Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Aggregates of a Mesocosm ...€¦ · rubellus with ammonium addition...
1
RESEARCH POSTER PRESENTATION DESIGN © 2012 www.PosterPresentations.com INTRODUCTION Objectives of this study was to see; •whether nitrification affects pH, •whether Ca is involved in buffering acidity, •whether addition of NH 4 + -N accelerates acidification and at which rate, •how will the greenhouse gas emission be, •to reach to a consideration of microbial activity from release of CO 2 and •to see the effect of NH 4 + -N addition on N 2 O release In relation with the earthworm species. OBJECTIVES The A, E and B horizons of a spodosol soil under a mixed hardwood/softwood forest were used to construct mesocosm to observe the calcium-earthworm-plant interaction for L.rubellus (L), A. agrestis (A) and a control treatment with no earthworms (N) (Fig. 1). 2 g of soil aggregates (earthworm casting) were taken from these mesocosms of the plant-soil experiment and transferred to haeadspace vials (Fig. 2). We had two factors: earthworm species and addition/no addition of ammonium, signified as (+) and (-). Treatments are listed in Table 1. The samples were divided into 3 sets. One set for the initial analysis, the second set after 7 days and the third set after 14 days. Ammonium-N was added to half the soils in sets 2 and 3 to achieve 200 µg NH 4 + -N l -1 content. For greenhouse gas analyses, the vials were sealed tightly with a rubber septum and incubated for 16 hours. After measurement of CO 2 , N 2 O and CH 4 with Shimadzu GC, soils were subjected to other measurements. For pH and Ca measurements 7.5 ml distilled water were added and left for 2 hours and then measured with micro-electrode connected pH meter instrument. To measure extractable inorganic N (NO 3 - + NH 4 + ) after extraction with KCl 2.5 ml 2 M KCl was added to soils and measured colorimetrically with Lachate instrument. MATERIAL AND METHODS At the beginning of the experiment Amynthas castings showed significant difference from others with higher NH 4 content and lower Ca and pH levels (p<0.05 ANOVA). Initially, NO 3 contents were similar among treatments (p<0.05 ANOVA). But at the two later dates, NO 3 concentrations were greater for earthworm treatments for (-) ammonium treatments. When NH 4 was added, L. rubellus treatments had greater NO 3 concentrations. CO 2 and N 2 O results showed significant difference among each other with the sequence Rubellis (R) > Amynthas (A) > control (N) while only R had a significant higher methane release (p<0.05 ANOVA)(Figure 3). RESULTS DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION Difference of ammonium concentrations among initial values were attributed to the applications along pot experiment. We had expected to see increased pH with ammonium addition as the effect of nitrification was buffered by Ca release (Figure 7). The net effect was that there was lower pH in earthworms soils despite of the increase Ca concentrations. For pH our results were different from some of our field studies and those of others that report an increase in pH when earthworms are present. Our lab study differed in that we looked at aggregate scale effects where microsite effects may override the effect of inter-aggregate soil solution. Our lab study also differed in that the microbial community was separated from the earthworms potentially suggesting that the earthworm needs to “renew” its effect on the community. Our findings on greenhouse gas emissions resemble those of others (Lubbers et al., 2013). Aggregates taken from earthworm treatments have greater emissions than aggregates from the control soil. Methane is a notable exception after NH 4 was added. Also N 2 O emissions from L. rubellus aggregates responded more to NH 4 additions than the two other treatments. REFERENCES AMADOR, J.A., GORRES, J.H., SAVIN, M.C. (2005). Role of soil water content in the carbon dynamics of Lumbricus terrestris L. burrow soil. Applied Soil Ecology 28:15-22. DENMAN, K.L., G. BRASSEUR, A. CHIDTHAISONG, P. CIAIS, P.M. COX, R.E. DICKINSON, D. HAUGLUSTAINE, C. HEINZE, E. HOLLAND, D. JACOB, U. LOHMANN, S RAMACHANDRAN, P.L. DA SILVA DIAS, S.C. WOFSY AND X. ZHANG, (2007). Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. HALE, C.M., FRELICH, L.E., REICH, P.B., PASTOR, J. 2008. Exotic earthworm effects on hardwood forest floor, nutrient availability and native plants: a mesocosm study. Oecologia 155:509-518. IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change 1994. Radiative Forcing of Climate Change and an Evaluation of the IPCC IS92 Emission Scenarios. Houghton, JT et al. (eds). Published for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK. 337 pp (1995). LUBBERS, INGRID M. VAN GROENIGEN, KEES JAN FONTE, STEVEN J. SIX, JOHANBRUSSAARD, LIJBERT VAN GROENIGEN, JAN WILLEM. 2013. Greenhouse gas emssions from soils increased by earthworms. Nature Climate 3 187-194. SAVIN, M.C., GORRES, J.H., AMADOR, J.A. (2004). Microbial and microfaunal community dynamics in artificial and Lumbricus terrestris L. burrows. Soil Science Society of America Journal 68:116-124. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank to Joel Tilley for his contribution at the analysis at Lachate instrument in the laboratories of Plant and Soil Science department in University of Vermont. We are thankful to Vermont Agriculture Experiment Station (VT AES) for their contributions to our study.Thankful to Istanbul University Scientific Research Projects office by supporting H. Barış Tecimen visit to US with the project number 18262 and 35545. (1) University of Istanbul, Faculty of Foresty, Soil Science and Ecology Dept. Istanbul, Turkey (2) Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT Hüseyin Barış Tecimen 1 , Josef Gorres 2 and Ryan Dustin Scott Melnichuk 2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Aggregates of a Mesocosm Soil Worked By Lumbricus rubellus and Amynthas agrestis All earthworms are exotic to the Northeastern USA and are assumed to change soil structure so that the biodiversity of native understory vegetation is diminished (Hale et al. 2008). There is good evidence that N and C cycles are affected by these invasions. Little is known about base cations and we chose to measure calcium because we found it to be more available at invaded forest sites. We thought that ammonium additions would stimulate nitrification and thus potentially N 2 O emissions and potentially increase available Ca concentrations to buffer the soil. We measured soil Ca, pH, NO 3 - -N, and NH 4 + -N as well as greenhouse emissions from each replicate aggregate set. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide concentrations in the atmosphere all have increased by 42, 140 and 12%, respectively since the 19 th century (IPCC, 1995). Increased greenhouse gas concentrations are in part due to human activities. However, some mitigation may occur by sequestration into less available compounds in the environment (Denman et al. 2007). Earthworms have recently been implicated in increased greenhouse gas emissions from soils (Lubbers et al. 2013). Earthworms change the microbial community of the soil at least in the drilosphere (Savin et al. 2004). Concomitant with these changes are aggregate-scale changes in pore structure that increase CO 2 emissions (Gorres et al., 2001). In this study, we were interested in how aggregate scale greenhouse gas emission, nitrate and calcium concentrations, pH were affected by earthworm species and ammonium addition. We hypothesized that additional ammonium may be quickly nitrified by the community left by the earthworms and thus affect nitrate and calcium concentrations. Figure 1. Pot experiment with soils excavated from spodosol soils under a mixed hardwood/softwood forest . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 N (-) A (-) R (-) N (+) A (+) R (+) a a b b b b mg CO 2 /g soil/hour 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 N (-) A (-) R (-) N (+) A (+) R (+) a b b b b b mg CH 4 /g soil/hour 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 N (-) A (-) R (-) N (+) A (+) R (+) a a a a a b mg N 2 O /g soil/hour Figure 5. CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O Emmission After 14 d Incubation for N (Control), A (Amynthas) and R (Rubellus) Earthworm and Ammonium Addition (+) (-) Applications 0 2 4 6 8 10 N A R a b c mg CO 2 /g soil/hour Earthworms 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 N A R a a b mg CH 4 /g soil/hour Earthworms 0 5 10 15 20 N A R a b c mg N 2 O /g soil/hour Earthworms Figure 3. CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O Emmission Prior to Incubation for N (Control), A (Amynthas) and R (Rubellus) Earthworm Figure 4. CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O Emmission After 7 d Incubation for N (Control), A (Amynthas) and R (Rubellus) Earthworm and Ammonium Addition (+) (-) Applications 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 N (-) A (-) R (-) N (+) A (+) R (+) a b b c c c mg CH 4 / g soil / hour Figure 2. Mesocosm sampling and sealed vials. At the end of first week of incubation earthworms had significantly greater CO 2 and methane release at (-) sample set (p<0.05) (Figure 4). Ammonium addition was significantly different on methane release (Figure 4). L. rubellus with ammonium addition caused significantly greater N 2 O emissions. At the end of second week of incubation, earthworms castings had significantly greater CO 2 release (p<0.05) (Fig. 5) for (+) and (-) applications. Lower pH values in aggregates in earthworm soils than in the N(+) treatment (p(F) < 0.001) may have been caused by nitrification as NO 3 - -N concentrations in the earthworm treatments were greater than in the N(-) treatment (p(F) < 0.032). Greater water soluble Ca concentrations in the earthworm treatments could not buffer the pH differences. N 2 O and CO 2 emissions were consistently greater for the earthworm treatments in both NH 4 + -N treatments with the exception of A(+) which emitted significantly less N 2 O than either the L(+) or N(+). For CO 2 in soils without NH 4 + -N additions, worm type and pH contributed significantly to CO 2 predictions (p<0.0001). For treatments with NH 4 + -N additions, model predictions (p<0.0096) were mainly influenced NH 4 + -N concentrations. For N 2 O without NH 4 + -N additions (p< 0.0001), earthworm type was the only significant contributor to predictions. For N 2 O emissions with NH 4 + -N additions (p<0.0001), NH 4 + -N concentrations, NO 3 - -N concentrations and earthworm type were significant contributors to the predictions. Earthworm Ammonium addition incubation Measurement Period Replication (n) Total Control (no earthworm) No addition Initial 10 30 Amynthas agrestis No addition 10 Lumbricus rubellis No addition 10 Control (no earthworm) No addition After 7 days 10 60 Added 10 Amynthas agrestis No addition 10 Added 10 Lumbricus rubellis No addition 10 Added 10 Control (no earthworm) No addition After two weeks 10 60 Added 10 Amynthas agrestis No addition 10 Added 10 Lumbricus rubellis No addition 10 Added 10 Table 1 : Summary of treatments CONTACT INFO H. Barış TECİMEN: [email protected] Josef GORRES: [email protected] Ryan D.S. MELNICHUK: [email protected] Figure 6: NH 4 -CO 2 relation along incubation period at N, A and R worm data set. We reached proportionally higher levels of relations between NH 4 cc and each greenhouse gas contents especially at control and A. agrestis treatments but almost no correlation could be detected for L. rubellus after NH 4 addition (Figure 6). There also was a significant correlation between Ca and NO 3 concentration (r 2 =0.528, Figure 7). The relations between Ca and greenhouse gas contents were not high (r 2 values between 0.100 and 0.150). y = 2,3286x + 146,94 R² = 0,528 0,0 100,0 200,0 300,0 400,0 500,0 600,0 700,0 800,0 900,0 0,0 100,0 200,0 300,0 400,0 mg NO 3 -N/ kg Ca ppm Figure 7: Relation between Ca to NO 3 concentrations. Pooling all three time points, our results suggest that NH 4 concentration had a significant effect on CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O release especially for the no earthworm control revealing r 2 values 0.297, 0.146 and 0.675 respectively while NO 3 cc did not show good correlation with any greenhouse gas at all worm treatments. 0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0 10,0 N (-) A (-) R (-) N (+) A (+) R (+) CO2 mg/g soil/hour a c bc bc b a 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 N (-) A (-) R (-) N (+) A (+) R (+) mg N 2 O /g soil/hour c ab a bc ab d y = 0,0166x + 3,2152 R² = 0,2956 0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 0,0 50,0 100,0 150,0 200,0 250,0 CO 2 mg /g soil/ hour mg NH 4 -N /kg y = -0,0087x + 9,6484 R² = 0,3116 0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 0,0 50,0 100,0 150,0 200,0 250,0 CO 2 mg /g soil/ hour mg NH 4 -N /kg y = -0,0027x + 8,9904 R² = 0,0048 0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 0,0 50,0 100,0 150,0 200,0 250,0 300,0 CO 2 mg /g soil/ hour mg NH 4 -N /kg
Transcript of Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Aggregates of a Mesocosm ...€¦ · rubellus with ammonium addition...
RESEARCH POSTER PRESENTATION DESIGN © 2012
www.PosterPresentations.com
INTRODUCTION
Objectives of this study was to see;
•whether nitrification affects pH,
•whether Ca is involved in buffering acidity,
•whether addition of NH4+-N accelerates acidification and at which rate,
•how will the greenhouse gas emission be,
•to reach to a consideration of microbial activity from release of CO2 and
•to see the effect of NH4+-N addition on N2O release
In relation with the earthworm species.
OBJECTIVES
The A, E and B horizons of a spodosol soil under a mixed
hardwood/softwood forest were used to construct mesocosm to observe
the calcium-earthworm-plant interaction for L.rubellus (L), A. agrestis (A)
and a control treatment with no earthworms (N) (Fig. 1). 2 g of soil
aggregates (earthworm casting) were taken from these mesocosms of the
plant-soil experiment and transferred to haeadspace vials (Fig. 2). We had
two factors: earthworm species and addition/no addition of ammonium,
signified as (+) and (-). Treatments are listed in Table 1. The samples were
divided into 3 sets. One set for the initial analysis, the second set after 7
days and the third set after 14 days. Ammonium-N was added to half the
soils in sets 2 and 3 to achieve 200 µg NH4+-N l-1 content. For greenhouse
gas analyses, the vials were sealed tightly with a rubber septum and
incubated for 16 hours. After measurement of CO2, N2O and CH4 with
Shimadzu GC, soils were subjected to other measurements. For pH and Ca
measurements 7.5 ml distilled water were added and left for 2 hours and
then measured with micro-electrode connected pH meter instrument. To
measure extractable inorganic N (NO3- + NH4
+) after extraction with KCl 2.5
ml 2 M KCl was added to soils and measured colorimetrically with Lachate
instrument.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
At the beginning of the experiment Amynthas castings showed significant
difference from others with higher NH4 content and lower Ca and pH levels
(p<0.05 ANOVA). Initially, NO3 contents were similar among treatments
(p<0.05 ANOVA). But at the two later dates, NO3 concentrations were
greater for earthworm treatments for (-) ammonium treatments. When NH4
was added, L. rubellus treatments had greater NO3 concentrations. CO2
and N2O results showed significant difference among each other with the
sequence Rubellis (R) > Amynthas (A) > control (N) while only R had a
significant higher methane release (p<0.05 ANOVA)(Figure 3).
RESULTS
DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION
Difference of ammonium concentrations among initial values were
attributed to the applications along pot experiment. We had expected to
see increased pH with ammonium addition as the effect of nitrification
was buffered by Ca release (Figure 7). The net effect was that there was
lower pH in earthworms soils despite of the increase Ca concentrations.
For pH our results were different from some of our field studies and those
of others that report an increase in pH when earthworms are present. Our
lab study differed in that we looked at aggregate scale effects where
microsite effects may override the effect of inter-aggregate soil solution.
Our lab study also differed in that the microbial community was
separated from the earthworms potentially suggesting that the
earthworm needs to “renew” its effect on the community.
Our findings on greenhouse gas emissions resemble those of others
(Lubbers et al., 2013). Aggregates taken from earthworm treatments have
greater emissions than aggregates from the control soil. Methane is a
notable exception after NH4 was added. Also N2O emissions from L.
rubellus aggregates responded more to NH4 additions than the two other
treatments.
REFERENCES
AMADOR, J.A., GORRES, J.H., SAVIN, M.C. (2005). Role of soil water content in the carbon
dynamics of Lumbricus terrestris L. burrow soil. Applied Soil Ecology 28:15-22.
DENMAN, K.L., G. BRASSEUR, A. CHIDTHAISONG, P. CIAIS, P.M. COX, R.E. DICKINSON, D.
HAUGLUSTAINE, C. HEINZE, E. HOLLAND, D. JACOB, U. LOHMANN, S RAMACHANDRAN, P.L.
DA SILVA DIAS, S.C. WOFSY AND X. ZHANG, (2007). Couplings Between Changes in the
Climate System and Biogeochemistry. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis.
Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B.
Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United
Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
HALE, C.M., FRELICH, L.E., REICH, P.B., PASTOR, J. 2008. Exotic earthworm effects on
hardwood forest floor, nutrient availability and native plants: a mesocosm study. Oecologia
155:509-518.
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change 1994. Radiative Forcing
of Climate Change and an Evaluation of the IPCC IS92 Emission Scenarios. Houghton, JT et
al. (eds). Published for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge UK. 337 pp (1995).
LUBBERS, INGRID M. VAN GROENIGEN, KEES JAN FONTE, STEVEN J. SIX, JOHANBRUSSAARD,
LIJBERT VAN GROENIGEN, JAN WILLEM. 2013. Greenhouse gas emssions from soils increased
by earthworms. Nature Climate 3 187-194.
SAVIN, M.C., GORRES, J.H., AMADOR, J.A. (2004). Microbial and microfaunal community
dynamics in artificial and Lumbricus terrestris L. burrows. Soil Science Society of America
Journal 68:116-124.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank to Joel Tilley for his contribution at the analysis at Lachate
instrument in the laboratories of Plant and Soil Science department in University of
Vermont. We are thankful to Vermont Agriculture Experiment Station (VT AES) for their
contributions to our study.Thankful to Istanbul University Scientific Research Projects office
by supporting H. Barış Tecimen visit to US with the project number 18262 and 35545.
(1) University of Istanbul, Faculty of Foresty, Soil Science and Ecology Dept. Istanbul, Turkey (2)Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
Hüseyin Barış Tecimen1, Josef Gorres2 and Ryan Dustin Scott Melnichuk2
Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Aggregates of a Mesocosm Soil Worked By Lumbricus rubellus and Amynthas agrestis
All earthworms are exotic to the Northeastern USA and are assumed to
change soil structure so that the biodiversity of native understory
vegetation is diminished (Hale et al. 2008). There is good evidence that
N and C cycles are affected by these invasions. Little is known about
base cations and we chose to measure calcium because we found it to be
more available at invaded forest sites. We thought that ammonium
additions would stimulate nitrification and thus potentially N2O emissions
and potentially increase available Ca concentrations to buffer the soil.
We measured soil Ca, pH, NO3--N, and NH4
+-N as well as greenhouse
emissions from each replicate aggregate set.
Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide concentrations in
the atmosphere all have increased by 42, 140 and 12%, respectively since
the 19th century (IPCC, 1995). Increased greenhouse gas concentrations are
in part due to human activities. However, some mitigation may occur by
sequestration into less available compounds in the environment (Denman
et al. 2007). Earthworms have recently been implicated in increased
greenhouse gas emissions from soils (Lubbers et al. 2013). Earthworms
change the microbial community of the soil at least in the drilosphere
(Savin et al. 2004). Concomitant with these changes are aggregate-scale
changes in pore structure that increase CO2 emissions (Gorres et al., 2001).
In this study, we were interested in how aggregate scale greenhouse gas
emission, nitrate and calcium concentrations, pH were affected by
earthworm species and ammonium addition. We hypothesized that
additional ammonium may be quickly nitrified by the community left by
the earthworms and thus affect nitrate and calcium concentrations.
Figure 1. Pot experiment with soils excavated from spodosol
soils under a mixed hardwood/softwood forest .
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
N (-) A (-) R (-) N (+) A (+) R (+)
a a
b b b b
mg
CO
2 /
g so
il/h
ou
r
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
N (-) A (-) R (-) N (+) A (+) R (+)
a
b b b b
b
mg
CH
4 /
g so
il/h
ou
r
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
N (-) A (-) R (-) N (+) A (+) R (+)
a
a a a a
b
mg
N2O
/g
soil
/ho
ur
Figure 5. CO2, CH4 and N2O Emmission After 14 d Incubation for N (Control), A (Amynthas) and R (Rubellus) Earthworm and Ammonium Addition (+) (-) Applications
0
2
4
6
8
10
N A R
a
b
c
mg
CO
2 /
g so
il/h
ou
r
Earthworms
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
N A R
a a
b
mg
CH
4 /
g so
il/h
ou
r
Earthworms
0
5
10
15
20
N A R
a
b
c
mg
N2O
/g
soil/
ho
ur
Earthworms
Figure 3. CO2, CH4 and N2O Emmission Prior to Incubation for N (Control), A (Amynthas) and R (Rubellus) Earthworm
Figure 4. CO2, CH4 and N2O Emmission After 7 d Incubation for N (Control), A (Amynthas) and R (Rubellus) Earthworm and Ammonium Addition (+) (-) Applications
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
N (-) A (-) R (-) N (+) A (+) R (+)
a b b
c c c
mg
CH
4 /
g s
oil
/ h
ou
r
Figure 2. Mesocosm sampling and sealed vials.
At the end of first week of incubation earthworms had significantly greater
CO2 and methane release at (-) sample set (p<0.05) (Figure 4). Ammonium
addition was significantly different on methane release (Figure 4). L.
rubellus with ammonium addition caused significantly greater N2O emissions.
At the end of second week of incubation, earthworms castings had
significantly greater CO2 release (p<0.05) (Fig. 5) for (+) and (-) applications.
Lower pH values in aggregates in earthworm soils than in the N(+)
treatment (p(F) < 0.001) may have been caused by nitrification as NO3--N
concentrations in the earthworm treatments were greater than in the N(-)
treatment (p(F) < 0.032). Greater water soluble Ca concentrations in the
earthworm treatments could not buffer the pH differences. N2O and CO2
emissions were consistently greater for the earthworm treatments in
both NH4+-N treatments with the exception of A(+) which emitted
significantly less N2O than either the L(+) or N(+). For CO2 in soils without
NH4+-N additions, worm type and pH contributed significantly to CO2
predictions (p<0.0001). For treatments with NH4+-N additions, model
predictions (p<0.0096) were mainly influenced NH4+-N concentrations. For
N2O without NH4+-N additions (p< 0.0001), earthworm type was the only
significant contributor to predictions. For N2O emissions with NH4+-N
additions (p<0.0001), NH4+-N concentrations, NO3
--N concentrations and
earthworm type were significant contributors to the predictions.
Earthworm Ammonium addition
incubation
Measurement Period Replication (n) Total
Control (no earthworm) No addition Initial 10 30
Amynthas agrestis No addition 10
Lumbricus rubellis No addition 10
Control (no earthworm) No addition After 7 days 10 60
Added 10
Amynthas agrestis No addition 10
Added 10
Lumbricus rubellis No addition 10
Added 10
Control (no earthworm) No addition After two weeks 10 60
Added 10
Amynthas agrestis No addition 10
Added 10
Lumbricus rubellis No addition 10
Added 10
Table 1 : Summary of treatments
CONTACT INFO H. Barış TECİMEN: [email protected]
Josef GORRES: [email protected]
Ryan D.S. MELNICHUK: [email protected]
Figure 6: NH4-CO2 relation along incubation period at N, A and R worm data set.
We reached proportionally higher levels of relations between NH4 cc and
each greenhouse gas contents especially at control and A. agrestis
treatments but almost no correlation could be detected for L. rubellus
after NH4 addition (Figure 6). There also was a significant correlation
between Ca and NO3 concentration (r2 =0.528, Figure 7). The relations
between Ca and greenhouse gas contents were not high (r2 values between
0.100 and 0.150).
y = 2,3286x + 146,94 R² = 0,528
0,0
100,0
200,0
300,0
400,0
500,0
600,0
700,0
800,0
900,0
0,0 100,0 200,0 300,0 400,0
mg
NO
3-N
/ kg
Ca ppm
Figure 7: Relation between Ca to NO3 concentrations.
Pooling all three time points, our results
suggest that NH4 concentration had a
significant effect on CO2, CH4 and N2O release
especially for the no earthworm control
revealing r2 values 0.297, 0.146 and 0.675
respectively while NO3 cc did not show good
correlation with any greenhouse gas at all
worm treatments.
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
N (-) A (-) R (-) N (+) A (+) R (+)
CO
2 m
g/g
soil/
ho
ur
a
c bc
bc
b
a
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
N (-) A (-) R (-) N (+) A (+) R (+)
mg
N2O
/g
soil
/ho
ur
c
ab
a
bc ab
d
y = 0,0166x + 3,2152 R² = 0,2956
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
0,0 50,0 100,0 150,0 200,0 250,0
CO
2 m
g /g
so
il/
ho
ur
mg NH4-N /kg
y = -0,0087x + 9,6484 R² = 0,3116
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
0,0 50,0 100,0 150,0 200,0 250,0
CO
2 m
g /g
so
il/
ho
ur
mg NH4-N /kg
y = -0,0027x + 8,9904 R² = 0,0048
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
0,0 50,0 100,0 150,0 200,0 250,0 300,0
CO
2 m
g /g
so
il/
ho
ur
mg NH4-N /kg
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