Gross Brain 2

7/28/2019 Gross Brain 2

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Gross Brain Overview: Part II

Basic Neuroscience

James H. Baos, Ph.D.


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Overview

Organization

Morphology

Developmental/Evolutionary

Cytoarchitectural

3-D Orientation to Internal Structures


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How do we organize and characterize different

parts of the brain?


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How do we organize and characterize different

parts of the brain?

Morphology

Developmental/Evolutionary Origins

Cytoarchitecture

Function


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Morphology:

External Features


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Frog

Rat

Cat

Monkey

Human

Whats changing?


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Sulci - The valleys on the surface of the

brain

Gyri - The Hills


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The term gyrus is sometimes used broadly and doesnt alwaysrefer to a single well-defined ridge on the surface of the brain.

The distinctions between large gyri are sometimes better seen in

coronal sections.


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Hemispheres

LongitudinalFissure


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Lobes

Central (Rolandic) Sulcus

Lateral (Sylvian) fissure

Parieto-occipital fissure


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Lobes

Frontal

Parietal

Temporal

Occipital

Cingulate Gyrus

Limbic Lobe


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Brain Stem

Thalamus

HypothalamusMidbrain

Pons

Medulla


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Cerebellum: Superior Aspect

Ant

2 Hemispheres

Vermis


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Cerebellum: Posterior Aspect

Hemisphere HemisphereVermis

Posterior Lobe

Anterior Lobe

Primary Fissure


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Cerebellum: Mid-Saggital

Anterior Vermis

Posterior Vermis


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Developmental and

Evolutionary Origins: The

Cephalons


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Developmental Origins

Areas of the Brain can be

characterized by the

embryonic origins of the

tissue.

Nervous system begins as a

tube that differentiates into

three vessicles:

Prosencephalon

Mesencephalon Rhombencephalon

Three Vessicle Stage


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Prosencephalon differentiates: Telencephalon -- beginnings of

hemispheres

Diencephalon

Rhombencehphalondifferentiates Metencephalon

Meyelencephalon

We use this terminology to

describe the parts of the brainthat develop from thesevessicles

Five Vessicle Stage


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Cerebral CortexBasal GangliaLimbic SystemHippocampus

Telencephalon(endbrain)

ThalamusHypothalamus

Diencephalon(interbrain)

Prosencephalon(forebrain)

Midbrain

Mesencephalon

Mesencephalon

CerebellumPons

Metencephalon

Medulla

Myelencephalon

Rhombencephalon(hindbrain)


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Organization

Telencephalon

Cortex

Basal Ganglia

Limbic System

Hippocampus


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Organization

Diencephalon

Thalamus

Hypothalamus


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Organization

Mesencephalon

Midbrain


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Organization

Metencephalon

Cerebellum

Pons


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Organization

Myelencephalon

Medulla


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Cytoarchitectural

Organization


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Brodmanns Areas

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Internal Structure


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Major Internal Structures

Ventricular System

Amygdala (helpful landmark)

Thalamus/Hypothalamus/brain stem

Basal Ganglia

Caudate Nucleus

Putamen

Globus Pallidus

Hippocampal formation

Hippocampus

Fimbria

Fornix

Major white matter landmarks

Corpus callosum

Internal capsule


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Evolution and Development

Frog

Rat

Cat

Monkey

Human


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Frog

Rat

Cat

Monkey

Human

?


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Ventricles

Basal Ganglia

Hippocampus


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Why not the thalamus?


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The Ventricular System


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Ventricles

Lateral Ventricles

Third Ventricle

Fourth Ventricle


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Ventricles

Ventricles are connected (communicate)

Intraventricular Foramina (of Monroe)

Lateral Ventricles to Third Ventricle

Wide, oval hole

Cerebral Aqueduct (of Sylvius) Third Ventricle to Fourth

Long, thin channel

Foramen of Magendie

Median aperture -- Fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space

Foramina of Luschka

Lateral apertures -- Fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space


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Ventricles

Foramen of Monroe

Aqueduct of Sylvius

Foramina of Luschka

Foramen of Magendie


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Ventricles

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Ventricles



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Ventricles



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Ventricles


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Choroid Plexus and CSF

Choroid Plexus

Spongy tissue located in the ventricles

Rich capillary bed

Pia Mater Choroid endothelial cells

Produces CSF

About .35 ml per minute Total volume 70-120 ml


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Choroid Plexus


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CSF Flow

Lateral ventricles

Foramina of Monroe

3rd ventricle

Aqueduct of Sylvius 4th Ventricle

Foramen of Magendie/foramina of Lushka

Subarachnoid Space

Arachnoid granulations (absorption)

Superior sagittal sinus


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CSF Flow


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CSF Absorption

CSF flows to the dorsal surface of the

brain, where arachnoid granulations form

a one-way valve and let the excess CSF

enter the veinous drainage of the superiorsagittal sinus


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CSF Absorption


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Arachnoid Granulations


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Ventricular System plus Amygdala


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Ventricular System plus Thalamus


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Ventricular System plus Thalamus

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Ventricles, Brainstem, and Thalamus


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Ventricles, Brainstem, and Thalamus

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Basal Ganglia -- Caudate Nucleus

Basal Ganglia

Caudate Nucleus

Putamen

Globus Pallidus Sometimes Amygdala


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B l G li P t & Gl b


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Basal Ganglia -- Putamen & Globus

Pallidus

B l G li P t & Gl b


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Basal Ganglia -- Putamen & Globus

Pallidus

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Basal Ganglia


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Basal Ganglia

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Basal Ganglia

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Internal Capsule

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Hippocampus

Hippocampal

formation

Fimbria

Fornix Anterior

Commissure

Amygdala


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Hippocampus


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Hippocampus

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Coming up

Spinal cord

Basic Spinal Pathways

Gross Brain 2

Documents

Transcript of Gross Brain 2