Nikolaos P. PreveEditor

Grid Computing

Towards a Global Interconnected Infrastructure

EditorNikolaos P. PreveSchool of Electrical and Computer Eng.Iroon Polytechniou str. 9National Technical University of Athens157 80 Athens Greecenikpreb@mail.ntua.gr

Series EditorA.J. SammesCentre for Forensic ComputingCranfield University, DCMT, ShrivenhamSwindon SN6 8LAUK

ISBN 978-0-85729-675-7 e-ISBN 978-0-85729-676-4DOI 10.1007/978-0-85729-676-4Springer London Dordrecht Heidelberg New York

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011930257

British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

© Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers.The use of registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Smile, Smile my little soul,and the world will be a better place…

vii

Grid Computing was a vision of using and sharing computers and data in the early 1990s. The integration, coordination, and sharing of computer resources which are geographically disperse among different physical domains and organizations became an every day reality. This emerging infrastructure aims to provide a mecha-nism for sharing and coordinating the use of heterogeneous computing resources.

The term “Grid” is used as an analogy with the electric power grid, which pro-vides pervasive access to electricity. Grid Computing has its roots in e-Science and has evolved from parallel, distributed, and high-performance computing. Grid Computing is a dominating technology that has undoubtedly changed the landscape of computer science. During these years, Grid Computing achieved to overcome every obstacle and challenge, and comprised an incontrovertible paradigm for future computer networks.

Up to now, this new evolving technology achieved to provide to its users the abil-ity to utilize at maximum the existing resources across a network. Grid Computing takes collective advantage of the vast improvements that have occurred over the last few years, in microprocessor speeds, optical communications, storage capacity, the World Wide Web, and the Internet. A set of standards and protocols are being devel-oped that completely disaggregate current compute platforms and distribute them across a network as resources that can be called into action by any eligible user or machine at any time.

The continuous progress in scientific research demanded for computational power leading to more and more powerful computer platforms in order to be able to solve high-resource demanding scientific problems. Many research projects and varied applications such as astrophysics, biology, chemistry, drug discovery, eco-logical modeling, mathematics, operations research, physics, and complex simula-tions are now driven by Grid Computing.

The explosive growth of computer science influenced the Information Technologies (IT) departments which have a vital role in shaping and conducting businesses orientation. The organizations focused on a more efficient utilization of their IT resources leveraging competition through a flexible and cost-effective infra-structure that fosters innovation and collaboration.

Preface

viii Preface

Consequently, tremendous capabilities and capacities that Grid Computing offers attracted the interest of academics, researchers, scientific communities, and com-puter industry around the world. Nevertheless, the question for the grid technology still remains. Grid Computing will become something like the Electric Grid of the twenty-first century.

The book structure brings together many of the major projects that aim to an emerging global Grid infrastructure. The present book aims to explore practical advantages and emphasize on developed applications for Grid Computing.

The contents of this book have purposely been selected and compiled with a reader focus in mind, in order to provide a comprehensible and useful knowledge for different readers with different needs. Through the presented practical approaches containing loads of information which came from real cases, this book aims to enable the reader an in-depth study of Grid technology. Thus, the primary target group of this book is academics, researchers, and graduates. Our purpose is to pro-vide them with insights that can serve as a basis for further research on Grid Computing.

As a secondary target audience, the book focuses on industry and potential buy-ers of Grid solutions. Another aim of the book is to provide industries and IT depart-ment heads with a thorough understanding of how businesses can benefit from Grid Computing in order to motivate them to adopt Grid solutions in their enterprises. Also, system designers, programmers, and IT policy makers will learn about new applications and the book may serve them as a useful reference book. Also, systems designers, programmers, and IT policy makers will learn about new applications finding in the book a useful reference guide.

Thus, this book has a wide-ranging scope while it appeals to people with various computer abilities. It is written for readers with an extensive computing background, providing them an easy-to-follow path through extensive analysis and paradigms about the various Grid systems that are available today. Therefore, it will be a useful tool for researchers and professionals as it aims to help them understand and use Grid systems for scientific and commercial purposes.

The book received 153 chapter submissions and each chapter submission was peer-reviewed by at least two experts and independent reviewers. As a result, 27 chapter submissions were accepted, with an acceptance rate 17.6%. In this book 12 chapters out of 27 are contained which are divided into four parts: (I) E-Science, Applications, and Optimization; (II) Resource Management, Allocation, and Monitoring; (III) Grid Services and Middleware; and (IV) Grid Computing for Scientific Problems.

I hope that the reader will share my excitement and will find this book informa-tive and useful in motivating him to get involved in this magnificent scientific field.

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Nikolaos P. PreveNational Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

ix

Many people deserve my sincere appreciation for their contribution to this book by their willingness. Authors spent countless hours for the completion of their chapters contributing to this project. I would like to give them my special thanks and express to them my appreciation for their patience, hard work, and excellent contributions in their area of expertise. Without them this book would not be a reality. The con-tributing authors have done a remarkable work providing exquisite chapters and meeting the tight timeline.

I would like to express my special thanks to Mr. Wayne Wheeler, Senior Editor, for his interest from the initial phase of this book. Special thanks also to Mr. Simon Rees, Senior Editorial Assistant, for his assistance and to the Springer editorial team for their efforts and support. Furthermore, I would like to thank Ms. Lakshmi Praba, Project Manager at SPi Global, and her team for their great care in the book producing an excellent outcome.

Finally, I want to thank my family for their support throughout this project, and my institution for creating the necessary environment for this project.

Acknowledgments

xi

Part I E-Science, Applications, and Optimization

1 Leveraging the Grid for e-Science: The Remote Instrumentation Infrastructure ............................................................. 3Alexey Cheptsov

2 Supporting e-Science Applications on e-Infrastructures: Some Use Cases from Latin America .................................................... 33Roberto Barbera, Francisco Brasileiro, Riccardo Bruno, Leandro Ciuffo, and Diego Scardaci

3 GEMS: User Control for Cooperative Scientific Repositories ............ 57Justin M. Wozniak, Paul Brenner, Santanu Chatterjee, Douglas Thain, Aaron Striegel, and Jesús Izaguirre

4 Performance Analysis and Optimization of Linear Workflows in Heterogeneous Network Environments ......................... 89Qishi Wu and Yi Gu

Part II Resource Management, Allocation, and Monitoring

5 Resource Management and Service Deployment in Grids .................. 123Christos Chrysoulas and Nicolas Sklavos

6 Social Grid Agents .................................................................................. 145Gabriele Pierantoni, Brian Coghlan, and Eamonn Kenny

7 Monitoring and Controlling Grid Systems ........................................... 171Ciprian Dobre

Contents

xii Contents

Part III Grid Services and Middleware

8 Service Level Agreements for Job Control in Grid and High-Performance Computing ....................................................... 205Roland Kübert

9 Composable Services Architecture for Grids ....................................... 223Vassiliki Pouli, Yuri Demchenko, Constantinos Marinos, Diego R. Lopez, and Mary Grammatikou

10 Phoenix: Employing Smart Logic to a New Generation of Semantically Driven Information Systems ....................................... 249Aggelos Liapis, Nasos Mixas, and Nikitas Tsopelas

Part IV Grid Computing and Scientific Problems

11 State-of-Art with PhyloGrid: Grid Computing Phylogenetic Studies on the EELA-2 Project Infrastructure .................................... 277Raul Isea, Esther Montes, Antonio Juan Rubio-Montero, and Rafael Mayo

12 The Usage of the Grid in the Simulation of the Comet Oort-Cloud Formation ........................................................................... 293Giuseppe Leto, Ján Astaloš, Marián Jakubík, Luboš Neslušan, and Piotr A. Dybczyński

Index ................................................................................................................. 307

xiii

Ján Astaloš Institute of Informatics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia

Roberto Barbera Division of Catania, Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Via Santa Sofia 64, Catania 95123, Italy

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

Francisco Brasileiro Department of Systems and Computing, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Brazil

Paul Brenner University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA

Riccardo Bruno Division of Catania, Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Via Santa Sofia 64, Catania 95123, Italy

Santanu Chatterjee University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA

Alexey Cheptsov High Performance Computing Center Stuttgart (HLRS), Universtitat Stuttgart, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany

Christos Chrysoulas Technological Educational Institute of Patras, Notara 92 Street, Patras 26442, Greece

Leandro Ciuffo Division of Catania, Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Via Santa Sofia 64, Catania 95123, Italy

Brian Coghlan Department of Computer Science, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland

Yuri Demchenko University of Amsterdam (UvA), Leuvenstraat 92, Amsterdam 1066HC, The Netherlands

Ciprian Dobre Computer Science Department, Faculty of Automatic Controls and Computers, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Office EG303, Spl. Independentei, 313, Sect. 6, Bucharest 060042, Romania

Contributors

xiv Contributors

Piotr A. Dybczyński Astronomical Observatory, A. Mickiewicz University, Słoneczna 36, 60-286 Poznań, Poland

Mary Grammatikou Network Management and Optimal Design Laboratory (NETMODE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 9 Iroon Polytechneiou Str., GR 157 80, Zografou, Athens, Greece

Yi Gu Department of Computer Science, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA

Raul Isea Fundación IDEA, Caracas, Venezuela

Jesús Izaguirre University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA

Marián Jakubík Astronomical Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Tatranská Lomnica 05960, Slovakia

Eamonn Kenny Department of Computer Science, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland

Roland Kübert High Performance Computing Center Stuttgart (HLRS), Nobelstrabe 19, Hochstleistungsrechenzentrum, Stuttgart 70569, Germany

Giuseppe Leto INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, Catania I-95123, Italy

Aggelos Liapis Research & Development Department, European Dynamics SA, 209, Kifissias Av. & Arkadiou Str, Maroussi, 151 24, Athens, Greece

Diego R. Lopez RedIRIS, Spain

Constantinos Marinos Network Management and Optimal Design Laboratory (NETMODE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 9 Iroon Polytechneiou Str., GR 157 80, Zografou, Athens, Greece

Rafael Mayo Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas Medioambientales y Tecnologicas (CIEMAT), Avda. Complutense, 22, 28040 Madrid, Spain

Nasos Mixas European Dynamics SA, 209, Kifissias Av. & Arkadiou Str, Maroussi, 151 24, Athens, Greece

Esther Montes Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas Medioambientales y Tecnologicas (CIEMAT), Avda. Complutense, 22, 28040 Madrid, Spain

Luboš Neslušan Astronomical Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Tatranská Lomnica 05960, Slovakia

Gabriele Pierantoni Department of Computer Science, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland

xvContributors

Vassiliki Pouli Network Management and Optimal Design Laboratory (NETMODE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 9 Iroon Polytechneiou Str., GR 157 80, Zografou, Athens, Greece

Antonio Juan Rubio-Montero Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas Medio-ambientales y Tecnologicas (CIEMAT), Avda. Complutense, 22, 28040 Madrid, Spain

Diego Scardaci Division of Catania, Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Via Santa Sofia 64, Catania 95123, Italy

Nicolas Sklavos Informatics & MM Department, Technological Educational Institute of Patras, Notara 92 Street, Patras 26442, Greece

Aaron Striegel University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA

Douglas Thain University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA

Nikitas Tsopelas European Dynamics SA, 209, Kifissias Av. & Arkadiou Str, Maroussi, 151 24, Athens, Greece

Justin M. Wozniak Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA

Qishi Wu Department of Computer Science, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA

Part IE-Science, Applications, and Optimization

3N.P. Preve (ed.), Grid Computing: Towards a Global Interconnected Infrastructure, Computer Communications and Networks, DOI 10.1007/978-0-85729-676-4_1, © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011

Abstract The grid technology provides great support for diverse scientific applications, offering them access to a virtually unlimited computing and storage resource pool. In the main application areas of the modern grid, much interest has recently arisen around operational support of instruments, sensors, and laboratory equipment in general. The complex of activities related to this topic can be summarized under the interdisciplinary subject remote instrumentation, where the term instrumentation includes any kind of experimental equipment and a general framework for remote accessing that equipment. However, efficient adoption of the grid by a concrete scientific domain requires considerable adaptation and integra-tion efforts to be performed on different levels of middleware, networking, infra-structure resources, etc. The chapter summarizes the main steps and activities towards the establishment of a Remote Instrumentation Infrastructure, a grid-based environment that covers all of those issues which arise while enabling the remote instrumentation for e-Science on practice.

1.1 Introduction

Over a number of recent years, the grid has become the most progressive informa-tion technology (IT) trend that has enabled high-performance computing (HPC) for a number of scientific communities. Large-scale infrastructures such as EGEE (Enabling Grids for E-science) and DEISA (Distributed European Infrastructure for Supercomputing Applications) in the European Research Area, OSG (Science Grid)

A. Cheptsov (*)High Performance Computing Center Stuttgart (HLRS), Universtitat Stuttgart, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany e-mail: cheptsov@hlrs.de

Chapter 1Leveraging the Grid for e-Science: The Remote Instrumentation Infrastructure

Alexey Cheptsov

33N.P. Preve (ed.), Grid Computing: Towards a Global Interconnected Infrastructure, Computer Communications and Networks, DOI 10.1007/978-0-85729-676-4_2, © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011

Abstract In this chapter, we describe a successful methodology to support e-Science applications on e-Infrastructures put in practice in the EELA-2 project co-funded by the European Commission and involving European and Latin American countries. The heterogeneous requirements of the e-Science applications, coming from several scientific fields, makes difficult to provide them with a support able to satisfy all the different needs. Usually, the grid middleware adopted, gLite in the case of EELA-2, provides applications with general tools not able to meet specific requirements. For this reason, a really powerful e-Infrastructure has to offer some additional services to complete and integrate the functionalities of the grid middleware. These services have to both increase the set of functionalities offered by the e-Infrastructure and make easier the tasks of developing and deploying new applications. Following this methodology, EELA-2 deployed 53 e-Science applications out of the 61 supported in total, in its enriched e-Infrastructure during its life.

R. BarberaDivision of Catania, Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Via Santa Sofia 64, Catania 95123, Italy

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

F. Brasileiro Department of Systems and Computing, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Brazil

R. Bruno • L. Ciuffo • D. Scardaci (*) Division of Catania, Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Via Santa Sofia 64, Catania 95123, Italy e-mail: diego.scardaci@ct.infn.it

Chapter 2Supporting e-Science Applications on e-Infrastructures: Some Use Cases from Latin America

Roberto Barbera, Francisco Brasileiro, Riccardo Bruno, Leandro Ciuffo, and Diego Scardaci

57

3.1 Introduction

Data repositories are an integral part of modern scientific computing systems. While a variety of grid-enabled storage systems have been developed to improve scalability, administrative control, and interoperability, users have several outstanding needs: to seamlessly and efficiently work with replicated data sets, to customize system behavior within a grid, and to quickly tie together remotely administered grids or independently operated resources. This is particularly true in the small virtual orga-nization, in which a subset of possible users seek to coordinate subcomponents of existing grids into a workable collaborative system. Our approach to this problem starts with the storage system and seeks to enable this functionality by creating ad hoc storage grids. Modern commodity hardware in use at research labs and univer-sity networks ships with an abundance of storage space that is often underutilized, and even consumer gadgets provide extensive storage resources that will not imme-diately be filled. The installation of simple software enables these systems to be pooled and cataloged into a spacious, parallel ad hoc storage network. While tradi-tional storage networks or tertiary storage systems are isolated behind file servers and firewalls, constricting data movement, we layer the storage service network atop the client consumer network, improving the available network parallelism and boosting I/O performance for data-intensive scientific tasks.

J.M. Wozniak (*)Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USAe-mail: woznlak@mcs.anl.gov

P. Brenner • S. Chatterjee • D. Thain • A. Striegel • J. IzaguirreUniversity of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA

Chapter 3GEMS: User Control for Cooperative Scientific Repositories

Justin M. Wozniak, Paul Brenner, Santanu Chatterjee, Douglas Thain, Aaron Striegel, and Jesús Izaguirre

N.P. Preve (ed.), Grid Computing: Towards a Global Interconnected Infrastructure, Computer Communications and Networks, DOI 10.1007/978-0-85729-676-4_3, © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011

89N.P. Preve (ed.), Grid Computing: Towards a Global Interconnected Infrastructure, Computer Communications and Networks, DOI 10.1007/978-0-85729-676-4_4, © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011

Abstract The advent of next-generation computation-intensive applications in various science fields is pushing computing demands to go far beyond the capability of traditional computing solutions based on standalone PCs. The availability of today’s largest clusters, grids, and supercomputers expedites the development of robust problem-solving environments that marshal those high-performance computing and networking resources and presents a great opportunity to manage and execute large-scale computing workflows for collaborative scientific research. Supporting such scientific workflows and optimizing their end-to-end performance in wide-area networks is crucial to ensuring the success of large-scale distributed scientific applications. We consider a special type of pipeline workflows comprised of a set of linearly arranged modules, and formulate and categorize pipeline mapping prob-lems into six classes with two optimization objectives, i.e., minimum end-to-end delay and maximum frame rate, and three network constraints, i.e., no, contiguous, and arbitrary node reuse. We design a dynamic programming-based optimal solution to the problem of minimum end-to-end delay with arbitrary node reuse and prove the NP-completeness of the rest five problems, for each of which, a heuristic algorithm based on a similar optimization procedure is proposed. These heuristics are imple-mented and tested on a large set of simulated networks of various scales and their performance superiority is illustrated by extensive simulation results in comparison with existing methods.

Q. Wu (*) • Y. GuDepartment of Computer Science, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USAe-mail: qishiwu@memphis.edu

Chapter 4Performance Analysis and Optimization of Linear Workflows in Heterogeneous Network Environments

Qishi Wu and Yi Gu

Part IIResource Management, Allocation,

and Monitoring

123

Abstract Semantic grid refers to an approach to grid computing in which information, computing resources, and services are described in standard ways that can be processed by computer. This makes it easier for resources to be discovered and joined up automatically, which helps bring resources together to create virtual organizations. By analogy with the Semantic Web, the Semantic grid can be defined as an exten-sion of the current grid in which information and services are given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation. Because semantic grids represent and reason about knowledge declaratively, additional capabilities typical of agents are then possible including learning, planning, self-repair, memory organization, meta-reasoning, and task-level coordination. These capabilities would turn semantic grids into cognitive grids. Only a convergence of these technologies will provide the ingredients to create the fabric for a new generation of distributed intelligent systems. Inspired from the concept of Autonomous Decentralized Systems, we propose that the above-mentioned goals can be achieved by integrating FIPA multi-agent systems with the grid service architecture and hence to lay the foundation for semantic grid. Semantic grid system architecture is aimed to provide an improved infrastructure by bringing autonomy, semantic interoperability, and decentralization in the grid computing for emerging applications.

C. Chrysoulas (*)Technological Educational Institute of Patras, Notara 92 Street, Patras 26442, Greecee-mail: cchrys@ece.upatras.gr

N. SklavosInformatics & MM Department, Technological Educational Institute of Patras, Notara 92 Street, Patras 26442, Greecee-mail: nsklavos@ieee.org

Chapter 5Resource Management and Service Deployment in Grids

Christos Chrysoulas and Nicolas Sklavos

N.P. Preve (ed.), Grid Computing: Towards a Global Interconnected Infrastructure, Computer Communications and Networks, DOI 10.1007/978-0-85729-676-4_5, © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011

145

Abstract Social grid agents are a socially inspired solution designed to address the problem of resource allocation in grid computing, they offer a viable solution to alleviating some of the problems associated with interoperability and utilization of diverse computational resources and to modeling the large variety of relation-ships among the different actors. The social grid agents provide an abstraction layer between resource providers and consumers. The social grid agent prototype is built in a metagrid environment, and its architecture is based on agnosticism both regarding technological solutions and economic precepts proves now useful in extending the environment of the agents from multiple grid middlewares, the metagrid, to multiple computational environments encompassing grids, clouds and volunteer-based computational systems. The presented architecture is based on two layers: (1) Production grid agents compose various grid services as in a supply chain, (2) Social grid agents that own and control the agents in the lower layer engage in social and economic exchange. The design of social grid agents focuses on how to handle the three flows (production, ownership, policies) of information in a consistent, flexible, and scalable manner. Also, a native functional language is used to describe the information that controls the behavior of the agents and the messages exchanged by them.

6.1 Introduction

The complexity of resource allocation in grid computing, and more broadly, in every distributed computational system, consists in meeting the expectations of different actors that have different concepts of optimality within an environment divided into

G. Pierantoni (*) • B. Coghlan • E. KennyDepartment of Computer Science, Trinity College Dublin, Irelande-mail: gabriele.pierantoni@cs.tcd.ie; pierang@cs.tcd.ie

Chapter 6Social Grid Agents

Gabriele Pierantoni, Brian Coghlan, and Eamonn Kenny

N.P. Preve (ed.), Grid Computing: Towards a Global Interconnected Infrastructure, Computer Communications and Networks, DOI 10.1007/978-0-85729-676-4_6, © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011

171

Abstract An important part of managing global-scale distributed systems is a monitoring system that is able to monitor and track in real time many site facilities, networks, and tasks in progress. The monitoring information gathered is essential for developing the required higher level services, the components that provide decision support and some degree of automated decisions, and for maintaining and optimizing workflow in large-scale distributed systems. In this chapter, we present the role, models, technologies, and structure of monitoring platforms designed for large-scale distributed systems. It also aims to realize a survey study of existing work and trends in distributed systems monitoring by introducing the involved concepts and requirements, techniques, models, and related standardization activities.

7.1 Introduction

Monitoring can be defined as the process of dynamic collection, interpretation, and presentation of information concerning the characteristics and status of resources of interest. In case of large-scale distributed systems, monitoring is an important process that facilitates management activities such as performance management, configuration management, fault management, security management, etc. In this case, the monitoring consists in gathering data about the behavior of the system. This information is further used to make management decisions and perform the appropriate control actions on the system.

C. Dobre (*)Computer Science Department, Faculty of Automatic Controls and Computers, University Politehnica of Bucharest,Office EG303, Spl. Independentei, 313, Sect. 6, Bucharest 060042, Romaniae-mail: ciprian.dobre@cs.pub.ro

Chapter 7Monitoring and Controlling Grid Systems

Ciprian Dobre

N.P. Preve (ed.), Grid Computing: Towards a Global Interconnected Infrastructure, Computer Communications and Networks, DOI 10.1007/978-0-85729-676-4_7, © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011

Part IIIGrid Services and Middleware

205

Abstract Service Level Agreements (SLAs) are electronic contracts that are used to describe service levels for a plethora of tasks and situations, regardless of them being consumed offline or online. SLAs are being investigated already for a long time in the area of grid computing and, as well, by classical High-Performance Computing (HPC) providers. Most often, these investigations are either only on a high logical level above or at the middleware or on a low physical level below the middleware. In the first case, components are at best placed in the middleware layer but are not directly communicating with lower level resources; in the second case, SLAs are only used below the middleware and are not visible above. This work presents an approach for a solution to job submission and scheduling, called job control, using SLAs as long-term contracts in an integrated fashion across layers.

8.1 Introduction

On high-performance computing resources, job scheduling is still realized in most cases through simple batch queues, for example, OpenPBS [4] or TORQUE [7]. Submitted jobs are queued, possibly in different queues, and a scheduler selects jobs to run from the given queues; this can happen using different algorithms, for example, the simple First-Come-First-Served (FCFS) where jobs that are taken from the highest priority queue in the order in they were put in and, only once there are no jobs left in a high-priority queue, lower priority queues are emptied.

On job submission, parameters can be specified as well, like the number of desired CPUs, the maximum walltime or the maximum runtime on all processors of

R. Kübert (*)High Performance Computing Center Stuttgart (HLRS), Nobelstrabe 19, Hochstleistungsrechenzentrum, Stuttgart 70569, Germany e-mail: kuebert@hlrs.de

Chapter 8Service Level Agreements for Job Control in Grid and High-Performance Computing

Roland Kübert

N.P. Preve (ed.), Grid Computing: Towards a Global Interconnected Infrastructure, Computer Communications and Networks, DOI 10.1007/978-0-85729-676-4_8, © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011

223

Abstract Grids provide collaborative environments for integration of the distributed heterogeneous resources and services running on different operating systems (OSs), e.g., Unix, Linux, Windows, embedded systems; Platforms, e.g., J2EE, .NET; and Devices, e.g., computers, instruments, sensors, databases, networks. Such environ-ments need platform-independent technologies for services to communicate across various domains. These kinds of technologies are offered by Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA) that provide an architectural framework for loosely coupled set of services and principles to be used within multiple heterogeneous domains. Based on SOA, another architecture, the Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA), was built to offer semantics and capabilities to services that reside in grid environments. Examples of such capabilities are statefulness and notifications. As evolution of the existing architectures, in this chapter, we will introduce a service-oriented architec-ture, the Composable Services Architecture (CSA), aimed to support dynamic service provisioning and integration in grid environments.

V. Pouli (*) • C. Marinos • M. GrammatikouNetwork Management and Optimal Design Laboratory (NETMODE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 9 Iroon Polytechneiou Str., GR 157 80, Zografou, Athens, Greecee-mail: vpouli@gmail.com; vpouli@netmode.ntua.gr

Y. DemchenkoUniversity of Amsterdam (UvA), Leuvenstraat 92, Amsterdam 1066HC, The Netherlands

D.R. LopezRedIRIS, Spain

Chapter 9Composable Services Architecture for Grids

Vassiliki Pouli, Yuri Demchenko, Constantinos Marinos, Diego R. Lopez, and Mary Grammatikou

N.P. Preve (ed.), Grid Computing: Towards a Global Interconnected Infrastructure, Computer Communications and Networks, DOI 10.1007/978-0-85729-676-4_9, © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011

249N.P. Preve (ed.), Grid Computing: Towards a Global Interconnected Infrastructure, Computer Communications and Networks, DOI 10.1007/978-0-85729-676-4_10, © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011

Abstract The pervasive connectivity of the Internet, coupled with an increasing distribution of organizations, is introducing profound changes in the way enter-prises are set up and operated and are intensifying the forces within and across enterprises. To remain competitive under this environment, organizations need to move fast and to quickly adapt to business-induced changes. It must be able to sense the salient information, transform it into meaningful, quality business metrics, respond by driving the execution of business decisions into operational systems; and finally track the results against actions and expectations. In parallel with this trend, there have been interesting developments in the fields of Intelligent Agents (IA) and Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI), notably in the concepts, theories, and deployment of intelligent agents as a means of distributing computer-based problem-solving expertise. Intelligent agents are well suited to the emerging char-acter of the adaptive enterprise in which the distributed operations must be orches-trated into a synchronous flow. Despite various efforts in studying object-oriented or agent-oriented adaptive enterprises, there are no working systems being widely used in practice. This is because the state of the art of artificial intelligence has not reached to a stage such that an adaptive system can be operated effectively without human beings involvement. In this chapter, we introduce a prototype semantically driven communication middleware platform (Phoenix), which comprises a set of features, services, and utilities providing RAD capabilities to modern business frameworks and systems. Phoenix has been designed and developed to serve as a

A. Liapis (*)Research & Development Department, European Dynamics SA, 209, Kifissias Av. & Arkadiou Str, Maroussi, 151 24, Athens, Greecee-mail: aggelos.liapis@eurodyn.com

N. Mixas • N. TsopelasEuropean Dynamics SA, 209, Kifissias Av. & Arkadiou Str, Maroussi, 151 24, Athens, Greece

Chapter 10Phoenix: Employing Smart Logic to a New Generation of Semantically Driven Information Systems

Aggelos Liapis, Nasos Mixas, and Nikitas Tsopelas

Part IVGrid Computing and Scientific Problems

277

Abstract PhyloGrid is an application developed in the framework of the EELA-2 project devoted to the calculation of Phylogenies by means of the MrBayes soft-ware, that is, Bayesian statistics. To the moment, it has been used to perform studies on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), and the DENgue Virus (DENV). PhyloGrid aims to offer an easy interface for the bioinformatics community, which abstracts the final user from the ICT (Information and Communications Technology) underneath, so only the definition of the param-eters for doing the Bayesian calculation should be set, including the model of evolution as well as a multiple alignment of the sequences previously to the final result. This chapter provides a description of the application and some new results related to the aforementioned diseases is also shown.

11.1 Introduction

Nowadays, the determination of the evolution history of different species is one of the more exciting challenges that are currently emerging in the Computational Biology [30]. In this framework, phylogeny is able to determine the relationship among the species and, in this way, to understand the influence between hosts and virus [15]. Even more, this methodology is allowing the opening of new strategies for the resolution of scientific problems such as the determination of the preserved

R. IseaFundación IDEA, Caracas, Venezuela

E. Montes • A.J. Rubio-Montero • R. Mayo (*)Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas Medioambientales y Tecnologicas (CIEMAT), Avda. Complutense, 22, 28040 Madrid, Spain e-mail: rafael.mayo@ciemat.es

Chapter 11State-of-Art with PhyloGrid: Grid Computing Phylogenetic Studies on the EELA-2 Project Infrastructure

Raul Isea, Esther Montes, Antonio Juan Rubio-Montero, and Rafael Mayo

N.P. Preve (ed.), Grid Computing: Towards a Global Interconnected Infrastructure, Computer Communications and Networks, DOI 10.1007/978-0-85729-676-4_11, © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011

293

Abstract The research of the reservoirs of small bodies in the Solar System can help us to refine our theory of the origin and evolution of the whole planetary system we live in. With this chapter, we introduce a numerical simulation of the evolution of an initial proto-planetary disc for 2 Gyr period, in which 10,038 studied test particles, representing the disc, are perturbed by four giant planets in their current orbits and having their current masses. In addition, Galactic-tide and stellar perturbations are considered. The simulation is performed using the grid com-puting. We explain which circumstances allow us to use the system of independent, online not communicating CPUs. Our simulation describes the probable evolution of the Oort cloud population. In contrast to the previous simulations by other authors, we find an extremely low formation efficiency of this population. The largest num-ber of the bodies (66.4%) was ejected into the interstellar space. Besides other results, we reveal a dominance of high galactic inclinations of comet-cloud orbits.

12.1 Introduction

The Oort cloud (OC) is a comet reservoir at large heliocentric distances. Its origin is related to that of giant planets and trans-Neptunian populations of small bodies. Since the databases of the small bodies observed in the planetary region have largely

G. Leto (*)INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, Catania I-95123, Italye-mail: gle@oact.inaf.it; gle@astrct.oact.inaf.it

J. AstalošInstitute of Informatics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia

M. Jakubík • L. NeslušanAstronomical Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Tatranská Lomnica 05960, Slovakia

P.A. DybczyńskiAstronomical Observatory, A. Mickiewicz University, Słoneczna 36, 60-286 Poznań, Poland

Chapter 12The Usage of the Grid in the Simulation of the Comet Oort-Cloud Formation

Giuseppe Leto, Ján Astaloš, Marián Jakubík, Luboš Neslušan, and Piotr A. Dybczyński

N.P. Preve (ed.), Grid Computing: Towards a Global Interconnected Infrastructure, Computer Communications and Networks, DOI 10.1007/978-0-85729-676-4_12, © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011

307N.P. Preve (ed.), Grid Computing: Towards a Global Interconnected Infrastructure, Computer Communications and Networks, DOI 10.1007/978-0-85729-676-4, © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011

AAAA. See Authentication, authorization

and accountingAccess control list (ACL), 44, 59, 82–86Accounting, 9, 13, 30, 36, 124, 157, 172,

181, 182, 199, 209, 217, 237, 238, 242, 262–263, 268, 284

Ad hoc, 57, 58, 60, 75, 76, 85, 86, 190, 232Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), 44AES. See Advanced Encryption StandardAgent communication language (ACL),

126, 137–140Agents, 126, 135–140, 145–169, 172, 178,

179, 196, 197Agent systems, 126, 134–136, 142Algorithm, 44, 67, 94, 95, 101, 102, 106,

111–112, 115, 146, 216, 268ALICE, 47, 185, 194–199Andrew file system (AFS), 46, 62Application programming interfaces (APIs),

19, 36–38, 40–44, 71, 72, 176, 177, 182, 185, 196, 199, 259, 269

Auctions, 146Authentication, 15, 38–39, 59, 81–86, 124,

125, 157, 162, 194, 216, 226, 229, 236, 243, 251, 262–263, 268

Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA), 124, 262–263, 268

Authorization, 14, 45, 83, 124, 125, 157, 164, 166, 187, 196, 226, 229, 236, 243, 245, 256, 262–263, 268

BBag-of-task, 35Bandwidth, 28, 91, 92, 95, 96, 103, 109–110,

116, 125, 175, 210, 263

Batch, 15, 52, 62, 70, 72, 95, 181, 182, 184, 189, 197, 205, 213, 225, 263

Bayesian, 278–280, 289Binding components (BC), 259–262Bioinformatics, 48, 209, 279Business Process Execution Language

(BPEL), 259, 261–262

CCartesian, 163CE. See Computing elementCERN, 35, 194, 198CIMA. See Common Instrument Middleware

ArchitectureClient job, 63Cloud computing, 174, 206, 226Clustal, 288Clusters, 19, 35, 62, 71, 72, 82–84, 94, 125,

173, 174, 178, 182, 183, 187, 191, 196, 208, 210, 212, 213, 225, 226, 279, 294

Cognitive grids, 126Commodity market, 146Common Instrument Middleware

Architecture (CIMA), 4, 9, 10Common Object Request Broker Architecture

(CORBA), 124, 126–127, 250, 252–253, 271, 272

Computational, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, 16, 26, 28, 35, 39, 58, 74, 90, 92, 94–96, 103, 106, 107, 124, 125, 127, 145–147, 153, 168, 169, 173–175, 208, 209, 224, 227, 277–280, 285, 289, 294, 296–297, 304

biology, 277economies, 146power, 153, 168, 285

Index

308 Index

Computing element (CE), 14–16, 18, 19, 21, 36–40, 50, 189, 297

Computing Resource Execution and Management (CREAM), 38

Condor, 58, 73, 93–94, 181–184, 187, 189Content manager, 265Control topologies, 146, 152, 153, 155, 164CORBA. See Common Object Request

Broker ArchitectureCREAM. See Computing Resource Execution

and Management

DDAI. See Distributed Artificial IntelligenceData

replication, 61, 85repositories, 57, 62, 73

Database, 13, 14, 37, 38, 58, 59, 62–64, 68, 72, 76, 83, 84, 177, 179, 182, 184, 185, 190, 191, 194, 229, 230, 262–266, 271, 293–294

Data grid, 36, 40, 41, 44, 92services, 36, 40, 41

Data management system (DMS), 14, 41, 43, 44, 51

DEISA. See Distributed European Infrastructure for Supercomputing Applications

Deployment of the Remote Instrumentation Infrastructure (DORII), 4, 5, 10, 12, 14–16, 23–24, 26, 30

Digital repository, 36, 40Directory facilitator (DF), 136–138Distributed

computing, 4, 9, 30, 31, 75, 93, 142, 145–146, 173, 178–179, 187, 194–199, 225, 226

systems, 125, 129, 136, 171–176, 178–180, 186, 206, 224, 226, 229, 250

Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI), 249 Distributed European Infrastructure for

Supercomputing Applications (DEISA), 3–4, 9

DMS. See Data management systemDORII. See Deployment of the Remote

Instrumentation InfrastructureDynamic algorithm, 268

EEconomic Enhanced Resource Manager

(EERM), 148

EELA. See E-Science Grid facility for Europe and Latin America

EGEE. See Enabling Grids for E-scienceE-infrastructures, 31, 33–54EJB. See Enterprise Java BeanELETTRA, 7, 26Enabling Grids for E-science (EGEE), 3, 4, 9,

10, 12, 13, 19, 26, 30, 182–183, 189End-to-end, 28, 90, 92, 94–98, 112, 117, 124,

125, 178, 200, 207, 234, 262Enterprise Java Bean (EJB), 252, 269, 271Enterprise Service Bus (ESB), 238, 240,

254–261Entity, 129, 155, 172, 215, 251, 261–263, 271ESB. See Enterprise Service Buse-Science, 3–31, 33–54, 224E-Science Grid facility for Europe and Latin

America (EELA), 34–37, 46–48, 50, 52–54, 277–289

European Centre for Training and Research in Earthquake Engineering (EUCENTRE), 8

Execute job, 66, 67, 156, 167, 196, 199Experimental science, 4, 6EXtensible Markup Language (XML), 41,

126, 127, 130–131, 187, 189, 190, 213, 215, 227–229, 256, 258, 261, 262, 281

FFCFS. See First-Come-First-ServedFelsentein, J., 278Filesystems, 58, 61–66, 74File Transfer Protocol (FTP), 61, 62, 227First-Come-First-Served (FCFS), 205

GGanglia, 135, 178, 181–183, 187, 191Gee-lite (gLite), 4, 12–14, 19, 23, 34, 36–40,

42–44, 46, 47, 50–52, 182, 228, 281middleware, 4, 12, 13, 34, 37, 38, 43,

46, 50, 51GenBank, 287General Equilibrium Theory, 147Genomes, 280, 285GESA. See Grid Economic Services

ArchitectureGlobal Grid Forum (GGF), 149, 176–177Globus, 10, 38, 83, 93, 127, 135, 178, 182,

187, 189, 213, 215, 218, 225, 228, 271, 279, 284

Toolkit, 38, 98, 127, 135, 178, 187, 213, 215, 218, 284

309Index

GMA. See Grid Monitoring ArchitectureGraphical User Interface (GUI), 11, 38, 39,

76, 176, 191Greedy algorithm, 111, 112, 117GRIDCC. See Grid-enabled Remote

Instrumentation with Distributed Control and Computation

Grid Economic Services Architecture (GESA), 148–149

Grid-enabled Remote Instrumentation with Distributed Control and Computation (GRIDCC), 4, 9, 10, 12, 15, 23

Gridification, 47, 50, 51Grid Monitoring Architecture (GMA),

176–177Grid Storage Access Framework (GSAF),

36, 40–43, 51Grid Win, 38, 39, 52 GSAF. See Grid Storage Access FrameworkGUI. See Graphical User Interface

HHeterogeneous, 4, 11, 20, 21, 28, 30, 34, 36,

54, 85, 89–117, 124, 125, 128, 134, 135, 142, 187, 189, 224, 225, 227, 229, 230, 238, 245, 256, 258, 272, 284

Heuristics, 110–112, 115, 208, 216High Performance Computing (HPC), 3, 4, 9,

19, 125, 127, 182, 205–219, 225Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP),

129, 227–228

IIA. See Intelligent agentsIaaS. See Infrastructure as a ServiceIE. See Instrument elementInformation Technology (IT), 3, 35, 174, 190,

206, 207, 227, 230–232, 243Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), 210, 219Input and output (I/O)

operations, 78, 191performance, 57

Instrument element (IE), 10, 12, 14–16, 18, 27, 30

Intelligent agents (IA), 149Internet Protocol (IP), 124, 198, 231, 263IT. See Information Technology

JJava, 14, 18, 22, 37, 38, 51, 73, 127, 140, 159, 172JDL. See Job Description Language

JINI, 172, 187, 188jModelTest, 285, 287, 288Job Description Language (JDL),

15, 39, 46, 52Jobs, 13–16, 25, 45, 46, 71, 78, 79, 182, 183,

196, 197, 205–219execution time, 208output, 281, 282schedulers, 21, 64, 66, 67, 205submission, 49, 50, 62–67, 153, 158,

159, 187, 194, 199, 205–209, 211, 213–217, 281, 282

submitters, 64Job Submission Description Language

(JSDL), 208

KKeynesian scenario, 154

LLarge Hadron Collider (LHC), 35, 47, 90, 93,

192, 194Leveraging the Grid for e-Science:

The Remote Instrumentation Infrastructure, 3–31

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP), 126, 189, 197

Local Computation on Remote Data (LCRD), 64–67

MMarkov, 279Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC),

278, 280, 282Maximum frame rate (MFR), 92, 96, 98–100,

103–112, 114–117MDS. See Monitoring and discovery systemMED. See Minimum end-to-end delayMERCURY software, 296Message exchange (ME), 129, 228, 251, 259,

261, 264Message-Passing Interface (MPI), 4–5, 19–21,

25, 51, 250, 252Metadata service, 14, 42, 239, 242Metagrid, 84, 146, 164, 165Metascheduler, 284MFR. See Maximum frame rateMiddleware, 4, 10–14, 17, 20–23, 26, 30, 34,

36–38, 43, 46, 47, 50, 124, 136–140, 146, 164, 165, 169, 175, 196, 210, 218, 225, 228, 239–242, 250–254, 269–272

310 Index

Minimum end-to-end delay (MED), 92, 96, 98–117

MNR. See Multiple name resolutionMonALISA, 172, 178–185, 188, 190–184,

196–200Monitoring, 8, 11–13, 18, 24, 26–31, 45–47,

49, 59–60, 91–92, 134, 171–200, 207, 235, 237

Monitoring and discovery system (MDS), 126, 135, 178, 187–190

Monte Carlo, 74, 199MPI. See Message-Passing InterfaceMrBayes, 278–284, 289Multiple name resolution (MNR),

63, 64, 66–68

NNational Research Grid Initiative (NAREGI),

3–4, 9Negotiation protocols, 168, 214Neptune, 294, 301, 303, 305Neptunian, 293, 295, 298, 302, 303, 305Network file system (NFS), 46, 62NextGRID, 128, 209–210Nodes, 14, 37, 39, 45–46, 49, 91–112,

115–117, 125, 131, 132, 134, 157, 175, 178, 182, 196, 218, 254, 284

Normalized message router (NMR), 259, 260

NP-complete, 92, 94, 98, 100, 103–111, 117NP-completeness, 94, 106–107NP-hardness, 103, 107

OOC-formation, 294, 295, 299, 300, 305OGSI. See Open Grid Services

InfrastructureOort cloud, 293–305Open Grid Forum (OGF), 176, 207, 226,

228, 245Open Grid Services Architecture (OSGA),

9, 224, 226, 228–230Open Grid Services Infrastructure

(OGSI), 127Open Science Grid (OSG), 3, 9, 93, 189Open source software, 254, 265Optimization, 62, 69, 89–117, 172, 173, 178,

179, 192–199, 214Optimizing, 58, 65, 92, 93, 172, 224, 229OSG. See Open Science GridOSGA. See Open Grid Services

ArchitectureOurGrid, 34, 36–38, 47, 50

PPaaS. See Platform as a ServicePDA. See Personal digital assistantPDP. See Policy Decision PointPeer-to-peer (P2P), 36, 58, 173, 174, 181,

188, 262Personal digital assistant (PDA), 271Phylogenetic, 48, 277–289

trees, 278, 279, 283, 286, 287, 289PhyloGrid, 48, 277–289Pipeline, 90–112, 115, 117Platform as a Service (PaaS), 210, 219Policy Decision Point (PDP), 213, 215, 216P2P. See Peer-to-peerPPD. See Proto-planetary discProduction

agents, 150–153, 155, 157, 159, 165, 167topologies, 146, 151–153

Protocol, 14, 82, 85, 92, 129, 131, 135–138, 140, 149, 168, 173, 176, 178, 179, 181, 182, 187–189, 198, 214, 224–228, 230, 231, 233, 239, 240, 243, 253, 255, 257–262

Proto-planetary disc (PPD), 294Pub, 154, 165–168

QQuality-of-Service (QoS), 8, 28, 124,

142, 149, 206, 236, 252–253, 255, 257, 263, 271

Query, 61, 66, 68, 69, 126, 127, 137, 177, 178, 185, 187, 190, 213, 216, 229, 230, 268

RRemote Computation on Remote Data

(RCRD), 64–66, 68Remote instrumentation, 3–31Remote instrumentation infrastructure, 3–31Replica, 61–68, 80, 82–83

management, 58, 62–65, 67, 68, 80, 82, 86system, 61, 64–66, 74

Replication, 59, 61, 85, 187, 194, 253, 284Repositories, 8, 36, 40, 57–86, 184, 188, 191,

194, 196–200, 213, 231, 232, 235, 265Resources, 23–29, 123–142, 146–149,

165–168, 186–187, 213, 225, 226, 229, 230, 235, 236, 283

allocation, 146–149management, 123–142, 182, 183, 190,

192, 209, 210, 218, 229, 230manager, 134, 142, 148, 181–183, 206,

212, 213, 216, 218, 219, 253providers, 60, 147

RinGRID, 4, 9–10

311Index

SSA. See Service assemblyScheduled Computation on Remote Data

(SCRD), 64–67Scheduler, 21, 39, 64–68, 71, 175, 182, 187,

205, 206, 216, 218, 265–266, 284Scheduling, 14, 21, 39, 64–68, 71, 92–94, 111,

112, 117, 149, 172, 174, 175, 182, 183, 187, 190, 194, 200, 205–213, 218, 219, 265–266, 284

algorithm, 92, 111, 182, 212, 216SCRD. See Scheduled Computation on

Remote DataSE. See Service engine; Storage elementsSecure Storage Service (SSS), 43–45, 51Semantic grid, 125–127, 135, 140, 141Sensor, 4–6, 8, 9, 12, 14, 24, 27, 28, 49,

51, 90, 94, 172, 176, 181, 186, 188, 227, 230

Server, 8, 14, 16, 17, 22, 23, 35, 37, 43, 46, 57–59, 61, 63, 65, 66, 72, 73, 78, 80, 82–83, 91, 126, 129, 132, 133, 138, 139, 173, 174, 182, 191, 198, 199, 228, 257, 262, 268

Service assembly (SA), 261Service discovery, 127, 128, 136–138, 186,

228, 233, 242Service engine (SE), 259–261Service level agreements (SLA), 124, 148,

168, 205–219manager, 212, 214–216repository, 213templates, 214

Service oriented architecture (SOA), 9, 149, 224, 226–229, 245, 254, 271

Service provider interfaces (SPIs), 259Service publishing, 136, 139, 187, 228Service registry, 135, 178–180, 187–188,

233, 268Service Units (SUs), 261Simple Network Management Protocol

(SNMP), 28, 124, 126, 130, 181, 183, 190, 192

Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), 129–131, 135–140, 184, 215, 227–229, 253, 259, 261, 271, 272, 281, 283

Simulation, 7–9, 12, 19, 21, 23, 24, 35, 52, 58, 61–63, 67–71, 74–77, 81, 86, 90–93, 112, 117, 146, 148, 280, 293–305

Single job, 35, 64, 78, 208–209, 211SL. See Streamline algorithmSLA. See Service level agreementsSNMP. See Simple Network Management

Protocol

SOA. See Service oriented architectureSOAP. See Simple Object Access ProtocolSocial

grid agents, 145–169layer, 150, 155, 159topologies, 146, 153, 154, 168

SPIs. See Service provider interfacesSQL. See Structured Query LanguageSSS. See Secure Storage ServiceStorage

devices, 82, 153, 229grids, 4, 14, 36, 37, 43, 44, 57, 86management, 58networks, 57, 58, 72, 76, 83, 174

Storage elements (SE), 14–16, 18, 30, 37, 40–44, 189, 196, 198, 282–283, 296, 297

Streamline algorithm (SL), 111–112, 117, 237Structured Query Language (SQL), 41, 126,

177, 270Subcomponents, 57Submit jobs, 38, 64, 67, 71, 85, 164, 209, 211,

213–215Supercomputers, 91, 125, 217, 285Supercomputing, 90, 174, 208Supporting e-Science Applications on

e-Infrastructures: Some Use Cases from Latin America, 33–54

TTask, 5, 7, 13, 16, 17, 31, 35, 36, 38, 57,

61, 62, 64, 67, 69–71, 77, 78, 80, 90–93, 96, 126, 130, 132, 133, 135, 142, 148, 149, 157, 174, 178–180, 183, 190–192, 196, 197, 206, 207, 209, 211, 216, 228–229, 253, 254, 265, 266, 282, 296, 297

scheduling, 93, 206Taverna, 278–279, 281, 282, 284, 289

workbench, 279, 281, 289Test particle (TP), 294–296, 298–300,

299–302, 304–305Trans-Neptunian, 293, 295, 298, 302,

303, 305Treeview tool, 285Tribe, 154

UUniversal Description, Discovery and

Integration (UDDI), 126, 133, 135–140, 228, 258, 268

User interface (UI), 36–39, 43, 44, 46, 50, 76, 176, 242, 269,, 297

312 Index

VValue and Price Topologies, 146Virtual Organisation Membership Service

(VOMS)Virtual Organization (VO), 8, 14–16, 18, 25,

26, 31, 34, 43, 47, 57, 83, 125–126, 128, 181, 186, 187, 191, 194, 209, 210, 224–226, 228–229, 296

Virtual Organization for Central Europe (VOCE), 296

WWeb Service Description Language (WSDL),

129, 137, 139, 140, 172, 184, 227–229, 258, 261, 262, 281

Web services, 17, 124–131, 133, 135, 137–140, 174, 178, 181, 184, 187, 207, 209, 213, 215, 218, 226–229, 231–233, 250, 257, 261, 266, 271, 279, 281, 283, 289

Web Services Agreement (WS-Agreement), 207, 208

Wide-area networks, 91–93, 180, 188, 194

Workflow Management System (WfMS), 15–17, 23

Workflows, 7–9, 11, 12, 23, 31, 51, 58, 59, 61, 68–71, 76–78, 80, 86, 89–117, 127, 149, 153, 158, 164, 178, 180, 208–209, 225, 228–229, 236, 237, 239, 242, 245, 278–279, 281–284

Workload, 14, 21, 35, 46, 58, 69, 70, 72, 83, 125, 165–167, 182, 209

Workload Management System (WMS), 14, 15, 21, 26, 46, 182

WS Resource Framework (WSRF), 178, 187, 215, 283

WS-Security, 129, 283

XXML. See EXtensible Markup LanguageXQuery, 126, 130XSOAP, 127

ZZone of visibility (ZV), 294, 298