Green- j Us t de Se Rt s i n u n j Us t Societies (Scoioeconomic)

7/28/2019 Green- j Us t de Se Rt s i n u n j Us t Societies (Scoioeconomic)

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1 6

J U S D E S E R S

I N U N J U S

S O C I E I E S

A C A S E S P E C I F I C

APPROACH

Stuart P Green*

hould m f v y gv m w v m m p g f m- w v m y m pm? M gy, w x gv ym bv p

ym bv -m w w ? A q bv -m py p q bv ?

M wg m pp w xp pp p bw bv -m. T f b b m

* Hp mm q w v m w ymp vy Cg Lw , vy Ww Fy Lw, Rg Lw, Nwk.p k Ay f, Km Fz, L g.

OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF FIRST-PROOF, 11/19/10, NEWGEN

16_RADuff_Ch16.indd 35216_RADuff_Ch16.indd 352 11/19/2010 2:58:46 PM11/19/2010 2:58:46 PM


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Just Deserts in Unj ust Societies 353

y, wv , k v mp m by b, g f g m vmm. pp, f m b b m mpvm, pv g pp pp, b p w m by , gm m w b , pbm, mp m by m w g f, w m p, , w b .

A g y m m m w y p m g-y. W m pp g v g p (g, y, m, x, pp mp), , w g g g, ppy b f w p p. pp, g b g w gv yw ppy w p p f; , , v y wk m f b , y mp v.

I m k f pp . T gm b vp gg pp y p bw bv -m p -by- b. y w k . F, w k p f w w f g. T f py y vg mg bv mg bmw mmg k mf (y, f g p) b (y, f gppy g m ). pp, w w w mk f bmwy mmg pk f p, k w w vgf bmw. , w w k p m f vg k. T f b y b ppy b ppy, xmp, mg b v mg bmw mmg p k f wy bg ppy pp p p g k b p p by mg . T, ww m m m vm(mg b vm). F xmp, g bg q, m by vg f my vg

, g, R y, T Rp Bw Cv bv H (),Oxord Essays in Jurisprudence: Fourth Series (Ox: Ox vy , 2000); W k,bv Ty m (1985) 5 OJLS 47, 589; mky, C, f Bw bv Rbv , (2006) 131 PhilosophicalStudies 511.




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354 Stuart P Green

vm mg b bmwy wy m m pvgmmb p m w .

T y vp g mw y. p zg b m w , I bv, p vy, b pvy, pvg y w m wis w g ym w, ppvy, pvg mv v, my ym, w mwought b. I k pv g m w v w y, b w v p- vy f m w. C w ym bv w ppy y w py m p pv ppy vp g.

1 Socio-Economic Depri vation,Crime, a nd Injustice

Wy m w b w pbm pvy m vg, wv ? O p vg ppy g pg m v-m. Ag pm g, g 2006 vmz m, b v -v, p 1,000 p wm $7,500 w 64.6, mp 14.6 m v $75,000.g m p, bgy w m $7,500 w 55.7 p 1,000 , w w m $75,000 m w 22.4 p 1,000. T, g pvy, g mb pp, w , ky b vm m m m m ky b.

A p vg pp-y g pg m f. W pm

I v p , T v mm Cm Lw (2000)98Michigan Law Review 2104.

C B, Statistical Abstract o the United States 2009, b 305, . T w 45.9 p p wm bw $7,500 $14,999, 31.4 p w m bw $15,000 $24,999,34.5 p w m bw $25,000 $34,999, 22.5 p w m bw$35,000 $49,999, 24.5 p w m bw $50,000 $74,999.

Ib b 309.




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Just Deserts in Unj ust Societie s 355

b v by m (, , x, g, ggp ), mb y w gg w m, m ky gg m vy, w v -v. (T y mpy, , v py g pg mpv- pp mm m, w-- pp mm m.)

A wy m w b w pbm pvy vg w w w my b my, pby f mpvm m vg mg b bmw mmg f.W w m , , w f vg . A p mg b mpv -w vg y mb ym : xmp, mg b , k, my ky. W w k b x bv , w b b- b mg mmb gv y. I y w p mpvm y , w yg y xp w pp m w ppy, xy w m . y w , xmp,w y bg :

pv b pb y mmb (w z m(1)), g b p p;

w mk pb mmb v pp-(2)y , g mk pb mmb vg, b y , m , q , ;pv mmb w ppy pp p p,(3)y b m g, m p, , m-by, pvy, k; v p, b g p;

, g, B W, Punishment and Inequality in America (Nw Yk: R g, 2006) 3451;

Hg R , Cm Iqy Am: Cq Hg R (), Crime and Inequality(, C: vy , 1995) 1922;RM Hw B , m m py Cm: Em F ICm Bv b C Cmpy Exp ym (1987) 46 American Journal oEconomics & Society445, 454; E K, Vm Of Cm V (1990) 6

Journal o Qualitative Criminology51, 55. WC Hf, /Cm WC Hf Kg (), From Social

Justice to Criminal Justice (Nw Yk: Ox vy , 2000) 47, 49. T g q, g I p , g x

w v bg x -z g yx z. gy Bbb, Te Rights o Others: Aliens, Residents, and Citizens(Cmbg: Cmbg vy , 2004).




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356 Stuart P Green

mp m mmb, bg py x v (4) my, g m pp b.

w x y bg pv wy mmb, w bg m m, bvy mg m mpx - q mv p y. I, b-g vv m m p w. y v w w by p p.Mv, v w g b w bv b, w w pbm yg w gvy q , , m py, xy w gv y bg y pv b pp y v.

L , I w f m ppg pbm. R y

vp y w , I w mpy p m vy, I m, w g . Bgg w , w w mp bv gm bv bm.

2 Socio-Economic Injustice an d

Blameworthiness

I , w pp pvy vp g pb mv f f pvy m v-g bmw by m . I pp, pvy, : (1) y, (2) x, (3) bk , (4) -by.

2.1 Ny

Ag-Am w, m pb gm vg mk vg by m m b

H, I y w pp gg Hf, /Cm , 501. F p vy, -C Km, bv RE (), A

Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy(Ox: Bkw, 1993); Lm C Fv,bv Stanord Encyclopedia o Philosophy, .




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Just Deserts in Unjust Societies 357

y. mm w m, m w :

w w mm g m by(1)y; by bv w b fv bg g (2) g v; w fv g wy v m;(3) m by m w g b(4)v; w bm g mgy w (5).

A w y g v g mm q , g my wg.T b m pb , , m-p. Cmpy w pm w m - w pbw m mk g ( wg) g .

T ppby y p y f mm m mm. O wmm p b w w v f f g xp g, y, w y. By , w mm p m mpvm w m v b b b y, b (1) w b fv bg g g v, (2) v w (y, k V g b w g), m by m w b g b v.

I p, v vg m p g w pw v m bg y p w: (1) w v f y y mm m; (2) w g v vb , g pk m ; (3) mw b pby mpv- w . mby g

, Understanding Criminal Law (5 ; Nwk: LxNx, 2009) 2913. T mp x gg by H K, Exg Cm, (1987)

75 Caliornia Law Review 257, 258. M C Cmm 3.02 910 (A p m my b v

pg p m. A mb my p g . . . A gg my p g w q pp v gv mgy.). C BA H,By p m: C 1991 Cm A (1995) 22 Crime,Law & Social Change 59, 613.




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358 Stuart P Green

qm, p w , g w p,w q by v y vy -x, m m.

, x y w yg w f m pbm w w p py . T p mpy y y y w pvy m vg. vy, ym b bv, y pp y .N m w mpv p mg b, w b gb b w mm m yw mm vb. I mpy by, y,g p k, ky b b m . By m k, k w w m pv-g mm p g w pv b-y y. T m bk bk m v; y g mm m mm mm f. , qm vg, , b (g pp mg m f vg w w m w k-g v). M gy, y (g my) w m w. I q b w ppy g b. N q bgy w. I, x wmk v p gv v m b b k bw . . . mpg v- m w , w bvb.

T y y py v . I m b Dudley & Stephens, 14 QBC 273, 283 (1884), p gv Mw H m w w Eg vg m b g b. H m (16091676), wv, Eg w w ppy m pv m y . gy Y Rb, Identity, Crime, and Legal Responsibility in Eighteenth-Century England(Nw Yk: gv 2004) 869. F w mv Ep w

w q pvy, B y,Medieval Poor Law: A Sketch o Canonical Teoryand Its Application in England(Bky: vy C 1959). Rbb w pm mm ppy m pv . Te Babylonian almud: Seder

Moed: Yoma 83b (Rbb L g ; Bky: 1938). O , b g w y m

b xp ppy mv y, mg k wy w pv- b xp, M C xm m mb, ppy mv pv. M C 210.3(1)(b).

y, T V Ny: Rpg Cpby R Lw (1999) 36Houston Law Review 397, 40304 (g xy gy by ppyg y).

State v ate, 505 A2 941, 946 (N 1986). M C 3.02(1)().




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2.2 Ex bk

A wy w m w mg p pbm mpv-

w vg f pv mg -, pv b , x . W gm w m wg,x pby m. T, y gvm x y f w wg ( wg), b f b ypb b xmp m pm y v pm mg.

g v Bz, w pvy g xp y , w w b pby bk-

g xm pvy mg v v m by. IUnited States v Alexander, k vm w m bk b. T , w w my g gz g g, v w p v w m , w w p y my pv gwg p W L Ag. T g y g v gg - bkg (RB), pp m v. g Bz w py, yg vw pby RB : B y g, Bz g-

g, my w v b y mg w gg . I w pb, w, pvg mp m m p bv , [g] v m m bv p zp my b by m .

T bkg mg pv m w w bqy vp by R g. Ryg mp b-g bw m bv, , pvy,mpym, b vg , q , m

gy H, Excusing Crime (Ox: Ox vy , 2004). M my Durham v United States, 214 F2 862, 87476 (C C 1954). 471 F2 923, 957 (C C 1973) (Bz g p, g p). Ib 960. Ib. Bz bqy b vw xg w p M.

L Bz, T My Cm Lw (1976) 49 Southern Caliornia Law Review 385,38798; M, T wg W Cmgy: A Rpy g Bz (1976) 49 SouthernCaliornia Law Review 1247; L Bz, T My Cm Lw: A R M (1976) 49 Southern Caliornia Law Review 1269.

R g, R Bkg: Cm Lw Rgz v Evm pv? (1985) 3 Law and Inequality9.




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360 Stuart P Green

v, q my , m, , g g gz v x b xm pvy pv. I p, g f pby p - bkg mg v bv b w mg v xg w p vy f, y pv q , wg, v by . T v by g y g mm b wmym. Ag g:

vw m w[] v, vw,- gb w m

w m gg. m b b pv y v w y m g.

T w p b bkg pp. F, y , Bz g vp mw xg m w. I g b m-wk w gmy pm. I, Bz g g xp vb x . , y , qm f bk-g y b , g pp g k v w . T, y pp,

RB pp mk b m mm; w ppy y ppy m b w g v m (, gv Alexander, m v b vxpy w v m m). F, RB w gz b m vm m; w pm-by b vb v w vm m m m pv bkg .

2.3 Bk A pp pbm vg k mpm m ppv y. T gm - b p. T , , g ym xw . , z g ( w g

Ib 856. A g xmp Mpy, Mxm Rb (1973) 2 Philosophy & Public Afairs

217, 22431.




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yp g p) b by ym y pby bg. w mk vy y, b, ( Hbb mmb p), b m p - p p y gvm y w , p ppy, mk g-y . A f Mpy p , [ z] v vyp b m [] p [ m v], w w b b w-z mgm.

, w pp b by ym p b- ym bg w pg, y g vg.Cm pm b m g qbm b b by kg m v w w. I z by xg - b, , g Mpygg, m g wymy, by py-g pb py. I w, p z gg b p y bk .

T p gm q w w m v y . y, w g - w by kg w w b b pp g m g -. B gm w b b yp v g, bg b by ym x. I zy p bg, w b bg; m y. Czmg, Mpy -Mx m, m w z gvm.

A w mp b x m ?Cm b g w-wy . W y b bg z, y, by bg ppy m, z g v y mpy w w. A w z gv y mpy, y g g p k mp.I, m bg by w, w b pw mp m p w by w.

T, y v, y. T , wv, mb p pb-m b . F, y w Okg O

Rw,A Teory o Justice (Cmbg, MA: Hv vy , 1971) 1722. Mpy, Mxm Rb, 228. F w-kw m pm--qbm- gm,

H M, m (1968) 52 Te Monist475. Mpy, Mxm Rb, 228. F p mmy m, mp , R gg, yg F w

m (1993) 103 Ethics 473.




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362 Stuart P Green

gq p m. T m m w w gg v m m vy, w vy m g p b gg w. W my b w p pyg x g mp-xg, wv, y xp wy w b m mmg m p. I m vy gg wg p m- kg vg v w mpy w w.I , I gg bw, f b f k mmpv y. , y m m xpg wy ym q mp py. I w xp bg v m v m p.I w y m v vm, wm pm ppp m g qbm. T, x y m p , m vy b . y m b m, . I , v, z w y by w. pp, w m m w fw bg v w vm w. T f w b m bg mpy w w g m w g b . I, xpg w bk y pp,Mpy m f xmp mpv m-gA-Am m w mm m bby.

2.4 N-by

Ay f f y pp pbm mpg m vy mpv py x. f w p pm, m b - b b ( pp mb b b y v). H g p m pm g b b by w w

O O, Rbv y (2003) 16 Ratio Juris 416, 419. Hmp, Cg Hm V Rgg Wg: T Rb (1992) 39

UCLA L Rev1659, 1660. Mpy m gz pbm w y wg. Mpy, K Hv Ty m? Mpy (), RetributionReconsidered: More Essays in the Philosophy o Law (Ap R: Kw, 1992) 31.

O mk m p. O O, Rbv y (2003) 16Ratio Juris 416, 419.

Mpy, Mxm Rb (1973) 2 Philosophy & Public Afairs 217, 242. RA f, Punishment, Communication, and Community (Ox: Ox vy ,

2001) 181201.




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Just Deserts in Unj ust Societie s 363

b p. pp, pp b by w y wy pb p mmy.

f f w b x m m-my w w v. T wy w xmg k p: F, x m pp p mmy, vg mk [ v] w w p w m v . , bx m , ppy q, m m b y. A, , b by w z p z.

I , y, b w [ p bg b by w] qy . H xp w v b ymy x y vg -y x m . R, gm py g vg p . I f, gg -b.

f pp f mky m . k y pp, m mpv f -. k RB pp, m bx. A, k bk pp, m z v bg by w. I, w kg bf k , wy , w m f. R, m society gg f.

, xy w mp f gm? I wy m x b vv mpv m-mg vy m, my-v f g vy wyvm: xmp, b mpv g p g m pmk . B m m, f ppygz w k g y x , k g allm, g m mala inse. I, yp bk A bg p mmg g gb, , gv ym x m zp py w m , pb b ,

Ib 183. Ib 1834. Ib 18488. F m gm, V , vy Cm Rpby

(2009) 43Journal o Value Inquiry391, 39394 (v y mpv f pb , y mg b pb).

f, Punishment, Communication, and Community, 182. Ib 184 (mp g).




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364 Stuart P Green

py. I w, f pp, y w v m g p p mpv x wmm malum in se m w p mpv w mm de minimis malum prohibitum f. Mv, w m mk f, m y g p, w vm D m w wy mmb g , w mpv- D .

A v, f gm m b: p pm y w m py vg k m y v g z, w y w b kg g wk m gv z b . B pm v? I m m y mg w v m mk gm m b . F xmp, v y w py v ppy k m y mk m gm gg pp-y m, mg m y mk m gm wp m k m p. Mv, v y k my p gm m z w p f, w b w kg z v bm, m b -g , bg w. I, w m ( bv ) mbmw pq m pm, q -y g g w v w f w m bbm. I bmw w w .

3 A Case-Specific A pproach toAssessing Blameworthiness

My m m pvy b mp pby vy vg f b y p w b

RA f,Answering or Crime: Responsibility and Liability in the Criminal Law (Ox: Hbg, 2007) 1913.

f w pmby p bm b v m -g b , g : [b]m q b p bw bm bm, w mmb mv mmy w b wg : mp mmm, ppg v by w bm bm , ppy, my b.RA f, Bm, M g Lgmy Cm (2010) 23 Ratio 123, 125. A m m, f kwg v y w k g bm f, mg b v w y, f vm, w v g . f,Answering or Crime, 193.




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b. A v pp , I w pp pp k m wy p f .

3.1 K , ,

T pp vp k vb g m mm:

k pv, y, w f b b;(1) k vg vg w vm, y, (2)b b; p f mm.(3)

L , , f pv. pw v pmy f pvy m vg.B, f gz, m vg my b -v, ym x m p vvm, g v p w pmby .

W m v y w y b ,p, m g? E, w y vg - q. I pm p mpy p w Im b v xmp vg. I w f

:

Denial o property rights. D v y w, w b b, y m (b ) g w ppy. T D my w ppy, b gyb m wg w v pby D m wy bm mpvm. N w wy b w Dvy g ppy wp, mm. I k g ppy g wy w qy v D b y--y wpv .

Denial o political rights. T y w D v m my -, g , b g zp, g v,

p, xp vw, mb, v p pg. Og, by mg m mp D wg , w v

f, Punishment, Communication, and Community, 183. T m pp v b v -bm

(g p pp, w D m ppy). C g, Te Claims o Kinolk: Arican American Property andCommunity in the Nineteenth-Century South 45 (Cp H: vy N C, 2003).Tg, g xp, v w b pp b m -my by g y m ppy. Ib 46.




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366 Stuart P Green

pby D mw gby bm m, ,y, w pv g v p pm.

Denial o right to basic state protections. D y f m w

b pb y p f . F xmp, p y p mgy mg m D gb, y y vgm g ; p gy p m D p w; mgy m v w w p mg . (D pmby b m pb g p- y ppy y w, my , w g, g y m.)

Bgg w yp w w w mby w f m pv mg b gm bmw w y g mv mp

w m v y gv pp w y v, w, y, w y w qy my y .

I b k pv by m my x-v; , y my g y . T w my mpv m pp w py mg-z pv b p. R py g . I , mmb my gp f g m-pym pvy, m mm g p m, xp- m p , b g

. T p p k bwg: g pp p p, w ppy, vb p mgy p, v p b mg, g , mp by g. F xmp, g w ppy my b v bk p by p- g . A g p my b y mg b m mm y xp m w.

T vb m, p, m m vm (w m b vm). H w w w

k w vm m: (1) f vg; (2) bm vg; (3) xp vg vg.

T vb yp f mm. F p pp, I f yp: f g p ( p m);f g m ( py b ); f g ppy ( m p). T

gy W, Punishment and Inequality in America.




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g by m m mp m w p .T m f y y g.

3.2 T b

T g m x w f , -m, p vg f bmw mmg v- k f. B w p, wv, ppp y mgby b wy w w f g bmwy p. F p pp, I m y wg y p m f w bm ( wg p

bmwy f m y y v). k wy pp m gv v bvm. T m, p pp, w p bmwy b y v , b mpy w p w bmwy. I , I y m wv w v mpgm ( m v qm).

y m f vg gv w ppp, m v, w . mg x y w m w b , wv, m. W k w qm m b - b ppy mz. B w y

qm y ; my my b w mp.T my b w b w pp yv my m.

F p pp, w v . I, w m vy w g are : w m m bk w-y ; w m m w my v x w g. w , I k, b y gm b y m- b my mpmb , , g, y. I mg y m w pp

w w b . O w v w w v -g my wg ppy b b . T gm f w b x bkg w, yw b my bgg p (g m y ), b f w bmwy

I g, I w f . f, Punishment, Communication, and Community,1114.

gy Hk, Overcriminalization: Te Limits o the Criminal Law (Nw Yk: Oxvy , 2008).




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368 Stuart P Green

bg w. A b f w , w b , m bv p, mp m p m.

T q b w k bmww x vvg w ,b w mg b pp x k p,, m m. F w bm w p-, I k b y , b my w pvb p m g z, p w mm k f , f g p, g pb m , g ppy x g , w v w my wg, wv b p. T q w, w p yp f,w w m w f v y w w b , p, m g.

3.3 O

Img D mm v, -v m p g w z. v w vm y m m, p, pp f g-m b w v b p ?

Amg D mpvm m v m b x by m y, mk, , y, mpvm m f g-m pby. T m pg f m p p bkg . f w Rw (w b -, w mm, m k py b ,w w p bg). I Rw w:

[I] w bg [k v g p, ]v y w p; ,

g, by gm. T w v y b , y p , w w v mm v . I x y w v m pm b vv . . . I, pm k, xmp, my y, gg b m qm w yx mk . . . A y bw ppv p; y b bw q mp.

Rw,A Teory o Justice, 11415.




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I , m bg D b w mm v fg p bg w w m bg, -v, gvm y gy. W gz p y py x gy, wg- m, , p, w pppg y vp .

m w vm D m mmb ? pVw vg, w mg k D w b gy xpgV vby D w b m wg -w w b. O , Vw mmb g wpb D mpvm vg, wyD b g y wg w Vw vg py vg. T g b yvg V mpy D mpvm m, wg , w v V m by gy. Ev w V v, b , p D m v gm by , D w b g v g V Vmp D py w bg.

3.4 O b

Img w f mm byD -v f g pb- m , b , bby, py. Hw w w g bmw w p f,mg g D g w v m y m m, p, pp?

T m f mpx; I v w m gw. A v, f m pmy gvm, py w b gvm m ; v, y v vm. A f w mm py b,

xmp, y m gy p b mg

Rgg p, Ay f k m w w y b g ym p w wm w b p . I w p m w b f m m g p w g f, kg y bkg p w- victims .

I v pvy xpv m g vb , Lg, Lw, Lw (2007) 81 ulane Law Review 1129, 1147.

, Lying, Cheating, and Stealing: A Moral Teory o White-Collar Crime (Ox: Oxvy , 2006).




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370 Stuart P Green

g m g w mg by my m. A bby, ypy m gy gvm p w w, pg bb, w - pb .

T D b g pp y p mmy, p p f z,mg, pg p x pp, mg, v g, wg f g m . F xmp, bb p by z p v mpm gy mgg w g pymg k pby wy bb p by m z m - pp vg p w w w w mg. k m, , p, w vv v ,bby, b , py py f vv v p bg. T m mpx p vvg wk p . A w mm m bmwy y w bg- by w.

O gm D bmw my b f by m- vm. ID mm py b g- g mmb g w w p pb g p ymy v pp w , w mg k D w g wg yg v pyg g w . O gm w b ky f, wv, D mm- py b g g my mpw wz. Ev g D vg vm w b p wb p bg , I v g, m py b, D w v v v m b m wb, y mpy, w v xp vm w wv m mpw . A , w g wg- .

T D b g ownproperty, by , m b y pby f bg g pp p p v b p m .Nmy, y bw m p g.O y mg w D w y mpv w bgy , y w bg ympv. (Tg mg m w D, w-mp pvy mk mpb m wy, w w pv w g , py b m vg pyg . p mpvm b mg bmw .)




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3.5 O y

Fy, mg m D mm v f g

py w-bg, f g pb m- , b f g g ppy, m p. Hw w g bmw f, mg g D b g w ppy, pp p mmy, y b pb yp by z?

H w xm m m g pp-y. T ppy f y vv f (wg-y) g m , g , ppy. py, , b g py g b b g g-

z g, g , xv , , g. C my k v m, g g x , pvg ppy, pw , mmy m vg k m w, m w w.

Cm g ppy vv m p yvv m p ppy; ppy, ppy , g mg ppgg p v- . W m m g ppy my pv v, m pk m fg p

g ppy. m b m vy w v ym ppy pmy,

My w ppy m g pp. I v ppy m b m py p. gy K , T Cmz vy (2009) 99J Criminal Law & Criminology643.

T p w m my mg bk, vy TirteenWays to Steal a Bicycle: Te Law in the Inormation Age.

Hy, wy b . A g F g, y m-m w, w y w pmy p y m m b p, p w ppy g p . F,Rethinking Criminal Law

(B: L , Bw 1978) 319. F , W g, Introduction to Property(2 ; Nw Yk: Ap,

2005) 23. y H v w b p wp mp:

g p, , mg g; g m m by ; g ,gv wy, m, my, y ; pw m b ; g y m xpp. AM H, Owp, A (), OxordEssays in Jurisprudence (Ox: Ox vy , 1961) 107, 11224.

W pb, g, xp m, f p - bgmy, pp w f m y, pby m g vm, allm m fg p g w ppy py y, pb , my, w.




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372 Stuart P Green

pv w mk my m m v- pb.

O m f b by Rw, gg m p yp y f k m p, , p y pp bg f k b py, , mw m, vg b b. W w my g-z m p-g my wg ppp wbg w pm, mpb mk ygk y m m gm b bmw w kw g b w m by gy gz p ppy, wp, p, y, , , ppp, yy, k.

Cm ppy mk y x w m v pv bv. W wg v gv w g , w b b m p g ,p w ppy gm w w w . T vy f m v-m-g--p pgm w b m w w k f b f. A m H p :

T bkg g [ ppy] y . I v m - g b b pvk v p. T g -b wp w .

mpm m bkg g my my v ppy . I , py - ,prima acie, my bg. M, p wy m wg.T my wg y w .

A w gv ppy v ? T, , mmy mpx v q, by p p. F mm, wv, w y m w b m by gm w w z wgy b m wg ppy. I y, w b b y D w my bmwy g ppy m V, w D w

y b m wg ppy, Vp pp - D mpvm.T q w y mpv f

m w y b m ym, g vm

F , CM R, T M py (2007) 48 William & MaryL Rev1897, 1899.

W H, Property and Justice (Ox: Ox vy , 1996) 14. Cmp w , vy Cm Rpby, 392 (ggg

pp y pp w v w w k g mpp w v m w).




22/25


w mv y mpv. (T pp, pp -, w mpv z w pm w myp ppy, ppy vy w my v.) A gm bm , gv w w g bkg ppyw D y, w w mpy b bg D, gw b wg. T pp m , wv, w mpv vm w v w w g p v, w b D w w pb v. F , I m y D b vw -pb y w m w m wy mp g mpvm.

Fy, w b w w g w ppy, b g pp p p g p by p? H, b mpm g D bm-wy . w m ym ppy w D w m by.

4 Conclusion

W w w bg, w q w m fv y m w v m m, , p g f m w v m pm, q m g gv v-wg gp y bw v v-. T w f b q y, pg yp m f mm, yp pv w b b, m mvm. I b , wv, my y g m W my vb, mg m mb yp . My g b v, v p ,

yp , b gg mpxy pbm kg -z-- .

I , bv, pp pg vm ppy m mpv. Cmg v f v xp p vypp w m ppy w g m pp w m ky b vm . , g, L, Exp py Cm Cq vy(2006) 7J Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention 45 (w wy p pp m xp ppy m w p y v gbw m m y v w pp kp ppy m m).




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374 Stuart P Green

By pg w w bv p, w v b b v m py p y., q m w, w, w g mp-g bv p f w, by v m, b g bm. T , I bv, gm . V g-m w pp by b pp bppy, pp p mm, y p- ; w w y m vy pv , m ky my .

Fw y v b w qby, b p-y bw p w w m py g. Tgp bw v v- w g y m 1929, gw. I 1980, p 20 p m 4.2 p ggg m, w v 44.1 p ; by2008, p 20 p pp 3.4 p , w - 50 p . T b pvy ggg.Ag C B , w 43.6 m pp vg pv-y g 2009, p m 39.8 m y b. Tp pvy 14.3 p 2009, p m 13.2 p 2008 g 1997. Ag pm Ag g, mb Am w v k q g 2008 w g v gvm bgkg w y 1995.

EN Wf,op Heavy: A Study o the Increasing Inequality o Wealth in America and What Can BeDone About It(2 ; Nw Yk: Nw , 2002) 2.

C Nv-W, B , C m, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage(Wg: vm g O , 2009), b A3 456, < p://www..gv/p/2010pb/p60-238.p>. ky E z, Im Iqy ,19131998 (2003) 118 Q J Economics 1.

Nv-W, b 13. v y g bw w f pvyb v. g A , , Rvy pkg (1983) 35 OxordEconomic Papers 153. Ab pvy m mb pp vg bw m ( pvy ), w by k m b y vg. Ep A-vy Nwk, Poverty and Inequality in the European Union, . Rv pvy, by , b by z y pp m m y w y v. I m x w bw vg m v my. pp, pp b vg pvy m q p m m vg vg p-b y w y v. C Ep ,Joint Report by the Commissionand the Council on Social Inclusion 8 (2004) .

Nv-W, , m, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage, 13. M N, M Aw, C, pm Ag Em R

v, Household Food Security in the United States, 2008, Economic Research Report No 83 , 8, . T g w 49.1 m Am,




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Vw gby, gp bw p v m m: Ag m p W I vpm EmR, 1 p w 40 p gb y 2000, bm hal w pp, ww by 1 p gb w. A p m N y- m , gb m ,p 90 m pp v b p pvy.

T v mb pp g w w k m- p g b p by . mg xy w p g mpx p vv py bv g-m, b v mp v b m. O vy by Fm H, p, -gvm wg gz pp pm my m g w.Appyg b v m v HmRg, vy k x w pp w g v y v gm , mp pb , p p gz, pv w b , y m xp, b, -, gz. O 193 vy, y m 89q , 62 py , 42 , ggg bpg w pp b p m g.A b p by , gp Hm RgW v mp by p , k w, gg mym pp m gb v q

ppxmy 13 m v y b. Ib 6. Ab ggg w w vy w y, mg my mmb w kp m w g m p y. Ib 45.

B v , N vy, Te World Distribution o Household Wealth,Discussion Paper No 2008/03, 7 (Fb 2008), .

Fm H, Freedom in the World Survey 2009, . Ib. I k Eq , Zmb, wz, w kp

py w pk v pp , p m ym gby pp yp w b x. gy I b, Cp N B V (Nv 16, 2009) NYimes, (xvp Eq by Ngm Obg, g m p); B Bk, Lvg Ryy wz (6 p 2008) NY imes A1 (kg wz p xvy w w- y v pvy p by); CW gg, Ex-Zmb L Hg L Aw V (22 2009) NY imes A4(Fk Cb, m p Zmb, g b $500,000).




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376 Stuart P Green

p m m, m v, , p by, m v.

W w pp m, g mg ppy, mm by f w vg pvy, wv y v p y, w k b p- by , g w pby m pv, m p w, p m ym, p pbm bg mg. By mpg m gby bm f, w k mpg -m w bv .

Eg, Hm Rg W, Reconciled to Violence: State Failure to Stop Domestic Abuse andAbduction o Women in Kyrgyzstan (26 p 2006 ), ; Hm Rg W, Honoring the Killers: Justice Denied For HonorCrimes in Jordan (19 Ap 2004), ;Hm Rg W, Lethal Force: Police Violence and Public Security in Rio de Janeiro and So Paulo(8 2009), ; Hm Rg W,R : Police orture and Deaths in Custody in Nigeria (27 y 2005), ; Hm Rg W, Lives Destroyed: Attacks on Civilians inthe Philippines (30 y 2007), .


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