Greenhouses and vertical farms from Earth to Mars · How sustainable is vertical a farm? No...
Transcript of Greenhouses and vertical farms from Earth to Mars · How sustainable is vertical a farm? No...
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Greenhouses and vertical farms
from Earth to Mars
Leo Marcelis
Chair Horticulture & Product Physiology
Wageningen University, Netherlands. [email protected]
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History: wall glasshouses and frames
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First half of 20st century
cucu
grapes
cucumbers
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Modern greenhouses
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Ever increasing control of production
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Production in greenhouses
30 years:
Yield doubled in tomato
Where is the limit?
Doubling possible!
0
20
40
60
80
100
1980 1990 2000 2010
Yie
ld (
kg m
⁻²yr⁻
¹ )
Year
Tomato +113%
Sweet pepper +90%
Cucumber +35%
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Greenhouse is key factor
to minimize water use
0
20
40
60
Israel &Spain, field
Spain,unheated
plastic"parral"
Israel,unheated
glass
Spain,unheated"parral",
regulatedventilation
Holland,climate-
controlledglass, CO2enrichment
Holland, asat left, withre-use of
drain water
Holland,"closed"
greenhouse
Wate
r u
se
(lit
re p
er
kg
to
mato
)
From Stanghellini
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Many new possibilities with LED
Energy efficient:
● HPS: 1.8 mmol/J
● LED: up to ±3 mmol/J
Spectrum
Direction (position)
Timing
No NIR
Hardly heat radiation
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Full control production process
Limited area
Anywhere
Independent of environment
Sustainable, but needs lot of electricity
Guarantee on quantity and quality
2-3 times higher costs
LEDs opens opportunities for vertical
farming
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How sustainable is vertical a farm?
No pesticides (ultimate hygiene, disinfection)
Very little nutrient use
Extreme limited water use
● E.g. tomato
● Open field: 60liter / kg
● Modern greenhouse 17 liter /kg
● Vertical farm: few liters / kg
Extreme limited land use
Less transport
Less food waste
Energy use needs tremendous effort
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Example of controlling growth
Effect of adding Far red to Red+Blue LEDs
0 50 112 150 End of Daymmol m-2 s-1 Far red
Kalaitzoglou et al., unpublished
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Kalaitzoglou et al., unpublished
Solar spectrum (plasma lamp), partly replaced by blue LED
Total intensity (100 mmol m-2 s-1)
`
0% Blue 5% Blue 30% Blue 50% Blue
Example of controlling growth
Effect of blue light
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21 days after harvest
13 days after harvest
Plants grown under different conditions
At harvest
Light intensity
High (500) Medium (240) Low (50)
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Light on tomato fruit more vitamin C
0
12
24
36
48
Vit
am
in C
(mg/1
00 g
FW
)
Dark Light
Light (300 mmol m-2 s-1) compared to darkness
From: Ntagkas et al, unpublished
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Foto NASA
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From Solheim & Omdal, Prototech, Norway
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From: Wieger Wamelink
Mars soil, Moon soil, or no soil?
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Conclusions
From greenhouse to vertical farm
● Full control of production and quality possible
● Sustainable, but energy is still a challenge
● We van learn from space and vice versa
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Greenhouse summer school: 27 Aug – 7 Sept
Postharvest course: 9-12 Oct
3-days Course on lighting: Feb 2019
WWW.HPP.WUR.NL
Thank you for
your attention !