Gromov-Witten invariants and Algebraic Geometry · 2017-11-16 · Introduction 1 Gromov-Witten...
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Gromov-Witten invariantsand
Algebraic Geometry
Jun Li
Shanghai Center for Mathematical Sciencesand
Stanford University
Jun Li Lectures on GW and AG
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Introduction
1 Gromov-Witten invariants is an integral part of MirrorSymmetry conjecture;
2 investigated in mathematics from algebraic geometry,symplectic geometry, representation theory, etc.;
3 still in its early development, after three decades;
4 has impacted greatly several branches in mathematics;
5 several research groups in China contributed to itsdevelopment.
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Introduction
1 Today I will approach this topic
from the angle of algebraic geometry;based on my personal experience;
2 GW invariants of quintics by algebraic geometry;
3 three examples of GW invariants techniques impact algebraicgeometry;
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Introduction
X a smooth projective variety, d ∈ H2(X ,Z), g , n ∈ Z
Mg ,n(X , d) = f :C → X , pi ∈ C : f∗([C ]) = d , f stable/ ∼
moduli of genus g , n-pointed stable morphisms to X of class d .
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Introduction
f : C → X stable means that Aut(f ) is finite.
e.g. stable v. unstable maps:
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Introduction
Mg ,n(X , d): a DM stack, admits an obvious perfect obstructiontheory, has virtual fundamental cycle
[Mg ,n(X , d)]vir ∈ AvMg ,n(X , d),
(or ∈ H2ν(Mg ,n(X , d),Q) as a homology class.)
ν = vir. dim = (g − 1)(3− dim X ) + d · c1(X ) + n
When X is a Calabi-Yau threefold, i.e. c1(X ) = 0 anddim X = 3, choose n = 0, then ν = 0.
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Introduction
Gromov-Witten invariants of a smooth projective variety:
〈α1, · · · , αn〉g ,dX =
∫[Mg,n(X ,d)]vir
ev∗1α1 · · · ev∗nαn ∈ Q
where
α1, · · · , αn ∈ H∗(X ,Q).
Problem: The structure of the collection of invariants
〈α1, · · · , αn〉g ,dX .
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Introduction
Gromov-Witten invariants is a counting problem, counting(algebraic) curves subject to constraints:
Using stable maps is to compactify the moduli space.
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First Example: explicit formula by Candelas et. al.
Calabi-Yau threefold X :
a smooth three-dimensional complex manifold,
H1(X ,Q) = 0 and c1(X ) = 0.
Example: (Fermat) quintic threefold
X = (x51 + · · ·+ x5
5 = 0) ⊂ CP4.
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First Example
GW-invariants of Calabi-Yau threefolds reduce to
Ng (d) = deg[Mg (X , d)]vir,
generating function
FX =∑g≥0
(∑d∈H2
Ng (d) · qd)λ2g−2 =
∑FX ,g · λ2g−2.
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First Example
Shocking: for quintic Calabi-Yau threefolds X , Candelas et. al.derived the formula (1991)
Cttt =∑d≥0
N0(d)d3qd
where Cttt can be explicitly “calculated” (guessed more precisely)by performing the following:
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First Example
1 calculate Czzz =∫Xz
Ωz ∧ d3
dz3 Ωz ; X the mirror of X .
2 normalize it to Czzz ;
3 make a mirror transformation
t(z) =1
2πilog z +
5
2πiφ0(z)
∞∑n=1
(5n)!
(n!)5
5n∑j=n+1
1
j
zn
4 Cttt =(dzdt
)3Czzz ;
5 Cttt =∑
d≥0 N0(d)d3qd , where q = e2πit .
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First Example
1 calculate Czzz =∫Xz
Ωz ∧ d3
dz3 Ωz ; X the mirror of X .
2 normalize it to Czzz ;
3 make a mirror transformation
t(z) =1
2πilog z +
5
2πiφ0(z)
∞∑n=1
(5n)!
(n!)5
5n∑j=n+1
1
j
zn
4 Cttt =(dzdt
)3Czzz ;
5 Cttt =∑
d≥0 N0(d)d3qd , where q = e2πit .
Jun Li Lectures on GW and AG
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First Example
1 calculate Czzz =∫Xz
Ωz ∧ d3
dz3 Ωz ; X the mirror of X .
2 normalize it to Czzz ;
3 make a mirror transformation
t(z) =1
2πilog z +
5
2πiφ0(z)
∞∑n=1
(5n)!
(n!)5
5n∑j=n+1
1
j
zn
4 Cttt =(dzdt
)3Czzz ;
5 Cttt =∑
d≥0 N0(d)d3qd , where q = e2πit .
Jun Li Lectures on GW and AG
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First Example
1 calculate Czzz =∫Xz
Ωz ∧ d3
dz3 Ωz ; X the mirror of X .
2 normalize it to Czzz ;
3 make a mirror transformation
t(z) =1
2πilog z +
5
2πiφ0(z)
∞∑n=1
(5n)!
(n!)5
5n∑j=n+1
1
j
zn
4 Cttt =(dzdt
)3Czzz ;
5 Cttt =∑
d≥0 N0(d)d3qd , where q = e2πit .
Jun Li Lectures on GW and AG
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First Example
1 calculate Czzz =∫Xz
Ωz ∧ d3
dz3 Ωz ; X the mirror of X .
2 normalize it to Czzz ;
3 make a mirror transformation
t(z) =1
2πilog z +
5
2πiφ0(z)
∞∑n=1
(5n)!
(n!)5
5n∑j=n+1
1
j
zn
4 Cttt =(dzdt
)3Czzz ;
5 Cttt =∑
d≥0 N0(d)d3qd , where q = e2πit .
Jun Li Lectures on GW and AG
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First Example
Candelas et. al. derived a closed formula for Ctty ;
The formula is verified by Lian-Liu-Yau, Givental.
Why this computation is true remains a mystery.
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Second Example: explicit formula by Kontsevich
A classical problem in enumerative (algebraic) geometry is toenumerate the number Nd of degree d rational curves in P2
subject to (the right number of) constraints.
Like passing through two points there is only one degree onerational curve in P2.
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Second Example
Kontsevich used moduli of stable maps
M0,m(P2, d)
to obtain a recursion formula, thus solving the problem (1993):
Nd =∑
d1+d2=d
Nd1Nd2
[d2
1 d22
(3d − 43d1 − 2
)− d3
1 d2
(3d − 43d1 − 1
)].
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Second Example
Idea of proof: using a recursion formula,
envisioned by Super-String theorists (the WDVV equation);
proof using an identity of cycles
[π−1(ξ1)] = [π−1(ξ2)] ∈ A∗M0,m(P2, d)
by looking at the forgetful map
M0,m(P2, d)yπM0,4
∼= P1
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Constructing Gromov-Witten invariants
Influenced by progress via symplectic geometry in Mirror SymmetryConjecture, the main challenge to algebraic geometers:
To construct the virtual cycles of the moduli of stable maps
[Mg ,n(X , d)]vir ∈ A∗Mg ,n(X , d)
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2. Construction of Gromov-Witten invariants
Theorem 1 (L-Tian (96))
Let X be a smooth projective manifold and d ∈ H2(X ,Z) be analgebraic class. Then the moduli of stable maps Mg ,n(X , d)admits a virtual cycle
[Mg ,n(X , d)]vir ∈ A∗Mg ,n(X , d),
constructed by using virtual normal cone based on its perfectobstruction theory. Further, the cycle is constant in thedeformation class of X .
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Construction
GW invariants is a counting problem, ...
A counting when all parameters are ideal, (Sard’s theorem ...)
With analysis, try to perturb the almost complex structures, ...
In algebraic geometry, the parallel topological construction isMacPherson’s deformation to normal cone construction.
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Construction
Toy model: M = (s = 0) ⊂W , E →W v.b./smooth, s ∈ Γ(E ), ...
By perturbation: use spert; counting is #(spert = 0).
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Construction
Same toy model: M = (s = 0) ⊂W , E →W , s ∈ Γ(E ), ...
The normal cone: NM/W := limt→0 Γt−1s ⊂ E |M , ...
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Construction
Same toy model: M = (s = 0) ⊂W , E →W , s ∈ Γ(E ), ...
The virtual cycle: [M]vir = 0!E [NM/W ] ∈ A∗M. (0!
E : Gysin map.)
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Construction
For M =Mg ,n(X , d), no canonical (s,E ,W ), ....
Instead construct virtual normal cone N ⊂ E and E → M,
Use Gysin map: [Mg ,n(X , d)]vir = 0!E [N].
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Construction
The contributions of this work:
1 use normal cone construction;
2 use virtual normal cone;
3 perfect obstruction theory =⇒ virtual normal cone.
(moduli spaces come with obstruction theories, some are perfect.)
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Construction
Current State of virtual cycle construction:
1 Use cotangent complex, cone-stack, and bundle stack(Behrend-Fantechi);
2 Attempt to use derived algebraic geometry, for more generalobstruction theories;
3 Symmetric obstruction theories (Behrend); ...
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Genus zero invariants of quintics
Take Q5 ⊂ P4 a smooth quintic Calabi-Yau threefold, say
Q5 = (x51 + · · ·+ x5
5 = 0) ⊂ P4.
Kontsevich’s formula of genus zero GW invariants of quintics(1994):
N0(d) = deg[M0(Q5, d)]vir ∈ Q.
=
∫M0(P4,d)
ctop(π∗f∗OP4(5)).
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Genus zero invariants
Quintics: ϕ = x51 + · · ·+ x5
5 , Q5 = (s = 0) ⊂ P4;
Consider M0(P4, d);
Universal family of M0(P4, d):
1 family of curves π : C →M0(P4, d);
2 universal map: f : C → P4;
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Genus zero invariants
Quintics: ϕ = x51 + · · ·+ x5
5 , Q5 = (s = 0) ⊂ P4;
Consider M0(P4, d);
Universal family of M0(P4, d):
1 family of curves π : C →M0(P4, d);
2 universal map: f : C → P4;
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Genus zero invariants
Quintics: ϕ = x51 + · · ·+ x5
5 , Q5 = (s = 0) ⊂ P4;
Consider M0(P4, d);
Universal family of M0(P4, d):
1 family of curves π : C →M0(P4, d);
2 universal map: f : C → P4;
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Genus zero invariants
Moduli spaces
M0(Q5, d) = (π∗f∗ϕ = 0) ⊂M0(P4, d);
compare:
M = (s = 0) ⊂ W ,
and s = π∗f∗ϕ ∈ Γ(E = π∗f
∗OP4(5)).
This is the “toy model”, thus
[M0(X5, d)]vir = Euler .class(π∗f∗OP4(5))
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Genus zero invariants
Moduli spaces
M0(Q5, d) = (π∗f∗ϕ = 0) ⊂M0(P4, d);
compare:
M = (s = 0) ⊂ W ,
and s = π∗f∗ϕ ∈ Γ(E = π∗f
∗OP4(5)).
This is the “toy model”, thus
[M0(X5, d)]vir = Euler .class(π∗f∗OP4(5))
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Genus zero invariants
1 Kontsevich’s formula can be calculated using toruslocalization;
2 GW invariants of quintic explicit expressed in huge sums;
3 Prove genus zero Mirror Symmetry Conjecture possible.
Lian-Liu-Yau, and Givental, independently, last (giant) step
proved the genus zero Mirror Symmetry Conjecture
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Genus one invariants of quintics
For genus one invariants of Q5, the Kontsevich like formula fails.
[M1(Q5, d)]vir 6= e (R•π∗f∗OP4(5))
It is due to that W =M1(P4, d) is not smooth.
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Genus one invariants
issues are
1 M1(P4, d) =M0 ∪M1 ∪M2 ∪M3 has four components(pretty bad);
2 M1(P4, d) is regular away from the intersections (not toobad);
3 π∗f∗O(5) is singular (pretty bad).
Jun Li Lectures on GW and AG
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Genus one invariants
issues are
1 M1(P4, d) =M0 ∪M1 ∪M2 ∪M3 has four components(pretty bad);
2 M1(P4, d) is regular away from the intersections (not toobad);
3 π∗f∗O(5) is singular (pretty bad).
Jun Li Lectures on GW and AG
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Genus one invariants
issues are
1 M1(P4, d) =M0 ∪M1 ∪M2 ∪M3 has four components(pretty bad);
2 M1(P4, d) is regular away from the intersections (not toobad);
3 π∗f∗O(5) is singular (pretty bad).
Jun Li Lectures on GW and AG
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Genus one invariants
We derived a Kontsevich like formula for genus one invariants:
Definition 2 (Li-Zinger(04))
N red1 (d) = 〈e(de-sing), [main component ofM1(P4, d)]〉.
We proved
Theorem 3 (Li-Zinger(04))
N1(d) = N red1 (d) +
1
12N0(d).
Jun Li Lectures on GW and AG
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Genus one Mirror Symmetry Conjecture
1 Via a desingularization constructed by Vakil-Zinger (05), onecan evaluate N red
1 (d) via torus localization, in terms of a hugesum indexed by graphs;
2 Via a clever combinatorics manipulation, Zinger (07) provedthe genus one Mirror Symmetry Conjecture.
Jun Li Lectures on GW and AG
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Genus two or higher invariants
Continue this line of argument, ..., no progress, and discouraging.
Jun Li Lectures on GW and AG
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GW techniques to Algebraic Geometry
Theorem 4 (Graber-Harris-Starr (01))
Let K be a field of transcendence degree 1 over k, and X is arationally connected variety over K , then X has a K -rational point(i.e. X (K ) 6= ∅).
Jun Li Lectures on GW and AG
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GW techniques to Algebraic Geometry
Its algebraic geometric version
Theorem 5 (Graber-Harris-Starr (01))
Let f : X → B be a non-constant map to a smooth curve B, suchthat the general fiber is rationally connected. Then f has a section.
X is rationally connected if any two general points p, q on X canbe connected by a chain of rational curves.
Jun Li Lectures on GW and AG
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GW techniques to Algebraic Geometry
The proof of this theorem is influenced by the GW theory:
1 for f : X → B, using the moduli of stable maps
Mg (X , d) −→Mg (B, d ′).
Jun Li Lectures on GW and AG
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GW techniques to Algebraic Geometry
Key is to show (for B = P1), there is a component surjective
W −−−−→⊂
Mg (X , d)
surjective
y ythe main component of −−−−→
⊂Mg (P1, d ′)
Jun Li Lectures on GW and AG
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GW and AG, past and present II
Next lecture,
1 I will explain the recent work toward higher genus invariantsof quintics;
2 I will show another example where GW technique applied toalgebraic geometry.
Jun Li Lectures on GW and AG