Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory from Vegetation Burning In India–g gEstimates from Satellite and Ground Based Observations

Krishna VadrevuKrishna VadrevuAgroecosystem Management Program

The Ohio State University USAThe Ohio State University, USA

K.V.S.BadarinathNational Remote Sensing Center, IndiaNational Remote Sensing Center, India

Greenhouse Gas EmissionsGreenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory from fires

Mass of GHG i (Mi) emitted from fire:

y

Mass of GHG i (Mi) emitted from fire:Mi = A · B · C · Ei

A A ea b nedA = Area burnedB = Biomass density (or fuel load)C C l t f b i ( b iC = Completeness of burning (or burning

efficiency)Ei = Emission factor of GHG i

GEIAGEIA-- 20092009

DATA FROM SATELLLITE REMOTE SENSING SUGGESTS THAT AIR POLLUTION IS A GLOBAL PHENOMENON

Source : NASAMOPITT CO at 15,000ft. Red-450ppb; Blue-50ppb

Varying Emission Estimates

6501164

709OC 431000450000

500000

420

83

650

1163

307

850

118

CH4

BC

250000

300000

350000

400000

Gg

540

420

185

1166

66

200

SO2

NOX

200000

12000

53500

186000

1219550000

100000

150000

200000

74

0 500 1000 1500

GgVadrevu et al., (2005) Venkataraman et al., (2005) Streets et al., (2003)

12000 12195

0

CO2 COStreets et al., (2003)  Venkataraman et al., (2005) Vadrevu et al., (2005)

Discrepancies due to type of biomass / fire data used, emission factors, combustion efficiencies. GEIAGEIA-- 20092009

Residue burning Pine forest burning

Managed fires

Slash and BurnVegetation

FiFiresMODIS

Terra/Aqua

16 Different Forest Types; Varying yp ; y gBiomass Densities; Undocumented Combustion efficiences

Forest Type Biomass(t / ha)

Reference

Tropical dry deciduous 93.6 Singh, 1990Tropical semievergreen 468.0 Swamy, 1989Tropical moist deciduous 409.3 Swamy, 1989Littoral and Swamp 213.8 Singh, V.P. 1989Tropical dry deciduous 115.5 Sharma et al., 1990Subtropical forest 28.0 Vyas et al., 1973Tropical dry deciduous 77.0 Singh and Misra, 1979Dry deciduous 44.0 Singh et al, 1987Tropical Dry deciduous 93.8 Singh, L. 1984Tropical thorn forests 40.0 Ravindranath, 1995Tropical dry evergreen forests 40.0 Ravindranath,

1995Sub-tropical broadleaved hill forest 108.7 Toky and Ramakrishnan, 1982Mixed dry deciduous 13.7-613.6 Gupta and Bharadwaj, 1993Mixed dry deciduous 22.1-31.2 Rajiv Misra, 1998Dry deciduousMixed dry deciduousMixed Scrub

54.383.86.69

Krishna Prasad, 1999

Subtropical pine 210.8 Chaturvedi and Singh, 1984Subtropical dry evergreen 159.7 Ravindranath, 1995Montane wet temperate 237.67 Yadava, 1986Himalayan moist temperate 562.2 Rana, 1985Himalayan moist temperate 169.1 Ravindranath, 1995Subalpine and Alpine 127.4 Yoda, 1968, from Cannel, 1982 Ravindranath, 1995Average Biomass for Indian Forests 93 FAO, 1990

Vadrevu et al., 2001. Atmospheric Environment. 35 (18) 3085-3095.

SPOT-VGT 1KM GLC-2000GLC 2000

GEIAGEIA-- 20092009

MERIS-ENVISAT1 300m Gl b 2003Globcover-2003

GEIAGEIA-- 20092009

USGS NOAA AVHRR(1Km) IRS-AWiFS (56m)

Emission estimates vary based on the type ofEmission estimates vary based on the type of land cover data used and classification.

GEIAGEIA-- 20092009

Satellite Global Fire ProductsThe world fire web

• Global active fires from AVHRR at 0.5X0.5deg- October 1996 to Dec-2001.

The world fire atlas (WFA)• ESA active fires at 1km from the ERS Along Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) fromESA active fires at 1km from the ERS Along Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) from

November 1995 to date.

The TRMM VIRS fire product• Global active fires from the Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) onboard the TropicalGlobal active fires from the Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) onboard the Tropical

Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), at 0.5X0.5 degrees from January 1998 to August 2000.

The MODIS fire products• Burned area (500m) and the active fire products (1km)• Burned area (500m) and the active fire products (1km).

The GBA 2000 (Global Burned Area -2000)• Global burned areas at 1km from SPOT-Vegetation sensor.

The L3JRC product (Global Burnt Areas 2000-2007) Burnt areas for years 2000 to 2007, at 1km from the SPOT Vegetation sensor

The Experimental Wildfire ABBA Fire Product• Active fire products for the Western Hemisphere in real time from GOES satellite

with a resolution of 30 min. GEIAGEIA-- 20092009

Active Fires–MODIS-2003-2007

58234

68241

2006

2007

46566

57199

58578

2003

2004

2005

0 20000 40000 60000 80000

Area Sq.km

GEIAGEIA-- 20092009

Burnt Areas–L3JRC-2001-2007

38078

33844

23497

30080

2003‐04

2004‐05

2005‐06

2006‐07

33528

27345

0 10000 20000 30000 40000

2001‐02

2002‐03

Area (sq.km)Area (sq.km)

GEIAGEIA-- 20092009

Spatial Temporal Algorithms forSpatial Temporal Algorithms for Clustering of Fire Events

Relatively High clustering of fire events in NE and Central India

Vadrevu, K.P, 2008, Physical Geography, 90(4)315-328.

FIRE DENSITY and VARIABILITY

354045

 (%)

1416

05

101520253035

Vegetation fires

2468

101214

% Fire coun

ts 

02

Vegetation typeStates

140Elevation range (m) and Fire %

60

80

100

120

) fun

ctio

n

categories counts Fires0-218 (very low) 537 49.17

219-395 (low) 280 24.24

0

20

40

60

L (t

)396-597 (medium) 205 16.97

598-938 (high) 95 6.30

Lag distance (miles)938-1664 (very high) 66 3.29

Vadrevu, K.P. et al., 2008, JEMA, 86(1-13); Vadrevu, KP and Badarinath, 2009, Geocarto, (3) 115-131.

ffEmission Differences due to Fire counts Versus Burnt Areas

431000

350000

400000

450000

500000

60000

70000

80000Fir

200000 186000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

Gg

20000

30000

40000

50000e

coun

12000

53500

12195

0

50000

100000

150000

CO2 CO

0

10000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

nts

MODIS Fire counts L3JRC Burnt areas

Streets et al., (2003)  Venkataraman et al., (2005) Vadrevu et al., (2005)

For the similar years, MODIS fire counts were found to be higher than the L3JRC burnt areas . Emission inventories relying on fire counts (assuming

GEIAGEIA-- 20092009

individual fire pixels as burnt areas eg: GFED, Venkataraman et al., 2005), may lead to higher emission estimates.

GHG inventory using L3JRC2001-2007 Average Burnt Areas

Species Needle and Mixed (Tg) Broadleaved (Tg) Woodlands and Shrubland (Tg)Low High Low High Low High

CO2 1.99 4.64 0.49 1.16 82.07 191.49CO 0.13 0.3 0.032 0.076 5.4 12.6CH4 0.0085 0.020000776 0.0021 0.005 0.35 0.82

Total NMHC's0.01 0.023 0.0025 0.0059

0.42 0.98NOx (as NO) 0.002 0.0047 0.0005 0.0011 0.083 0.19N2O 0.00025 0.00058 0.000063 0.00014 0.01 0.024NH3 0.0016 0.0038 0.00041 0.00095 0.067 0.15N2 0 0039 0 0091 0 00097 0 0022 0 161 0 37N2 0.0039 0.0091 0.00097 0.0022 0.161 0.37SO2 0.00071 0.0016 0.00017 0.00041 0.029 0.069COS 0.00005 0.00011 0.000012 0.000029 0.002 0.0048CH3Cl 0.000025 0.000058 0.0000063 0.000014 0.001 0.0024CH3Br 0.0000098 0.000022 0.0000024 0.0000057 0.0004 0.00094CH I 0 0000085 0 00002 0 0000021 0 000005 0 00035 0 00082CH3 I 0.0000085 0.00002 0.0000021 0.000005 0.00035 0.00082Hg 0.00000012 0.00000029 0.000000031 0.000000073 0.0000019 0.000012

PM2.5 0.011 0.026 0.0028 0.0067 0.47 1.1TPM 0.0081 0.019 0.002 0.00478 0.33 0.78TC 0.0083 0.019 0.002 0.0048 0.34 0.79OC 0.0065 0.015 0.0016 0.0038 0.27 0.63BC 0.00083 0.0019 0.00020837 0.00048 0.034 0.079

GEIAGEIA-- 20092009

GHG i t d % C t ib ti tGHG inventory and % Contribution to Asian region

Species Grasslands (Tg) Croplands (Tg)Low High Low High

CO 0 11 0 27 1 4 3 27 Asian region India %CO2 0.11 0.27 1.4 3.27CO 0.0046 0.01 0.085 0.19CH4 0.00016 0.00038 0.0025 0.0058Total NMHC's 0.00024 0.00057 0.0064 0.0151NOx (as NO) 0.00028 0.00065 0.0023 0.0054N2O 0.000015 0.000035 0.000064 0.00015

Species

Asian region(Streets et al., 2003)

India(Streets et al., 2003)

Present study

% contribution

to Asia

SO2 0.37 0.074 0.051 13.8

NH3 0.000043 0.0001 0.0012 0.0028N2 0.00022 0.00052 0.0028 0.0067SO2 0.000025 0.000058 0.00037 0.00086COS 0.000001 0.0000025 0.00006 0.00014CH3Cl 0.0000054 0.0000126 0.00022 0.00051CH B 0 00000015 0 00000035 0 0000027 0 0000064

NOx 2.8 0.54 0.14 5.0

CO2 1100 200 143.46 13.0

CO 67 12 9.42 14.1CH3Br 0.00000015 0.00000035 0.0000027 0.0000064CH3 I 0.000000036 0.000000084 0.00000092 0.0000021Hg 7.2E-09 0.000000016 0.000000092 0.00000021PM2.5 0.00038 0.0009 0.0036 0.0084TPM 0.00059 0.0013 0.012 0.028TC 0.00026 0.00062 0.0037 0.0086

CH4 3.1 0.42 0.61 19.7

BC 0.45 0.083 0.059 13.1

OC 3.3 0.65 0.46 13.9OC 0.00024 0.00057 0.003 0.0071BC 0.000034 0.00008 0.00063 0.0014 NH3 0.92 0.17 0.11 12.0

GEIAGEIA-- 20092009

Thank youThank you

Krishna Th Ohi S U i iThe Ohio State University

Vadrevu.2@osu.edu