have beautiful arches,

carved motifs and sometimes, rooms on their sides. The locations

of baolis often suggest the way in which they were used. Baolis

within villages were mainly used for utilitarian purposes and social

gatherings. Baolis on trade routes were often frequented as resting

places. Stepwells used exclusively for agriculture had drainage

systems that channelled water into the fields.

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NadiFound near Jodhpur in Rajasthan, nadis are village ponds that store

rainwater collected from adjoining natural catchment areas. The

location of a nadi has a strong bearing on its storage capacity and

hence the site of a nadi is chosen after careful deliberation of its

catchment and runoff characteristics. Since nadis received their

water supply from erratic, torrential rainfall, large amounts of sandy

sediments were regularly deposited in them, resulting in quick

siltation. A local voluntary organisation, the Mewar Krishak Vikas

Samiti (MKVS) has been adding systems like spillways and silt traps

to old nadis and promoting afforestation of their drainage basin to

prevent siltation.

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Bhandara Phad

Phad, a community-managed irrigation system, probably came into

existence a few centuries ago. The system starts with

a bhandhara (check dam) built across a river, from

which kalvas (canals) branch out to carry water into the fields in the

phad (agricultural block). Sandams (escapes outlets) ensure that the

excess water is removed from the canals by charis (distributaries)

and sarangs (field channels). The Phad system is operated on three

rivers in the Tapi basin – Panjhra, Mosam and Aram – in the Dhule

and Nasik districts of Maharashtra.

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Sewage from housing colonies

For want of adequate sewerage network and treatment facilities

domestic sewage from the catchment settlements freely flows in

to the water bodies which is a basic challenge for management 28-Sep-19 6th IWW-SNS-27/09/2019

THANK YOU

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Environmental Flows Assessment

For the reach of river Ganga between

Haridwar and Unnao

By

N.N.Rai

Director, CWC

➢Garhmukteshwar – (CA-29709 sq.km)

➢Kachlabridge – (CA-34446 sq.km)

➢Kanpur – (CA-87650 sq.km)

Reach for which Eflow study has been carried out

Haridwar to Unnao

Important facts At Haridwar, Ganga opens to the Gangetic Plains, where Bhimgoda barrage

diverts a large quantity of its waters into the Upper Ganga Canal, to providewater for irrigation and other consumptive uses.

Further, about 76 km downstream of Haridwar, at Bijnore, another barragediverts water into the Madhya Ganga Canal but only during monsoon months.

At Narora, there is further diversion of water into the Lower Ganga Canal fromNarora barrage. Narora barrage is about 155 km downstream of Bijnor barrage.

At about 215 km downstream of Narora barrage, Ramganga a left bank tributaryof river Ganga joins the river. River Kali a right bank tributary of river Gangajoins the river about 242 km downstream of Narora barrage.

The culturable command area of Upper Ganga Canal is 9.07 lakh hectares, outof maximum irrigated area so far during kharif and rabi seasons are 3.63 lakhhectares and 3.07 lakh hectares. At present, the Middle Ganga Canal isproviding the Kharif irrigation for about 57000 hectares command area. TheLower Ganga Canal System is meeting the irrigation requirements of about4.07 lakh hectares of command area. From the barrage at Kanpur, Ganga wateris being diverted to meet the drinking water requirements.

Data used for the Eflow study

Govt of Uttar Pradesh: Inflow, outflow and release fromBhimgoda, Bijnor and Narora Barrages for last 10 to 15years on daily / 10 daily basis

CWC: 10 daily discharge data of river Ganga at:➢Garhmukteshwar (CA- 29709 sq.km)➢Kachlabridge (CA-34446 sq.km)➢Kanpur (CA-87650 sq.km)➢At least 5 Cross sections of river Ganga at each of the

location viz Garhmukteshwar, Kachlabridge and Kanpur

• CIFRI: Habitat data of the river reach between Haridwarand Unnao

Habitat data from CIFRI, KolkataSr. No. Species Common

name

Weight range Depth (Lean

period)

Velocity

1 Labeodyocheilus Kharat 30-800

60-80 cm 0.8-1.5m/s2 Labeodero Moyli 94-563

3 Cyprinuscarpio Golden 120-563

4 Schizothoraxrichards

onii

Noyla 80-500g

5 Crossocheiluslatius

6 Botialohachata Chittodha 10-175

7 Bariliusbendelisis Ral

8 Tor putitora Golden

mahaseer30-800g

Analysis of data The discharge received from Govt of Uttar Pradesh and

CWC has been analysed. From the data it has been foundthat release from Haridwar is generally more than 20% ofthe barring few exceptions.

Release from Bijnor barrage is more than 20% of the inflow

Release from Narora barrage during the non-monsoonperiod is 5 to 10% in significant number of days

The river cross section data has been utilised HEC-RASm0del simulation to estimate the depth of flow, top flowwidth and velocity for different discharges in the river. Thesame have been correlated with habitat data provided byCIFRI for Eflow recommendations

Inflow at Haridwar, release from Bhimgoda

barrage and inflow at Bijnor barrage

0

300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

2100

2400

2700

3000

3300

3600

Jan

/06

Jul/

06

Jan

/07

Jul/

07

Jan

/08

Jul/

08

Jan

/09

Jul/

09

Jan

/10

Jul/

10

Jan

/11

Jul/

11

Jan

/12

Jul/

12

Jan

/13

Jul/

13

Jan

/14

Jul/

14

Jan

/15

Jul/

15

Jan

/16

Jul/

16

Dis

cha

rge

(cu

me

c)

Inflow at Haridwar (cumec) Release from Haridwar (cumec)

Inflow at Bijnor barrage (cumec)

The flow pattern shows that between Haridwar and Bijnor barrage certainamount of flow is getting added into the river from intermediate catchment,from ground water and irrigation return flow.

Release from Bijnor barrage and flow observed

at Garhmukteshwar

0

300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

2100

2400

2700

3000

3300

3600Ja

n/0

6

Jun

/06

No

v/0

6

Ap

r/0

7

Se

p/0

7

Fe

b/0

8

Jul/

08

De

c/0

8

Ma

y/0

9

Oct

/09

Ma

r/1

0

Au

g/1

0

Jan

/11

Jun

/11

No

v/1

1

Ap

r/1

2

Se

p/1

2

Fe

b/1

3

Jul/

13

De

c/1

3

Ma

y/1

4

Oct

/14

Ma

r/1

5

Dis

cha

rge

(cu

me

c)

Monthly release from Bijnor (cumec)

Monthly flow Garhmukteshwar (cumec)

The flow pattern shows that between Bijnor and Garhmukteshwar certainamount of flow is getting added into the river from intermediate catchment,from ground water and irrigation return flow.

Release from Narora barrage and flow observed

at Kachhlabridge

0300600900

12001500180021002400270030003300360039004200450048005100

Jan

/08

Ma

y/0

8

Se

p/0

8

Jan

/09

Ma

y/0

9

Se

p/0

9

Jan

/10

Ma

y/1

0

Se

p/1

0

Jan

/11

Ma

y/1

1

Se

p/1

1

Jan

/12

Ma

y/1

2

Se

p/1

2

Jan

/13

Ma

y/1

3

Se

p/1

3

Jan

/14

Ma

y/1

4

Se

p/1

4

Dis

cha

rge

(cu

me

c)

Relese from Narora barrage (cumec) Observed at Kachhlabridge (cumec)

The flow pattern shows that between Narora and Kachhlabridge certain amount offlow is getting added into the river from intermediate catchment, from ground waterand irrigation return flow. Hence condition of river reach is effluent one

HEC-RAS Model set up for Kachlabridge

100 200 300 400 500 600

159

160

161

162

163

RS = 500

Station (m)

Ele

vatio

n (m

)

Lege nd

WS PF 100%

WS PF 50%

WS PF 40%

WS PF 30%

WS PF 25%

WS PF 20%

WS PF 15%

WS PF 10%

Ground

Bank Sta

.025

River cross section at Kachhlabridge and water

surface profile

Simulation results Kachhlabridge

404550556065707580859095

100105110115120125130135140145150155160165170

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300

De

pth

(cm

)

Discharge (cumec)

HEC-RAS Model set up for Garh Mukteshwar

Environmental flow between Narora and Kanpur

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

193

194

195

196

197

198

RS = 0

Station (m)

Ele

vatio

n (m

)

Legend

WS PF 100%

WS PF 50%

WS PF 40%

WS PF 30%

WS PF 25%

WS PF 20%

WS PF 15%

WS PF 10%

WS PF 9

Ground

Bank Sta

.025

River cross section at Garh Mukteshwar water surface

profile

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

De

pth

(cm

)

Discharge (cumec)

Simulation results Garh Mukteshwar

High Flows to Connect with Flood Plains

Environmental flows regime is not only low flows, it is alsoconcerned with high flows which establish connectivitybetween the river and flood plains. It is seen that highflows at various places in the river are 2600 cumec atHaridwar, 2800 cumec at Bijnor, 2800 cumec atGarhmukteshwar, 2800 cumec at Narora, and 2400 cumecat Kachlabridge. These flows stay high for about 15 days ormore.

Analysis of data by using HEC-RAS shows that during theseperiods, the top width is about 400 m or more and the flowinundates flood plains. Thus, the connectivity between theriver and flood plains is maintained satisfactorily.

Summary of E-flow recommendations

Place Eflow release during non-monsoon (Oct to May)

Eflow release during -monsoon (Jun to Sep)

Haridwar barrage 36 cumec (1270 cusec) 57 cumec (2000 cusec)

Bijnor Barrage 24 cumec (850 cusec approx). 48 cumec (1700 cusec approx)

Narora Barrage 24 cumec (850 cusec approx). 48 cumec (1700 cusec approx)

Kanpur Barrage 24 cumec (850 cusec approx). 48 cumec (1700 cusec approx)

• The above releases are the minimum releases only to ensure that discharge in theriver reach in no case should be less than the above mentioned quantities.

• Ganga river has a special place in Indian culture and at numerous occasions,lakhs of pilgrims gather on its banks for bathing. Flow requirements are highduring these short periods of typically one or two days.

• Such requirements can be met from natural flows, supplemented by additionalwater from Tehri dam or by reducing diversions.

Thank You