Intensive Vegetable Production Using Composted Animal Manures
Green manures pk mani
description
Transcript of Green manures pk mani
Dr. P. K. ManiBidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya
E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.bckv.edu.in
Green manuresGreen manures
Green manure refers to “a plant material Green manure refers to “a plant material incorporated with the soil while incorporated with the soil while greengreen or or soon after maturitysoon after maturity for improving the soil for improving the soil to supply nutrients, particularly N, to a to supply nutrients, particularly N, to a standing crop”standing crop”
(Soil Science Society of America, 1978)
Green manuresGreen manures
Green manuring is a practice of ploughing or burying the undecomposed green plant tissues into the soil for improving structure and fertility of the soil.
Green-manuring can be done in 2 ways depending on the situation. (i) Green-manuring in situ: this is the growing and burying of a green manure crop in the same field as the one to be manured.
(2) Green-leaf manuring: GLM refers to turning into the soil green leaves and twigs collected from shrubs and trees grown on bundhs, wastelands or nearby forest areas
Sesbania rostrata
Crops suitable for green leaf manuring
Legumes: Glyricida ( Glyricidia maculata),
Wild dhaincha (Sesbania speciosa),
Karanja (Pongamia pinnata),
Wild indigo (Tephrosia purpurea,
Glyricidia Pongamia Leucaena leucenalis
Characteristics of green manure crops
Profuse leaves and rapid growth in early life
Abundance and succulent tops
Capable of making good stand on poor and exhausted soils
Preferable legume with good nodular growth habit
Advantages of Green ManuringAdvantages of Green Manuring
It add organic matter to the soil and stimulates microbial activity
Improves soil structure
Acts as a cover crop ,facilitates penetration of rain water, decreasing erosion and run off
Nutrient taken up from the deeper layers by green manure crops and return the nutrient to the
top soil
Legume crop also add nitrogen
Rainfed condition : Green manure crops will not decompose readily due to lack of water
GM is feasible for assured irrigation facility
Cost of growing GM crop is more than cost of Fertilizer
For higher Cropping intensity land is unavailable for GM cultivation
Disease, insects and nematodes may come up due to improper decomposition
LimitationsLimitations
Methods of Green Manuring in situSummer sown catch crop
Land Preparation: 3-4 ploughings followed by 1 laddering
Sowing : May-June , immediately after 1st monsoon rains. Dhaincha and Sunhemp are generally sown in Aman Paddy field for green manuring.
Method of sowing: broadcasting
Seed Rate: Dhaincha : 40-45 kg/ha Sunhemp : 40-50 kg/ha Moong : 25-30 kg/ha
Manuring: Superphosphate@150 kg/ha applied at last ploughing(increases the P availability for succeeding Aman rice
Burial of GM crops: at the flowering stage; (Dhaincha 6-8 wks old, Sunhemp: 4-5 wks old). During decomposition there must be adequate moisture in the field and allowed to decompose for 3-4 weeks
DHAINCHA (Sesbania aculeata)
Sesbania Seed
Cultivation of Chaiti Moong at AB Farm, BCKV
green manure -cum-fibre crop SUNNHEMP (Crotalaria juncea)
Sunhemp SeedSunn Hemp provides as much as 20 tons per acre of green tonnage with a maximum of 150 units of Nitrogen fixation per acre in as little as 90 days.
Inter row sown crop:
The seed sown between two rows; Dhaincha (paddy)
Sunhemp, cowpea (Cotton , Maize)
Green Leaf Manuring: The suitable perennial shrubs and trees are grown on border of paddy fields or bounds or on vacant spaces for the purpose of utilizing their leaves and twigs as green manure. These are incorporated in the soil at the time of puddling of paddy field
Brown Manuring
Brown manuring is a technique to grow Sesbania in standing rice crop and kill them with the help of herbicide for manuring. After killing the color of the sesbania residue become brown so it called brown manuring.
Brown manuring practice introduced where Sesbania crop @ 20 kg/ha is broadcasted three days after rice sowing and allowed to grow for 30 days and was dried by spraying 2,4-D ethyle easter which supplied upto 35 kg/ha N, dry matter, control of broad leaf weeds, higher yield by 4-5 q/ha due to addition of organic matter in low fertile soils
Crops suitable for green leaf manuring
Glyricida ( Glyricidia maculata),
Neem (Azadiracta indica)
Karanja (Pongamia glabra)
Wild indigo (Tephrosia purpurea)
Subabool Leucaena leucenalis2424
GlyricidiaKaranja (Pongamia glabra)
Glyricidia maculata
Root knot nematode Rhizobium nodule
High C:N ratio material added to soil
Available soil N is immobilized
C02 evolution increases
Available N increases
through N mineralization
Time
Nitrogen availability
Nitrogen immobilization and mineralization after material with a high C:N ratio is added to soil.
Mineralization, immobilization, and C:N ratio
Nitrate depression period
Residues with low C/N ratio remain
General purpose decay organisms vs. nitrifiers
Residues with high C/N ratio added
The C/N ratio of organic residues added to soil will depend upon the maturity of the plants turned under. The older the plants, the wider will be the C/N ratio and the longer will be period of nitrate suppression. Obviously, leguminous tissue will have a distinct advantage over nonlegumes since the former will promote a more rapid organic turnover in soils
Sesbania rostrata - a stem nodulating green manure
Azorhizobium caulinodans
Sesbania
on
Phosphocompost
Principles of phospho-composting
Phospho-composting is based on sound scientific principles. During the decomposition of organic materials, intense microbial activity occurs. As a result a large number of organic acids and humic substances are produced.
Some of the most commonly produced organic acids are: citric, malic, fumaric, succinic, pyruvic, tartaric, oxaloacetic, 2-ketogluconic, lacticoxalic, propionic and butyric (Stevenson, 1967).
Phospho-compost is a compost prepared by addition of low grade rock phosphate and phosphate
solubilizing micro-organisms with organic wastes.
Rock phosphate, as a cheaper source of P
In the process of decomposition many organic acids are liberated.
Due to this acidic condition, P from rock phosphate gets solubilized and compost becomes enriched.
PHOSPHOCOMPOSTIngredients:
Oragnic wastes : 80 kg (60 kg dry+20 kg green)
Raw Cow dung : 10 kg
Compost : 5 kg
Soil : 5 kg
Total : 100 kg
Rockphosphate : 20 kg
Pyrite : 10 kg
Urea : 2.2 kg
Cultures : 0.05 kgDry organic wastes: Straw, husk, waste from cattle shed, stems of mustard , sesame, etc.Green : Waterhyacinth, legumes, weeds, vegetable clippngs, leaves, grasses
Nitrogen Nitrogen required for Stimulating the microbial activity required for Stimulating the microbial activity
Pyrites are added due to acidification of the mixture during composting to prevent volatilization loss of N and also to increase P solubilization
Cellulose decomposer: Aspergillus awamori (fungi) (500g mycelial mat / ton of materials)
P-solubilizers: Bacillus megatherium.
Bacillus polymyxa,
Pseudomonas striata
(50 ml/kg of materials having 108 viable cell)
Phosphate Rocks
Divide entire Organic and inorganic component in 10 equal parts
9-12//
I part cowdung (1 kg) + compost (0.5 kg) + Soil (0.5kg) make slurry in water
Dry organic wastes
Urea (200g) + microbial Cultures(5g) make it a slurry
I part Phosphate Rock(2kg) and I part Pyrite(1kg)
Preparation of 1st Layer
1st Layer
2nd Layer 3rd Layer
4th Layer
Layer of mud with soil + cowdungCovered with Polythene sheet
Keep it for 3 months , yielding 65-70 kg PhosphoCompost
Method of Phosphocompost Making•Select a suitable upland place, sufficient sunlight, free from water stagnation•Prepare a base with either brick floor or spread the polythene sheet on the floor•Collect all the ingredients (organic and inorganic) as per proper ratio for the
desired pdn level.•Divide the entire ingredients into 10 parts•Step-1:Take one bucket and add Raw Cow dung- 1kg, Compost- 0.5 kg, Soil -0. 5 kg and small water, stir the material and make a slurry.
•Step-2: Take 2nd bucket and add urea-200g, cultures-5g and add water small, make another slurry
•Step-3:Spread dry wastes followed by green wastes and make it 12″ height•Step-4:Now add slurry from 1st bucket (cow dung etc slurry), next add slurry
from 2nd bucket and spread evenly.•Step-5: Now spread 2 kg Rock phosphate and1 kg Pyrite•Repeat the process Step-1 to step 5 and repeat until 10 layers is formed.• covered the top and side portion of the heap with Layer of mud (soil+ cowdung) and subsequently cover with poly thene sheet to prevent water
•1st turnings after 4 weeks and 2nd turnings after 8 weeks• Water is added to the heap so that moisture remains between 60 to 70%.•Add water at each turning to maintain the moisture content between 60 and 70%.•The compost becomes ready for field application within 90-100 days period.
Nutrient composition of phosphocompost
ManureTotal N
(%)Total P
(%)S C: N
ratio
Phosphocompost 1.2-1.4 2.00-3.50 1.5-2.0 17.0-18.0
Phospho-compost application increased the PUE of greengram (12.90%) and wheat (20.48%) over SSP
(Mishra et al. 1982).
WILD INDIGO (Tephrosia purpurea)
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