Grid-Based Renewable Electricity and Hydrogen Integration€¦ · • Allow matching of renewable...
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Grid-Based Renewable Electricity and Hydrogen Integration
Carolyn ElamSenior Project Leader – Hydrogen Production
Electric & Hydrogen Technologies & Systems CenterNational Renewable Energy Laboratory
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Goals for Electrolysis in Hydrogen Fuel Supply
• Goal is to supply hydrogen fuel for 20% of the light-duty vehicle fleet– 12 million short tons of hydrogen annually– 450 TWh per year
• Must be competitive– With gasoline, assuming FCV will have twice the efficiency
of an ICE– With other hydrogen production methods
• Net zero impact or reduction in GHG emissions– Compared to Gasoline ICE - 31% reduction in carbon
emissions from the current electricity mix– Compared to Natural Gas-Derived Hydrogen - 65%
reduction in carbon emissions from the current electricity mix
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Goals for Electrolysis (cont.)
• Need to cut the cost of hydrogen production via electrolysis in half– Lower feedstock cost (electricity)– Lower capital cost
• No net increase in carbon emissions– Improve efficiency of current generation mix– Increase market share for low- and no-carbon
electricity sources• But is this possible?
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Figuring out the potential….
To answer this question we need to understand:• Cost impacts, including requirements for capital,
storage, and feedstock (electricity)• How much hydrogen will be required, where, and when
– Amount that could be produced by electrolysis– Competition
• Potential of non-carbon electricity sources– Resource availability– Cost– Impact on transmission and distribution
This represents a multi-level analysis issue.
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Moving Toward a Hydrogen-Electric Future
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Year
Num
ber
of V
ehic
les
Mature Hydrogen-Electric Economy
• Coal (with Carbon sequestration)
• Nuclear • Renewables
Transition• Natural Gas• Electric Grid• Renewables (Biomass & Wind)
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How much hydrogen?
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1.00
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2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030
Hyd
roge
n N
eede
d (M
illio
n Sh
ort T
ons)
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
Tota
l H2
Vehi
cles
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How much Hydrogen?
• Transition Period– Sufficient stations to enable interstate
travel– Accessible in urban areas
• Major Market Share– ~120,000 hydrogen fuel stations– Convenient in urban areas– Accessible in rural areas
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Where do we build hydrogen stations?
• Co-locate at existing alternative fuels stations
For the transition phase:• Use existing hydrogen fueling stations• Build near existing hydrogen production
facilities
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Market Analysis Using WinDS-H2
• A multi-regional, multi-time-period model of capacity expansion in the electric sector and hydrogen production in the U.S
• Designed to estimate market potential of wind energy and hydrogen from wind in the U.S. for the next 20 – 50 years under different technology development and policy scenarios
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Market Analysis Using WinDS
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Wind Resources
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Constraints on Wind TransmissionClass x wind
Class y wind
Existing transmission line
New wind transmission line
New transmission line
Power Control Area 1
Power Control Area 2
Supply/demand regions
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Electrolysis Options
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Cost/Performance for Class 6 Wind Resources
0.547062020
0.57542010
0.49422000
Capacity Factor
Capital Cost ($/kW)
Year
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GW
e
Wind
nuclear
o-g-s
Coal-IGCC
Coal-new
Coal-old-noscrubCoal-old-scrubGas-CC
Gas-CT
Hydro
Base Case Results
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Cases Considered (so far)• Low-cost high-efficiency
electrolyzers– Electrolyzers show up at both
the wind farm and the load center
– More wind to grid• Sensitivity to hydrogen
delivery cost– Hydrogen delivery
distance/cost will have significant impact
• Increased wind penetration depends heavily on hydrogen conversion device (i.e. fuel cell) cost and efficiency
01020304050
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e
Fuel cells at windfarms
Wind toelectrolyzers atwind farmsAdd'l Wind direct togrid
Distributedelectrolyzers at loadcenters
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H2
(Bkg
)H2T=$1.4; TOTALH2T=$0.7; TOTAL
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Integration with Renewables: Research Opportunities
• Co-producing electricity and hydrogen can address issues that currently face intermittent and season renewable technologies
• Wind/electrolysis could be the first economical renewable system
• R&D: hybrid system optimization, power electronics, system design
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Component Development
On-Site Wind- andPV-GeneratedElectricity
Dedicated Test Bay forElectrolytic Hydrogen Production
Grid Electricity
Shared Power Electronics Package
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Component Development
PV chargecontroller
Wind chargecontroller
Battery Bank
Electrolyzer
Electrolyzercontroller
This Project will optimize these components
Wind
Past research on integrating electrolyzers with renewables has focused on integrating commercially available electrolyzers and renewables, both complete with their own dedicated power electronics and controller.
Designing a single power electronics package and controller will:
PV
• Eliminate this redundancy• Allow matching of renewable power
output to electrolyzer power requirements leading to gains in system efficiency.
This new design will eliminate the need for a constant voltage DC bus and associated battery bank present in all systems previously studied.
Typically power electronics can be up to 30% of each system’s cost.
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Opportunities• Wind could play a substantial role in hydrogen
production at competitive prices, while reducing carbon from the generation mix
• Wind is essentially a fuel-free hydrogen generation source– Removes most uncertainty related to energy cost
projection– Directly tied to capital cost of components
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What might be practical?• Levelize wind generation profile
– Reduce risk– Downsize transmission
• Hydrogen fuel production at the wind site near hydrogen demand
• Electrolyzers at fueling stations creating new, controllable demand– Levelize load– Intelligent grid control
• Electrolyzers at fueling station create constant load– Long-term purchase agreements