GRØN DYST 2010 Abstractsbog

Study Conference for DTU students on sustainability, climate technology and the environment. June 25, 2010.

GRØNDYST

Tænk stort. Tænk nyt. Tænk grønt.

PROGRAM

groendyst.dtu.dk

D-A-DGRØN DYST PRÆSENTERER

GRØNDYST

25. juNi På DTuGRØN DYST er din chance for at vise, hvor stort, hvor nyt og

hvor grønt du kan tænke. På studiekonferencen d. 25. juni

venter kendte erhvervsfolk og politikere på at se dit projekt.

Og bagefter venter et brag af en fest for hele DTU.

Danmarks største rockband, D-A-D, leverer lyden og trykker

den af til DTU’s største koncert nogensinde.

Koncerten er gratis for GRØN DYST deltagere. Gå på

www.groendyst.dtu.dk, og se, hvordan du får fat i en billet.

Concert with danish super group D-A-Dat 22 pm in the GYM

WELCOME 5

BBQ MEnu 6

prOgraM 7

MODES OF prESEnTaTIOn 8

panELS OF juDgES 9

CrITErIa FOr prOjECT EvaLuaTIOn 10

aBSTraCTS – pOSTErS 12

aBSTraCTS – LapTOp 52

aBSTraCTS – FrEE STyLE 83

SpOnSOrS 98

COnTEnT

D-A-DGRØN DYST PRÆSENTERER

GRØNDYST

25. juNi På DTuGRØN DYST er din chance for at vise, hvor stort, hvor nyt og

hvor grønt du kan tænke. På studiekonferencen d. 25. juni

venter kendte erhvervsfolk og politikere på at se dit projekt.

Og bagefter venter et brag af en fest for hele DTU.

Danmarks største rockband, D-A-D, leverer lyden og trykker

den af til DTU’s største koncert nogensinde.

Koncerten er gratis for GRØN DYST deltagere. Gå på

www.groendyst.dtu.dk, og se, hvordan du får fat i en billet.

Concert with danish super group D-A-Dat 22 pm in the GYM

WELCOME 5

BBQ MEnu 6

prOgraM 7

MODES OF prESEnTaTIOn 8

panELS OF juDgES 9

CrITErIa FOr prOjECT EvaLuaTIOn 10

aBSTraCTS – pOSTErS 12

aBSTraCTS – LapTOp 52

aBSTraCTS – FrEE STyLE 83

SpOnSOrS 98

COnTEnT

Welcome to DTu and welcome to the grØn DyST (green Challange) event on global sustainability!

Sustainability and climate change are high on the global agenda. In the wake of the united nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen in December 2009 there still seems to be disagreement rather than international consensus; and obstacles and the need for solutions lie ahead of us. DTu wants – in research and in education – to maintain and fortify its focus on sustainability, climate technology and the environment. This is crucial since engineers have a vital part to play in the building of a sustainable society. Engineers, and in particular engineers from DTu, must lead the way in developing, producing and implementing new and better processes, technologies and systems. Hopefully, our effort will assist politicians and other stakeholders as they work undauntedly towards a sustainable society.

grØn DyST is a study conference and a new and innovative academic challenge for students. During the spring of 2010, students have been thinking new, thinking big and thinking green thoughts. Student ideas on sustainability, climate technology and the environment have developed into green projects in collaboration with lecturers and fellow students. Today we all benefit from their work when projects and results are presented here at DTu for our alumni, fellow students, lecturers, and representatives from industry and the political sphere. Today the students also compete for prizes,

and we will present these awards to send the message that sustainability is second nature to engineering - and that we will all be winners if we succeed in securing a safe and sustainable future (for mankind).

By launching the grØn DyST initiative, DTu is seeking to incorporate sustainability, climate technology and the environment as fundamental aspects in all its engineering programs. In the rapidly changing - and increasingly internationalized - higher education environment, DTu urges the engineering education community to follow suit. Thus, it is my intention that we – in the future – can have a grØn DyST study conference with significant international attendance at DTu.

I am very happy that Lykke Friis, minister for Climate and Energy, is here with us today and that she will be presenting the prizes and awards to the students. For further information on today’s program, please have a look at the following pages. I am confident that we will have an interesting day – academically as well as socially.

professor Martin E. vigild, Dean of undergraduate studies and student affairs, chairman of grØn DyST executive committee.

Dear participant,

WELCOME

Welcome to DTu and welcome to the grØn DyST (green Challange) event on global sustainability!

Sustainability and climate change are high on the global agenda. In the wake of the united nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen in December 2009 there still seems to be disagreement rather than international consensus; and obstacles and the need for solutions lie ahead of us. DTu wants – in research and in education – to maintain and fortify its focus on sustainability, climate technology and the environment. This is crucial since engineers have a vital part to play in the building of a sustainable society. Engineers, and in particular engineers from DTu, must lead the way in developing, producing and implementing new and better processes, technologies and systems. Hopefully, our effort will assist politicians and other stakeholders as they work undauntedly towards a sustainable society.

grØn DyST is a study conference and a new and innovative academic challenge for students. During the spring of 2010, students have been thinking new, thinking big and thinking green thoughts. Student ideas on sustainability, climate technology and the environment have developed into green projects in collaboration with lecturers and fellow students. Today we all benefit from their work when projects and results are presented here at DTu for our alumni, fellow students, lecturers, and representatives from industry and the political sphere. Today the students also compete for prizes,

and we will present these awards to send the message that sustainability is second nature to engineering - and that we will all be winners if we succeed in securing a safe and sustainable future (for mankind).

By launching the grØn DyST initiative, DTu is seeking to incorporate sustainability, climate technology and the environment as fundamental aspects in all its engineering programs. In the rapidly changing - and increasingly internationalized - higher education environment, DTu urges the engineering education community to follow suit. Thus, it is my intention that we – in the future – can have a grØn DyST study conference with significant international attendance at DTu.

I am very happy that Lykke Friis, minister for Climate and Energy, is here with us today and that she will be presenting the prizes and awards to the students. For further information on today’s program, please have a look at the following pages. I am confident that we will have an interesting day – academically as well as socially.

professor Martin E. vigild, Dean of undergraduate studies and student affairs, chairman of grØn DyST executive committee.

Dear participant,

WELCOME

prOgraM

11:00COnFErEnCE OpEnS. University Library

11:45-12:30LunCH FOr THE grØn DyST parTICIpanTS. Glassalen

12:50-13:00SpEaCH By MarTIn E. vIgILD, DEan. University Library

13:00-15:30prESEnTaTIOnS OF prOjECTS FOr THE panELS OF

juDgES anD OTHEr parTICIpanTS University Library

15:30-16:00vISIT By LykkE FrIIS, MInISTEr FOr CLIMaTE anD

LarS paLLESEn, unIvErSITy prESIDEnT.

University Library

16:00-16:45aWarD CErEMOny: prESEnTaTIOn OF prIzES By

LykkE FrIIS, MInISTEr FOr CLIMaTE anD EnErgy,

anD OTHErS. University Library

16:45-18:00rECEpTIOn University Library

18:00-20:00BBQ by Oticonsalen, DJ in S-huset

20:00-22:00Dj in the Gym

22:00-23:45D-a-D

23:45Dj in S-huset

1 piece of chicken breast

1 Frankfurter with mustard and ketchup

Potato salad

Mixed salad with dressing

1 piece of bread

Grøn Dyst participants will get free tickets,but extra BBQ tickets will be available for DKK 50.

BBQ aT 6pM – By OTICOnSaLEn

MeNU (per person)

DKantine

Anker Engelunds Vejéll

A stdlefretni

university Library

S-huset

Oticon Salen

glassalen

prOgraM

11:00COnFErEnCE OpEnS. University Library

11:45-12:30LunCH FOr THE grØn DyST parTICIpanTS. Glassalen

12:50-13:00SpEaCH By MarTIn E. vIgILD, DEan. University Library

13:00-15:30prESEnTaTIOnS OF prOjECTS FOr THE panELS OF

juDgES anD OTHEr parTICIpanTS University Library

15:30-16:00vISIT By LykkE FrIIS, MInISTEr FOr CLIMaTE anD

LarS paLLESEn, unIvErSITy prESIDEnT.

University Library

16:00-16:45aWarD CErEMOny: prESEnTaTIOn OF prIzES By

LykkE FrIIS, MInISTEr FOr CLIMaTE anD EnErgy,

anD OTHErS. University Library

16:45-18:00rECEpTIOn University Library

18:00-20:00BBQ by Oticonsalen, DJ in S-huset

20:00-22:00Dj in the Gym

22:00-23:45D-a-D

23:45Dj in S-huset

1 piece of chicken breast

1 Frankfurter with mustard and ketchup

Potato salad

Mixed salad with dressing

1 piece of bread

Grøn Dyst participants will get free tickets,but extra BBQ tickets will be available for DKK 50.

BBQ aT 6pM – By OTICOnSaLEn

MeNU (per person)

DKantine

Anker Engelunds Vej

éllA stdlefret

university Library

S-huset

Oticon Salen

glassalen

various modes of presentation are available to the participants in grØn DyST. They can choose one of three ways to present their projects:

poster session

a poster advertises your project and results. It com-bines text and graphics to make a visually pleasing presentation. The poster session involves showing your work to teachers, students, representatives from industry and, last but not least, the panel of judges. Dependent on the number of projects to be presen ted at the poster session it will take place in one large room or several smaller rooms. Then, as viewers walk by, your poster should quickly and efficiently communicate your project and results. unlike the fast pace of a slide show or verbal presen tation, a poster session allows viewers to study and restudy your information and discuss it with you one on one. you will also be required to give short presentations on your project, for e.g. the panel of judges.

Laptop session

The laptop session involves showing your work to teachers, students, representatives from industry and, last but not least, the panel of judges. Depen-dent on the number of projects to be presented at

the laptop session it will take place in one large room or several smaller rooms. unlike a standard power-point presentation projected onto a large screen, a laptop presentation is addressing a smaller audience, typically three to six persons, gathered around the laptop. This allows viewers to discuss your project and results in a small group or even one on one. you will be required to give short presentations of your project at certain intervals when there is a willing audience as well as for the panel of judges.

Free style session

This session allows students to present their pro-jects and results in any other way than the above mentioned. anything goes! It could be a shout out, a theater performance, an exhibition of artefacts, a video show – you name it! The only limit is your own imagination.

If you have special requirements in order to present your project and results, please let us know. We can not promise to accommodate all needs, but we will try our best to make it possible for you to present your project just the way you want it.

MODES OF prESEnTaTIOn panELS OF juDgES

The panels of judges consist of representatives from the political sphere, from the corporate world, teachers and students. panel 1Ida Auken, Miljøordfører, MF, Socialistisk FolkepartiEjner K. Moltzen, Divisional Director, Lundbeck a/SSven Kolstrup, Direktør, IBM Danmark apSHanne Østergaard, underviser, risø DTuChristian Nörr Jacobsen, Studerende, Socialudvalgs-formand polyteknisk Forening

panel 2Carsten Lauridsen, Director forskningsafdelingen, novozymes a/S Eva Rindom, Markedsdirektør Bane, atkins DenmarkTue Roth, Copenhagen Cleantech ClusterKarsten Clement, Studieleder, DTu kemiteknikErasmus Rothoizen, Studerende

panel 3Margrethe Vestager, gruppeformand, klimaordfører, MF, radikale venstreNiels Kjeldgaard, Divisionsdirektør, MT Højgaard a/SPalle Weidlich, virksomhedskonsulent, væksthusetAnnette Krogsbøll, Studieleder, DTu BygChristian Vang Madsen, Studerende, Formand for polyteknisk Forening

panel 4Annemette Geertinger,Teknisk chef, Force TechnologyDavid Holm, Copenhagen Cleantech ClusterJakob Schiotz, Studieleder, DTu FysikBo Jørgensen, DTu FoodMartin Abel, Studerende

panel 5Anne-Marie Levy Rasmussen, Direktør Corporate affairs, glaxoSmithkleineMichael Svane, Direktør, Dansk IndustriLars Gaardhøj, Formand for klima- og miljøudvalget i region Hovedstaden, SocialdemokratietLotte Bjerregaard, Studieleder, DTu BygTorben Ommen, Studerende

panel 6Michael Knørr Skov, afdelingschef, Trafikplan, Cowi a/SNN, Haldor Topsøe a/S Rasmus Jakobsen, Studieleder, DTu MiljøLasse Engbo Christiansen, Studieleder, DTu InformatikMalte Markussen, Studerende

panel 7Morten Colding Jørgensen, Scientific adviser, novo nordisk a/SKristine Garde, Copenhagen Cleantech ClusterNN, konservative FolkepartiGeorgios Kontogeorgis, Studieleder, DTu kemiteknikMichael Kjeldsen, Studerende

various modes of presentation are available to the participants in grØn DyST. They can choose one of three ways to present their projects:

poster session

a poster advertises your project and results. It com-bines text and graphics to make a visually pleasing presentation. The poster session involves showing your work to teachers, students, representatives from industry and, last but not least, the panel of judges. Dependent on the number of projects to be presen ted at the poster session it will take place in one large room or several smaller rooms. Then, as viewers walk by, your poster should quickly and efficiently communicate your project and results. unlike the fast pace of a slide show or verbal presen tation, a poster session allows viewers to study and restudy your information and discuss it with you one on one. you will also be required to give short presentations on your project, for e.g. the panel of judges.

Laptop session

The laptop session involves showing your work to teachers, students, representatives from industry and, last but not least, the panel of judges. Depen-dent on the number of projects to be presented at

the laptop session it will take place in one large room or several smaller rooms. unlike a standard power-point presentation projected onto a large screen, a laptop presentation is addressing a smaller audience, typically three to six persons, gathered around the laptop. This allows viewers to discuss your project and results in a small group or even one on one. you will be required to give short presentations of your project at certain intervals when there is a willing audience as well as for the panel of judges.

Free style session

This session allows students to present their pro-jects and results in any other way than the above mentioned. anything goes! It could be a shout out, a theater performance, an exhibition of artefacts, a video show – you name it! The only limit is your own imagination.

If you have special requirements in order to present your project and results, please let us know. We can not promise to accommodate all needs, but we will try our best to make it possible for you to present your project just the way you want it.

MODES OF prESEnTaTIOn panELS OF juDgES

The panels of judges consist of representatives from the political sphere, from the corporate world, teachers and students. panel 1Ida Auken, Miljøordfører, MF, Socialistisk FolkepartiEjner K. Moltzen, Divisional Director, Lundbeck a/SSven Kolstrup, Direktør, IBM Danmark apSHanne Østergaard, underviser, risø DTuChristian Nörr Jacobsen, Studerende, Socialudvalgs-formand polyteknisk Forening

panel 2Carsten Lauridsen, Director forskningsafdelingen, novozymes a/S Eva Rindom, Markedsdirektør Bane, atkins DenmarkTue Roth, Copenhagen Cleantech ClusterKarsten Clement, Studieleder, DTu kemiteknikErasmus Rothoizen, Studerende

panel 3Margrethe Vestager, gruppeformand, klimaordfører, MF, radikale venstreNiels Kjeldgaard, Divisionsdirektør, MT Højgaard a/SPalle Weidlich, virksomhedskonsulent, væksthusetAnnette Krogsbøll, Studieleder, DTu BygChristian Vang Madsen, Studerende, Formand for polyteknisk Forening

panel 4Annemette Geertinger,Teknisk chef, Force TechnologyDavid Holm, Copenhagen Cleantech ClusterJakob Schiotz, Studieleder, DTu FysikBo Jørgensen, DTu FoodMartin Abel, Studerende

panel 5Anne-Marie Levy Rasmussen, Direktør Corporate affairs, glaxoSmithkleineMichael Svane, Direktør, Dansk IndustriLars Gaardhøj, Formand for klima- og miljøudvalget i region Hovedstaden, SocialdemokratietLotte Bjerregaard, Studieleder, DTu BygTorben Ommen, Studerende

panel 6Michael Knørr Skov, afdelingschef, Trafikplan, Cowi a/SNN, Haldor Topsøe a/S Rasmus Jakobsen, Studieleder, DTu MiljøLasse Engbo Christiansen, Studieleder, DTu InformatikMalte Markussen, Studerende

panel 7Morten Colding Jørgensen, Scientific adviser, novo nordisk a/SKristine Garde, Copenhagen Cleantech ClusterNN, konservative FolkepartiGeorgios Kontogeorgis, Studieleder, DTu kemiteknikMichael Kjeldsen, Studerende

The panels of judges evaluate the projects in accor-dance with the following criteria:

• The degree to which it is technologically applicable

• The degree to which it is visionary/or innovatory

• The degree to which it can be used as a case to be included in teaching material

• The quality of the presentation/communication

• Have sustainability, climate technology, or the environment been incorporated in the project?

• number of ECTS credit points

The projects are evaluated on a scale ranging from 1-10 where 1 is the lowest grade and 10 is the highest. The total score is calculated by adding up the individual score from the first four criteria (the maximum score is 40 points). regardless the score a project can not receive an award unless it includes sustainability, climate technology or the environment. number of ECTS points will be taken into consideration in the overall evlauation of the project.

CrITErIa FOr prOjECT EvaLuaTIOn

The panels of judges evaluate the projects in accor-dance with the following criteria:

• The degree to which it is technologically applicable

• The degree to which it is visionary/or innovatory

• The degree to which it can be used as a case to be included in teaching material

• The quality of the presentation/communication

• Have sustainability, climate technology, or the environment been incorporated in the project?

• number of ECTS credit points

The projects are evaluated on a scale ranging from 1-10 where 1 is the lowest grade and 10 is the highest. The total score is calculated by adding up the individual score from the first four criteria (the maximum score is 40 points). regardless the score a project can not receive an award unless it includes sustainability, climate technology or the environment. number of ECTS points will be taken into consideration in the overall evlauation of the project.

CrITErIa FOr prOjECT EvaLuaTIOn

A golden future for oxidation reactions in the chemical industry

Jerrik Mielby, Søren Kegnæs, Uffe V. Mentzel and Anders Riisager

Centre for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry,

Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

[email protected]

Abstract To develop a more sustainable chemical industry, there is an urgent need for more efficient and

environmentally benign oxidation processes for production of the important chemicals which find use in our everyday products [1]. Today industrial oxidations are typically carried out using stoichiometric amounts of oxygen-containing metal reagents (such as chromate or permanga-nate), which leads to generation of large amounts of hazardous metal waste. Going from bulk to fine chemicals the amount of waste increases dramatically, and special chemicals like pharmaceuticals can result in even more than 100 kg of waste per kg of product [2]. Utilization of oxygen as stoichiometric reagent in catalytic oxidation reactions (i.e. aerobic oxidations) represent a green and highly atom-efficient reaction protocol, as oxygen is a cheap

and abundant oxidant that produces water as the only by-product. Efficient aerobic oxidation is, however, dependent on a good heterogeneous catalyst that provides readily activation of the oxygen in order to allow the reaction to occur. Here, we show that supported gold nanoparticles form active and highly selective hetero-geneous catalysts in a range of aerobic oxidations. The formation of imines by oxidative coupling of alcohols and amines was primarily investigated, but transformation to chemicals with other important functional groups such as acids, esters and amides are also possible (Scheme

1) [3]. The applied oxidizing agent was pure oxygen and the reactions were conducted under ambient conditions and at high substrate concentration. These reaction conditions comply with the most important principles of green and sustainable chemistry.

Scheme 1. Possible oxidation reactions using supported gold nanoparticles as catalysts.

References [1]

C.H. Christensen and J.K. Nørskov, Science, 2010, 327, 278

[2] R. A. Sheldon, Pure Appl. Chem., 2000, 72, 1233

[3] S. Klitgaad et al., Green Chem., 2008, 10, 419; C. Marsden, Green Chem., 2008, 10, 168

poster

A Novel Process to Highly Improve the Bioethanol Production

Christoffer Norn

DTU Systems Biology, Technical University of DenmarkNovozymes A/S

In 2007 the bioethanol-industry produced 24.5 billion liters of ethanol and 15.4 billion kg of distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) – a left-over which can be used for livestock feeding. This co-product does however contain enough carbohydrates to increase the total bioethanol production by 12.2%, thus giving it a huge potential impact on the process economy.

The current application of DDGS is associated with a series of problems (high content of fibers, sulfur, phosphorous, possible presence of mycotoxins and high batch variation), that reduces its market value. To avoid some of these problems and to increase the bioethanol production, I have developed a novel protease-based process for simultaneous pretreatment of fibers and protein extraction. This new method can also be used for non-corn derived DDGS.

The pretreatment increased the yield of C5/C6-sugars during an enzymatic hydrolysis with a factor of 3.3 and 1.7, respectively.

By screening eight different commercial enzyme products, three were chosen for the hydrolysis of pretreated fibers. Different reaction conditions, i.e. enzyme ratio, pH, temperature, enzyme dosage and reaction time were evaluated with response surface and ternary mixture designs. Using optimal conditions, a total sugar yield of 58% was obtained.

The hydrolyzed DDGS was readily fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae giving approx. 94% yield based upon fermentation of glucose derived from cellulose.

The proteolysate enhanced the hydrolysis of the pretreated fibers, resulting in approx. 87% sugar yield, which is very promising for future development. Next step is to characterize which substance(s) is/are responsible for this effect.

poster

A golden future for oxidation reactions in the chemical industry

Jerrik Mielby, Søren Kegnæs, Uffe V. Mentzel and Anders Riisager

Centre for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry,

Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

[email protected]

Abstract To develop a more sustainable chemical industry, there is an urgent need for more efficient and

environmentally benign oxidation processes for production of the important chemicals which find use in our everyday products [1]. Today industrial oxidations are typically carried out using stoichiometric amounts of oxygen-containing metal reagents (such as chromate or permanga-nate), which leads to generation of large amounts of hazardous metal waste. Going from bulk to fine chemicals the amount of waste increases dramatically, and special chemicals like pharmaceuticals can result in even more than 100 kg of waste per kg of product [2]. Utilization of oxygen as stoichiometric reagent in catalytic oxidation reactions (i.e. aerobic oxidations) represent a green and highly atom-efficient reaction protocol, as oxygen is a cheap

and abundant oxidant that produces water as the only by-product. Efficient aerobic oxidation is, however, dependent on a good heterogeneous catalyst that provides readily activation of the oxygen in order to allow the reaction to occur. Here, we show that supported gold nanoparticles form active and highly selective hetero-geneous catalysts in a range of aerobic oxidations. The formation of imines by oxidative coupling of alcohols and amines was primarily investigated, but transformation to chemicals with other important functional groups such as acids, esters and amides are also possible (Scheme

1) [3]. The applied oxidizing agent was pure oxygen and the reactions were conducted under ambient conditions and at high substrate concentration. These reaction conditions comply with the most important principles of green and sustainable chemistry.

Scheme 1. Possible oxidation reactions using supported gold nanoparticles as catalysts.

References [1]

C.H. Christensen and J.K. Nørskov, Science, 2010, 327, 278

[2] R. A. Sheldon, Pure Appl. Chem., 2000, 72, 1233

[3] S. Klitgaad et al., Green Chem., 2008, 10, 419; C. Marsden, Green Chem., 2008, 10, 168

poster

A Novel Process to Highly Improve the Bioethanol Production

Christoffer Norn

DTU Systems Biology, Technical University of DenmarkNovozymes A/S

In 2007 the bioethanol-industry produced 24.5 billion liters of ethanol and 15.4 billion kg of distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) – a left-over which can be used for livestock feeding. This co-product does however contain enough carbohydrates to increase the total bioethanol production by 12.2%, thus giving it a huge potential impact on the process economy.

The current application of DDGS is associated with a series of problems (high content of fibers, sulfur, phosphorous, possible presence of mycotoxins and high batch variation), that reduces its market value. To avoid some of these problems and to increase the bioethanol production, I have developed a novel protease-based process for simultaneous pretreatment of fibers and protein extraction. This new method can also be used for non-corn derived DDGS.

The pretreatment increased the yield of C5/C6-sugars during an enzymatic hydrolysis with a factor of 3.3 and 1.7, respectively.

By screening eight different commercial enzyme products, three were chosen for the hydrolysis of pretreated fibers. Different reaction conditions, i.e. enzyme ratio, pH, temperature, enzyme dosage and reaction time were evaluated with response surface and ternary mixture designs. Using optimal conditions, a total sugar yield of 58% was obtained.

The hydrolyzed DDGS was readily fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae giving approx. 94% yield based upon fermentation of glucose derived from cellulose.

The proteolysate enhanced the hydrolysis of the pretreated fibers, resulting in approx. 87% sugar yield, which is very promising for future development. Next step is to characterize which substance(s) is/are responsible for this effect.

poster

Bulk disc resonators for heavy metal detection in drinking water

J. L. Rasmussen

Nanotech, Technical University of [email protected]

IntroductionHigh concentration of heavy metals in drinking water can cause many diseases in the population. Due to the lack of big rivers, Denmark is highly interested in new cheap ways of continuous monitoring the quality of the drinking water in the ground

Description of deviceA bulk disc resonator is a microfabricated silicon based device, which consists of a polysilicon disc surrounded by the input electrode and the output electrode (see Figure 1) - In this case, with a diameter of 60μm. The disc is actuated electrostatically - vibrates at its resonance frequency, f0~66MHz. Since f0 depends on the amount of added mass on the surface, it is possible to see a shift down in resonance frequency if a mass is deposited on the disc. It is this phenomenon that is used in this project to detect heavy metals on the surface of the resonator.

Actuation and readoutActuation and readout of the disc works with a electrostatically actuation and capacitive read-out. In figure1 the device is seen. Here an AC and DC potential are placed between the disc and the capacitor plates. When the AC frequency hits the resonance frequency of the disc the vibration amplitude of the disc will increase, and thereby increase the change in capacitance between the plates and the disc. This will lead to a higher current flowing and thereby be seen as a signal peak.A measurement - to sweep through a range of AC frequencies while monitoring the current. From this the resonance frequency can be precisely measured.

ChemistryIf a specific heavy metal is to be detected, a selective functionalisation layer is needed on the surface of the disc. In this project thiol chemistry is used. The sulfur atom will attach to the gold layer deposited on top of the silicon surface while the other end is functionalised to react with Cu. When the Cu attaches the surface should be possible to measure the added mass as a resonance frequency shift, df0, of the disc.

ResultsNext the thiols are attached to the devices. In this project two types are used. This means that three chips were made. One with CGGH, one with Cys and one blank control chip.Below on Figure2, results are seen from the CGGS, Cys and blank chip. It is seen that CGGH-chip and Cys-chip resonance frequency drops as expected while the resonance frequency of the blank stays constant.

14nmAu thiols Cu

Figure2. Plot of chips with two different thiols and one blank.

Illustration 1:Figure1: Picture of the device. Both the disc and the capacitor electrode are seen.

Cantilever Sensors for Measurement of Biopolymer Degradation

Lene Gammelgaard and Marie Pødenphant Jensen

DTU Physics, Technical University of Denmark [email protected], [email protected]

INTRODUCTIONThe idea behind the project is that biopolymers can be used in the future as lids on microscopic medicine boxes. The biopolymer is environmentally friendly, as it degrades naturally in the environments in the human body. If the biopolymer is used for medicine boxes, various medicines could be given in smaller doses, making it cheaper and reducing the risk of potentially secondary effects. In the project it will be investigated whether it is possible to measure the degradation of biopolymer, using cantilevers on chips with a microscopic scale. This requires a couple of new techniques. To make measurements of the biopolymer on the cantilever-chips, the biopolymer has to be spray-coated onto the microscopic cantilevers. This has never been done before using biopolymer. The fabrication of the cantilevers is also a newly developed technique, which has been optimized in order to make the cantilevers as sensitive as possible.

Fig. 1: Resonance frequency measurement before and after spray-coating and after degradation of PLLA.

Fig. 2: SEM picture of cantilevers with PLLA deposited on top.

THE PROJECTThe cantilevers are made of SU-8 and gold. They have dimensions of (500 x 100 x 5) µm. The biopolymer is Poly-L-lactide acid (PLLA) and it is dissolved in dichloromethane. Then the solution is spray-coated onto the cantilevers in layers varying from (1–3) µm. The device used for spray-coating is called an ultrasonic atomizing nozzle. It atomizes the biopolymer, which makes it possible to deposit very thin layers. For the degradation, Proteinase K mixed in a buffer solution is used. Before the degradation of PLLA, the resonance frequency of the clean cantilevers and of the cantilevers with a PLLA layer is measured. The frequency is depending on the mass and stiffness of the cantilevers, which means that it changes if a layer of PLLA is deposited. When the PLLA is degraded, the frequency should change back to that of the clean cantilevers. It is thereby possible to measure the degradation rates of various biopolymers, which has not been done before on a microscopic scale.

poster poster

Bulk disc resonators for heavy metal detection in drinking water

J. L. Rasmussen

Nanotech, Technical University of [email protected]

IntroductionHigh concentration of heavy metals in drinking water can cause many diseases in the population. Due to the lack of big rivers, Denmark is highly interested in new cheap ways of continuous monitoring the quality of the drinking water in the ground

Description of deviceA bulk disc resonator is a microfabricated silicon based device, which consists of a polysilicon disc surrounded by the input electrode and the output electrode (see Figure 1) - In this case, with a diameter of 60μm. The disc is actuated electrostatically - vibrates at its resonance frequency, f0~66MHz. Since f0 depends on the amount of added mass on the surface, it is possible to see a shift down in resonance frequency if a mass is deposited on the disc. It is this phenomenon that is used in this project to detect heavy metals on the surface of the resonator.

Actuation and readoutActuation and readout of the disc works with a electrostatically actuation and capacitive read-out. In figure1 the device is seen. Here an AC and DC potential are placed between the disc and the capacitor plates. When the AC frequency hits the resonance frequency of the disc the vibration amplitude of the disc will increase, and thereby increase the change in capacitance between the plates and the disc. This will lead to a higher current flowing and thereby be seen as a signal peak.A measurement - to sweep through a range of AC frequencies while monitoring the current. From this the resonance frequency can be precisely measured.

ChemistryIf a specific heavy metal is to be detected, a selective functionalisation layer is needed on the surface of the disc. In this project thiol chemistry is used. The sulfur atom will attach to the gold layer deposited on top of the silicon surface while the other end is functionalised to react with Cu. When the Cu attaches the surface should be possible to measure the added mass as a resonance frequency shift, df0, of the disc.

ResultsNext the thiols are attached to the devices. In this project two types are used. This means that three chips were made. One with CGGH, one with Cys and one blank control chip.Below on Figure2, results are seen from the CGGS, Cys and blank chip. It is seen that CGGH-chip and Cys-chip resonance frequency drops as expected while the resonance frequency of the blank stays constant.

14nmAu thiols Cu

Figure2. Plot of chips with two different thiols and one blank.

Illustration 1:Figure1: Picture of the device. Both the disc and the capacitor electrode are seen.

Cantilever Sensors for Measurement of Biopolymer Degradation

Lene Gammelgaard and Marie Pødenphant Jensen

DTU Physics, Technical University of Denmark [email protected], [email protected]

INTRODUCTIONThe idea behind the project is that biopolymers can be used in the future as lids on microscopic medicine boxes. The biopolymer is environmentally friendly, as it degrades naturally in the environments in the human body. If the biopolymer is used for medicine boxes, various medicines could be given in smaller doses, making it cheaper and reducing the risk of potentially secondary effects. In the project it will be investigated whether it is possible to measure the degradation of biopolymer, using cantilevers on chips with a microscopic scale. This requires a couple of new techniques. To make measurements of the biopolymer on the cantilever-chips, the biopolymer has to be spray-coated onto the microscopic cantilevers. This has never been done before using biopolymer. The fabrication of the cantilevers is also a newly developed technique, which has been optimized in order to make the cantilevers as sensitive as possible.

Fig. 1: Resonance frequency measurement before and after spray-coating and after degradation of PLLA.

Fig. 2: SEM picture of cantilevers with PLLA deposited on top.

THE PROJECTThe cantilevers are made of SU-8 and gold. They have dimensions of (500 x 100 x 5) µm. The biopolymer is Poly-L-lactide acid (PLLA) and it is dissolved in dichloromethane. Then the solution is spray-coated onto the cantilevers in layers varying from (1–3) µm. The device used for spray-coating is called an ultrasonic atomizing nozzle. It atomizes the biopolymer, which makes it possible to deposit very thin layers. For the degradation, Proteinase K mixed in a buffer solution is used. Before the degradation of PLLA, the resonance frequency of the clean cantilevers and of the cantilevers with a PLLA layer is measured. The frequency is depending on the mass and stiffness of the cantilevers, which means that it changes if a layer of PLLA is deposited. When the PLLA is degraded, the frequency should change back to that of the clean cantilevers. It is thereby possible to measure the degradation rates of various biopolymers, which has not been done before on a microscopic scale.

poster poster

Capturing of CO2 from flue gasses using ionic liquids

Anita Godiksen

DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark

[email protected]

Flue gasses contain large amounts of CO2, which are each day emitted to the atmosphere. Separating and capturing the CO2 from especially power plant flue gases, originating from

burning of fossil fuels, is a challenge the World must overcome in near future. Today’s known CO2 absorbents use chemical absorption for separating and capturing the CO2. This sorption has some down sides e.g. it binds firmly the CO2, causing a lot of energy to be used for the reversible release of the absorbed CO2, corresponding to around 30-40 % of the total energy production of the power plant. Furthermore the absorbents have high volatility, which means that some part will be emitted to the flue gas, causing loss of materials and waste of energy for the evaporation of water and absorbent. These problems can be solved using Ionic Liquids for CO2 absorption.

Ionic liquids are molten salts that are liquid below 100

C and often around room temperature.

Some of these fluids show high absorption capacity of CO2 compared to other small gasses. They absorb CO2 by physical absorption mechanisms. By this technique the CO2 is held in the liquid by molecular CO2, where the absorption depends on factors as solubility and vapour pressure of CO2 in the flue gas. This method demands much less energy to reversibly release the CO2 or evaporate the sorbent, since Ionic Liquids have a negligible vapour pressure and therefore neither evaporate or get lost during the absorption/desorption

process. Furthermore they may be designed to absorb very little of the water present in the flue gas, and thus eliminate the problem of energy waste for useless evaporation of water during the industrial process, as experienced for the actual applied technology.. Today’s challenge is the design of Ionic Liquids with high enough CO2 absorption ability for commercial use. This project concerns model calculations on selected ionic liquids currently being synthesized in an ongoing research project at DTU Chemistry, and inspires to design the best Ionic Liquids suitable for CO2 capturing. DTU is on the international forefront

regarding these issues, and the present project and the research effort behind will further add to keep this position.

poster poster

Capturing of CO2 from flue gasses using ionic liquids

Anita Godiksen

DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark

[email protected]

Flue gasses contain large amounts of CO2, which are each day emitted to the atmosphere. Separating and capturing the CO2 from especially power plant flue gases, originating from

burning of fossil fuels, is a challenge the World must overcome in near future. Today’s known CO2 absorbents use chemical absorption for separating and capturing the CO2. This sorption has some down sides e.g. it binds firmly the CO2, causing a lot of energy to be used for the reversible release of the absorbed CO2, corresponding to around 30-40 % of the total energy production of the power plant. Furthermore the absorbents have high volatility, which means that some part will be emitted to the flue gas, causing loss of materials and waste of energy for the evaporation of water and absorbent. These problems can be solved using Ionic Liquids for CO2 absorption.

Ionic liquids are molten salts that are liquid below 100

C and often around room temperature.

Some of these fluids show high absorption capacity of CO2 compared to other small gasses. They absorb CO2 by physical absorption mechanisms. By this technique the CO2 is held in the liquid by molecular CO2, where the absorption depends on factors as solubility and vapour pressure of CO2 in the flue gas. This method demands much less energy to reversibly release the CO2 or evaporate the sorbent, since Ionic Liquids have a negligible vapour pressure and therefore neither evaporate or get lost during the absorption/desorption

process. Furthermore they may be designed to absorb very little of the water present in the flue gas, and thus eliminate the problem of energy waste for useless evaporation of water during the industrial process, as experienced for the actual applied technology.. Today’s challenge is the design of Ionic Liquids with high enough CO2 absorption ability for commercial use. This project concerns model calculations on selected ionic liquids currently being synthesized in an ongoing research project at DTU Chemistry, and inspires to design the best Ionic Liquids suitable for CO2 capturing. DTU is on the international forefront

regarding these issues, and the present project and the research effort behind will further add to keep this position.

poster poster

CO2 Capture Technologies to Combat Climate Change

B. Maribo-Mogensen1, A.D. Jensen1, and G.M. Kontogeorgis1

1Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

INTRODUCTION The majority of scientists, politicians, and organizations agree that climate change is one of the biggest challenges for the 21st century. While not all factors affecting the earth climate are known, the climate change is partly attributed to anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which are projected to increase due to e.g. the economical growth and the associated increase in energy consumption. The climate models used by International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict an increase in global mean temperatures due to an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. At an estimated increase of 130% in atmospheric carbon dioxide by year 2050, the models predict an increase in the global average temperature to increase by 6°C. The social and environmental consequences of global warming of this extent may become cataclysmic, and must be prevented through a global effort to reduce the CO2 emissions. This is a huge challenge as economic growth and increasing population increase the global energy requirements. COMBATING CLIMATE CHANGE Reducing the CO2 emissions requires immense efforts in many areas, including e.g. improving energy efficiency of buildings, the transportation sector, industry, and most importantly, the power sector. But improvements in energy efficiencies are not enough and Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), where CO2 is captured from the flue gas of power plants and then stored in geological structures must be applied on a massive scale to reduce the global CO2 emissions. When CO2 is captured from power plants using sustainably produced biomass (i.e. that the biomass is burned at a rate equal to or lower than the growth rate), CO2 is effectively captured from the atmosphere and thereby combating climate change by reducing the atmospheric CO2 concentration. CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES The two carbon capture technologies that are ready to be implemented on a massive scale are “Oxyfuel Combustion” and “Post-Combustion” CO2 capture using solvents. Results of experimental investigations of the oxyfuel combustion process and thermodynamic calculations on the post-combustion capture processes are presented, and the potential of implementing these technologies on existing and new power plants is discussed. The poster summarizes the investigations done by the author since primo 2009 related to carbon capture technologies that can be applied in the near future.

Community Development among Ethnic Minorities in Northern Parts of Vietnam

C.K.Davidsen

DTU Informatics, Technical University of Denmark [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Agricultural Development Denmark Asia (ADDA) has since 2007 been running a community development project in Northern Vietnam with the goal to improve the conditions for the ethnic minority farmers in mountain areas. The project is financed by the Danish International Development Assistance (Danida) which is a part of the Foreign Ministry that

finances activities that fight against the poverty in developing countries.

The ethnic minorities in the mountain areas of Vietnam have poor educational conditions, low income and small profit. In fact these areas are among the poorest nationwide. ADDA aim to help these people with knowledge on sustainable agricultural practices and to make them realize that it is fertile to meet and discuss problems and together find solutions that

will affect the local society. The project has trained 15.412 maize farmers in six different provinces through the participatory Farmer Field Schools (FFS) where they were taught improved cultivation techniques and the benefit of collaboration. In a recent study, data from 300 randomly selected farmers, 50 from each province, were collected. The farmers were among other questions asked of the yield of their fields after they have participated in FFS. The aim of the current project is to examine the data from before and after the FFS started to investigate the possible success based on improved income and extra maize harvested and how the success depends on province specific

factors. The raw data indicates that there is a significant disparity before and after the farmers participated in FFS. They have reduced their amount of seed and yet they have a larger yield. Furthermore data shows a tendency of difference between the provinces measured on the basis of use of seed, size of maize fields, yield and income. A linear mixed-effects model with farmers as a random effect will be able to reveal which variables that describe the variation of the income and if any interesting interactions among the variables are

significant. From the results of the analysis it will be possible to assess the impact the FFS have had on the ethnic minority farmers and thereby if it reasonable to make future investments in similar projects using the same strategy.

poster poster

CO2 Capture Technologies to Combat Climate Change

B. Maribo-Mogensen1, A.D. Jensen1, and G.M. Kontogeorgis1

1Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

INTRODUCTION The majority of scientists, politicians, and organizations agree that climate change is one of the biggest challenges for the 21st century. While not all factors affecting the earth climate are known, the climate change is partly attributed to anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which are projected to increase due to e.g. the economical growth and the associated increase in energy consumption. The climate models used by International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict an increase in global mean temperatures due to an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. At an estimated increase of 130% in atmospheric carbon dioxide by year 2050, the models predict an increase in the global average temperature to increase by 6°C. The social and environmental consequences of global warming of this extent may become cataclysmic, and must be prevented through a global effort to reduce the CO2 emissions. This is a huge challenge as economic growth and increasing population increase the global energy requirements. COMBATING CLIMATE CHANGE Reducing the CO2 emissions requires immense efforts in many areas, including e.g. improving energy efficiency of buildings, the transportation sector, industry, and most importantly, the power sector. But improvements in energy efficiencies are not enough and Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), where CO2 is captured from the flue gas of power plants and then stored in geological structures must be applied on a massive scale to reduce the global CO2 emissions. When CO2 is captured from power plants using sustainably produced biomass (i.e. that the biomass is burned at a rate equal to or lower than the growth rate), CO2 is effectively captured from the atmosphere and thereby combating climate change by reducing the atmospheric CO2 concentration. CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES The two carbon capture technologies that are ready to be implemented on a massive scale are “Oxyfuel Combustion” and “Post-Combustion” CO2 capture using solvents. Results of experimental investigations of the oxyfuel combustion process and thermodynamic calculations on the post-combustion capture processes are presented, and the potential of implementing these technologies on existing and new power plants is discussed. The poster summarizes the investigations done by the author since primo 2009 related to carbon capture technologies that can be applied in the near future.

Community Development among Ethnic Minorities in Northern Parts of Vietnam

C.K.Davidsen

DTU Informatics, Technical University of Denmark [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Agricultural Development Denmark Asia (ADDA) has since 2007 been running a community development project in Northern Vietnam with the goal to improve the conditions for the ethnic minority farmers in mountain areas. The project is financed by the Danish International Development Assistance (Danida) which is a part of the Foreign Ministry that

finances activities that fight against the poverty in developing countries.

The ethnic minorities in the mountain areas of Vietnam have poor educational conditions, low income and small profit. In fact these areas are among the poorest nationwide. ADDA aim to help these people with knowledge on sustainable agricultural practices and to make them realize that it is fertile to meet and discuss problems and together find solutions that

will affect the local society. The project has trained 15.412 maize farmers in six different provinces through the participatory Farmer Field Schools (FFS) where they were taught improved cultivation techniques and the benefit of collaboration. In a recent study, data from 300 randomly selected farmers, 50 from each province, were collected. The farmers were among other questions asked of the yield of their fields after they have participated in FFS. The aim of the current project is to examine the data from before and after the FFS started to investigate the possible success based on improved income and extra maize harvested and how the success depends on province specific

factors. The raw data indicates that there is a significant disparity before and after the farmers participated in FFS. They have reduced their amount of seed and yet they have a larger yield. Furthermore data shows a tendency of difference between the provinces measured on the basis of use of seed, size of maize fields, yield and income. A linear mixed-effects model with farmers as a random effect will be able to reveal which variables that describe the variation of the income and if any interesting interactions among the variables are

significant. From the results of the analysis it will be possible to assess the impact the FFS have had on the ethnic minority farmers and thereby if it reasonable to make future investments in similar projects using the same strategy.

poster poster

Compost Toilets in Roskilde Festival

R. Barriol1, G.Durand

1DTU Mathematic Engineering

[email protected] 2DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

[email protected]

INTRODUCTION

The Roskilde Festival is a major event in the Danish culture calendar. This year 100 000 persons will take part in the event: 25000 volunteers and 75000 visitors. For the

first time a warming up period has been created and it adds 4 days to the 5 festival days. Thus, the camping area will be used during 9 days. The Roskilde festival organization developed the green footsteps campaign in order to reduce the ecological impact of the festival. This year, they created a lot of new ways of making the festival as eco friendly as possible but not in term of toilets. Since last year they used a 800m long line of traditional toilet boxes, we thought that there is a very important improvement to do by using composting toilets instead.

COMPOST TOILETS

Compost toilet designed by students from EverGreen Wash,USA

Composting toilets are toilet systems which treat human waste by composting and dehydration to produce a useable end-product that is a valuable soil additive. They come in a variety of models and brand names as well as different shapes and designs to enhance the natural composting process. They use little or no water, are not connected to expensive sewage systems, cause no environmental damage and produce a valuable resource for gardening. This kind of toilets are more and more used in eco-friendly houses, but it still meets with a lot

of false considerations.

WHY ROSKILDE FESTIVAL?

First of all, using this king of toilets will considerably reduce the use of water and also the wastes due to the use of classic toilet box. Besides, the compost made will help to restore the land that will suffer from the festival. And finally, it will make people realize that the compost toilets are an interesting alternative to the classic toilets that are one of the most water consuming source of our daily life.

Abstract - Crediting of Temporary Carbon Storage

S. V. Jørgensen

DTU Environment, Technical University of [email protected]

The increased concern of global warming impacts has brought along a focus on approaches for mitigation, including the possibility of controlled carbon storage. However, in this relation the issue of permanence of the storage is important, as temporary storage does not have the same climatic benefit as permanent storage. Several methods for assessing the benefit of temporary carbon storage exist, expressing it in terms of carbon credits. Some of these methods are the stock change method, the Colombian approach, the average storage method and the ton year approach. Based on some of these, a suggestion for a standard on the matter of crediting carbon storage in products has been proposed by the BSI, in the PAS 2050 specification. However this specification, along with many other approaches on the matter, is based on a 100 year assessment period of global warming potentials, which has significant importance for the results of crediting temporary carbon storage, as it disregards the long timescale for atmospheric lifetime of CO2.

Thus, current crediting proposals for temporary carbon storage have here been assessed using a more holistic approach, considering the interactions and relevant timescales for the entire carbon cycle on Earth. In order to do this, a model for the global carbon cycle, including not only the upper climate system part but the entire Earth, has been set up. Further, different case scenarios have been set up in order to assess the different crediting approaches, hereunder the implications of using the 100 year time horizon.

The carbon cycle model reveals timescales of thousands of years for removal of carbon from the near-surface parts, whereas the timescale for e.g. fossil fuel generation is millions of years. Compared to these timescales, the use of the 100 year time horizon for considering climatic benefits related to temporary carbon storage appears hard to justify. The problematic issues regarding the use of the 100 year time horizon is further outlined through the case scenarios, illustrating e.g. how total global warming potentials of projects can be completely hidden through relatively short-termstorage when applying some of the crediting approaches, while not providing real climatic benefits. These aspects underlines the insufficiency of the 100 years time horizon when considering GWP benefit potentials, and subsequently the crediting approaches relying on this are considered inadequate. Rather, relating to the timescale for removal from the near-surface carbon cycle, timescales for temporary carbon storage should be at least in the order of magnitude of thousands of years for earning permanent credits and thus crediting methods should reflect this.

However, there is also the risk of crossing dangerous tipping points, e.g. the 2-3oC above pre-industrial levels as estimated by IPCC, which might cause irreversible climate changes. For the purpose of avoiding this, fast climate change mitigation is required and consequently, shorter storage times might still yield climatic benefits. This entails that it mightbe beneficial to include special crediting for relevant shorter-term storage, during a bridging period, to a more carbon neutral society. A holistic approach for carbon crediting should include both aspects.

poster poster

Compost Toilets in Roskilde Festival

R. Barriol1, G.Durand

1DTU Mathematic Engineering

[email protected] 2DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

[email protected]

INTRODUCTION

The Roskilde Festival is a major event in the Danish culture calendar. This year 100 000 persons will take part in the event: 25000 volunteers and 75000 visitors. For the

first time a warming up period has been created and it adds 4 days to the 5 festival days. Thus, the camping area will be used during 9 days. The Roskilde festival organization developed the green footsteps campaign in order to reduce the ecological impact of the festival. This year, they created a lot of new ways of making the festival as eco friendly as possible but not in term of toilets. Since last year they used a 800m long line of traditional toilet boxes, we thought that there is a very important improvement to do by using composting toilets instead.

COMPOST TOILETS

Compost toilet designed by students from EverGreen Wash,USA

Composting toilets are toilet systems which treat human waste by composting and dehydration to produce a useable end-product that is a valuable soil additive. They come in a variety of models and brand names as well as different shapes and designs to enhance the natural composting process. They use little or no water, are not connected to expensive sewage systems, cause no environmental damage and produce a valuable resource for gardening. This kind of toilets are more and more used in eco-friendly houses, but it still meets with a lot

of false considerations.

WHY ROSKILDE FESTIVAL?

First of all, using this king of toilets will considerably reduce the use of water and also the wastes due to the use of classic toilet box. Besides, the compost made will help to restore the land that will suffer from the festival. And finally, it will make people realize that the compost toilets are an interesting alternative to the classic toilets that are one of the most water consuming source of our daily life.

Abstract - Crediting of Temporary Carbon Storage

S. V. Jørgensen

DTU Environment, Technical University of [email protected]

The increased concern of global warming impacts has brought along a focus on approaches for mitigation, including the possibility of controlled carbon storage. However, in this relation the issue of permanence of the storage is important, as temporary storage does not have the same climatic benefit as permanent storage. Several methods for assessing the benefit of temporary carbon storage exist, expressing it in terms of carbon credits. Some of these methods are the stock change method, the Colombian approach, the average storage method and the ton year approach. Based on some of these, a suggestion for a standard on the matter of crediting carbon storage in products has been proposed by the BSI, in the PAS 2050 specification. However this specification, along with many other approaches on the matter, is based on a 100 year assessment period of global warming potentials, which has significant importance for the results of crediting temporary carbon storage, as it disregards the long timescale for atmospheric lifetime of CO2.

Thus, current crediting proposals for temporary carbon storage have here been assessed using a more holistic approach, considering the interactions and relevant timescales for the entire carbon cycle on Earth. In order to do this, a model for the global carbon cycle, including not only the upper climate system part but the entire Earth, has been set up. Further, different case scenarios have been set up in order to assess the different crediting approaches, hereunder the implications of using the 100 year time horizon.

The carbon cycle model reveals timescales of thousands of years for removal of carbon from the near-surface parts, whereas the timescale for e.g. fossil fuel generation is millions of years. Compared to these timescales, the use of the 100 year time horizon for considering climatic benefits related to temporary carbon storage appears hard to justify. The problematic issues regarding the use of the 100 year time horizon is further outlined through the case scenarios, illustrating e.g. how total global warming potentials of projects can be completely hidden through relatively short-termstorage when applying some of the crediting approaches, while not providing real climatic benefits. These aspects underlines the insufficiency of the 100 years time horizon when considering GWP benefit potentials, and subsequently the crediting approaches relying on this are considered inadequate. Rather, relating to the timescale for removal from the near-surface carbon cycle, timescales for temporary carbon storage should be at least in the order of magnitude of thousands of years for earning permanent credits and thus crediting methods should reflect this.

However, there is also the risk of crossing dangerous tipping points, e.g. the 2-3oC above pre-industrial levels as estimated by IPCC, which might cause irreversible climate changes. For the purpose of avoiding this, fast climate change mitigation is required and consequently, shorter storage times might still yield climatic benefits. This entails that it mightbe beneficial to include special crediting for relevant shorter-term storage, during a bridging period, to a more carbon neutral society. A holistic approach for carbon crediting should include both aspects.

poster poster

Economics of biodiesel production

Camilla Christiansen

The future substitute for fossil fuels should be a fuel produced in a renewable and sustainable way. The substitute could be biodiesel, which can be added in small doses in fossil fuel without any modification of the engine of a normal car. The European Union has determined that 10 % of all fuel used in 2020 should be replaced by a biofuel. The biodiesel can be produced in two different ways; the enzymatic catalyst way and the chemical catalyst way. This project was made to give an idea about the possibility of replacing the 10% fuel by biodiesel. It was concluded that it is not possible for Denmark to replace the 10 % fuel with biodiesel produced only by rapeseed oil coming from Denmark. Furthermore this project contains an economic evaluation of two different plants, the enzymatic plant and the chemical plant. It was possible to determine the yearly budget for both the plants. The return of the chemical plant exceeds the enzymatic plant by nearly 4 times. The crucial difference between the plants was purging of the catalyst. The cost of the enzymatic catalyst was 17.3 mio.kr. higher than the chemical catalyst. To make the enzymatic plant competitive, the cost of the enzyme catalyst needs to be reduced from the current 5800 kr./kg to approximately 2100 kr. pr. kg. However, the study indicated that the enzymatic plant is expected to have an advantage because of the smaller and more flexible size and that no neutralization step is needed. The residual from both plants is glycerol coming from the transesterfication. To use the residual to the fullest, a smaller plant was designed to produce arcrolein from glycerol. The plant consists of one reactor, two heat exchangers, two flash drums, one mixer and one splitter. Approximately 66 % of the glycerol was converted to acrolein. The amount of acrolein recovered was 315 kg/h. To obtain this amount recycling of not-converted glycerol was necessary. An economic analysis of this plant indicates a possible net result of 13.2 mio.kr. The conversion has financial benefits since the glycerol is only worth 2.3 mio.kr. if it is sold.

Energy harvesting from raindrops

Henrik Teglborg and Eddi Søgaard

DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark [email protected], [email protected].

INTRODUCTION In this paper we will investigate which parameters are important for energy harvesting from raindrops through a piezo based sensor. We will make a chamber filled with fluid or gas and a membrane to cover the chamber. Then connect a piezo based pressure sensor to the chamber so we can register how much pressure/energy can be gained from a drop. Then we will investigate which parameters are important such as: the drop height, drop frequency, drop size and finally we will give an estimate on how much energy can be obtained from a drop. THE CONSTRUCTION In figure 1 the construction can be seen. Here the chamber is in the middle and the air/water intake and the sensor holes are on each side. It is then the intention that the membrane is strapped over the chamber so the momentum from the drop can be absorbed into the camber and directed to the sensor.

SIGNAL PROCESSING In figure 2 the signal registered from a single drop can be seen. It is interesting to note that it is just a single impact but the membrane start to oscillate. That can be very important since a piezo deliver most energy if you can get it to oscillate at a specific frequency.

Figure 1: The construction used to harvest energy from raindrops. The construction is made in micro

milled polycarbonate.

Figure 2: The Pressure oscillations registered by the piezo from a drop.

poster poster

Economics of biodiesel production

Camilla Christiansen

The future substitute for fossil fuels should be a fuel produced in a renewable and sustainable way. The substitute could be biodiesel, which can be added in small doses in fossil fuel without any modification of the engine of a normal car. The European Union has determined that 10 % of all fuel used in 2020 should be replaced by a biofuel. The biodiesel can be produced in two different ways; the enzymatic catalyst way and the chemical catalyst way. This project was made to give an idea about the possibility of replacing the 10% fuel by biodiesel. It was concluded that it is not possible for Denmark to replace the 10 % fuel with biodiesel produced only by rapeseed oil coming from Denmark. Furthermore this project contains an economic evaluation of two different plants, the enzymatic plant and the chemical plant. It was possible to determine the yearly budget for both the plants. The return of the chemical plant exceeds the enzymatic plant by nearly 4 times. The crucial difference between the plants was purging of the catalyst. The cost of the enzymatic catalyst was 17.3 mio.kr. higher than the chemical catalyst. To make the enzymatic plant competitive, the cost of the enzyme catalyst needs to be reduced from the current 5800 kr./kg to approximately 2100 kr. pr. kg. However, the study indicated that the enzymatic plant is expected to have an advantage because of the smaller and more flexible size and that no neutralization step is needed. The residual from both plants is glycerol coming from the transesterfication. To use the residual to the fullest, a smaller plant was designed to produce arcrolein from glycerol. The plant consists of one reactor, two heat exchangers, two flash drums, one mixer and one splitter. Approximately 66 % of the glycerol was converted to acrolein. The amount of acrolein recovered was 315 kg/h. To obtain this amount recycling of not-converted glycerol was necessary. An economic analysis of this plant indicates a possible net result of 13.2 mio.kr. The conversion has financial benefits since the glycerol is only worth 2.3 mio.kr. if it is sold.

Energy harvesting from raindrops

Henrik Teglborg and Eddi Søgaard

DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark [email protected], [email protected].

INTRODUCTION In this paper we will investigate which parameters are important for energy harvesting from raindrops through a piezo based sensor. We will make a chamber filled with fluid or gas and a membrane to cover the chamber. Then connect a piezo based pressure sensor to the chamber so we can register how much pressure/energy can be gained from a drop. Then we will investigate which parameters are important such as: the drop height, drop frequency, drop size and finally we will give an estimate on how much energy can be obtained from a drop. THE CONSTRUCTION In figure 1 the construction can be seen. Here the chamber is in the middle and the air/water intake and the sensor holes are on each side. It is then the intention that the membrane is strapped over the chamber so the momentum from the drop can be absorbed into the camber and directed to the sensor.

SIGNAL PROCESSING In figure 2 the signal registered from a single drop can be seen. It is interesting to note that it is just a single impact but the membrane start to oscillate. That can be very important since a piezo deliver most energy if you can get it to oscillate at a specific frequency.

Figure 1: The construction used to harvest energy from raindrops. The construction is made in micro

milled polycarbonate.

Figure 2: The Pressure oscillations registered by the piezo from a drop.

poster poster

EnergySustainableWaterFountain

KristinaRose,LisbethKronborgJensen,AndersRoikjær,ThorPeterAndersenog

CarlHaurdahlMikkelsen

DTUMekanik,TechnicalUniversityofDenmark

Thisprojectfocusesonthereductionofpowerconsumptionofwaterfountains,bytheutilizationof

laminar and hollow jets, instead of traditional solid water jets. The project was carried out in

collaborationwithFokdalSpringvand,whowastheoriginalcompanyrequestingthehollowjet.

Inordertoproducelaminarjets,acertaintechniquehadtobeutilized,inwhichwaterisslowlylead

throughaseriesoffiltersinabarrel,onlytobeacceleratedbyasuddendropinbarrelcrosssection.

Amathematicalmodelwascreated toassess theboundary layerbuild‐upwithin thebarrel,along

witheffectsofsurfacetensionandairpressurewithinthejet.Thismodelrevealedtheneedforair

supply to the interior of the jet, and the barrelwas fittedwith a pipe reaching from the bottom

where air could be supplied, to the top where the jet was ejected. In collaboration with Fokdal

Springvand,aseriesofdesigns for thenozzlesweredrawn inCAD,and latermanufacturedoutof

stainless steel. The esthetics of the water jet varied with the different nozzle shapes, and the

conclusionwas,thatthebestresultwaswithasharpedgedandconical‐shapednozzle,whichangled

thewaterslightlyoutwardswhenexitingthebarrel.Thewaterjetremainedhollowandmaintained

its integrityup toameter,before collapsing inon itself. Figure1 showsa close‐uppictureof the

hollowjetproducedbytheconical‐shapedinnernozzleandasharp‐edgedouternozzle.

Figure1:Laminarandhollowjetproducedbyconicalnozzle

In conclusion theproject showed, that it is indeedpossible tomake laminarhollow‐jet fountains,

and that the required power is significantly less than that of a laminar solid water jet fountain.

However,thereisatradeoffwiththeesthetic.

Environmental benefits of Cerium (IV) Oxide used as a catalyst

S. L. Björkqvist1, S. M. Carvalho1, and M. Vasileiou1

1DTU Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Nanotechnology is a relativity new scientific area that deals with matter at dimensions of a nanometer, from 0.1 to 100 nm. It provides smaller, cheaper and faster devices and permits the reduction in raw materials and energy consumption. Nanotechnology is nowadays fully used in all sorts of different products, ranging from cosmetics to electronics and is said to be offering solutions to many medical, social and environmental problems. However, being a new area new concerns have been raised related to health, environment and safety, especially since materials have different properties at a nanoscale. Therefore it is important to identify all the impacts the use of this technology might have.

This project aims to identifying the advantages and disadvantages of the nano Cerium (IV) Oxide use, focusing mainly on the utilization as a catalyst reducing both fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions. Cerium oxide serves as an oxygen buffer oxidizing hydrocarbons and reducing nitrogen oxides, which results in reduced emissions of soot, NOxand CO2. A reduction in fuel consumption is gained since Cerium Oxide increases the effectiveness of the fuel burn plus it cleans the engine. In the form of a nano particle the efficiency is improved through the increased surface-to-volume ratio. In order to evaluate the risk and benefits of CeO2 usage the advantages and drawbacks were identified and the Swiss Precautionary Matrix used for completing a preliminary risk assessment.