GREEN ENERGY

PROJECT on implementing bio energy

Aashutoshsingh55@gmail.com

Objective:-

The objective of this paper to show the effect of implementing the bio energy and rural development. How a small change bring a big effect on the whole economy?

Approach:-

Take the data of a village. Use multiple regression analysis as a tool. L.P. model for entire setup of project. Transportation concept for collecting the raw materials and collecting the garbage from

different locations Use network model concept for whole transportation at least cost path for the project.

Bioenergy: - Bioenergy is energy derived using organic material, especially plant matter, as fuel. Bioenergy is renewable energy made available from materials derived from biological

sources. Bio-energy is obtained from organic matter, either directly from plants or indirectly from

industrial, commercial, domestic or agricultural products and waste.

Biomass

Biomass are the residues obtained from pulp and paper operation, agricultural and forestry wastes, urban wood wastes, municipal solid wastes and landfill gas, animal wastes and terrestrial and aquatic crops grown solely for energy purposes, known as energy crops. In large quantities, the biomass source is called a feedstock.

Biomass can be burnt directly or it can be converted into solid, gaseous and liquid fuels using conversion technologies such as fermentation to produce alcohols, bacterial digestion to produce biogas, and gasification to produce a natural gas substitute. Burning plant biomass as a fuel source does not result in net carbon emissions since the bio-fuels will only release the amount of carbon they have absorbed during growth (providing production and harvesting is sustainable). If these bio-fuels are used instead of fossil fuels, carbon emissions from the displaced fossil fuels are avoided as well as other associated pollutants such as sulphur.

The development of large-scale energy production from biomass will rely on specifically-grown energy crops. Nevertheless residues (from forestry, crops and dung) are invaluable as an immediate and relatively cheap energy resource.

Wood can also be removed in a sustainable manner from existing secondary forests and plantations.

How to get biomass:- Biomass is derived from different types of organic matter: energy plants

(oilseeds, plants containing sugar) and forestry, agricultural or urban waste including wood and household waste. Biomass can be used for heating, for producing electricity and for transport biofuels. Biomass can be solid (plants, wood, straw and other plants), gaseous (from organic waste, landfill waste) or liquid (derived from crops such as wheat, rapeseed, soy, or from lignocellulose material).

Types of bio energy:-

Biomass

Biomass refers to agriwaste and organic forest residue, which includes wood, wood waste, straw, sugar cane left overs, garden waste and crop residues like baggase, prosopys, cotton stalk, elephant grass, coconut shell etc. It is a renewable energy source based on the carbon cycle, unlike other natural resources such as petroleum, coal, and nuclear fuels.

Bio-Pellets

Bio-Pellets is a refined and densified form of biomass, which is completely made from agri-waste and organic forest residue. Bio-Pellet industry has considerably grown in Europe in recent years and is gaining importance quickly across the globe due to its carbon neutral properties.

Bio-Diesel

Bio-Diesel is produced from oils or fats using Trans esterification. Feedstock for Bio-Diesel include animal fats, vegetable oils, soy, rapeseed, jatropha, mahua, mustard, flax, sunflower, palm oil, hemp, field pennycress, pongamia pinnate and algae. Pure Bio-Diesel is by far the lowest emission diesel fuel. Since Bio-Diesel is an effective solvent and cleans residues deposited by mineral diesel in engine, it

also effectively cleans the engine combustion chamber of carbon deposits, helping to maintain efficiency.

Bio-Ethanol

Bio-Ethanol is the most common Bio-Fuel worldwide. It is produced by fermentation of sugars derived from wheat, corn, sugar beets, sugar cane, molasses and any sugar or starch that alcoholic beverages can be made from. Ethanol can be used in petrol engines as a replacement for gasoline.

Converting biomass into liquid fuels for transportation. Unlike other renewable energy sources, biomass can be converted directly into liquid fuels - biofuels - for our transportation needs (cars, trucks, buses, airplanes, and trains). The two most common types of biofuels are ethanol and biodiesel.

Ethanol is an alcohol, the same found in beer and wine. It is made by fermenting any biomass high in carbohydrates (starches, sugars, or celluloses) through a process similar to brewing beer. Ethanol is mostly used as a fuel additive to cut down a vehicle's carbon monoxide and other smog-causing emissions. But flexible-fuel vehicles, which run on mixtures of gasoline and up to 85% ethanol, are now available.

Ethanol (C2H5OH) (shorthand designation EtOH), also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol, is a colorless, flammable, toxic chemical compound. It is the alcohol that is consumed in alcoholic beverages. Ethanol has been used as a fuel since the early days of the automobile. It can be blended with gasoline for use in flex-fuel engines, making it a gasoline additive and substitute for petroleum-derived gasoline

Advantages/disadvantages

One liter of ethanol contains 66% of the energy content (typically expressed as British Thermal Units, or BTUs as one liter of gasoline, which means that cars that use ethanol require one third more fuel by volume to travel the same distance.1

"However, pure ethanol has a high octane value, which improves the performance of gasoline by reducing the likelihood that engine knock problems will occur.

Emissions :- Ethanol is an oxygenate because it contains oxygen, unlike gasoline. Oxygenates can improve the fuel combustion process reducing the emission of

pollutants

However, ethanol combustion products also react with more atmospheric nitrogen, which can marginally increase emissions of ozone-forming nitrogen oxide (NOx) gases.

Ethanol contains less sulfur than gasoline and as a result lowers emissions of sulfur oxides (SOx).

The carbon dioxide released by burning bioethanol is the same CO2 that was fixed by the plant it was produced from, and therefore net emissions of carbon are zero.

However, fossil fuels are used in the production of the feedstock’s and in the processing of ethanol, and these must be considered when evaluating the impact of ethanol on emissions of greenhouse gases contributing to climate change.

Ethanol production :- The simplest way to produce ethanol is through the fermentation of simple

sugars, such as those found in sugar cane, sugar beet and sweet sorghum. "Starch crops such as corn, wheat, and cassava can also be hydrolyzed into

sugar, which can then be fermented into ethanol". Sugars naturally ferment into acids and alcohols, including ethanol, but yeast

and other enzymes can be used to speed up the process. Cellulosic ethanol - Ethanol can also be produced from cellulose, which makes

up the fibrous and woody parts of the plant. Cellulose is mostly inedible, except to termites and ruminants, such as cows.

Producing cellulosic ethanol is far more challenging than normal ethanol, requiring the use of special enzymes or the use of gasification and biomass-to-liquids technologies.

The much greater amounts and lower cost of cellulosic feedstock’s means that there is great potential for producing cellulosic ethanol.

However, the technology has not yet been fully commercialized, with only small scale plants currently in operation.

Corn is currently the main feedstock for producing E85 ethanol in the United States.

Bio-Oil

Oils and fats can be hydrogenated to give a diesel substitute. Hydrogenated oils can be blended with diesel in all proportions. Hydrogenated oils have several advantages over Bio-Diesel, including good performance at low temperatures, no storage stability problems and no susceptibility to microbial attack.

Biodiesel is made by combining alcohol (usually methanol) with vegetable oil, animal fat, or recycled cooking greases. It can be used as an additive to reduce vehicle emissions (typically 20%) or in its pure form as a renewable alternative fuel for diesel engines.

Other biofuels include methanol and reformulated gasoline components. Methanol, commonly called wood alcohol, is currently produced from natural gas, but could also be produced from biomass. There are a number of ways to convert biomass to methanol, but the most likely approach is gasification. Gasification involves vaporizing the biomass at high temperatures, then removing impurities from the hot gas and passing it through a catalyst, which converts it into methanol.

Most reformulated gasoline components produced from biomass are pollution-reducing fuel additives, such as methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE).

Bio-Gas

Bio-Gas is produced by the process of anaerobic digestion of organic material by anaerobes. It can be produced either from biodegradable waste materials or by the use of energy crops fed into anaerobic digester to supplement gas yields. The solid byproduct can be used as a Bio-Fuel or a fertilizer.

Given the realities of the biodiesel markets, a successful biodiesel business plan begins with an effective feedstock strategy from which process design flows. To make biodiesel a long-term business opportunity, attention must be to the critical issue of availability of right feedstock at right cost. Jatropha and other nonfood

feedstocks will be a vast source of biofuel and a key to reducing our dependence on fossil fuel Jatropha can bring significant environmental benefit.

It can replace jet fuel and diesel from petroleum without interfering with food crops or leading to the clearing of forests. The good thing about Jatropha is that you're producing a tree shrub that lives for a long time and does ours job, producing oil, while it also sequesters lots of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradation, desertification and deforestation, which can be used for bio-energy to replace petro-diesel, for soap production and climatic protection, and hence deserves specific attention. Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes, self-sustainability and alleviate poverty for women, elderly, children and men, tribal communities, small farmers. It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries.

There are various trees that are suitable for bio-diesel production like Jatropha, Pongamia, Moringa, Simaruba etc. and all these trees must be regarded as a sure inclusion and the foundation around which a plan can be built if for nothing but their pure hardiness and stress handling ability.

Biodiesel refers to a vegetable oil- or animal fat-based diesel fuel consisting of long-chain alkyl (methyl, propyl or ethyl) esters. Biodiesel is typically made by chemically reacting lipids (e.g., vegetable oil, animal fat (tallow) with an alcohol producing fatty acid esters.

Biodiesel is meant to be used in standard diesel engines and is thus distinct from the vegetable and waste oils used to fuel converted diesel engines. Biodiesel can be used alone, or blended with petro diesel. Biodiesel can also be used as a low carbon alternative to heating oil.

Biodiesel feedstocks

A variety of oils can be used to produce biodiesel. These include

Virgin oil feedstock – rapeseed and soybean oils are most commonly used, soybean oil alone accounting for about ninety percent of all fuel stocks in the US.

It also can be obtained from field pennycress and Jatropha and other crops such as mustard, jojoba, flax, sunflower, palm oil, coconut, hemp (see list of vegetable oils for biofuel for more information);

Waste vegetable oil (WVO);

Algae, which can be grown using waste materials such as sewage and without displacing land currently used for food production.

Oil from halophytes such as Salicornia bigelovii, which can be grown using saltwater in coastal areas where conventional crops cannot be grown, with yields equal to the yields of soybeans and other oilseeds grown using freshwater irrigation.(sea cost villages)

Bio power :-

Burning biomass directly, or converting it into a gaseous fuel or oil, to generate electricity. Bio power, or biomass power, is the use of biomass to generate electricity. There are six major types of bio power systems: direct-fired, cofiring, gasification, anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, and small, modular.

Most of the bio power plants in the world use direct-fired systems. They burn bioenergy feedstock directly to produce steam. This steam is usually captured by a turbine, and a generator then converts it into electricity. In some industries, the steam from the power plant is also used for manufacturing processes or to heat buildings. These are known as combined heat and power facilities. For instance, wood waste is often used to produce both electricity and steam at paper mills.

Many coal-fired power plants can use cofiring systems to significantly reduce emissions, especially sulfur dioxide emissions. Cofiring involves using bioenergy feedstock as a supplementary energy source in high efficiency boilers.

Gasification systems use high temperatures and an oxygen-starved environment to convert biomass into a gas (a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane). The gas fuels what's called a gas turbine, which is very much like a jet engine, only it turns an electric generator instead of propelling a jet.

The decay of biomass produces a gas - methane - that can be used as an energy source. In landfills, wells can be drilled to release the methane from the decaying

organic matter. Then pipes from each well carry the gas to a central point where it is filtered and cleaned before burning. Methane also can be produced from biomass through a process called anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion involves using bacteria to decompose organic matter in the absence of oxygen.

Methane can be used as an energy source in many ways. Most facilities burn it in a boiler to produce steam for electricity generation or for industrial processes. Two new ways include the use of micro turbines and fuel cells. Micro turbines have outputs of 25 to 500 kilowatts. About the size of a refrigerator, they can be used where there are space limitations for power production. Methane can also be used as the "fuel" in a fuel cell. Fuel cells work much like batteries but never need recharging, producing electricity as long as there's fuel.

In addition to gas, liquid fuels can be produced from biomass through a process called pyrolysis. Pyrolysis occurs when biomass is heated in the absence of oxygen. The biomass then turns into a liquid called pyrolysis oil, which can be burned like petroleum to generate electricity. A bio power system that uses pyrolysis oil is being commercialized.

Several bio power technologies can be used in small, modular systems. A small, modular system generates electricity at a capacity of 5 megawatts or less. This system is designed for use at the small town level or even at the consumer level. For example, some farmers use the waste from their livestock to provide their farms with electricity. Not only do these systems provide renewable energy, they also help farmers and ranchers meet environmental regulations.

Small, modular systems also have potential as distributed energy resources. Distributed energy resources refer to a variety of small, modular power-generating technologies that can be combined to improve the operation of the electricity delivery system.

Bio products:-

Converting biomass into chemicals for making products that typically are made from petroleum. Whatever products we can make from fossil fuels, we can make using biomass. These bio products, or bio based products, are not only made from renewable sources, they also often require less energy to produce than petroleum-based products.

Researchers have discovered that the process for making biofuels - releasing the sugars that make up starch and cellulose in plants - also can be used to make antifreeze, plastics, glues, artificial sweeteners, and gel for toothpaste.(uses of by products)

Other important building blocks for bio products include carbon monoxide and hydrogen. When biomass is heated with a small amount of oxygen present, these two gases are produced in abundance. Scientists call this mixture biosynthesis gas. Biosynthesis gas can be used to make plastics and acids, which can be used in making photographic films, textiles, and synthetic fabrics.

When biomass is heated in the absence of oxygen, it forms pyrolysis oil. A chemical called phenol can be extracted from pyrolysis oil. Phenol is used to make wood adhesives, molded plastic, and foam insulation.

Main analysis:-

Format of a village:- Use all barren land of village or uncultivated land

In this way it will become the use of unused land

Cultivation of the crop like JATROPHA and other crops which will be use the raw materials of generating the bioenergy

The fruits of Jatropha will be helpful in generating the bio diesel

Remaining stem of plant will be helpful as biomass(wood)

Whole plant will be outside of the village

Statistical tool for analysis:-

Using MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS as a statistical tool to show the overall effect of this project on the village.

Y = a +b1x1 +b2x2 +b3x3 +b4x4 +b5x6 +b6x6

As the concept of regression analysis y is directly proportional to x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6

It means if the factors x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6 will increase the factor y will also be increase

Or if factors x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6 will decrease the main factor y will also be decrease

Now as bio energy will be generated in villages some factor will be totally changed

Here there will be more than one factor will change so we applying multiple regression analysis as a tool to show the effect

Y = A + x1b1 + x2b2 + x3b3 + x4b4 + x5b5 + x6b6……………………

Economy of village = A + b1*(production of bio diesel) + b2*(production of bio power) + b3*(employment) + b4*(production of bio energy) +b5*(saving resources) + b6*(using barren land) +b7*(crop cultivation)

EFFECT OF FACTORS ON ECONOMY OF VILLAGE:-

As the production of bio diesel will start in village that diesel will replace the use of petroleum diesel and this bio diesel is only used by that villagers and workers of the plant of that village for transportation and other uses.

By using this bio diesel villagers will spend less on diesel and work more and this will increase the economy of the village

As the production of bio power will start in village that power will generate electricity which will use by that villagers on some monthly charge (comparably low) and this will generate the revenue for us. And also increase the economy of that village.

For generating the bio power and bio diesel we will cultivate the JATROPHA and other plantation. For this there will be a need of workers and it will be fulfilled by that villagers (at comparably low cost).so it will generate the employment in that village. And this employment increases the economy of that village.

As the production of bio energy will start on huge scale it will be given to other villages on some charges. This will generate revenue for that village. And also increase the economy of that village.

As we use bio mass as the raw materials it will save the resources like electricity like if electricity is provided by the government it will be cut off and this cut off electricity will be further used by the industry in the cities near to that village. This will increase he economy of that village

As we use the barren land or unused land this will increase the use of lands so by this cultivation of crops will increase for generating the bio energy as the cultivation increases some extent of that cultivation will also be commercialized and it will generate the revenue for that village. And also increase the economy of that village.

Main aspects of this paper:-

This is the project only for the villages.

India is country of villages, where agriculture is the main aspect of the villagers

If villages will developed on a small scale by this project growth of the country will also take place.

In current scenario all India there was a bi news of being suicides of the farmers because for the cultivation they take loan from bank and unable to pay back and get suicide

Now this project will help in this situation-by this project if farmer will cultivate that crops which will use as raw materials for generating the bio energy, then their crops will buy by that project managers hand to hand.by this farmer will get money as they spend on cultivation.in this way we will reduce the suicide cases of farmers. And after all it will be good news for the country.

Use of bio energy reduces those resources which are very important like water, diesel, electricity.it is very important to save the resources for future.

Aspects of Statistical analysis

Whole effect can be understandable in point of view of multiple regression analysis.

There will be a use of linear programming in point of require amount of raw material, labor hours, quantity of labours,running hours of plant in whole day, profit maximization senario,cost reduction scenario etc.

There will be use of transport/transshipment concept in whole scenario in supply and may be outsourcing of raw materials

Conclusion:- This projected is focusing the development of rural areas(villages)

Resolving the big problem like environmental issue

A solution of increasing the employment in villages

A option of saving natural resources

Good use of money provided by the government

Replacement of fossil fuel at some extent

This project internally support the development of villages like opening of schools

Providing education to increase the literacy growth

Opening of internet centers for providing the internet based/computer knowledge.

Make villager aware with advance methodology of increasing cultivation

GREEN ENERGY………………………………………… GREEN VILLAGES…………………………GREEN INDIA

Projected Managerial system for project:-

DIRECTOR OF THE PROJECT

H.R. MANAGER

AUDIT COMETIEE

INVENTORY

MANAGER

PROJECT MANAGER

FIELD WORK

MANAGER

PRODUCTION

MANAGER

ELECTRICAL

MANAGER

MECHANICAL

MANAGER